tS RALBuku ini diterbikan atas kerjasama antara Penerbit Erlangga cengan Pusat Perbukuan, Depdiknas 91-37-053-0 PRINSIP-PRINSIP SAINS UNTUK KEPERAWATAN Joyee James. Colin Baker & Helen Swain Judul asl PRINCIPLES OF SCIENCE FOR NURSES Joyce James. Colin Baker & Helen Swain ISBN: 0.632.05769.6)CCopynigh: © 2002 by Blaclwell Sclece Lic All rights reserved. This edition published by arrangement with Bsckuell Publishing ‘Company. on 30! November 2006, Indonesian Edition Copyright © 2008 by Penerbit Exfangaa ps dt Indah Reto Waruhant Editor: Amalia Sofi Rise Aathawals Penesjem uku ini dicet dan dilsyeut olch Bogion Produlci Penerbit Evlangga dengan Power Macinies'’ G5 (Souverir 10 pi) Setting oleh: Divst Pert Diowiak of PT Gelora Alsara Pratana, m8 7654321 Dilarang keras menguup, meriplak, memforokopt, atau memperbaryiak dalam bentui ‘powers bake etait ‘dou aretha il bub id, borin Hrergunguatintargl tanpa in teri can Penerbit Erlanaga Bab Tujuh MIKROORGANISME Tujuan pembelajaran aug akr bag i) pembacs akan mangu Url + Tewemsran suki Lier aahas perunbanae ~ikrenuge sa Raenysler eee skin pony Woke van meng des EMerlskads Ra vitae mehkiey ie Tenisk han cae Jee uch 1 na iz gel ens resislars antarhacesPendahuluan Habangar mikroorganisme dengan kepe- ‘awavan tidak heleh charggnp treme. Inveksi bakteri gan virus tea merupakar: nengesats hematian waleupan (lal: citemelar: ode bar anubioik dan antivisus, Memahar hagnisnann pevmumbidann mileneegorisme can sna enerughbnkan Iroreringes aeaar perawal untuk menerapian pak aepenawta an yang baik dalam dan membuiat peraxnt marry monjelackon epaula pasion pecstngnya Hrgene ceil mangersied ante vemjelarnken Mikroorganisme Milvootanisme celiput semua onanism yang tidak dapat dither dengan mate ieomang. Yang lemasuk ‘e dalam ke ompek miktucnganisme alan hakiri jamue, ug, dan situs, dan juga protozoa yar lebih bese sepesi parasit malaria dan garcia. Beberapa spestes yang ursum eanar dlthat nda Tahal Mi raeghali dia sg Sahat’ cetapt hebwcopaa hrksert juss awnling inl keowtiatn Kita, Mizalnyy dalam wens teréapat bakter nomena ‘baktart yang hiduyp i dalam sine dias mthnih mnpa mene babhan efck apapunt. yang ccunjaga ling hangan baada dalans keadaan bebas olsiger: (eraerob: sehingga memunghunkan scoses benrernnan dan sintesis vitarnin &, Popul campesan gang baik bakser-habton or} uses memungkicsan kia mwiawan mate organise jatat vang menaguki cubs Aengan herkarrpens: herebut zat Sat Strukaur mikroorganisme Bokteri Slrcstur sel baker Serbeds clengean stns'eur sel muntosie Kaman 71 Puss paling utara adaah baktert dak: muzulk: cagenel vang dikeblingt membran dari udek merrill! nakdecs yang tersentuk dlensaan icles Berboclian sorhedaan ini telah merbagt 9 mesieui dua jens vel Jusat ~ sel venaciota rmigalnya sel hewan. tumbukan. dan ema vaitn cal dengan nukleus using dikelling: rmentbran.. dan sol prokariata yang menpakan sAyang bebih keel misalnga falter, yang tidak memiliki cukiers Dinding set Sepert halnya setsel numbuinan dan jam halvori jrga memiliki aindiag eal tetap:ro Table 8. Composition of Modia Suppartng Growth of Leetobeci ana Bscite- rickia col (Hetarotropbie Barteria) Types of Media ICEOORGARISAS—OKETERIA Goria etrolvate Glue Solon & Solution & Lasarane LChatine te Nathioaine cysvine ‘Aromonium citmte Soden acetate (anhydos] ‘Adenine, guaniea, esthoe, and rec, each Reboleic ‘tenge,paneibenat and mata, wa Pyritoramine Pyrite Pyridoxine Ineetel ard choline ach Pedatnebenas aid Biotin Fone wea téymtte) ‘Moke up to {ne with disilld wto. Saluion A: K;3P0, and KH,PO, atch 25 g ite distilad watt toa volume o 250 mi Sekt E850, 710 05g enSOy» 240. 29 NOL 8 ad NSO, 7H0, 198 Beseolwe Jn ydled water w «volte ot iP, G Blocore s acl BE MgS3, 7140 * coun Ms Rago aaj Boctell, $423, 7847, nd M81 YHA aro use, and the resulting media suppor the growti: of a wide variety of heterotrophic bacteria. AM” is included as a nonnatritive solidifying agent when a sclid medium 1s desired. A description of these tax mats}: is given in Tablo 8.6. Yxamples of rolotively simple Hiquid and scli¢ radia tha? enna the grmuath of many coremon hateratrephe aro Mulrient Broth and Autrient agar (Table 6.7). The addition of yeest extract to each of these formulas improves the nutxent quality, since yeast extract contains several of the B vitumting and othor growth proraoting subatances. Other complex aupple ments such as bovine rumen uid, anlmel bloud, blood serum, oF exiracts of plant and animel tissues may be requiced for the exltivetion of estan fatide tus heterateophs Many special-purpose media are needed to facilitate recognition. enumeration, ‘and isoletion of certain types of bactera. Te meet these needs, the nscrobielogsst308 Table 6-6, Characteristics of te. Complex Matericfs 1 sed a5 inaredlents of 1 Caltvation of Bates ie neat it aieraanal Vale Def uac Amaqueeve east fear Bote Patainy the water seluble su: sun caveat! 1 paste Sanees ol sede aa, whic ie ‘de vatbobsdenten,onorio nize fer conpeuade materaoble Posten “The predict cesuting kom the Petacipal source ol ongai to sigesben of prerematuols ater- gen. oy a carla some rity Merge Med, cesen, end geal; asap! wovaeties carbo hyde, ftigestion of e potabn material depending upon the wind of pro eromglisted with acids af er-—twingcenus mtciel gested Symes many teas peptanes [depending upen ie protein uses aed ‘he watbot of digestion) wre ihaibie ‘or use ba Yactelegcal Table 6-7. Composition of nadir peotones cif inthe abil Scorient Broth and Nolcient Ig tesappo2 grow of baci —— Aur Acanples contokyérala ctained — Used as 9 solieifiaton agent from ceria tarnealgacs pro ened: ager, dssoived Jn arusous ae ceseed fo ramoveextranegut sub» Solvoes, gels woen the tempera Peptoxe i snees tue is teiera aioe oc. asa ‘save 21000 ml fit comeidered a sovice of atest Nurint air tote taeieria eet tet ae Papione 21} Vea ectael An aqueous exleat of yanst calls, Avery th covree of ve B vt age ue Commercallyvvilable at 2 powder ais sso cemuirs orga are sie 20108 fen ang cxtont compcands has avatlable numeroos media which, on the basis of theit application cr fun: tion, may be elassfied as follows, ssetive Media “These media provide nutrients (lat eabance the growth end predominance of « partiealar type ol bacterium and da not enhance [and may even inhib) ull: ippeo of organiems that may be present For instance, ¢ medium in which tellulose is the only carbon source will specifically seloet for or enrich fhe FOWL Of GellUlUse-uilicluy vs panioens when it ip insaulated with a ceil eamnle contai ving many kinds of beoteria, As an example ofa diffrent ype of atective redium, the isolation of the gonaerhea-causing organism, Neisseria gonor hovap, font a clinical specimen is faciiated by the use of medie containing Crenin sntibintin: these anlitiolics do nat affect N. gcnorthocee but do izhibit the growth of contaminating bacteric. erential Media Certain eayents ot supplements, when tacorporated inio culture media, cay allpw diffewatieton of various Teas of oactena. #or example, ie =slatuas of bacteria is inoculated onte a bioodkcontaining agar med:um [bioed ager}, sam> atthe bacteria mey hemalyas (destog) the red blood cells atbers co not. Thus tne cat distinguish betwean bewolvtie gq munhemabyle bactori an the rane credinuy PHYSICAL CONDITIONS REQUIRED FOR GROWTH Temperature Tasle 6, Characteristics of ral Species of Boctesia 2 Regard to Tempera a hich Thay Grow The Cut fo of Bator 1a adeaton to knowing the propor natsionta tor tho evtivation of bacteria, it ia alee macooeary to knew the physical cuviconment ia which the orgeuismns will grow dost. Juct ac hactonia very groatly in their nuteitiauel sequirements, so do Thay exbibit divorse renponses to physical canditinas auch a temaperat gaseous conditions, aad pH Sinte all processas of growth are dependent on chernicil resctions and since the rates of these react ons are influenced by temperaruze the pattern of bacterial growll. cap be penlounely b:Duencnd by this condition. The teayeratune that allows fur most rapil grow during a shox period of time (12 to 24 h)is known as fhe upl:muso sont temperature. (It should be nated bavever, tnal the optimum growth lemperature thus detived cay at necessarily be optimnum for ether cellular arte’ lies.) ‘able 6-2 shoiss the optimum terapecture for saveral bacteria and also the range of temperolures withia which they will prow. It can be seen thal the rmapirmam tormperature at which growth accurs is usually quite clese te the ‘optintam temperatize, whereas the miniarum temperature for grcwih is asially much fower than the optima:n. On the basis oftheir temperature reiationsbigs, bacteria are divided inte three main zroups: 1 Pesheaphilee are ale to ysow at °C Latven though they row beet at bios lemporaturss, Muay microbiologists restrict the term paychoaphie Ip negoniaen et nna grav at OFC hut have an animim temperatice nf 18°C a leneer and & renininh tetoperature of about 10°C, the term paychrotroph or focaltativa psy: Chropbile is used for hice organs vbls to grow ot °C but wlesl wow bast at ‘emperatures ia tho ror of abort 20 fs 50°C Gg, ae Fy Bt) (Daring iolation of strat paychoophiles it fe ugually nosaeaary to matmain the suusve niniples [for sxormple, Aninestic moll samples) at cabl tensperaruroe from {ho sine they are collected amd alea web} all media before atterspting ieolstion. thie is cocanre strict peychraphiloe asually die if they are even temporarily oxposed io coum temporarona, fon st eptimam growth temparaturne i often ‘Whee tve or ther uaete lor clonic uf prysbnophles to develop. ‘Tho physiological factors twxpnustle tr the “ow tormparatare maxima for sict ptychropailas ars rt mately clear, bol some factors thot hove been ienaliented 410 hc inainbiity of ofaozomas and varione enaymes, increased leakage of cell a af Geof, ‘ihe sarines aaa MP? 20 ino pashan i Boplyineseren aureus © Cagecbactenun diphihcio® 10 Awieeene annnnhosoe 8 Srentenacare theemaghist 50 Therrecriiner-ees vulgare e570 Theses equalicas 7 rare: Tinta from RY Slee, Raderal Ney, 98:48, 1973, atom era's Manzi of Lstenmunctve Gocirilogy, uth ad, Willan & Wilkin, Baluimore 1973,Figure 6-8. Anaesobic jar GasPak sytem (A) Moin are inoeulated and “hen placed in tha jar. Water is added t the GasPak genert- tor envelope, cousins the evoltion of H, and COy ‘The Fy reacts with Os on the surface of the palladion catalyst forming water and establishing enaerobic con ditions. Tao CO, alde growth of fastidiens anaer ‘bas which comnotimes fail ta gow. or grow only pony its absence, Au amneratic indicator stip (a pal sa:erated with meins- lene blue solution] changes from baa to colorloe i the abyence of ocygen. {B} The GasPak Anaerobic Sysiem swith inoculated Fetss dishes. the Caste generatne enirelope. and the anaerobic Indicator strip. (Courtesy of BL Microbiology Svsteras) Avidity or Ailcalini (pk) SSCKUORGAMEMS— BACTERIA Sheopath Clanpacee lid Cringgcater Cera reschor \ Flos oveser'o ‘horde generser evden SorPaesepnsoble containsun atmosphere of H,, QO,, and Ny Culture wnedia are placed within the chamber by means of on ait lock which can bu evacusted and refiled ‘with Ny, From the oir lock the media are placed within the main chamber. Any 0, in the edie is slay remaved by eeaction with the H,, forming water; this reaction is aided by a palladium cafalst. After bring rendered oxygon-fes, the nadia are inoculated within the chamber {by means of tha glove pors) and incubated (cleo ‘within the: chamber] Nonstringent angerobes can be cultured withia anavaerobic jot such as thet cepicted in Fig. 6-0, Inoculatad media are placed in the jar along with an H; + (CO, ganersting system. After the jar is sealed, the oxygen present in the attag- sphere within the jar, as well as thal dissolved in the culture rmedium, is gradually used 1p thenigh teaction with the hydrogen in the prevence sf a ‘catalyst For most bacteia the oprimmum pH for growth les beween 6.5 and 7.5, nd the lnnits generally Tie somewhere betseen 8 and 9. However a few becteia prefer ‘more axtteme pH values for growth. Fer example. Thiobacillus thicaxidans has an optimum pH of 2.0 te 3.5 and can grow: in a range between pH 0.5 and 6.0. On the other hand. an unelassifed buctarium isolated from nn alline spring in California was foune to grow best at a pH af 9.4 to &.5 and could grow within range freat 0.9 10 114 Whon bacteria ure cultivted in a medium originally adjnste to # given pH for example, 70, is very likely that this pH wil change ee a test af the chanical activities of the organism. If 2 carbohydrate is present it mey be fermented at ossdized to orgente acids, thus docrcasing the pit ofthe medium lithe sat rf an organic acid is supplied as acathon source (e.g. sodium male} its oxidation by bacter‘a sill cause an increase in pH. Such shifls i pH may tse wo grest that nether growt® of the organism ix eventually inhibited,