Chinese Indian Japanese Arab Latin Indonesian African

American

Most important Raga Programmatic Narrow range Salsa = theme Nuclear theme Pentatonic
Melody element of an Improvised music (4th/5th) plus Repetitive cells
composition Pitch bend Vocal music improvisation
Pentatonic scale – Ornamentation Tango = ballroom
no dissonance origins
Percussion Tala Percussion Iqu’at Salsa = Son clave Gongan = Polyrhythmic
Rhythm instruments instruments (5-stroke rhythm 4 beat cycles Syncopation
emphasise off beats outline strong over 2 bars);
points in the syncopation
music Tango = dotted
rhythms/triplets
Distinctive Features

Heterophonic Melody and Heterophonic Heterophonic Melody and Overall = Drumming =

Texture accompaniment accompaniment polyphonic polyphonic
Melody =
heterophonic
(nuclear theme
+ panerusan)
- Alap – Jhor - Jo – Ha – Kyu Call and Salsa: Verse (lead Through Call and
Structure Jhalla Through- response singer/instrumen composed response
composed talist) - Break -
Montuno (call
and response)
Tango: Verse-
Chorus
Pentatonic scale Raga Ryo (Lydian Maqam Tonic-dominant No fixed pitch Pentatonic
Tonality/ No dissonances No fixed pitch mode – major) Quarter tones Salsa = usually Scales: Slendro scale
Harmony No chordal harmony Drone Ritsu (Dorian
mode – minor)
No fixed pitch
No chordal
major key
Tango = minor
and Pelog
No harmony
No fixed pitch
Melodies
No chordal harmony key harmonised in
harmony 3rds/6ths
PREPARED TOPIC – Oral tradition Gagaku – court Art music, folk Improvised Master
Anything SEE NOTES Guru teaching music songs, dance sections drummer
else? practice Notated and
memorised = no
music
Call and
Talking drums

improvisation response
Oral tradition
Mainly vocal
 Chinese Indian Japanese Arab Latin American Indonesian African

Plucked Ch’in (pipa) Sitar Biwa Ud Salsa Balungan = Djembe

Sarod Shamisen Buzuq (lute) Big band front line: trumpets, saron family
string Tambura Koto saxophones (metallophone); nuclear
+ theme
Latin percussion: timbales,
clave, guiro, congas

Bowed Erh-hu Sarangi Kokyu Rabab Talking drum/dun-

Violin dun
string
Interpunctuating = Gongs Mbira (thumb
eg. gong ageng (largest) piano)
Flute Dizi Basuri Ryeteki (horizontally- Nay and kempul (medium-
(hsiao/ti-tzu) blown) sized) – suspended from
Komabue (short a frame; kenong,
Korean) kempyang and ketuk all
Shakuhachi (end- rest flat on cords.
blown)
Instruments

Oboe Tou-kan Shenai Hickiriki Oboe Tango Panerusan = gender Balaphon

Violin family (similar to (xylophone)
Double Bass orchestral xylophones
Piano but bronze keys); bonang
Bandoneon family (gong-chimes);
gambang (wooden
Sheng Sho Mizwad xylophone); celempung
Other (zither); rabab (2-string
(bagpipes)
woodwind bowed); suling (end-
blown flute).

Rattle

Percussion Yün-lo Tabla Kakko Riq

Drums

Other… Voice Harmonium Qanun (zither) Samba drumming = surdo, Rhythm = kendang Kora
Santür (zither with Voice repinique, tamborim, agogo gending and ketipung (plucked string)
mallets) Taiko bells ganza (conical drums); bedug
(large barrel-shaped
Other = drum); keprak (wood
Panpipes blocks); kekrek (metal
Tres (Spanish guitar) plates); kecer (small
Flute cymbals).