1/22/2013

Topics

• Electric Fields Review

• Capacitance
 capacitance to neutral
Transmission Line Capacitance  three phase capacitance
Text: 3.7—3.10
 asymmetric spacing
 bundled conductors
• Example
ECEGR 451
Power Systems

1 2

Electric Flux Electric Field

D E
D da qe Gauss’s Law
A E: electric field intensity, v/m

D: electric flux density, C/m2 A : permittivity, F/m A

da: differential area, m2 r

0
D 12 D
qe: total charge enclosed by surface, C 0 8.854 x 10 F/m

3 4

Voltage, Single Conductor Voltage, Two Conductors

q R
Vab ln a single conductor
b 2 Rb
Vab Va Vb E dl r1
a use superposition to determine voltage r2
Rb
q q1 D q2 r
Vab dR q Rb b V12 ln ln 2
from E 2 r1 2 D
Ra
2 R 2 R
q R Ra conductor 1 conductor 2 D
ln a
2 Rb qa D r
ln ln 2
a 2 r1 D
integration path assuming equal but opposite charges
qa D2
ln
2 r1r2
equipotential surfaces

5 6

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Capacitance Capacitance to Neutral

q1 • Convenient for per-phase

c12 F/m
V12 calculations
q1 D2 r1 • Potential difference to
V12 ln r2
2 r1r2 neutral is half that of cab
r r
2 difference between the
c12 two conductors
2
ln D
r1r2 D n
cab
D can cbn
if r1 = r2=r ln r r
r
c12 qa 2 F
cn can cbn = to neutral
ln D Vab D m
r ln
2 r

7 8

Capacitance and Inductance Capacitance to Neutral

• Previously, we found the inductance for a solid,

one conductor in a single-phase circuit to be • Once capacitance to n
D 7
neutral is found,
L 2 ln x 10 H/m capacitive reactance is can cbn
r' r r
• Capacitance to neutral is 1 2.862 D
XC ln x109 m to neutral
2 F 2 fc f r
c to neutral
D m
ln • Capacitive reactance to
r
• Note the difference in radius expressions neutral for 1 meter of
line

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Capacitance to Neutral Symmetrical Three-Phase

• Assume uniform charge

• As line length increases what happens to distribution
 resistance? b
• Use superposition to find
 inductive reactance? voltages
 capacitive reactance? 1 D r
Vab qa ln qb ln D D
• For capacitance, you must divide by length, 2 r D
not multiply
due to qa and qb only
1 2.862 D qc a c
XC ln x109 m to neutral D D
2 fC f r Vab ln due to qc only
2 D
equal to zero equalpotential
surface

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Symmetrical Three-Phase Symmetrical Three-Phase

3qa D
Vab Vac ln
1 D r 2 r
Vab qa ln qb ln
2 r D b from our discussion on line and phase voltages b
similarly Vab 3Van 30
1 D r
Vac qa ln qc ln Vac Vac 3Van 30
2 r D D D D D
Vab Vac 3Van
adding
1 D r
Vab Vac 2qa ln qb qc ln
2 r D a D c resulting in a D c
assuming
qa qb qc 0 qa D qa 2
Van ln cn F/m to neutral
3qa D 2 r Van ln D
Vab Vac ln r same as single phase!
2 r

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Symmetrical Three-Phase Asymmetrical Spacing

Capacitance to neutral
• Similar approach used
for inductance used
b here
• Assume transposition
at equal distances
n

1 a c b
a c 2 b a c
3 c b a

section 1 section 2 section 3

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Asymmetrical Spacing Asymmetrical Spacing

2 • Averaging the values

• section 1
1 D12 r D23 section 1
1 D12 r D23 D12 D23 Vab qa ln qb ln qc ln
Vab qa ln qb ln qc ln 2 r D12 D31
2 r D12 D31
1 3 1 D23 r D31
• section 2 D31 Vab qa ln qb ln qc ln section 2
2 r D23 D12
1 D r D
Vab qa ln 23 qb ln qc ln 31 1 D31 r D12
2 r D23 D12 Vab qa ln qb ln qc ln
2 r D31 D23 section 3
• section 3 1 a c b
1 D r D 2 b a c
Vab qa ln 31 qb ln qc ln 12 c b a 1 D12D23D31 r3 D12D23D31
2 r D31 D23 3
Vab qa ln qb ln qc ln
section 1 section 2 section 3 6 r3 D12D23D31 D12D23D31

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Asymmetrical Spacing Asymmetrical Spacing

1 D r
Vab qa ln m qb ln
• simplifying 6 r Dm

• similarly,
1 D12D23D31 r3 D12D23D31 1 Dm r
Vab qa ln qb ln qc ln Vac qa ln qc ln
6 r3 D12D23D31 D12D23D31 6 r Dm
1 Dm r 1 Dm r r
Vab qa ln qb ln 3Van Vab Vac 2qa ln qb ln qc ln
6 r Dm 2 r Dm Dm

where from before

1 3 D
Dm D12D23D31 3
3Van qa ln m using qa qb qc 0
2 r
2
cn F/m
Dm
ln
r

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Bundled Solid Conductors, Asymmetrical

Bundled Conductors
Spacing

• D12 , D23, D31 >> d 1 qa D D12 qb r d qc D D23

D12 D23 Vab ln 12 ln ln ln ln 23 ln
2 2 r d 2 D12 D12 2 D31 D31
• Charges are divided a a’ b b’ c c’
equally d d d 1 D12 rd D23
Vab qa ln qb ln qc ln
• All conductors have D13 2 rd D12 D31
radius, r
• Lines are transposed
with the lines transposed

for one section: 2 F

c to neutral
1 qa D D12 qb r d qc D D23 Dm m
Vab ln 12 ln ln ln ln 23 ln ln
2 2 r d 2 D12 D12 2 D31 D31 rd GMR for capacitance

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GMR, GMD for Capacitance Calculations Line Capacitance

• In the previous example for the two conductor • Capacitive reactance

1
bundle case: XC m to neutral
1 2 fC
 used rd 2
as the GMR
1 D
• Recall the GMR for inductance in a two conductor XC 1.779 x 106 ln m mi to neutral
f r
bundle: • Current associated with the capacitance
1/2
Rb r 'd called charging current
• GMDs are the same:
1
Dm D12D23D31 3

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Table Use Example

• Capacitive reactance (unbundled) • Single circuit, three-phase line at 60 Hz
1 Dm
XC 1.779 x 106 ln mi
f r • Conductors are ACSR Drake
• Split into two parts • Find capacitive reactance in Ohm-miles per
XC 1.779 x 106
1
ln
1
1.779 x 106
1
ln Dm mi to neutral phase
f r f
• Conductor diameter = 1.108 in
Xa ' Xd '
20’ 20’
 Xa’: 1 ft spacing capacitive reactance, independent
of distance
 Xd’: capacitive reactance spacing factor 38’
• Use table, like in inductive reactance calculations

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Example Example
First, the hard way 1) find GMR
1) find GMR 1.108
r 0.0462 ft
24
2) find GMD
3) calculate capacitance to
neutral
4) calculate reactance

20’ 20’

38’

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Example Example

2) find GMD 2) find GMD

20’ 20’ 20’ 20’

38’ 38’

Dm 24.8 ft r 0.0462 ft

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Example Example

3) calculate capacitance to neutral 3) calculate capacitance to neutral

4) calculate reactance 4) calculate reactance

12
2 x 8.85 x 10 F
cn
24.8 m
ln
0.0462
1012
XC =0.1864 x 106 mi to neutral
2 x 60 x 8.8466 x 1609

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Example Example

Now the easy way Now the easy way

 look up Xa’  look up Xa’
 look up Xd’  look up Xd’
 add them  add them

Xa ' 0.0912 x 106

Xd ' 0.0953 x 106
XC 0.0912 0.0953 0.1865 x 106 mi to neutral

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Summary

• Derived equations to calculate shunt capacitive

reactance for a transmission line
qa 2 1
cn F/m to neutral XC m to neutral
Van ln GMD 2 fc
Rb
• r is used, not r’ in capacitance calculations
• Solution approach is similar to inductance
problems
• Once you’ve mastered determining these
parameters we will assume they are given

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