Anatomy & Physiology 2 Tutorial – Blood SEM 2 2017/18

(Due January 22, 2018)

1. Compare and contrast the composition of blood and lymph.

blood, the carrier of nutrients, wastes, and gases, circulates within blood vessels through the
body, exchanging materials with the interstitial fluid.
Interstitial fluid, formed by filtration from blood, is the fluid surrounding body cells in the
tissue spaces and is essential to proteinless plasma.
Lymph is the protein-containing fluid that enters the lymphatic capillaries (from the tissue
spaces); hence, its composition is the same as that of the interstitial fluid.

2. What are the three categories of plasma proteins? State their functions.
Albumins (60%) - responsible for colloid osmotic pressure; blood viscosity; contributes to
protein buffer
Globulins (46%) - transports electrolytes
Fibrinogen (4%) - major component for blood clots
3. Describe the structure of erythrocytes. How may the structure of erythrocytes be
beneficial and detrimental?
4. Which white blood cells are referred to as granulocytes? How may they be physically
distinguished? What are their functions?
Neutrophils- (polymorphonuclear leukocytes) first to arrive at a site of infection &
phagocytize bacteria, fungi & some viruses Fig. 14.9
iv. Eosinophils- moderate allergic reactions & defend against parasitic worm infestations
Fig. 14.10
v. Basophils- migrate to damaged tissue & release histamine (promotes inflammation) &
heparin (inhibits clotting which increases blood flow to injured tissues) Fig. 14
5. Which white blood cells are referred to as agranulocytes? How may they be physically
distinguished? What are their functions?
Monocytes- largest blood cells, leave the bloodstream & become macrophages
(phagocytize bacteria, dead cells & cellular debris), contain numerous lysosomes with
digestive enzymes Fig. 14.12
ii. Lymphocytes Fig. 14-13
iia. T cells- attack microorganisms, tumor cells & transplanted cells
iib. B cells- produce antibodies which are proteins that attack foreign cells or proteins

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 6. What is a transfusion reaction and why does it happen? What steps can be taken to
prevent a transfusion reaction from occurring?

7. Angella is B-negative and requires a blood transfusion. The following individuals are
possible donors and their blood types:

Donor Blood Type

Shelly-Ann B-positive

Damion A-negative

James AB-negative

Wendy O-negative

Which of the above would be suitable donors to Angella? Which of the above would not
be suitable donors? In each case give reasons for your answer.

8. Define hemostasis. List the three pathways of coagulation. In what general way do the
intrinsic and extrinsic mechanisms of clotting differ? What ion is essential to virtually all
stages of coagulation?
hemostasis
-prevention of blood loss
three major phases of hemostasis:
1. vascular spasms
2. platelet plug formation
3. blood coagulation
vascular spasms
-spasms of smooth muscle in blood vessel walls
platelet plug formation
-accumulation of platelets at the site of vessel injury
-provide a temporary means of stopping or slowing blood loss until coagulation occurs
coagulation
-initiated by either the intrinsic or extrinsic pathway
-a series of activated procoagulants oversees the intermediate steps of each cascade
-pathways converge as prothrombin is converted to thrombin
-clot occurs

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The three major steps of coagulation include the formation of prothrombin activator by a cascade of
activated procoagulants, the use of prothrombin activator enzymatically to release the active enzyme
thrombin from prothrombin, and the use of thrombin to cause fibrinogen to form fibrin strands. (pp.
647–648)

c. The intrinsic pathway depends on substances present in (intrinsic to) blood. It has many more steps
and intermediates, and is slower. The extrinsic mechanism bypasses the early steps of the intrinsic
mechanism and is triggered by tissue factor (thromboplastin) released by injured cells in the vessel
wall or in surrounding tissues. (pp. 647–648)

Calcium -Ca2+ is essential to virtually all stages of hemostasis

9. Should a person with type O blood be given type A blood in a transfusion?

Explain your answer.
NO … type o blood consist of A and B antibodies and when it interacts with type A
blood agglutination occur or clump
.
10. Why are O negative and AB positive blood types considered to be universal?

11. Rema is B negative and her husband is B positive. Their first child is born with
symptoms of hemolytic disease of the newborn (erythroblastosis fetalis). Rema
admits that at age sixteen she had terminated a pregnancy on the advice of her
then boyfriend. Is there a possible connection between the abortion and the
illness of her newborn? Explain.