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Sarmiento
SOL 1C Legal Philosophy
The Concept of “Man” and Society of Dr. Jose Rizal, Emilio Jacinto and Apolinario Mabini
Man’s stimulus is self-respect. To deprive one of his dignity would deprive him of moral
strength and would make him useless to all. Rizal’s first concept of freedom is that it is a condition
where man is allowed to fully develop both his intellectual and moral faculties, and where he is
allowed to keep his self-respect.
It is man’s duty to further his self-development and progress, this is in relation to the
assumption that man by nature is good and that his natural inclinations are likewise good. There is
evil under two instances: (1) when men do not do the duty of perfecting themselves; or (2) when
men prevent others from perfecting themselves. An optimistic view of Rizal is that repression of
what is innate in man could lead to a stronger desire to have it expressed.
Rizal instilled two virtues: (1) intellectual virtues – the love of studying and the love of
what is just and noble; and (2) moral virtues – the love of fellowmen, temperance, and personal
and racial dignity. Filipinos must hate tyranny and make any corrupt government an anomaly with
them. Liberty had to be deserved where the people are willing to make sacrifices even to the extent
of giving their lives in defense of liberty.
Rizal’s second concept of freedom, which is more complex, is when man has reached a
stage of personal discipline, intellectual integrity and moral uplift together with love of one’s
country and a refusal to submit to tyranny, resulting in a willingness to give one’s life in defense
of liberty.