Abstract

This is a project a switch control of motorized hover board. In this project a foot
belt sensor has been used, which is used for safety drives.Unless and until it is
perfectly connected we can not start the hover board
The device can move using motorized wheels. The batteries were to be mounted
on the device underneath the device next to the wheels and off the ground, or
otherwise concealed from the audience. The device was to be controlled via
switches by the user.
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION TO EMBEDDED SYSTEMS

What is Embedded system?

An Embedded System is a combination of computer hardware and software, and perhaps
additional mechanical or other parts, designed to perform a specific function. An embedded
system is a microcontroller-based, software driven, reliable, real-time control system,
autonomous, or human or network interactive, operating on diverse physical variables and in
diverse environments and sold into a competitive and cost conscious market.
An embedded system is not a computer system that is used primarily for processing, not a
software system on PC or UNIX, not a traditional business or scientific application. High-end
embedded & lower end embedded systems. High-end embedded system - Generally 32, 64 Bit
Controllers used with OS. Examples Personal Digital Assistant and Mobile phones etc .Lower
end embedded systems - Generally 8,16 Bit Controllers used with an minimal operating systems
and hardware layout designed for the specific purpose. Examples Small controllers and devices
in our everyday life like Washing Machine, Microwave Ovens, where they are embedded in.
SYSTEM DESIGN CALLS:
 Figure 2(a): SYSTEM DESIGN CALLS

EMBEDDED SYSTEM DESIGN CYCLE

Figuren 2(b) “V Diagram”

Characteristics of Embedded System

• An embedded system is any computer system hidden inside a product other than a
computer.
 • They will encounter a number of difficulties when writing embedded system software in
addition to those we encounter when we write applications
– Throughput – Our system may need to handle a lot of data in a short period of
time.
– Response–Our system may need to react to events quickly
– Testability–Setting up equipment to test embedded software can be difficult.
– Debugability–Without a screen or a keyboard, finding out what the software is
doing wrong (other than not working) is a troublesome problem.
– Reliability – embedded systems must be able to handle any situation without
human intervention.
– Memory space – Memory is limited on embedded systems, and you must make
the software and the data fit into whatever memory exists.
– Program installation – you will need special tools to get your software into
embedded systems.
– Power consumption – Portable systems must run on battery power, and the
software in these systems must conserve power.
– Processor hogs – computing that requires large amounts of CPU time can
complicate the response problem.
– Cost – Reducing the cost of the hardware is a concern in many embedded system
projects; software often operates on hardware that is barely adequate for the job.

• Embedded systems have a microprocessor/ microcontroller and a memory. Some have a

serial port or a network connection. They usually do not have keyboards, screens or disk
drives.

APPLICATIONS
1) Military and aerospace embedded software applications
2) C om m u ni c at i o n Ap p l i c at i on s
3) In d us t ri al aut om at i o n and p ro c es s co nt r ol s o ft w a r e
4) Mastering the complexity of applications.
5) Reduction of product design time.
 6) Real time processing of ever increasing amounts of data.
7) Intelligent, autonomous sensors.
CLASSIFICATION
 Real Time Systems.
 RTS is one which has to respond to events within a specified deadline.
 A right answer after the dead line is a wrong answer

RTS CLASSIFICATION
 Hard Real Time Systems
 Soft Real Time System

HARD REAL TIME SYSTEM

 "Hard" real-time systems have very narrow response time.
 Example: Nuclear power system, Cardiac pacemaker.

SOFT REAL TIME SYSTEM

 "Soft" real-time systems have reduced constrains on "lateness" but still must operate very
quickly and repeatable.
 Example: Railway reservation system – takes a few extra seconds the data remains valid.
CHAPTER 2

2.2 HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS

HARDWARE COMPONENTS:

1. TRANSFORMER (230 – 12 V AC)

2. VOLTAGE REGULATOR (LM 7805)

3. RECTIFIER

4. FILTER

5. PUSHBUTTON

1. LED
12. 1N4007
13. CAPACITORS
14. RESISTORS

2.2.1 TRANSFORMER

Transformers convert AC electricity from one voltage to another with a little loss of power.
Step-up transformers increase voltage, step-down transformers reduce voltage. Most power
supplies use a step-down transformer to reduce the dangerously high voltage to a safer low
voltage.

FIG 4.1: A TYPICAL TRANSFORMER

The input coil is called the primary and the output coil is called the secondary. There is
no electrical connection between the two coils; instead they are linked by an alternating magnetic
field created in the soft-iron core of the transformer. The two lines in the middle of the circuit
symbol represent the core. Transformers waste very little power so the power out is (almost)
equal to the power in. Note that as voltage is stepped down and current is stepped up.
The ratio of the number of turns on each coil, called the turn’s ratio, determines the ratio
of the voltages. A step-down transformer has a large number of turns on its primary (input) coil
which is connected to the high voltage mains supply, and a small number of turns on its
secondary (output) coil to give a low output voltage.
TURNS RATIO = (Vp / Vs) = ( Np / Ns )
Where,
Vp = primary (input) voltage.
Vs = secondary (output) voltage
Np = number of turns on primary coil
Ns = number of turns on secondary coil
Ip = primary (input) current
Is = secondary (output) current.

Ideal power equation

The ideal transformer as a circuit element

If the secondary coil is attached to a load that allows current to flow, electrical power is
transmitted from the primary circuit to the secondary circuit. Ideally, the transformer is perfectly
efficient; all the incoming energy is transformed from the primary circuit to the magnetic field
and into the secondary circuit. If this condition is met, the incoming electric power must equal
the outgoing power:

Giving the ideal transformer equation

Transformers normally have high efficiency, so this formula is a reasonable approximation.

If the voltage is increased, then the current is decreased by the same factor. The impedance in
one circuit is transformed by the square of the turns ratio. For example, if an impedance Zs is
attached across the terminals of the secondary coil, it appears to the primary circuit to have an
impedance of (Np/Ns)2Zs. This relationship is reciprocal, so that the impedance Zp of the primary
circuit appears to the secondary to be (Ns/Np)2Zp.

2.2.2 VOLTAGE REGULATOR 7805

Features
• Output Current up to 1A.
• Output Voltages of 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 12, 15, 18, 24V.
• Thermal Overload Protection.
• Short Circuit Protection.

2.2.3 RECTIFIER
A rectifier is an electrical device that converts alternating current (AC), which
periodically reverses direction, to direct current (DC), current that flows in only one direction, a
process known as rectification. Rectifiers have many uses including as components of power
supplies and as detectors of radio signals. Rectifiers may be made of solid state diodes, vacuum
tube diodes, mercury arc valves, and other components. The output from the transformer is fed to
the rectifier. It converts A.C. into pulsating D.C. The rectifier may be a half wave or a full wave
rectifier. In this project, a bridge rectifier is used because of its merits like good stability and full
wave rectification. In positive half cycle only two diodes( 1 set of parallel diodes) will conduct,
in negative half cycle remaining two diodes will conduct and they will conduct only in forward
bias only.

2.2.4 FILTER
 Capacitive filter is used in this project. It removes the ripples from the output of rectifier
and smoothens the D.C. Output received from this filter is constant until the mains voltage and
load is maintained constant. However, if either of the two is varied, D.C. voltage received at this
point changes. Therefore a regulator is applied at the output stage.
The simple capacitor filter is the most basic type of power supply filter. The use of this
filter is very limited. It is sometimes used on extremely high-voltage, low-current power supplies
for cathode-ray and similar electron tubes that require very little load current from the supply.
This filter is also used in circuits where the power-supply ripple frequency is not critical and can
be relatively high. Below figure can show how the capacitor changes and discharges.

2.2.5 PUSH BUTTONS

 A push-button (also spelled pushbutton) or simply button is a simple switch mechanism
for controlling some aspect of a machine or a process. Buttons are typically made out of hard
material, usually plastic or metal. The surface is usually flat or shaped to accommodate the
human finger or hand, so as to be easily depressed or pushed. Buttons are most often biased
switches, though even many un-biased buttons (due to their physical nature) require a spring to
return to their un-pushed state. Different people use different terms for the "pushing" of the
button, such as press, depress, mash, and punch.

Uses:

In industrial and commercial applications push buttons can be linked together by a

mechanical linkage so that the act of pushing one button causes the other button to be released.
In this way, a stop button can "force" a start button to be released. This method of linkage is used
in simple manual operations in which the machine or process have no electrical circuits for
control.

Pushbuttons are often color-coded to associate them with their function so that the
operator will not push the wrong button in error. Commonly used colors are red for stopping the
machine or process and green for starting the machine or process.

Red pushbuttons can also have large heads (mushroom shaped) for easy operation and to
facilitate the stopping of a machine. These pushbuttons are called emergency stop buttons and
are mandated by the electrical code in many jurisdictions for increased safety. This large
mushroom shape can also be found in buttons for use with operators who need to wear gloves for
their work and could not actuate a regular flush-mounted push button. As an aid for operators
and users in industrial or commercial applications, a pilot light is commonly added to draw the
attention of the user and to provide feedback if the button is pushed. Typically this light is
included into the center of the pushbutton and a lens replaces the pushbutton hard center disk.
 The source of the energy to illuminate the light is not directly tied to the contacts on the
back of the pushbutton but to the action the pushbutton controls. In this way a start button when
pushed will cause the process or machine operation to be started and a secondary contact
designed into the operation or process will close to turn on the pilot light and signify the action
of pushing the button caused the resultant process or action to start.

In popular culture, the phrase "the button" refers to a (usually fictional) button that a
military or government leader could press to launch nuclear weapons.

Push to ON button:

FIG 4.6(A): PUSH ON BUTTON

Initially the two contacts of the button are open. When the button is pressed they become
connected. This makes the switching operation using the push button.

2.2.6 LED

A light-emitting diode (LED) is a semiconductor light source. LEDs are used as indicator
lamps in many devices, and are increasingly used for lighting. When a light-emitting diode is
forward biased (switched on), electrons are able to recombine with holes within the device,
releasing energy in the form of photons.

This effect is called electroluminescence and the color of the light (corresponding to the
energy of the photon) is determined by the energy gap of the semiconductor. An LED is often
small in area (less than 1 mm2), and integrated optical components may be used to shape its
radiation pattern. LEDs present many advantages over incandescent light sources including
lower energy consumption, longer lifetime, improved robustness, smaller size, faster switching,
and greater durability and reliability.
Types of LED’S

Fig 4.11(a): Types of LED

Light-emitting diodes are used in applications as diverse as replacements for aviation lighting,
automotive lighting as well as in traffic signals. The compact size, the possibility of narrow
bandwidth, switching speed, and extreme reliability of LEDs has allowed new text and video
displays and sensors to be developed, while their high switching rates are also useful in advanced
communications technology.

Electronic Symbol:

Fig 4.11(b): symbol of LED

2.2.7 1N4007

Diodes are used to convert AC into DC these are used as half wave rectifier or full wave
rectifier. Three points must he kept in mind while using any type of diode.
1.Maximum forward current capacity
2.Maximum reverse voltage capacity
3.Maximum forward voltage capacity
 Fig: 1N4007 diodes
The number and voltage capacity of some of the important diodes available in the market
are as follows:
 Diodes of number IN4001, IN4002, IN4003, IN4004, IN4005, IN4006 and IN4007 have
maximum reverse bias voltage capacity of 50V and maximum forward current capacity of 1
Amp.
 Diode of same capacities can be used in place of one another. Besides this diode of more
capacity can be used in place of diode of low capacity but diode of low capacity cannot be used
in place of diode of high capacity. For example, in place of IN4002; IN4001 or IN4007 can be
used but IN4001 or IN4002 cannot be used in place of IN4007.The diode BY125made by
company BEL is equivalent of diode from IN4001 to IN4003. BY 126 is equivalent to diodes
IN4004 to 4006 and BY 127 is equivalent to diode IN4007.

Fig:PN Junction diode

2.2.8 RESISTORS

A resistor is a two-terminal electronic component designed to oppose an electric current by

producing a voltage drop between its terminals in proportion to the current, that is, in accordance
with Ohm's law:
V = IR
Resistors are used as part of electrical networks and electronic circuits. They are extremely
commonplace in most electronic equipment. Practical resistors can be made of various
compounds and films, as well as resistance wire (wire made of a high-resistivity alloy, such as
nickel/chrome).

The primary characteristics of resistors are their resistance and the power they can
dissipate. Other characteristics include temperature coefficient, noise, and inductance. Less well-
known is critical resistance, the value below which power dissipation limits the maximum
permitted current flow, and above which the limit is applied voltage. Critical resistance depends
upon the materials constituting the resistor as well as its physical dimensions; it's determined by
design.

Resistors can be integrated into hybrid and printed circuits, as well as integrated
circuits. Size, and position of leads (or terminals) are relevant to equipment designers; resistors
must be physically large enough not to overheat when dissipating their power.
 A resistor is a two-terminal passive electronic component which implements electrical
resistance as a circuit element. When a voltage V is applied across the terminals of a resistor, a
current I will flow through the resistor in direct proportion to that voltage. The reciprocal of the
constant of proportionality is known as the resistance R, since, with a given voltage V, a larger
value of R further "resists" the flow of current I as given by Ohm's law:

2.2.9 CAPACITORS

A capacitor or condenser is a passive electronic component consisting of a pair of conductors

separated by a dielectric. When a voltage potential difference exists between the conductors, an
electric field is present in the dielectric. This field stores energy and produces a mechanical force
between the plates. The effect is greatest between wide, flat, parallel, narrowly separated
conductors.
An ideal capacitor is characterized by a single constant value, capacitance, which is
measured in farads. This is the ratio of the electric charge on each conductor to the potential
difference between them. In practice, the dielectric between the plates passes a small amount of
leakage current. The conductors and leads introduce an equivalent series resistance and the
dielectric has an electric field strength limit resulting in a breakdown voltage.
The properties of capacitors in a circuit may determine the resonant frequency and quality factor
of a resonant circuit, power dissipation and operating frequency in a digital logic circuit, energy
capacity in a high-power system, and many other important aspects.
 The capacitance is greatest when there is a narrow separation between large areas of
conductor, hence capacitor conductors are often called "plates", referring to an early means of
construction. In practice the dielectric between the plates passes a small amount of leakage
current and also has an electric field strength limit, resulting in a breakdown voltage, while the
conductors and leads introduce an undesired inductance and resistance.

Theory of operation
Capacitance

Charge separation in a parallel-plate capacitor causes an internal electric field. A dielectric

(orange) reduces the field and increases the capacitance.
A simple demonstration of a parallel-plate capacitor
A capacitor consists of two conductors separated by a non-conductive region. The non-
conductive region is called the dielectric or sometimes the dielectric medium. In simpler terms,
the dielectric is just an electrical insulator. Examples of dielectric mediums are glass, air, paper,
vacuum, and even a semiconductor depletion region chemically identical to the conductors. A
capacitor is assumed to be self-contained and isolated, with no net electric charge and no
influence from any external electric field. The conductors thus hold equal and opposite charges
on their facing surfaces, and the dielectric develops an electric field. In SI units, a capacitance of
one farad means that one coulomb of charge on each conductor causes a voltage of one volt
across the device.
The capacitor is a reasonably general model for electric fields within electric circuits. An ideal
capacitor is wholly characterized by a constant capacitance C, defined as the ratio of charge ±Q
on each conductor to the voltage V between them:

Sometimes charge build-up affects the capacitor mechanically, causing its capacitance to vary. In
this case, capacitance is defined in terms of incremental changes:

Energy storage
Work must be done by an external influence to "move" charge between the conductors in a
capacitor. When the external influence is removed the charge separation persists in the electric
field and energy is stored to be released when the charge is allowed to return to its equilibrium
position. The work done in establishing the electric field, and hence the amount of energy stored,
is given by:

Current-voltage relation
The current i(t) through any component in an electric circuit is defined as the rate of flow of a
charge q(t) passing through it, but actual charges, electrons, cannot pass through the dielectric
layer of a capacitor, rather an electron accumulates on the negative plate for each one that leaves
the positive plate, resulting in an electron depletion and consequent positive charge on one
electrode that is equal and opposite to the accumulated negative charge on the other. Thus the
charge on the electrodes is equal to the integral of the current as well as proportional to the
voltage as discussed above. As with any antiderivative, a constant of integration is added to
represent the initial voltage v (t0). This is the integral form of the capacitor equation,

.
Taking the derivative of this, and multiplying by C, yields the derivative form,

.
The dual of the capacitor is the inductor, which stores energy in the magnetic field rather than the
electric field. Its current-voltage relation is obtained by exchanging current and voltage in the
capacitor equations and replacing C with the inductance L.
3.2. POWER SUPPLY:-( +ve)

In this project the power supply required is very much precession and also requires

different level of power supply. Basically the power supply used for the transmitter and

receiver is arranged from a battery. Along with the battery the power supply

requirement are +12Volt and +5Volt

description

The power supply designed for catering a fixed demand connected in this project. The

basic requirement for designing a power supply is as follows,

1. The different voltage levels required for operating the devices. Here

+5Volt required for operating microcontroller. And +12Volt required

for drivers etc.

2. The current requirement of each device or load must be added to

estimate the final capacity of the power supply.

The power supply always specified with one or multiple voltage outputs along with a

current capacity. As it is estimate the requirement of power is approximately as follows,

Out Put Voltage = +5Volt, +12Volt

Capacity = 1000mA

The power supply is basically consisting of three sections as follows,

1. Step down section

2. Rectifier Section
3. Regulator section

Design principle:

There are two methods for designing power supply, the average value method and peak

value method. In case of small power supply peak value method is quit economical, for
a particular value of DC output the in put AC requirement is appreciably less. In this

method the Dc out put is approximately equal to V m. The rectifier output is

approximately charged to Vcc due to charging of the capacitor. The capacitance

provides the backup during the discharge period. So, the value of the capacitor is

calculated

Circuit connection: - In this we are using Transformer (0-12) vac, 1Amp, IC 7805 &

7812, diodes IN 4007,LED & resistors.

Here 230V, 50 Hz ac signal is given as input to the primary of the transformer and the

secondary of the transformer is given to the bridge rectification diode. The o/p of the

diode is given as i/p to the IC regulator (7805 &7812) through capacitor (1000mf/35v).

The o/p of the IC regulator is given to the LED through resistors.

Circuit Explanations: - When ac signal is given to the primary of the transformer, due

to the magnetic effect of the coil magnetic flux is induced in the coil(primary) and

transfer to the secondary coil of the transformer due to the transformer action.”

Transformer is an electromechanical static device which transformer electrical energy

from one coil to another without changing its frequency”. Here the diodes are connected

in a bridge fashion. The secondary coil of the transformer is given to the bridge circuit

for rectification purposes.

During the +ve cycle of the ac signal the diodes D2 & D4 conduct due to the forward

bias of the diodes and diodes D1 & D3 does not conduct due to the reversed bias of the

diodes. Similarly during the –ve cycle of the ac signal the diodes D1 & D3 conduct due

to the forward bias of the diodes and the diodes D2 & D4 does not conduct due to

reversed bias of the diodes. The output of the bridge rectifier is not a power dc along
with rippled ac is also present. To overcome this effect, a capacitor is connected to the

o/p of the diodes (D2 & D3). Which removes the unwanted ac signal and thus a pure dc

is obtained. Here we need a fixed voltage, that’s for we are using IC regulators (7805 &

7812).”Voltage regulation is a circuit that supplies a constant voltage regardless of

changes in load current.” This IC’s are designed as fixed voltage regulators and with

adequate heat sinking can deliver output current in excess of 1A. The o/p of the bridge

rectifier is given as input to the IC regulator through capacitor with respect to GND and

thus a fixed o/p is obtained. The o/p of the IC regulator (7805 & 7812) is given to the

LED for indication purpose through resistor. Due to the forward bias of the LED, the

LED glows ON state, and the o/p are obtained from the pin no-3.
 POWER SUPPLY

7805 +5V
1k

9-0-9Vac/1Amp
LED

230VAC - +
7812 +12V
50Hz 2.2k
IN4007 * 4

1000uF/35V
LED
GND
3.4. DC MOTOR
The motor being dissected here is a simple PMDC electric motor that is typically find applications in

robotics and control systems also used for techo generator in the industries.

This is a small motor, about as big around as a coin. From the outside the body of the

motor is shown in the picture along with its axle and two battery leads. If the motor is

connected to the battery then , the axle will spin. If the leads are reversed then, it will

spin in the opposite direction. Here are two other views of the same motor. (Note the

two slots in the side of the steel can in the second shot -- their purpose will become

more evident in a moment.)

e nylon end cap is held in place by two tabs that are part of the steel can. By bending

the tabs back, end cap can be free and removed. Inside the end cap are the motor's

brushes. These brushes transfer power from the battery to the commutator as the motor

spins:

The axle holds the armature and the commutator. The armature is a set of electromagnets in this

case three. The armature in this motor is a set of thin metal plates stacked together, with thin copper

wire coiled around each of the three poles of the armature. The two ends of each wire (one wire for

each pole) are soldered onto a terminal, and then each of the three terminals is wired to one plate of

the commutator. The figures below make it easy to see the armature, terminals and commutator:
The final piece of any DC electric motor is the field magnet. The field magnet in this

motor is formed by the can itself plus two curved permanent magnets:

One end of each magnet rests against a slot cut into the can, and then the retaining clip

presses against the other ends of both magnets.

An electromagnet is the basis of an electric motor. You can understand how things work

in the motor by imagining the following scenario. Say that you created a simple

electromagnet by wrapping 100 loops of wire around a nail and connecting it to a

battery. The nail would become a magnet and have a north and south pole while the

battery is connected.

Now say that you take your nail electromagnet, run an axle through the middle of it and

suspend it in the middle of a horseshoe magnet as shown in the figure below. If you

were to attach a battery to the electromagnet so that the north end of the nail appeared

as shown, the basic law of magnetism tells you what would happen: The north end of

the electromagnet would be repelled from the north end of the horseshoe magnet and

attracted to the south end of the horseshoe magnet. The south end of the
electromagnet would be repelled in a similar way. The nail would move about half a turn

and then stop in the position shown

3.5 DPST SWITCH

Mission: Research how a DPDT (Double-Pole Double-Throw) works and write 3-

4 sentences about them.

2 Switch

There are three switches on the robot. The main switch is to supply the robot with power.

The two other switches are to operate its movements. One switch operates one side that
consists of the front wheel and the back wheel. This was chosen because it allows the robot to
change direction without the need for a steering wheel (however, the speed control can assist in
changing directions too. See section 5.1.3).

When both switches are closed, the contacts are touching which allows electricity to flow
through the circuit for both sides. This causes the robot to move forward in a straight line.
 When the robot requires turning left, the left hand side switch is opened causing the
circuit to break on the left hand side of the robot. Thus, the left wheels stop moving but the right
wheels remain in motion. The right wheels should start to curve to the left, pivoting on the left
wheels. Once the robot is in the correct direction, the LHS switch is closed to allow the robot to
move forward again.
The same procedure is used for turning right, where the RHS switch is opened to stop the
RHS wheels.
The problem occurs if the robot is required to reverse. The basic switch used; the single
pole single throw (SPST) switch, does not allow the poles in the circuit to switch for reversing
the motor. The term ‘pole’ means the set of contacts, which are the electrical terminals that are
connected to. The term ‘throw’ is the one of two or more positions the switch can adopt, usually
applied to rotary/toggle switches.

The solution to this is to use a double pole double throw (DPDT) switch. This switch is
equivalent to two SPST switches controlled by a single mechanism.

When the toggle is in the middle, the switch is open therefore; no electricity flows
through the circuit and the wheels are stationary. When the toggle is moved to one of the sides,
the switch is closed and the wheels spin in one direction. When the toggle is switched to the
other side, the switch is also closed and the wheels spin in the opposite direction. The swapping
poles within the DPDT switch cause the motion in the opposite direction.
Since the robot can reverse, it is able to make a 360˚ turn on the spot. If one switch is
reversed, causing the two sides to move in opposite directions, the robot will turn in circles on
the spot until the polarities are changed to be the same. This feature will help when the robot is
required to turn in narrow areas or on the spot.
The two DPDT switches used for the robot are the 10A (15A max) toggle switches from
Maplin.
CHAPTER 4

4.1 CONCLUSION

This project is working satisfactorily in the laboratory condition and this project

can be used for lab experiments as well as small scale operations.

4.2 FUTURE WORKS

This project may be implemented using Microcontroller based design for more

reliable and automatic operations.

The Same project may be designed with GSM mobile based operation for remote

access of the device.

4.3 REFERENCES

TEXT BOOKS REFERED:

1. “The 8051 Microcontroller and Embedded systems” by Muhammad Ali Mazidi

and Janice Gillispie Mazidi , Pearson Education.

2. ATMEL 89S52 Data Sheets.

WEBSITES

www.atmel.com

www.beyondlogic.org

www.wikipedia.org

www.howstuffworks.com

www.alldatasheets.com