Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
Chapter 9
GAS POWER CYCLES
-
GAS TURBINE
Mehmet Kanoglu
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Objectives
• Evaluate the performance of gas power cycles for
which the working fluid remains a gas throughout
the entire cycle.
• Develop simplifying assumptions applicable to gas
power cycles.
• Solve problems based on the Brayton cycle; the
Brayton cycle with regeneration; and the Brayton
cycle with intercooling, reheating, and regeneration.
• Analyze jet-propulsion cycles.
• Identify simplifying assumptions for second-law
analysis of gas power cycles.
• Perform second-law analysis of gas power cycles.
2
BASIC CONSIDERATIONS IN THE ANALYSIS
OF POWER CYCLES Thermal efficiency of heat engines
Most power-producing devices operate on cycles.
Ideal cycle: A cycle that resembles the actual cycle
closely but is made up totally of internally reversible
processes is called an.
Reversible cycles such as Carnot cycle have the
highest thermal efficiency of all heat engines
operating between the same temperature levels.
Unlike ideal cycles, they are totally reversible, and
unsuitable as a realistic model.
Modeling is a
powerful
engineering tool
that provides great The analysis of many
insight and complex processes can be
simplicity at the reduced to a manageable
expense of some level by utilizing some
loss in accuracy. idealizations.
3
On a T-s diagram, the ratio of the The idealizations and simplifications in the
area enclosed by the cyclic curve to analysis of power cycles:
the area under the heat-addition 1. The cycle does not involve any friction.
process curve represents the thermal Therefore, the working fluid does not
efficiency of the cycle. Any experience any pressure drop as it flows in
modification that increases the ratio pipes or devices such as heat exchangers.
of these two areas will also increase 2. All expansion and compression processes
the thermal efficiency of the cycle. take place in a quasi-equilibrium manner.
3. The pipes connecting the various
components of a system are well
insulated, and heat transfer through them
is negligible.
Care should be exercised On both P-v and T-s diagrams, the area enclosed
in the interpretation of the by the process curve represents the net work of the
results from ideal cycles. cycle.
4
THE CARNOT CYCLE AND ITS
VALUE IN ENGINEERING
The Carnot cycle is composed of four totally
reversible processes: isothermal heat addition,
isentropic expansion, isothermal heat rejection, and
isentropic compression.
For both ideal and actual cycles: Thermal
efficiency increases with an increase in the average
temperature at which heat is supplied to the system
or with a decrease in the average temperature at
which heat is rejected from the system.
STEAM
FLEET360 – Steam Power Plant Customer Success Stories
POWER
Customer Success Stories
PLANT
factory plant in South Korea
GAS
FLEET360 – Steam Power Plant Customer Success Stories
POWER
Customer Success Stories
PLANT
factory plant in South Korea
8
GAS-TURBINE ENGINES
4 6
2 3
1
How Gas Turbine Power Plants Work
(https://energy.gov/fe/how-gas-turbine-power-plants-work)
There are three main sections:
A. The compressor - which draws air into the engine, pressurizes it,
and feeds it to the combustion chamber (speed = hundreds of mphr)
Thermal
efficiency of the
ideal Brayton
cycle as a
T-s and P-v diagrams for function of the
the ideal Brayton cycle. pressure ratio.
19
For fixed values of Tmin and Tmax, the net
work of the Brayton cycle first increases
with the pressure ratio, then reaches a
maximum at rp = (Tmax/Tmin)k/[2(k - 1)], and
T-s and P-v diagrams for
the ideal Brayton cycle. finally decreases.
20
BRAYTON CYCLE: THE IDEAL CYCLE FOR
GAS-TURBINE ENGINES
This also limits the pressure ratios that can be used in the
cycle.
The air in gas turbines supplies the necessary oxidant for the
combustion of the fuel, and it serves as a coolant to keep the
temperature of various components within safe limits.
21
The fraction of the turbine
work used to drive the
compressor is called the
back work ratio.
22
MS5000, MS6001, MS7001 and MS9001. gas turbines. Table 2 lists the ratings of mechani-
The MS5000 is designed in both single- and cal-drive units, which range from 14,520 hp to
two-shaft configurations for both generator 108,990 hp (10,828 kW to 80,685 kW).
and mechanical-drive applications. The The complete model number designation for
MS5000 and MS6001 are gear-driven units that each heavy-duty product line machine is pro-
GENERAL ELECTRIC (GE) GAS TURBINES
can be applied in 50 Hz and 60 Hz markets. vided in both Tables 1 and 2. An explanation of
All units larger than the Frame 6 are direct- the model number is given in Figure 1.
drive units. The MS7000 series units that are This paper reviews some of the basic thermo-
used for 60 Hz applications have rotational dynamic principles of gas turbine operation
GENERAL ELECTRIC (GE) GAS TURBINES
GE Gas Turbine Performance Characteristics
Fuel
Combustor Exhaust
2
Compressor 4
Generator
Turbine
Inlet Air
GE Gas Turbine Performance Characteristics
GT08922A
GT17983A
28
Development of Gas Turbines
29
Development of Gas Turbines
30
TO BE CONTINUED
31
Deviation of Actual Gas-Turbine Cycles from
Idealized Ones
Reasons: Irreversibilities in
turbine and compressors,
pressure drops, heat losses
34
THE BRAYTON CYCLE WITH REGENERATION
36
T-s diagram of a Brayton
cycle with regeneration.
Effectiveness
of regenerator
Effectiveness under cold-
air standard assumptions
Under cold-air
standard assumptions 37
The thermal efficiency depends on the ratio of the minimum to
maximum temperatures as well as the pressure ratio.
Regeneration is most effective at lower pressure ratios and low
minimum-to-maximum temperature ratios.
Thermal
efficiency of the
ideal Brayton
cycle with and
without
regeneration.
38
THE BRAYTON
CYCLE:
-INTERCOOLING
-REHEATING
-REGENERATION
41
As the number of compression and expansion stages
increases, the gas-turbine cycle with intercooling, reheating,
and regeneration approaches the Ericsson cycle. 42
As with most of the groundbreaking projects we built, this single-shaft power plant Clie
was the first of its kind in South East Asia during the 1970s. Utilising the largest gas
turbine size, it has an extremely high energy efficiency rate of approximately 54% Sco
compared to the national average of 35%. SEARCH WEBSITE
(29579-T)
(29579-T)
The Prai Power Station uses use turbines to produce energy by burning natural gas
CORPORATE INFO CORE BUSINESS OUR PROJECTS
OUR EXPERTISE
and the heat producedINVESTORfrom the RELATIONS
combustion isENRICHING COMMUNITIES
used to heat QSHE
water in boiler. CSR
CORPORATE INFO CORE BUSINESS OUR PROJECTS OUR EXPERTISE INVESTOR RELATIONS ENRICHING COM
Home Our Projects Dam, Water Treatment Plants and Power Station Prai Power Station, Malaysia
Water in its liquid state is converted to steam upon heating and is channeled to the
turbine. The pressurised steam flow imparts high volumes of heat energy on the
Prai Power Station
Home Our Projects Dam, Water Treatment Plants bladesandandPower
shaftStation Prai Power
of the turbine Station,
causing Malaysia
it to rotate.
is converted to electrical energy using a generator.
The rotational mechanical energy
Malaysia (1977 - 1978)
Prai Power Station
Malaysia (1977 - 1978)
© 2012. Copyright protected. Gamuda Berhad (29579-T). Disclaimer Notice | Privacy Notice
43
In the 1970s, this single-shaft Prai Power Station is the first-of-its-kind in South East Asia that utilizes turbines to produce energy which are converted into electrical energy with the help of the
generator.
44
45
• ENERGY RESOURCES
Installed Capacity as of 31st December 2012 in MW
Natural Gas
Biomass
Fuel Oil
Others
Diesel
Hydro
Total
Coal
TNB 1,911 5,075 - - - - - 6,986
Peninsular Malaysia
IPPs 20 8,069 7,200 - - - - 15,289
SREP / FiT 9 - - - - 30 11 50
SREP / FiT 7 - - - - 30 - 37
Self-Generation - - - - 13 16 - 29
Propulsive power is
the thrust acting on the
aircraft through a
distance per unit time.
Basic components of a turbojet engine and the T-s diagram for the ideal turbojet cycle.
49
Modifications to Turbojet Engines
The first airplanes built were all propeller-
driven, with propellers powered by engines
essentially identical to automobile engines.
Both propeller-driven engines and jet-
propulsion-driven engines have their own
strengths and limitations, and several attempts
have been made to combine the desirable
characteristics of both in one engine.
Energy supplied to an aircraft
Two such modifications are the propjet engine
and the turbofan engine. (from the burning of a fuel)
manifests itself in various forms.
Stream exergy
A gas-turbine power plant operating on an ideal Brayton Cycle has a pressure ration of
8. The gas temperature is 300K at4/26/05
cen84959_ch09.qxd the compressor inlet
5:45 PM Page 512and 1300K at the turbine inlet.
Utilising air-standard assumptions, determine:
a) The gas temperature at the exits of the compressor and the turbine;
b) The back work ratio; and
c) The thermal efficiency
512 | Thermodynamics
T, K
gas temperature at the exits of the compressor a
1300 3 work ratio, and (c) the thermal efficiency.
wturb
dynamics
discussed in Example 9–5. T1 ! 300 K S h 1 r! wcomp,in
300.19 244.16 kJ>kg
!kJ>kg ! 0.403
bw !
wturb,out 606.60 kJ>kg
gas temperature at the exits of the compressor and the turbine, (b) the back Pr1 ! of1.386
That is, 40.3 percent the turbine work output is used just to drive the
3 work ratio, and (c) the thermal efficiency.
wturb compressor.
st. Solution A power plant operating on the ideal Brayton cycle is considered. (c) P
The
2 thermal efficiency of the cycle is the ratio of the net power output to
on P ! Pr1
The compressor and turbine exit temperatures, back work ratio, and the ther- r2 the total 18 2 11.386 2 ! 11.09 S T2 ! 540 K
!input:
heat 1at compressor e
4 mal efficiency are to be determined. P1
=8 Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 The air-standard assump- q in ! h 3 " h 2 ! 1395.97 " 544.35 ! 851.62 kJ>kg
q out
tions are applicable. 3 Kinetic and potential energy changes are negligible.
wnet ! wout " win ! 606.60 " 244.16h ! ! 544.35
2 362.4 kJ>kg kJ>kg
4 The variation of specific heats with temperature is to be considered.
Analysis The T-s diagram of the ideal Brayton cycle described is shown in
Fig. 9–35. We note that the components involved in the Brayton cycle are
Process
Thus,3-4 (isentropic expansion of an ideal gas):
steady-flow devices. wnet 362.4 kJ>kg
s (a) The air temperatures at the compressor and turbine exits are determined 3 T ! 1300 K Sh thh ! q in 1395.97
3 !
! kJ>kg
851.62 kJ>kg
! 0.426 or 42.6% 54
from isentropic relations:
yton cycle Process 1-2 (isentropic compression of an ideal gas): Pr3 ! 330.9
–5. T ! 300 K S h ! 300.19 kJ>kg
The thermal efficiency could also be determined from
512 | Thermodynamics q out
hth ! 1 "
T, K q in
gas temperature at the exits of the compressor and the turbine, (b) the
where
1300 3 work ratio, and (c) the thermal efficiency.
wturb q out ! h4 " h1 ! 789.37 " 300.19 ! 489.2 kJ>kg
56