H 14 May 04 Solution

Endurance is when everyone else has quit and you are competing with yourself… Anonymous
ENGINEERING BIOMECHANICS: STATICS¹

Angela Matos, Eladio Pereira, Juan Uribe and Elisandra Valentin²
________________
Number in the parentheses refer to the appended
references.
¹ This solution manual was prepared on May 14 of 2004 for

the course INGE3031: STATICS. Course Instructor: Dr.
Megh R. Goyal, Professor in Agricultural and Biomedical
Engineering, General Engineering Department, PO Box
5984, Mayaguez Puerto Rico 00681-5984. For Details
contact: m_goyal@ece.uprm.edu or visit at:
http://www.ece.uprm.edo/~m_goyal/home.htm.
2
The authors are in the alphabetical order: 5-14-2004.
May 2004 Application of Engineering Mechanics in Medicine, GED – University of Puerto Rico, Mayagüez 1
DIMENSIONS AND UNITS
PROBLEM 1
A baby has a density of 3.68 slug/ft³. What is its density expressed in kg/m³.
SOLUTION:
3.68 slug / ft3 * (14.59 kg / 1 slug) * (1 ft3 / 0.02832 m3)
= 1895.87 kg / m3
PROBLEM 2
A man weight 210 lbs on Earth. Determine (a) his mass in slugs, (b) in kg and (c) his weight in Newtons.
SOLUTION:
(a) W = m * g
m = 210 lb / 32.2 ft/s2
m = 6.52 slugs
(b) 6.52 slugs * (14.59 kg / 1 slug)
95.12 kg
(c) W = 95.12 kg * 9.81 m/s2
W = 933.13 N
PROBLEM 3
The mass of a man is 95.12 kg on Earth. At the moon where acceleration due to
gravity is 5.30 ft/s2, determine (a) his weight in Newtons, (b) his mass in kg and (c)
his mass in slug.
SOLUTION:
First convert the acceleration due to gravity to m/s 2
5.30 ft/s2 * (0.3048 m / 1 ft) = 1.62 m/s2
(a) W = 95.12 kg * 1.62 m/s2
W = 154 N
(b) m = W / g
m = 154 N / 1.62 m/s2
m = 95.1 kg
(c) 95.1 kg ( 1 slug / 14.49 kg)
= 6.52 slugs
PROBLEM 4
If a skull has a mass of 7.5 slugs, determine its mass in kg.
SOLUTION:
7.5 slugs ( 14.59 kg / 1 slug)
= 109.4 kg
STATICS OF PARTICLES
PROBLEM 1
In a traction system three 10 lb. forces are applied to the femur as

shown in the figure. Find the resultant force acting on the femur,
[Williams and Lissner 1962, 95].
SOLUTION:
Horizontal components
Rx = ∑Fx
= ∑F cos θ
= -10 cos 61º - 10 cos 17º - 10 cos 19º
= -10 * 0.485 – 10 * 0.956 – 10 * 0.946
= -23.9 lb (to the left)
Vertical components
Ry = ∑Fy
= ∑F sin θ
= 10 sin 61º + 10 sin 17º - 10 sin 19º
= 10 * 0.875 + 10 * 0.292 - 10 * 0.326
= 8.41 lb (upward)
R = sqrt (23.92 + 8.412)
= 25.3 lb
sin θx = ∑Fx / R
= 8.4 / 25.3
= 0.332
θx = 19º
PROBLEM 2
The man is performing lateral flies to work his pectorals muscles. The
pectorals is a triangle muscle of the upper chest; assume that it can be
represented as composed of the three sets of muscle fiber groups
connecting the sternum to the humerus. At the position shown in the
figure, the muscle acts in a plane, and the magnitude of the force
produce by each set of fibers is 75 N, [Tozeren 2000, 38].
SOLUTION:
F = 75 N (cos 40º + cos 30º + cos 10º) e1 + 75 N (sin 40º + sin 30º + sin 10º) e2
= [3 + 2(cos 10º + cos 20º + cos 30º)]1/ 2 75 N
= 117.31 N
In this example, we assumed that all fibers of the pectoralis were activated by the central nervous system.
We used the trigonometric relation:

cos (a – b) = cos (a) * cos (b) + sin(a) * sin(b)
PROBLEM 3
A woman performs seated machine curls to strengthen her biceps

muscles. She uses a weight of 10 kg distance between her elbows. (A)
and the bottom of the frictionless pulley (B) is 60 cm. Vertical distance
between the same points is 20 cm. Determine the force exerted by the
holding bar on the woman’s hands when her arm is a 45º with the
horizontal. At the moment, the weight has an upward acceleration of 3
m/s2, [Tozeren 2000, 50].
SOLUTION:
Newton’s second law dictates that:
T – 10 * 9.81 = 10 *3
T = 128.1 N
PROBLEM 4
Consider a cervical traction device which has two vertical strands and one 45 degree stand carrying a traction
weight of 2 lb. Find the resultant force applied to the head by the three supporting strands, [Williams and
Lissner 1977, 134].
SOLUTION:
In setting the X and Y axes we find that two of the strands coincide with the Y axis and the third makes an angle of 45 degrees
with it.
RX = F3 cos Ө
= 2 cos Ө
= 2 * 0.707
RX = 1.14 lb
 RX = 1.14 lb
Ry =ΣF
= F1 + F2 + F3 sin Ө
= 2 + 2 + (2* 0.707)
Ry =5.41 lb
 Ry =5.41 lb
R =√ (1.41)2 + (5.41)2
R = 5.6 lb
 R = 5.6 lb
θ = tan-1 (Ry / Rx)
EQUIVALENT SYSTEM OF FORCES
PROBLEM 1
The forces applied by the ligaments and tendons on the elbow joint during pitching were
measured in the medial (m), anterior (a), and the compression (c) directions. The magnitudes
of the forces were found to be F m = 428 N, Fa=101 N, Fc = 253 N. The unit vector were
expressed in unit vectors fixed on earth (e 1, e2, e3), em= 0.79 e1 + 0.17 e2 + 0.59 e3, ea= 0.21 e1 -
0.98 e2, ec= -0.58 e1 -0.12 e2 - 0.81 e3. Compute the resultant force acting on the elbow,
[Tozeren 2000, 36].
SOLUTION:
F = (Fm) em + (Fa) ea + (Fc) ec
= 428 * (0.79 e1 + 0.17 e2 + 0.59 e3) + 101 * (0.21 e1 – 0.98 e2) + 253 * (-0.58 e1 – 0.12 e2 – 0.81 e3)
= 212.8 e1 – 56.6 e2 + 47.6 e3 (N)
PROBLEM 2
Consider the forearm with the elbow flexed to a right angle. A 15 lb.
weight is held in the hand, and the forearm and hand together weigh 3 lb.
The biceps is contracting with a force of 70 lb. The position of these
forces along the forearm is indicated in the diagram. Is the forearm
flexing, extending, or remaining stationary? [Williams and Lissner 1962,
49].
SOLUTION
A line diagram will clarify the procedure. First, we may represent the known forces by the vectors. Sine the
humerus touches the forearm it exerts force on it and must be represented by a vector. However, the effect of the
humerus on the forearm is unknown; this vector will be computed about this point. ( Downward forces will be +)
R = ∑F
R= 3+15 – 70
R = -52 lb. (Upward, since the upward forces were made negative.)
In computing moments, clockwise moment will be positive, counterclockwise moments negative:
RX = (3x6) + (15 x 13) – (70 x 2 )

52X = 18 + 195 – 140
X = 73/52 = 1.4 in
Sine R is directed upward, in order to make it tend to rotate clockwise about the moment center, the way the force
system does, it must be 1.4 in. to the left of the joint center. The elbow is therefore being extended and we can
assume that the biceps is contracting eccentrically (Doing negative work) in lowering the 15 lb. weight in the
hand.
PROBLEM 3
Lie on back on floor, resting lower legs across bench with arms behind base of
neck. Slowly curl head and upper torso up off in one even-paced movement.
Slowly lower until almost touching head and torso and repeat. Compute the
moment created by the weight of the upper body on the pelvic joint at the
beginning of the crunch where the torso is only slightly off the ground. For the
athlete shown in the figure, the distance L between the pelvic joint and the center
of mass of the upper body is 34 m. The weight of the upper body is 25 kg,
[Tozeren 2000, 146].
SOLUTION
We can find the answer to this question without utilizing vector mathematics. The magnitude of the moment M
must be equal to the moment arm (0.34m) times of force (25kg x 9.81 m / s 2). Its direction from the right- hand
rule, is clockwise, or into the paper.
Thus :
F = mg
M=dxF
M = 0.34 m x (25kg x 9.81 m / s2)
M = - 83.4 e3 (N – m)
EQUIVALENT SYSTEM OF FORCE
PROBLEM 4
A woman with a tear in the cruciate ligament of her left knee stands putting her
weight on crutches and on her right foot as shown in the figure. She weights 52
kg and has a height of 1.71 m. In this position her body and her crutches make
angles of 63° and 80° with the horizontal plane, respectively. The distance
between the point of application of the ground force on her right foot to her
center of mass along the axis of her body is 0.89 m. The horizontal distance
between on the crutches is 1.1 m. Determine the vertical ground force acting on
the crutches. Assume that her body (and her right foot) is positioned
symmetrically between the crutches, [Tozeren, 2000, 146].
SOLUTION:
Given:
W = (52 kg)(9.81 N/kg) = 510 N

Ftg ΣFy = 0 = (510 N cos 63°) - [(510 N cos 80°) / 2] – F
F = 187.25 N ↓
EQULIBRIUM OF RIGID BODIES
PROBLEM 1
The Figure shows the anatomical structures in the lower leg and foot that are
involved in standing tiptoe with the heel raised off the floor so the foot
effectively contacts the floor at only one point, shown as p in he figure.
Calculate, in terms of a person’s weight W, the forces on the foot from (a) the
calf muscle (at A) and (b) the lower-leg bones (at B) when the person stands
tiptoe on one foot. Assume that a= 5.0 cm and b=15 cm, [Halliday, Resnick and
Walker 2001, 290].
SOLUTION:
The vertical forces at points A and B and P are FA, FB, and FP respectively. We note that:
FP=W and is upward.
Equilibrium of forces and torques (about point B) lead to
FA + FB + W = 0
bW – aFA = 0
(a) From the second equation, we find that
FA = bW / a
= (15 / 5) W
=3W.
(b)Using this result in the first equation above, we obtain
FB = W – FA
= -4W, pointing downward (as indicated by the minus sign)
May 2004 Applications of Engineering Mechanics in Medicine, GED – University of Puerto Rico, Mayaguez 15
PROBLEM 2
A rock climber with mass m= 55 kg rests during a “chimney climb”, pressing only
with her shoulders and feet against the walls of a fissure of width w=1.0 m. Her
center of mass is a horizontal distance d=0.20 m from the wall against which her
shoulders are pressed. The coefficient of static friction between her shoes and the
wall is μ1=1.1, and between her shoulders and the wall it is μ = 0.70. To the rest,
the climber wants to minimize her horizontal push on the walls. The minimum
occurs when her feet and her shoulders are both on the verge of sliding. What is
that minimum horizontal push on the walls? [Halliday, Resnick and Walker 2001,
281].
SOLUTION:
Our system is the climber, and the figure shows the forces acting on her. The only horizontal forces acting on her are the
normal forces N on her from the walls, at her feet and shoulders. The static frictional forces are f 1 and f2 directed upward. The
gravitational force
Fg= m*g
acts at her center of mass. So we can apply the force balancing equations because the system is in static equilibrium. The
equation
Fnet, y = 0
Gives us that the two normal forces on her must be equal in magnitude and opposite in direction. We seek the magnitude N of
these two forces, which is also the magnitude of her push against either wall.
The balancing equation
F Net, y = 0 gives us
f1 + f2 – mg = 0
We want the climber to be on the verge of sliding at both her feet and shoulders. That means we want the static frictional
forces to be at their maximum values. Those values are:
f1 = µ 1 * N
f2 = µ 2 * N
Substituting these equations and solving for N gives us
N= mg / ( µ1+ µ2 )
= (55kg) (9.81 m/s2) / (1.1 + .070)
= 299 N
Thus her minimal horizontal push must be about 300N.
PROBLEM 3
Consider a person standing on tiptoe on one foot. W is the person’s weight

applied on the foot, F m is the magnitude of the tensile force exerted by the
gastrocnemius and soleus muscles on the calcaneus through the Achilles tendon,
and Fj is the magnitude of the ankle joint reaction force applied by the tibia on
the dome of the talus. The Achilles tendon is attached to the calcaneus at A, the
ankle joint center is located at B, and the ground reaction force is applied on the
foot at C. Assuming that the relative positions of A, B, and C are known,
determine expressions for the tension in the Achilles tendon and the magnitude
of the reaction force at the ankle joint, [Ozkaya and Nordin, 1998, 112].
SOLUTION:
We have a three- force system composed of muscle force Fm, joint reaction force Fj, and the ground reaction force W. These
forces are concurrent and therefore do not form a parallel force system. Assuming positions of A, B and C are known, as stated
above, the angle (say β ) of the line of action of the joint reaction can be measured. This can be done by translating all three
forces to a common point of intersection at O. The two unknowns can now be determined by applying the translational
equilibrium equations in vertical and horizontal directions.
Fmx = Fm cos θ
Fmy = Fm cos θ
Fjx = cos β
Fjy = sin β
For the translational equilibrium of the foot in the horizontal and vertical directions:
Σ Fx = 0 Fjx = Fmx
Σ Fy =0 Fjy = Fmy + W
Simultaneous solutions will yield
Fm = W > cos β / (cos θ sin β - sin θ cos β )
Fj = W > cos θ / (cos θ sin β - sin θ cos β )
For example assume that θ = 45o and β = 60o. Then
Fm = 1.93 W and Fj = 2.73 W
PROBLEM 4
A diver of weight 580 N stands at the end of a 4.5 m diving board of negligible
mass. The board is attached to two pedestals 1.5 m apart. What are the magnitude
and direction of the force on the board from (a) the left pedestal and (b) the right
pedestal? (c)Which pedestals is being stretched, and (d) which compressed?
[Halliday, Resnick and Walker 2001, 298].
SOLUTION:
We take the force of the left pedestal to be:
F1 at x= x1,
Where the x axis is along the diving board. We take the force of the right pedestal to be:
F2 and denote its position as x=x2
W is the weight of the diver, located at x=3. The following two equations result from setting the sum of forces equal to zero
(with upwards positive), and the sum of torques ( about x2) equal to zero
F1 + F2 – W= 0
F1 * (x2 – x1) + W * (x3 – x2) = 0
(a) The second equation gives
F1 = (-x3 – x2) / ( x2 – x1) =

= -(3.0m / 1.5m ) * (580N)
= -1160N
The result is negative, indica6ting that this force is downward.
(b) The first equation gives
F2 = W – F1
= 580 N + 1160N = 1740 N

The result is positive, indicating that this force is upward.
(c) And (d)

The force of the diving board on the pedestal is upward(opposite to the force of the pedestal on the diving board.), so
this pedestal is being stretched. The force of the diving board on the right pedestal is downward, so this pedestal is being
compressed.
CENTROIDS AND CENTER OF GRAVITY
PROBLEM 1
Weights totaling 30 lb. are placed on the foot. The leg and foot weigh 9 lb. The
center of gravity of the leg and foot together lies 8 in. distal to the knee joint axis,
and the exercise weights are 22 in. distal to the joint axis. Find the magnitude and
action line of the total load pulling downward against the knee extensor muscles,
[Williams and Lissner 1962, 48].
SOLUTION:
Substituting the formula
R= Σ F, we have
R = 30 + 9
R= 39 lb. This force is acting downward.
Selecting the center of gravity of the leg and foot, and 18.8 in distal to the knee axis. A useful term here is that the load moment
acting to flex the knee is 733.2 inch- pounds (39 lb * 18.8). This means that the quadriceps muscle must produce a moment of
more than 733.2 inch-pounds in order to extend the knee.
PROBLEM 2
Consider a case in which a diver takes off from a diving board located at a height h = 10 m
above the water level and enters the water at a horizontal distance l = 5 m from the end of
the board. The total time the diver remains in the air is t = 2.5 s. Calculate the speed and
the angle of takeoff of the diver’s center of gravity, [Ozkaya and Nordin, 1998, 250].
SOLUTION:
The trajectory of the center of gravity of the diver is shown. Speed and angle of takeoff are not known. Points 0,1, 2,
represent takeoff, peak, and entry into the water stages of motion, respectively.
The coordinates of position O are:
X0 = 0 And Y0 = H0 = 10m
We also know the coordinates of position 2 as well:
X2 = 2.5 m and Y0= 0
We know another parameter of position 2, which is t2 = 2.5 s
So we use the following equation and substitute the known values
X2 = X0 + (V0 cos θ) * t2 =
5= 0 + (V0 cos θ) * (2.5)=
V0 cos θ = (5/2.5)=2
And in a similar way:
Y2 = Y0 + (V0 sin θ) * t2 – ( ½) g*t22
=Y0 + (V0 sin θ) * (2.5)– ( ½) (9.81)*(2.5)2

(V0 sin θ)= 8.25
Noting that (sin/cos) = tan, then:
Tan θ = (8.25/2)
=4.125
Solving for θ will yield:
θ = 76.4o
So speed of takeoff can now be determined by equation
V0 = (2/ cos θ)
= 8.5 m/s
PROBLEM 3
Consider a person standing on a uniform, horizontal beam that is resting on

frictionless knife-edge and roller supports. Let A and B be where the knife-
edge and roller supports contact the beam, C be the center of gravity of the
beam, and D be a point on the beam directly under the center of the gravity
of the person. Assume that the length of the beam is 5 m, the distance
between A and D is d=3 m, the weight of the beam is 900 N, and the mass
of the person is 60 kg. Calculate the reaction on the beam at A and B,
[Ozkaya and Nordin, 1998, 58].
SOLUTION:
The weight of a person is W= mg
60 * 9.8 m/s= 588N
Also acting on the beam are reaction forces Ra and Rb due to the knife-edge and roller supports, respectively. The direction of
the forces is towards the beam, and not away from them. We shall consider the rotational equilibrium condition about point A
or B.
Σ M A= 0
(ℓ / 2) * W1 + d * W2 - ℓ * Rb = 0
Rb = ((ℓ / 2) * W1 + d * W2) * (1/ ℓ)
Rb = 802.8 N upward
In a similar way
Σ MB= 0
ℓ * Ra – ((ℓ / 2) * W1) – (ℓ - d ) * W2
Ra = 685.2 N upward
PROBLEM 4
Consider the leg shown in the figure, which is flexed to a right angle. The coordinates of the
centers of gravity of the leg between the hip and knee joints (upper leg), the knee and ankle
joints, and the foot, as measured from the floor level directly in line with the hip joint, are
given in the table. The weights of the segments of the leg as percentages of the total weight
W of the person are also provided in the table. Determine the location of the center of
gravity of the entire leg, [Ozkaya and Nordin, 1998, 76].
SOLUTION:
The coordinates of (Xcg, Ycg) of the center of gravity can be determined by
Xcg= (X1*W1 + X2+W2 + X3*W3) / W1 + W2 + W3)
Xcg= 26.9 cm
To determine the y coordinate of center of gravity, we must rotate the leg (90 o ) and apply:
Ycg= (Y1*W1 + Y2+ W2 + Y3*W3) / W1 + W2 + W3)
Ycg= 41.4 cm
Therefore the center of gravity of the entire lower extremity when flexed at right angle is located at a horizontal distance of
26.9 cm from the hip joint and at a height of 41.4 cm from floor level.
TRUSSES
PROBLEM 1
The telescoping arm ABC is used to provide an elevated platform for

constructing workers. The workers and the platform together have a
mass of 240 kg and have a combined center of gravity located directly
above C. For the position when θ= 24°, determine (a) the force
exerted at B by the single hydraulic cylinder BD, (b) the force exerted
on the supporting carriage at A, [Beer and Johnston 2000, 341].
SOLUTION:
Note:
⍬ = tan -1 [(3.2 m) sin 24°) – 1)] / [(3.2 m cos 24°) – 0.6] = 44.73°
W = (240 kg)(9.81 N/kg) = 2354.4 N
A) ΣMA = 0 = [(6.4 m) cos 24°](2.3544 KN) – [(3.2 m) cos 24°] B sin 44.73° + [(3.2 m)sin 24°] B cos 44.73°
B = 12.153 KN @ 44.7°
ΣFx = 0 = Ax – (12.153 KN) cos 44.73° = 0
Ax = 8.633 KN →
B) ↑Fy = 0 = -2.3544 KN + [(12.153 KN) sin 44.73° - Ay = 0
Ay = 6.198 KN ↓
On boom: A = 10.63 KN @ 35.7°
On Carriage: A = 10.63 KN @ 35.7 °
TRUSSES
PROBLEM 2
The figure shows a lever with two external forces applied to it and
the torques they produce. Diagrams of such situation are drawn to a
convenient scale, such as 2 cm on paper equals 40 N for
representing force, and 2 cm on paper equals 10 cm to representing
distance Determine the net force, [Kreighbaum, 1996, 112].
SOLUTION:
The two applied torques in the problem tend to rotate the segment in opposite circular directions; they oppose one
another. One tends to rotate the lever in a counterclockwise direction, and the other in a clockwise direction. The
rotary-motion response of the segment is determined by the net torque applied to it, just as the linear- motion
response of a body is determined by the net force. Calculating the net force is similar to finding the net force on a
system and may be found by algebraically adding the two or more applied torques. Plus and minus sings are used
to indicate the directions of each:
(60 Nm) + (-27 Nm) = 33 Nm
The segment thus rotates counterclockwise in response to a net torque of + 33 Nm.
TRUSSES
PROBLEM 3
In a static situation, a person is standing on one foot on a force plate. The

ground reaction force is found to act 4 cm anterior to the ankle joint.
Note that convection has the ground reaction force Ry1 always acting
upward. We also show the horizontal reaction force Rx1 to be acting in
the positive direction. If this force actually acts to the left, it will be
recorded as a negative number. The subject’s mass is 60 kg, and the mass
of the foot is 0.9 kg. Calculate the joint reaction forces and net muscle
moment at the ankle Ry1= body weight =60× 9.8 = 588 N, [Winter 1990,
81].
SOLUTION:
First
∑ Fx = max
Rx2 + Rx1 = max = 0
Note that this is a redundant calculation in static conditions.
Second
∑ Fy = may
Ry2 + Ry1 – mg = may
Ry2 + 588 – 0.9 x 9.8 = 0
Ry2 = -579.2 N
The negative sing means that the force acting on the foot at the ankle joint acts downward. This is not surprising
because the entire body weight, less that of the foot, must be acting downward on the ankle joint.
Third
About the center of mass
∑ M = Io α
M2 – Ry1 x 0.02 – Ry2 x 0.06 = 0
M2 = 588 x 0.02 + (- 579.2 x 0.06) = - 22.99 N. m
TRUSSES
PROBLEM 4
If the weight of the arm is 33 N, the moment arm for the total
arm segment is 30 cm, and the moment arm for the deltoid
muscle (Fm) is 3 cm, how much force must be supplied by the
deltoid to maintain the arm in this position? What is the
magnitude of the joint reaction force (R)? [Hall 1999, 202].
SOLUTION:
The torque at the shoulder created by the muscle force must equal the torque at the shoulder created by arm
weight, yielding a net shoulder torque of 0.
∑Ts= 0
∑Ts= (Fm) (dm) – (wt) (dwt)
0 = (Fm) (3 cm) – (33 N) (30cm)
(33N)(33cm)
Fm =
3cm
Fm = 300 N
Since the joint reaction force (R) and Fm are the only two horizontal forces present, and since the arm is
stationary, these forces must be equal and opposite. The magnitude of r is therefore the same as the magnitude of
Fm.
R = 330 N
FORCES IN BEAMS AND CABLES
PROBLEM 1
Consider a cable connecting two points A and B that are fixed in

space. The cable is in tension so that it forms a straight line
passing through A and B. Why is the tension in the cable
uniform between these points? Take a small segment of the
cable and draw all the forces that act on it. Use Newton’s second
law for this segment of the cable, [Tozeren 2000, 53].
SOLUTION:
The tension exercised in the cable between the points A and B is uniform. This is due to the tension exercised
by the men is equal and this make equilibrium between them. By the contrary if one of them has a mayor
tension than the other one this will make the other man fall. The diagram of force to a segment of cable is:
Fx = 0
A
M
Ay V
PROBLEM 2
A youth weighting W kg lies on the floor and two other students,
each weighing Ws kg, pick him up the hands and the feet. The
arms of the supporting students in combination with the body of
the hanging student form a parabola-like curve, which is in tension.
Let D denote the span (the horizontal distance) between the
shoulders of the supporting students and sag d be the distance from
a line between their shoulders to the bottom of the hanging youth,
Acting on the crutches and on her foot at the standing configuration
shown. [ Tozeren 2000, 125].
SOLUTION:
H1- H2 = 0
V1 + V2 = (75 Kg)(9.81 m/s2) = 736 N
V2 * 1.1 = (736 N)(0.30 m)
V2 = 201 N
Using the force balance in the vertical direction, we find the ground force acting on the foot as
V1 = - V2 +736 N = 535 N
Horizontal force on the crutches:
V2 * 0.65 m = H2 * 1.39 m
H2 = 94 N
PROBLEM 3
An archer aiming with a 210 N force on the be approximate by a parabola,

determine the internal forces at point J, [Beer and Johnston 2002, 358].
SOLUTION:
FBD Point A:
By symmetry T1= T2
∑ Fx = 0
3
∑ Fx = 2 (  T1)  210N  0
5
T1 = T2 = 175 N
Curve CJB is parabolic: y + ax2
FBD BJ:
0.16m 1
At B: x = 0.64m, y =0.16m a= 
(0.64m)^ 2 2.56m
So, at J:
1
YJ = x (0.32m) 2 = 0.04 m
2.56m
dy
Slope of parabola = tan θ = = 2ax
dx
2  0.32m
at J: θJ = tan-1 ( ) = 14.036o
2.56m
PROBLEM 3 CONTINUED
So:
4
α =tan-1 (  14.036) = 39.094o
3
Fx = 0:
∑ Fx = V-175 N cos (39.094) = 0
V = 135.8 N
∑ Fy = 0:
V-175N sin (39.094) = 0
F = - 110.35N
F = 110.4 N
MJ = 0
3 4
M  (0.32m)[  175N]  (0.16m  0.04m)(  175N)  0
5 5
M = 50.4 N. m, in clockwise direction
PROBLEM 4
Two hikers are standing 30 ft apart and are holding the end of a
35 ft length of rope as shown. Knowing that the weight per
minute length of the rope is 0.05 lb/ft, determine (a) the sag h,
(b) the magnitude of the force exerted on the hand of a
hiker, [Beer and Johnston 2002].
SOLUTION:
Half-span:
W= 0.05 lb/ft, L = 30 ft, SB = 35 / 2 ft.
SB = c sin h (yB / xB)
17.5 ft. = c sinh (15ft. / c)
Solving numerically, c = 15.36 ft.
Then:
YB = c cos h (xB / c)
YB = (15.36 ft) cosh (15 / 15.36) = 23.28 ft
(a) hB = yB – c
= 23.28 ft. – 15.36 ft. = 7.92 ft.
(b) TB = w yB
= (0.05 lb / ft) (23.28 ft) = 1.164 lb.
DRY FRICTION
PROBLEM 8.1
PROBLEM 1
Consider a patient with neck traction applied by calipers or tongs attached

to the skull. Let us say the head weights 10 lb. and the coefficient of
friction between the back of the head and the bed is 0.17. The action line of
the pulley force is parallel with the bed surface. Fine the maximum
frictional force which must be overcome before the traction pull will be
effective in stretching the cervical structures, [Williams and Lissner, 1962,
118].
.
SOLUTION:
Known:
Weight of Head = 10m lbs.

Coefficent of Friction = 0.17
Ftg
Fmax = μN
Fmax = (0.17) * (10 lbs.)
Fmax = 1.7 lbs
DRY FRICTION
PROBLEM 2
A child weighing 40 kg is seated on a chair. The legs of the chair are 0.4 m
apart, and the back of the chair is 1.2 m high. Assuming that the frictional
forces at the front legs are large enough to prevent slipping, what is the
maximum horizontal force one could exert on the top of the back of the
chair without lifting the back legs? [Tozeren, 2000, 123].
SOLUTION:
Ftg Known:
Mass = 40 kg
Value of g = 9.81 m/s2
Height of chair = 1.2 m
ΣFy = 0
-mg + center of mass (child) + F*Height = 0
- (40)*(9.81)*(0.20) + F*(1.2) = 0
F = 65.4 N
DRY FRICTION
PROBLEM 3
A woman with a knee injury is using crutches for walking and

standing. Determine the contact forces acting on the crutches and on
her foot at the standing configuration shown in the figure, [Tozeren
2000, 123].
SOLUTION:
Ftg The curve created by the arms of the supporting students and the body of the hanging student is assumed to be given by
the parabolic expression:
Y = d [(2x/D)2 - 1]
The angle θ that the human cable makes with the e 1 axis at the shoulders of the supporting students is found by taking the
derivative of y with respectto x at x = D/2
Tan θ= (dy/dx)= 4 (d/D)
Thus, for d = 0.5m and D = 2 m, we have θ= 45º, and for d = 0.25m and D = 2.4 , we obtain θ = 23º.
The condition of the force balance for the human cable can be used to compute the tension carried by the arms of the
supporting students:
4T sin θ- W = 0
T = W / (4 sin θ)
The conditions of force balance in e1 and e2 directions yield the following equations:
-2T cos θ + 2HG = 0 → HG = T cos θ = (W / 4) cot θ
-WS + 2VG – 2T sin θ = 0 → VG = T sin θ + WS / 2
= W / 4 +WS/2
To compute the angle Ф between the body axis of the supporting student and the e 1 direction, we consider the moment of
forces with respect to the point of application of the ground forces:
2T H sin (Ф – θ) – WS h cos Ф = 0
DRY FRICTION
PROBLEM 4
A child having a mass of 18 kg is seated halfway between the ends of a
small, 16 kg table as shown. The coefficient of static friction is 0.20
between the ends of the table and the floor. If a second child pushes on
edge B of the table top at a point directly opposite to the first child with a
force P lying in a vertical plane parallel to the ends of the table and having
a magnitude of 66 N, determine the range of values of θ for which the table
will (a) tip, (b) slide, [Beer and Johnston, 2000, 327].
SOLUTION:
Ftg
Given:
WC = 18 kg (9.81 m/s2) = 176.58 N
WT = 16 kg(9.81 m/s2) = 156.96 N
(a) Impending tipping about E1 NF = FF = 0 and
ΣME = 0; (0.05 m)(176.58 N) – (0.4 m)(156.96 N) + (0.5 m) P cos θ – (0.7 m) P sin θ = 0
33 cos θ – 46.2 sin θ = 53.955
Solving Numerically, θ = -36.3° and θ = -72.6°
Therefore; -72.6° ≤ θ ≤ -36.3°
Impending tipping about F is not possible.
(b) For Impending slip FE = μS NE 0.2 NE FF = μS NF = 0.2 NF
→ΣFX = 0; FE + FF – P cos θ = 0 or 0.2(NE + NF) = 66 cos θ
↑ΣFY = 0; NE + NF - 176.58 N – 156.96 N – P cos θ = 0
NE + NF = (66 sin θ + 333.54) N
So, 330 cos θ = 66 sin θ + 333.54
Solving numerically, θ = -3.66° and θ = -18.96°
Therefore, -18.96° ≤ θ ≤ -3.66°
MOMENT OF INERTIA
PROBLEM 1
An athlete whose arms are 66 cm long stands with his hands at the thighs
holding 10 kg dumbbells. The athlete contracts his front, middle, and rear
deltoids and pulls the weights up directly to the side. He raises his arms to
the full-flexed shoulder position with the weights above the elbows joint and
higher than the shoulder level. Then he slowly lowers the weight to the
starting position, and repeats the exercise. Compute the moment generated
by the weight of the dumbbell at the shoulder when the arm makes 0º, 45º,
and 90º with the vertical axis, [Tozeren 2000, 68].
SOLUTION:
Let us draw a coordinate system E whose origin coincides with the center of the shoulder joint. The position of
the dumbbell with respect to the origin is then given by the following equation:
R p/o = L sin θ e1 – L cos θ e2
Where L denotes the length of the arm and θ is the angle the arm makes with the vertical axis. The forces exerted
by the dumbbell on the athlete equals to the weight of the dumbbell if the exercise is done slowly. The moment
this force generates with respect to the center of the shoulder is
M = (L sin θ e1 – L cos θ e2) X ( - M g e2) = - M g L sin e3
Thus, the magnitude of M, ||M|| = 0, 45.8 N-m, and 64.7 N-m for θ = 0, 45o, 90o, respectively.
Note that we could have the moment M without going through the vector product. From the definition of vector
product, we know that the magnitude of r x F must be equal to the magnitude of F times the distance d from
point O to the line of action of F. As an exercise, identify d for each of the cases considered.
MOMENT OF INERTIA
PROBLEM 2
While standing straight a man begins swinging his arms at
constant frequency. Compute the moment of momentum
about the center of mass of the man in the standard standing
configuration, [Tozeren, 2000, 74].
SOLUTION:
r1 = h e2 + d e1 – (L/2) cos ⍬ e2 – (L/2) sin ⍬ e3
Ftg
r2 = h e2 - d e1 + (L/2) cos ⍬ e2 + (L/2) sin ⍬ e3
We derivative with respect to time:
v1 = (d⍬/dt) L sin ⍬ e2 – (d⍬/dt) L cos ⍬ e3
v2 = (d⍬/dt) L sin ⍬ e2 + (d⍬/dt) L cos ⍬ e3
The total moment of momentum H°:
H° = 2d L m (d⍬/dt) cos ⍬ e2
MOMENT OF INERTIA
PROBLEM 3
A prosthetic leg has a mass of 3 kg and a center of mass of 20 cm from the knee
joint. The radius of gyration is 14.1 cm. A) Calculate I about the knee joint. B)
If the distance between the knee and hip joints is 42 cm, calculate I h for this
prosthesis about the hip joint as the amputee swings through with a locked knee,
[Winter 1990, 61].
SOLUTION:
Known:
Ftg Mass = 3 kg
Center of Mass = 20 cm = 0.20 m
Radius of Gyration = 14.1 cm = 0.141 m
Distance between the knee and hip joints = 42 cm = 0.42 m
A) I0 = mρ02 = 3(0.141)2 = 0.06 kg * m2
I = I0 + mx2 = 0.06 + 3(0.2)2 = 0.18 kg * m2
B) X = distance from the mass center to hip = 20 + 42 = 62 cm
I = I0 + mx2 = 0.06 + 3(0.62 ) 2 = 1.21 kg * m2
MOMENT OF INERTIA
Ftg 4
PROBLEM
The coefficient of static friction between a sled and the snow

is 0.18, with a coefficient of kinetic friction of 0.15. A 250
N boy sits on the 200 N sled. How much force directed
parallel to the horizontal surface is required to start the sled
in motion? How much force is required to keep the sled in
motion? [Hall 1999, 407].
SOLUTION:
Given:
μS = 0.18
μK = 0.15
wt = 250 N + 200 N Ftg
(a) To start the sled in motion, the applied force must exceed the force of maximum static friction;
Fm = μS R
Fm = (0.18)(250 N + 200 N)
Fm = 81 N
The applied force must be greater than 81 N
(b) To maintain motion, the applied force must equal the force of kinetic friction:
FK = μK R
FK = (0.15) (250 N + 200 N)
FK = 67.5 N
The applied force must be at least 67.5 N
MOMENT OF INERTIA

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Endurance is when everyone else has quit and you are competing with yourself… Anonymous

ENGINEERING BIOMECHANICS: STATICS¹

¹ This solution manual was prepared on May 14 of 2004 for

3.68 slug / ft3 * (14.59 kg / 1 slug) * (1 ft3 / 0.02832 m3)

m = 210 lb / 32.2 ft/s2

(b) 6.52 slugs * (14.59 kg / 1 slug)

(c) W = 95.12 kg * 9.81 m/s2

DIMENSIONS AND UNITS

First convert the acceleration due to gravity to m/s 2

5.30 ft/s2 * (0.3048 m / 1 ft) = 1.62 m/s2

(a) W = 95.12 kg * 1.62 m/s2

m = 154 N / 1.62 m/s2

(c) 95.1 kg ( 1 slug / 14.49 kg)

DIMENSIONS AND UNITS

If a skull has a mass of 7.5 slugs, determine its mass in kg.

7.5 slugs ( 14.59 kg / 1 slug)

In a traction system three 10 lb. forces are applied to the femur as

= -10 cos 61º - 10 cos 17º - 10 cos 19º

= -10 * 0.485 – 10 * 0.956 – 10 * 0.946

= -23.9 lb (to the left)

= 10 sin 61º + 10 sin 17º - 10 sin 19º

= 10 * 0.875 + 10 * 0.292 - 10 * 0.326

R = sqrt (23.92 + 8.412)

= [3 + 2(cos 10º + cos 20º + cos 30º)]1/ 2 75 N

We used the trigonometric relation:

A woman performs seated machine curls to strengthen her biceps

Newton’s second law dictates that:

θ = tan-1 (Ry / Rx)

EQUIVALENT SYSTEM OF FORCES

F = (Fm) em + (Fa) ea + (Fc) ec

= 212.8 e1 – 56.6 e2 + 47.6 e3 (N)

In computing moments, clockwise moment will be positive, counterclockwise moments negative:

RX = (3x6) + (15 x 13) – (70 x 2 )

EQUIVALENT SYSTEM OF FORCES

M = 0.34 m x (25kg x 9.81 m / s2)

W = (52 kg)(9.81 N/kg) = 510 N

FP=W and is upward.

Equilibrium of forces and torques (about point B) lead to

(a) From the second equation, we find that

(b)Using this result in the first equation above, we obtain

= -4W, pointing downward (as indicated by the minus sign)

Substituting these equations and solving for N gives us

= (55kg) (9.81 m/s2) / (1.1 + .070)

Thus her minimal horizontal push must be about 300N.

Consider a person standing on tiptoe on one foot. W is the person’s weight

Simultaneous solutions will yield

Fm = W > cos β / (cos θ sin β - sin θ cos β )

Fj = W > cos θ / (cos θ sin β - sin θ cos β )

For example assume that θ = 45o and β = 60o. Then

Fm = 1.93 W and Fj = 2.73 W

We take the force of the left pedestal to be:

F2 and denote its position as x=x2

(a) The second equation gives

F1 = (-x3 – x2) / ( x2 – x1) =

The result is negative, indica6ting that this force is downward.

(b) The first equation gives

= 580 N + 1160N = 1740 N

(c) And (d)

Substituting the formula

R= 39 lb. This force is acting downward.

We also know the coordinates of position 2 as well:

X2 = 2.5 m and Y0= 0

We know another parameter of position 2, which is t2 = 2.5 s

Xcg= (X1W1 + X2+W2 + X3W3) / W1 + W2 + W3)

Ycg= (Y1W1 + Y2+ W2 + Y3W3) / W1 + W2 + W3)