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• Wood:
• Good strength but catch fire
• Stone:
• Good strength, good fire resistance but self weight is very high
• As the height of building increases, thickness required for load
bearing walls also increases at lower stories, their by reducing
the available carpet area.
• Stone wall demands large thickness for lateral load moment transfer. This
had restricted the height of buildings.
• Monadnock Building, Chicago:
• 21 Story
• Steel Framed
• Steel Framed
storey level by the couple resulting from the axial tensile &
• Hence, they are designed for more critical case, which is compression.
Compression causes the buckling of members, hence it is more preferable
to have short bracing instead of full bracing.
• There are different types of bracing each having its own advantage & place
in tall building structures.
• Weight of floor per unit floor area = Constant = (DL + LL) KN/m2
• Weight carried by column per unit floor area α Height of Building (H)
(Hence the gravity load on column increases down the height of the
building)
For Floors
Einstein of Tall Buildings:
Dr. Fazlur R. Khan (1929-1982),
BE (Civil), Calcutta University, India
M.S (Structures), Ph.D. (Applied Mechanics)
Illinois Institute of Technology, Illinois, USA
Shear Wall + Frame
• Brunswick:
• Khan developed structural scheme for Brunswick building.
• Central RC Core with perimeter columns spaced at 9’4” there by
eliminating curtain walls.
• To span the interior space between the central core and perimeter,
the designer detailed joist-slab floor system that turned in to waffle-
slab at the corner regions.
• Khan and other engineers on approximate analysis of the shear walls
at the core and exterior frames with column spaced at 9’4” found that
the effective stiffness of the frame parallel to wind direction
approached that of the shear walls.
• Hence, Khan accepted the behavior and accordingly designed the
system and structural elements.
• Shear wall-frame:
• There was no theoretical background to interaction between shear
walls and frames at that time.
• So, this complexity and challenge of this work inspired him.
• The participation of rigid frames affects behavior of both, shear walls
and frames.
• That is, each system restrains the natural movements of the other.
• Shear wall-frame:
• Another factor, in reducing the premium for height in design is the
stress reserve in individual structural members applicable to transient
loading conditions.
• All building codes permitted as increase in allowable stress (up to
33%) for wind or earthquake loads because of their temporary
nature.
• If stresses in a structural members, which were already designed for
gravity load, increased by not more than this allowable amount, then
the member sizes were adequate; that is no premium was necessary.
IS 1893 (Part-1): 2016 DRAFT
IS 1893 (Part-1): 2016 DRAFT
IS 13920: 2016 - Ductile detailing
P-∆ effects
Framed Tube
• Framed Tube:
• In this project there was a no service core, with 40 storied building.
• Khan realized that, a tall building is essentially a vertical cantilever
which reacts to wind or seismic loads.
• And the mode of response of tall building is a cantilever one.
• He visualized the building as a hollow thin tube perforated with
windows.
• What was needed for efficient lateral load resistance was a vertically
standing hollow box-shaped building with all structural material
pushed out to periphery, cantilevering out of the ground.
• Framed Tube:
• Now, we know that elementary beam theory indicates that portions
of a cross-section farthest from the centroidal axis are most highly
stressed, or fully utilized, in supporting bending loads, whereas
portions located closer to the centroidal axis are less highly stressed,
or underutilized.
• The closed form of a box –shape has the advantage of higher bending
and torsional stiffness than an open form of the same quantity of
structural material.
• By placing majority of the building columns at large distance from the
center of the floor plan/structural neutral axis in each direction and
creating a closed structural shell around the perimeter, one could
expect to obtain optimum stiffness and strength in bending for the
building.
• Framed Tube:
• It consist of closely spaced exterior columns tied at each floor level
with relatively deep spandrel beam.
• Hollow concrete tube perforated by window, hence named “Framed
Tube”.