LECTURE-1: BEHAVIOR OF CONCRETE AND STEEL

By

Mr. SAMEER SUTHAR,

M. ASCE, ACI

Structural Engineering Department,

Sardar Patel College of Engineering, Andheri (W), Mumbai, India
January-2017

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1. REVIEW OF REINFORCED CONCRETE BEHAVIOR:
• Basic design objectives for reinforced concrete are to have a structure that is safe,
serviceable and cost effective.
• The behavior of any reinforced concrete structure with respect to these objectives
depends on the behavior of critical regions.

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• Much of our study, therefore, will involve the behavior and design of such critical
regions.
• Behavior of a given critical region depends on how it is loaded:
• type of load (P, M, V, T)
• magnitude of load
• loading history (monotonic versus cyclic)
• P = axial force
• M = moment
• V = shear force
• T = torsion

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• Let’s look at a simple example demonstrating the importance of load
history.
• Suppose that we’re investigating the tensile anchorage behavior of a
deformed reinforcing bar in concrete:

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• If P is monotonic, we can provide an Ld sufficiently long to resist loads
up to the ultimate tensile strength of the bar.
• Then the load-deflection (P-Δ) behavior of the bar is essentially that
of the reinforcing steel itself:

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• Now suppose that the load is applied cyclically, without reversals:

• If P is sufficiently large to produce significant loaded-end slip in the

bar, the concrete will start to degrade there, reducing the length of
embedment that actually provides effective anchorage.

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• As cycling continues, this degradation will progress back along the
bar, until the anchorage is reduced to such a point that the bar pulls
out

• Note that this behavior is completely different from the monotonic-

load behavior:

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• Let’s assume a behaviour of a simple beam:

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• Observations:

Cracking occurs very early.

1. If ρ > ρmin, the cracks will open and the load will increase.

2. With steel of higher grade, wide cracking occurs long before yield,
resulting in lowered serviceability.

3. In the service range, we must recognize the effects of creep and

actual load history.

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Under severe loading, post-yield behavior will depend on loading history, and also on the amount and
distribution of reinforcing steel. Several paths are possible:

1. Failure (defined as a sharp decrease in capacity) will occur immediately upon reaching Musable if
ρ≥ρbalanced and V ≈ 0.

2. A more gradual failure will occur if ρ < ρbalanced . This failure will be accelerated if the critical region is
subjected to high shear.

3. The range of useful inelastic behavior will be extended further if ρ is kept low, if some compressive
reinforcement (ρ′) is included, and if ties are provided (CONFINMENT).

4. The beam can develop moments in excess of Musable with low ρ, some ρ′, and closely spaced ties to
confine the concrete. In effect, the concrete acts as a filler to prevent local buckling of the main
reinforcement

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Why are we interested in post-yielding behavior?

1. We want to avoid complete failure under extreme loading

conditions whose probability of failure is small, as well as
serviceability failures involving significant yielding.

2. Post-yielding behavior affects energy dissipation, which is important

as far as dynamic response is concerned.

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• Course Objectives:
1. Ensure satisfactory behavior throughout service life.
2. Ensure a given safety throughout service life.
3. Ensure a total cost close enough to the absolute minimum
(materials, labor, potential damage costs).

• We generally want to minimize material costs (volume of concrete

and steel). Although formwork costs are a significant part of total
costs, they are not very sensitive to changes in distribution of
longitudinal reinforcement along the beam. So the most important
factor is usually steel cost.
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Ultimate State (US):

• It is a physical situation that involves either excessive deformations

leading and approaching collapse of the component under

consideration or the structure as a whole, as relevant, or

deformations exceeding are pre agreed values

• It involves considerable inelastic/plastic behaviour of the structural

system and residual deformations/strains

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Ultimate Limit State (ULS):

• It is a condition, which is computationally checked at a certain point

along the behaviour of the structural system, located at the upper
part of its elastic zone at approximately 15% lower than the elastic
limit.

• ULS is purely elastic condition, located on the behaviour function far

below the real ULTIMATE point, which is deeply located within the
plastic zone
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• A structure is deemed to satisfy the ULS criterion if all factored

bending, shear and tensile or compressive stresses are below the

factored resistances calculated for the section under consideration.

• Here, service loads are increased by a factor called Load enhancing

factors (Load factors).

• And, material strengths are reduced by a factor called Strength

reduction factors (Resistance factors).

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 ULTIMATE STATE

YIELD STATE /
ELASTIC LIMIT

15%
ULTIMATE LIMIT
STATE

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Serviceability State (SLS):

• SLS is also not a physical situation but rather a computational check.

• The aim is to keep structure functional/serviceable.

• These criteria includes various stress limits, deformation

limits(deflection, rotations), flexibility limits, crack control, durability,

human comfort and basically every day service level, its abilities to

fulfil every day functions must be satisfied.

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Load & Resistance Factors:

• The load and resistance factors are determined using statistics and

pre-selected probability of failure.

• Variability of construction, consistency of the construction material

are accounted for in the factors.

• Load factor ≥ 1.0

• Resistance factor ≤ 1.0

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• These factors can differ significantly for different materials or even

between differing grades of the same material.

• These factors also account for the degree of scientific confidence in

the derivation of the values.

• Factors associated with loads are normally independent on the type

of material involved, but can be influenced by the type of

construction.

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• Partial safety factors for materials as per IS 456:2000:
• Concrete : 1.50

• Steel : 1.15 (Denominator)

• Steel : 0.87 (Numerator)

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• Design strength of concrete:

f = 0.85 f cylinder f = 0.67 f ck

0.67 f ck
f cy = 0.80 f cube fd =
γm
0.67 f ck
f = 0.80 × 0.85 f cube fd =
1.5

f = 0.68 f cube f d = 0.45 f ck

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• Design strength of steel:

• For mild steel

fy
fd =
γm

fy
fd =
1.15

f d = 0.87 f y

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• Design strength of steel:

• For HYSD steel

fy
fd =
γm

fy
fd =
1.15

f d = 0.87 f y

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• End of the Lecture-1

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