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oil palm fruit has a bulk density of 707.55 kg/m3 and 708.66 kg/m3 for fresh and
conditioned fruits, respectively
Fresh oil palm fruit has a bulk porosity of 30.23%
sphericity index of 0.78

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According to Singh and Bargale (2000) a compression ratio of 10:1 is sufficient to
perform the extraction process.

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Physical properties of Palm fruit, kernel and nut at moisture (8.3, 10.7 and 9.5%)
dry basis
Physical properties Fruit Nut Kernel
Maximum Minimum Mean Maximum Minimum
Mean Maximum Minimum Mean
Length (mm) 42.32 28.04 34.99 33.29 25.19 28.77 21.47 15.48
18.63
Width (mm) 25.37 20.01 22.05 24.02 14.33
19.41 17.90 11.80 15.20
Thickness 20.01 16.03 17.87 20.04 13.05 14.60 20.80 15.40 18.06
Arithmetic mean diameter Da(mm) 29.23 21.36 24.97 25.78
17.52 20.92 20.05 14.23 17.47
Geometric mean diameter (Dg) (mm) 27.80 20.80 23.98 25.21 16.76
20.13 20.95 14.12 17.23
Sphericity (%) 65.7 74.2 68.5 75.7 66.5 70.0 97.6 91.2
92.5
Surface area(mm2) 2428.26 1359.35 1806.78 1996.88 773.37 882.58
1379.03 626.43 932.77
Aspect ratio(%) 59.94 71.36 63.02 72.15 56.89
50.75 83.37 76.23 81.59
Unit Mass(g) 12.791 5.780 8.451 9.832
2.611 5.124 4.583 1.725 3.019
Volume(cm3) 11.250 4709.92 7220.32 8.392 2.466
4.270 4.185 1.474 2.677

Table 2. Gravimetric and frictional properties palm fruit, nut and kernel at
moisture 8.3% dry basis at 8.3% dry basis
Properties Palm fruit Mean (�S.E.M) Palm kernel Mean
(�S.E.M) Palm nut Mean (�S.E.M)
True density gcm-3 1.01�0.04c 1.19�0.01b
1.22�0.05a
Bulk density (gcm-3) 0.64�0.01a 0.69�0.07b
0.71�0.02c
Porosity (%) 31.43�0.61a 27.73�0.15b
24.03�0.08c
Static angle of reposeGlass (�) 23.35�0.12a 27.94�0.18b
25.49� 0.12c
Galvanised steel sheet 26.94 �0.08a 27.43�0.23a
27.21�0.09a
Plywood sheet 28.51�0.23a 28.87� 0.31a
26.58� 0.05b
Static coefficient of friction Glass 0.45�0.02c 0.56�0.04a
0.48�0.01b
Galvanised steel sheet 0.59�0.01c 0.63�0.02a
0.61�0.05b
Plywood 0.61�0.04c 0.68�0.06a
0.64�0.07b
Fx Vertical fracture force ( N) 0.39�0.03c 2.83�0.01a
 0.80�0.01b
Fy Horizontal fracture force ( kN) 0.27�0.01c 11.99�0.98a
0.92�0.02b