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Outline
Radiation Fundamentals • Review last topic
• Basic ideas of heat exchangers
Larry Caretto • Overall heat transfer coefficient
Mechanical Engineering 375 • Log-mean temperature difference
Heat Transfer method
• Effectiveness –NTU method
April 25, 2007 • Practical considerations
Ultraviolet Infrared
λ e
Ebλ dλ =
−1 5
( C2 λ T
) dλ
∫
Eb = Ebλ dλ = σT 4
0
• C1 = 2πhc2
= 3.74177 W·μm4/m2 • Recall that σ =
• C2 = hc/k = 14387.8 μm/K 2π5k4/(15h3c2)
– h = Planck’s constant, c = speed of light in
vacuum, k = Boltzmann’s constant
9 Figure 12-11 from Çengel, Heat and Mass Transfer 10
Δλ Sample Problem
• Radiation in finite • A conventional light bulb has a filament
band, Δλ temperature of 4000oF. Find the fraction
λ2 of visible radiation from this filament, if it
1
f λ1 −λ 2 =
σT 4 ∫ Ebλ dλ = is a black body.
λ1
λ2 λ1 • Given: T = 4000oF and visible region
1 1
σT 4 ∫ Ebλ dλ −
σT 4
Ebλ dλ ∫ • Find: Fraction of total radiation in region
0 0 • Missing information: Visible region is
= f (λ 2T ) − f (λ1T )
between 0.4 μm and 0.76 μm
• Conversion: 4000oF = 4460 R = 2478 K
15 16
Figure 12-14 from Çengel, Heat and Mass Transfer
G= ∫ dG =
Transfer
hemi −
sphere Figure 12-21 from
2π π / 2 Çengel, Heat and
27 28
φ=0 θ=0
Emissivity Assumptions εθ
• Diffuse surface – emissivity does not • In general,
depend on direction total
• Gray surface – emissivity does not directional
depend on wavelength emissivity is
constant
• Gray, diffuse surface – emissivity is the
over most of
does not depend on direction or
surface
wavelength
– Simplest surface to handle and often used
in radiation calculations
31 32
Figure 12-26 from Çengel, Heat and Mass Transfer
33 34
Properties Properties II
• When radiation, • Fractions on
G, hits a surface previous chart
a fraction ρG is are properties
reflected; another – Reflectivity, ρ
fraction, αG is – Absorptivity, α
absorbed, a third – Transmissivity, τ
fraction τG is • Energy balance:
Figure 12-31 from
transmitted Figure 12-31 from ρ+α+τ=1
Çengel, Heat and Çengel, Heat and
Mass Transfer • Energy balance: Mass Transfer
ρ + α + τ = 1 35 36
41
From Çengel, Heat and Mass Transfer