Thai ST Analysis PDF

MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF
MATERIALS
! Simple Tension Test
! The Stress-Strain Diagram
! Stress-Strain Behavior of Ductile and Brittle
Materials
! Hooke’s Law
! Strain Energy
! Poisson’s Ratio
! The Shear Stress-Strain Diagram
! Failure of Materials Due to Creep and Fatigue
1
Stress Strain Relationship
σ (MPa)
P
400
350
300
250
L0 200
d0
150
100
50
0 ε (mm/mm)
P 0.00 0.10 0.20 0.30 0.40 Upper scale
0.0000 0.0010 0.0020 0.0030 0.0040 Lower scale
2
The Stress-Strain Diagram
σ
true fracture stress
σf ´
proportional limit ultimate stress

σu fracture stress
σf elastic limit
yield stress
σY
σpl
ε
elastic yielding strain necking
region hardening
elastic plastic behavior

behavior
3
Offset Yield Stress
σ (MPa)
σY
300
250
200
150
100
50
0 ε (mm/mm)
0.005 0.010
0.002
(0.2% offset)
Offset yield strength for material with no yield points
4
P δ
σ= ε=
A0 L0 P
σ (MPa)
σu = 390 MPa
400
350 L0
σfail = 295 MPa d0
300
(σy)u = 230 MPa 250
200
(σy)l = 220 MPa
150 σpl = 200 MPa
100 200 P
E= = 200x103 MPa= 200 GPa
50 0.001
0 ε (mm/mm)
0.00 0.10 0.20 0.30 0.40 Upper scale
0.0000 0.0010 0.0020 0.0030 0.0040 Lower scale
5
σ (MPa)
400 σu = 360 MPa

350
σfail = 310 MPa
300
250
200 σy = 250 MPa
150
σpl = 180 MPa
100
50
0 ε (mm/mm)
0.00 0.10 0.20 0.30 0.40 Upper scale
0.0000 0.0010 0.0020 0.0030 0.0040 Lower scale
100
E= = 200x103 MPa = 200 GPa
0.0005
6
Stress-Strain Behavior of Ductile and Brittle Materials
σ (MPa)
Brittle material
400
Ductile material
300
200
100
ε (mm/mm)
0.02 0.04 0.06
σ−ε diagrams for a methacrylate plastic
7
• Elongation
L f − L0
Percent elongation = (100%)
L0
A0 − A f
Percent reduction of area = (100%)
A0
8
• Temperature Effects:
σ (MPa)
10 oC
400 Brittle to Ductile Ductile to Brittle

40 oC
300
200
70 oC
100
ε (mm/mm)
0.02 0.04 0.06
σ−ε diagrams for a methacrylate plastic
9
Hooke’s Law
σpl
σ pl
E= = Constant
ε pl
ε
εpl
10
• Elastic and Plastic Behavior of Materials
- Apply load to failure
σ
1
EL
Failure
PL
11
- Apply and release load
σ
EL
PL
2
ε
(a) Load is less than proportional limit
σ
EL
1
PL
2
ε
(b) Load is more than proportional limit,
but less than elastic limit 12
σ
3
EL 1
PL
2
ε
(c) Load is more than elastic limit, and reaply
σ
EL 1
PL
3
Mechanical
hysteresis
2 4 ε
(d) Repeated load is more than elastic limit
loading 13
- Comparison
σ
1
ε
O
Apply load once
σ
EL 1
PL
3
mechanical
hysteresis
2 4
ε
Repeated loading
n times 14
elastic plastic elastic plastic
region region region region
σ σ
A´ B A´
load A
E
unload mechanical
E hysteresis
ε ε
O O´ O´
permanent elastic
set recovery
15
Strain Energy
• Modulus of Resilience • Modulus of Toughness
σ σ
σpl ut
ur
ε ε
εpl
Modulus of resilience ur Modulus of toughness ut
1 1 σ 2 pl
ur = σ pl ε pl =
2 2 E
16
• Modulus of Resilience
σ (MPa)
400
350
300
250
200
150
σpl = 180 MPa
100
Modulus of resiliency
50
0 ε (mm/mm)
0.00 0.10 0.20 0.30 0.40 Upper scale
0.0000 0.0010 0.0020 0.0030 0.0040 Lower scale
Modulus of resiliency (ur)= Area under curve @ proportional limit

ur= (1/2)(0.001)(180 MPa) = 90 kPa = 90 kN/m2 = 90 kN•m/m3 = 90 kJ/m3
Energy per unit volume = (90 kN/m2)(1 m3) = 90 kN•m = 90 kJ

17
σ (MPa)
400
350
300
3
250 EL 1
200
150
100 Modulus of hyper-resiliency
50
0
2 ε (mm/mm)
0.00 0.10 0.20 0.30 0.40 Upper scale
0.0000 0.0010 0.0020 0.0030 0.0040 Lower scale
18
• Modulus of Toughness
σ (MPa)
400
350 Failure
300
250
200
150 Modulus of toughness
100
50
0 ε (mm/mm)
0.00 0.10 0.20 0.30 0.40 Upper scale
0.0000 0.0010 0.0020 0.0030 0.0040 Lower scale
19
Example 1
A tension test for a steel alloy results in the stress-strain diagram shown.
Calculate the modulus of elasticity and the yield strength based on a 0.2% offset.
Identify on the graph the proportional limit, elastic limit, ultimate stress and the
fracture stress.
σ (MPa)
400
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
0 ε (mm/mm)
0.00 0.10 0.20 0.30 0.40 Upper scale
0.0000 0.0010 0.0020 0.0030 0.0040 Lower scale 20
σ (MPa) • Modulus of Elasticity
400 σu 100 MPa

E= = 200 GPa
350 0.0005 mm / mm
σfail
300 • Yield Strength
250
σy = 250 MPa
200 σy
σEL
150 • Proportional Limit
σpl
100
E σpl = 180 MPa
50
0 ε (mm/mm)
0.00 0.10 0.20 0.30 0.40 Upper scale
0.0000 0.0010 0.0020 0.0030 0.0040 Lower scale
• Elastic Limit σpl = 220 MPa
• Ultimate Stress σu = 365 MPa
• Fracture Stress σf = 310 MPa 21

Example 2
An aluminum specimen shown has a diameter of d0 = 25 mm, a gauge length of

L0 = 250 mm and is subjected to an axial load of 294.5 kN. If a portion of the
stress-strain diagram for the material is shown, determine the approximate
elongation of the rod when the load is applied. If the load is removed, does the
rod return to its original length? Also, compute the modulus of resilience both
before and after the load application.
σ (MPa) d0
294.5 kN 294.5 kN
750
600
L0
450
300
150
ε (mm/mm)
0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04
22
• The Load is Applied
d0 = 25 mm - Normal Stress
294.5 kN 294.5 kN
P 294.5 × 103 N
σ= = = 600 MPa
A0 (π / 4)(0.025 m) 2
σ (MPa) L0 = 250 mm
- The Strain
750 ε = 0.023 mm/mm
B F
600
- The Elongation
A
450
δ = ε L = (0.023 mm/mm)(250 mm)
300 = 5.75 mm
150
D ε (mm/mm) (5.75 mm)/2 (5.75 mm)/2
O 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04
0.023 294.5 kN 294.5 kN
L0 = 250 mm
23
• The Load is Removed - Normal Stress
d0 = 25 mm P 294.5 ×103 N
σ= = = 600 MPa
294.5 kN 294.5 kN A0 (π / 4)(0.025 m) 2
- Permanent Strain
σ (MPa) L0 = 250 mm E=
450 MPa
= 75.0 GPa =
600 MPa
0.006 mm / mm CD
750
B F CD = 0.008 mm/mm
600
A The permanent strain, εOC = 0.023 - CD
σpl = 450
εOC = 0.023 - 0.008 = 0.015 mm/mm
300 - The Permanent Elongation
E
150 E δ = ε L = (0.015 mm/mm)(250 mm)
CD
C D ε (mm/mm) = 3.75 mm
O 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04
(3.75 mm)/2 (3.75 mm)/2
εpl=0.006 0.023
εOC 294.5 kN 294.5 kN
L0 = 250 mm 24
• Modulus of Resilience - Normal Stress
d0 = 25 mm P 294.5 ×103 N
σ= = = 600 MPa
294.5 kN 294.5 kN A0 (π / 4)(0.025 m) 2
- Modulus of Resilience
σ (MPa) L0 = 250 mm
1
750 (u r )initial = σ pl ε pl
2
B F
600 1
= (450 MPa)(0.006 mm / mm)
A 2
σpl = 450
= 1.35 MJ / m 3
(ur)initial
300 (ur)final
1
150 (u r ) final = σ pl ε pl
CD = 0.008 2
C D ε (mm/mm) 1
= (600 MPa)(0.008 mm / mm)
O 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 2
εpl=0.006 0.023 = 2.40 MJ / m 3
25
Example 3
An aluminum rod shown has a circular cross section and is subjected to an axial
load of 10 kN. If a portion of the stress-strain diagram for the material is shown,
determine the approximate elongation of the rod when the load is applied. If the
load is removed, does the rod return to its original length? Take Eal = 70 GPa.
20 mm
15 mm
A B C
10 kN 10 kN
600 mm 400 mm
σ (MPa)
60
50
40
30
20
10
ε (mm/mm)
O 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.10 0.12 26
• The Load is Applied
20 mm
15 mm
A B C
10 kN 10 kN
600 mm 400 mm
σ (MPa) σ AB =
P
=
10 kN
= 31.83 MPa
A π (0.01 m) 2
60
56.6 P 10 kN
50 σ BC = = = 56.6 MPa
A π (0.0075 m) 2
40
31.83 30
20
10 εBC = 0.045 mm/mm
ε (mm/mm)
O 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.10 0.12
σ AB 31.83 ×10 6 Pa
ε AB = = = 0.0004547 mm / mm
Eal 70 ×10 Pa
9
The elongation of the rod is

δ = Σ εL = εABLAB + εBCLBC = (0.0004547)(600 mm) + (0.045)(400 mm) = 18.3 mm 27
• The Load is Removed
20 mm
15 mm
A B C
10 kN 10 kN
600 mm 400 mm
σ (MPa) σ AB =
P
=
10 kN
= 31.83 MPa
A π (0.01 m) 2
60
56.6 P 10 kN
50 σ BC = = = 56.6 MPa
A π (0.0075 m) 2
σpl = 40
σ BC 56.6 ×106 Pa
31.83 30 ε rec = = = 0.000808 mm / mm
parallel Eal 70 ×109 Pa
20
10 εBC = 0.045 mm/mm
G
ε (mm/mm)
O 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.10 0.12
εOG
The permanent strain, εOG = 0.0450 - 0.000808 = 0.0442 mm/mm
The elongation of the rod is

δ´ = Σ εL = 0 + εOGLBC = 0.0442(400 mm) = 17.7 mm
28
Poisson’s Ratio
δ/2
P L
δ/2
Final Shape
Original Shape
r P
Tension
δ´
δ δ'
ε long = and ε lat =
L r
δ/2 L
P ε lat
ν =−
δ/2 ε long
Original Shape
Final Shape
r P
δ´
Compression
29
y
P t
x
P
z
L b
εx εy
ν =− =−
εz εz
Assumption:
• Homogeneous
• Isotropic
• Elastic
30
Example 4
A bar made of A-36 steel has the dimensions shown. If an axial force of P = 80 kN
is applied to the bar, determine the change in its length and the change in the
dimensions of its cross section after applying the load. The material behaves
elastically. Take E = 200 GPa and νst = 0.32.
y
P = 80 kN 50 mm
x
P = 80 kN
z
1.5 m 100 mm
31
δ)
• The change in the bar’s length (δ
y
P = 80 kN 50 mm
x
P = 80 kN
z
1.5 m 100 mm
- z direction - x and y direction

P 80 kN
σz = = = 16 MPa Poisson' s Ratio :
A (0.1 m)(0.05 m)
ε lat ε ε
σz ν st = − =− x =− y
Est = ε long εz εz
εz
16(106 ) Pa εx = εy = - νst εz = -0.32[(80(10-6)] = -25.6 µ
200(10 ) Pa =
9
εz
δx = -εxLx = -[25.6(10-6)(0.1 m) = -2.56 µm
ε z = 80(10 ) mm / mm = 80µ
−6
δz = εzLz = [80(10-6)(1.5 m)] = 120 µm δy = -εyLy = -[25.6(10-6)(0.05 m) = -1.28 µm
32
The Shear Stress-Strain Diagram
y y
τxy
γxy/2
γxy/2
x x
π/2 - γxy
τu
τf τ = Gγ
τpl
E
G=
2(1 + ν )
G
γ
γpl γu γf
33
Example 5
A specimen of titanium alloy is tested in torsion and the shear stress-strain

diagram is shown.
(a) Determine the shear modulus G, the proportional limit, and the ultimate shear
stress.
(b ) Determine the distance d that the top of a block of this material, shown, could
be displaced horizontally by a shear force V of 135 MN .
τ (MPa) 75 mm
400 100 mm V
d
300
γ
50 mm
200
100
γ (rad)
O 0.008 0.54 0.73 34
(a) The shear modulus, proportional limit, and the ultimate shear stress.
τ (MPa)
τu = 370
400
τpl = 270
300
200
100 G
γ (rad)
O γ = 0.008 0.73
pl
- Proportional limit ; τpl = 270 MPa
270 MPa
- Shear Modulus ; G= = 33.75 GPa
0.008 rad
- Ultimate shear stress; τu = 370 MPa

35
(b) The maximum distance d and the magnitude of V if the material behaves elastically
τ (MPa)
- Shear stress τ
400 V
τ avg =
A
300 1.35MN
τ avg =
(0.1 m × 0.075 m)
200 τavg = 180 MPa
= 180 MPa
100 - Shear strain γ
τ avg
γ (rad)
τ avg
γ=
Oγ G
180 = 0.00533 0.73 180 MPa
γ =
(33.75GPa )
75 mm
= 0.005333
100 mm 1.35 MN - The distance d
d
d
γ = γ180 = 0.00533 tan(0.00533 rad ) ≈ 0.00533 rad =
50 mm
50 mm
d = 0.267 mm
36
Example 6
An aluminum specimen shown has a diameter of d0 = 25 mm and a gauge length

of L0 = 250 mm. If a force of 165 kN applies to the specimen shown, determine
the diameter of the specimen. Take E = 70 GPa ,Gal = 26 GPa and σY = 440 MPa.
165 kN
L0
d0
165 kN
37
• The diameter of the specimen (df) if a force 165 kN applies
165 kN df = d0 + δ´ = d0+ elatd0 ----------(1)
- Stress and Strain Relation ship
df P 165 kN
σ= = = 336.1 MPa
A (π / 4)(0.025 m) 2
d0 = 25 mm L0 = 250 mm
Since σ < σY = 440 MPa, the material behaves
elastically. The modulus of elasticity is
σ
Eal =
ε long
165 kN 336.1× 106 Pa

70.0 × 10 Pa =
9
ε long
εlong = 0.0048
38
- G and E Relationship
165 kN
E
G=
2(1 + ν )
70 GPa
df 26 GPa =
2(1 + ν )
d0 = 25 mm L0 = 250 mm ν = 0.346
- Poisson’s Ratio
ε lat
ν =−
ε long
165 kN ε lat
0.346 = −
0.00480 mm / mm
εlat = -0.00166 mm/mm
δ' = (0.00166)(25 mm) = 0.0415 mm
From eq.(1) : d f = d 0 + ε lat d 0 = 25 mm + (−0.00166)( 25 mm) = 24.96 mm

39
Failure of Materials due to Stress Relaxation, Creep, and Fatigue
• Stress Relaxation
σ (MPa)
200
150
100
50
t (hrs.)
200 400 600 800 1000
σ−τ diagram for stainless steel
at 1200oF and creep strain at 1%
40
• Creep
ε 10-3 (µ)
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
t (hrs.)
200 400 600 800 1000
σ−τ diagram, typical aluminum
41
• Fatigue
Fatigue limit (endurance limit)
σ (MPa)
400
300
Structural steel
(σel)st = 210 200
aluminum
(σfs)al = 130 100

N (106)
0.1 1 10 100 1000
S-N diagram for steel and aluminum alloys
(N axis has a logarithmic scale)
(σel), Endurance limit
(σfs), Fatigue strength @ 500(106) cycles
42
INTRODUCTION: STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
! Deflected Shape of Structures
! Method of Consistent Deformations
! Maxwell’s Theorem of Reciprocal
Displacement
1
Deflection Diagrams and the Elastic Curve
P
fixed support
∆=0
θ=0
-M
roller or rocker
support θ
∆=0
inflection point
+M
-M
2
P
θ
pined support
∆=0
-M
3
inflection point
• Fixed-connected joint
P
fixed-connected inflection point

joint
Moment diagram
4
• Pined-connected joint
pined-connected
P joint
Moment diagram
5
P
inflection point
Moment diagram
6
P1
B C D
A
P2
M
+M
x
-M
inflection point
7
P1
P2
+M
x
-M
inflection point
8
Method of Consistent Deformations
Beam 1 DOF
P
MA
Ax = 0 B
A C
=
Ay RB
P
B
A C ∆´B
fBB x R
B
B
A C
∆´B + fBB RB = ∆B = 0
1
9
Beam 2 DOF Compatibility Equations.
w
∆´1 + f11R1 + f12R2 = ∆1 = 0
3
∆´2 + f21R1 + f22R2 = ∆2 = 0
4 1 2 5
0
=
w ∆´1 f11 f12 R1 ∆1 0
+ =
∆´2 f12 f22 R ∆2
∆´1 ∆´2 2
+
f11 f21
×R1
1
+
f12
f22
×R2
1
10
Beam 3 DOF Compatibility Equations.
P1 w P2
θ´1 + f11M1 + f12R2 + f13R3 = θ1 = 0
1 6
∆´2 + f21M1 + f22R2 + f23R3 = ∆2 = 0
=
4 2 3 5
P1 w P2 ∆´3 + f31M1 + f32R2 + f33R3 = ∆3 = 0
0
θ´1 f11 f12 f13 M1 θ1 0
∆´2 θ´1 ∆´3
∆´2 f21 f22 f23 R
∆2 0
+ =
+
2
f11 f21 f31
1
∆´3 f31 f32 f33 R ∆3
×M1 3
f12 f22
+
f32
×R2
1
f33
+
f13 f23
×R3
1 11
Compatibility Equation for n span. Equilibrium Equations
∆´1 + f11R1 + f12R2 + f13R3 = ∆ 1

∆´2 + f21R1 + f22R2 + f23R3 = ∆2
Fixed-end force matrix
∆ń + fn1R1 + fn2R2 + fnnRn = ∆n
[Q] = [K][D] + [Qf]
If ∆1 = ∆2=……= ∆n = 0 ;
Stiffness matrix
∆ ´1 f11 f12 f13 R1 0
∆´2 f21 f22 f23 R Solve for displacement [D];
+ 2 = 0
∆´ n f n1 f n2 fn n R 0 [D] = [K]-1[Q] - [Qf]

n
or
[∆´] + [f][R] = 0 1
kij =
f ij
[R] = - [f]-1[∆´]
[fij] = Flexibility matrix dependent on
1 1 1
, ,
EI EA GJ 12
Maxwell’s Theorem of reciprocal displacements
1=i 2=j
1 EI
A B
f11 = fii f21 = fji
dx
f ij = ∫ mi M j
EI
Mi = mi
dx
= ∫ mi m j
EI
dx
A
1
B f ji = ∫ m j M i
EI
f22 = fjj
f12 = fij dx
= ∫ m j mi
EI
Mj = mj f ij = f ji
13
Example 1
Determine the reaction at all supports and the displacement at C.
50 kN
B
A C
6m 6m
14
SOLUTION
• Principle of superposition 50 kN
MA B
A C
6m 6m
RA RB
=
50 kN
∆´B
fBB x RB
-----(1) 1 kN
Compatibility equation : ∆ ' B + f BB RB = 0
15
• Use conjugate beam in obtaining ∆´B and fBB
50 kN
A B
300 kN•m Real beam
∆´B
50 kN
6m 6m
9000/EI
6 + (2/3)6 = 10 m
Conjugate beam
900/EI
300 /EI 900/EI ∆´B = M´B = -9000/EI ,
12 kN•m fBB Real beam
1 kN 1 kN
72/EI
12 /EI
(2/3)12 = 8 m
576/EI
Conjugate beam
fBB = M´´B = 576/EI,
72/EI 16
• Substitute ∆´B and fBB in Eq. (1)
9000 576
+ ↑: − +( ) RB = 0
EI EI
RB = +15.63 kN, (same direction as 1 kN)
50 kN
300 kN•m
∆´B
50 kN
+
12 kN•m fBB x RB = 15.63 kN

=
1 kN 1 kN
50 kN
B
C
34.37 kN•m A
34.37 kN 15.63 kN
17
Use conjugate beam in obtaining the displacement
50 kN
113 kN•m 6m C 6m
Real Beam
∆C B
A
15.6 kN
34.4 kN 93.6
M
(kN•m) x (m)
3.28 m 6m 12 m
-113 93.6/EI
Conjugate Beam
-113/EI 223/(EI)
281/(EI)
MĆ
281 223 776
M 'C = ( 2) − (6 ) = −
EI EI EI
776 VĆ 2 m
∆ C = M 'C = − ,↓ 4m 223/(EI)
EI 18
Example 2
Determine the reaction at all supports and the displacement at C. Take E = 200
GPa and I = 5(106) mm4
10 kN
3EI 2EI
A B
C
4m 2m 2m
19
10 kN
3EI 2EI
A B
C
4m 2m 2m
=
10 kN
∆´B
+
fBB x R
B
1 kN
Compatibility equation:
∆´B + fBBRB = ∆B = 0
20
• Use conjugate beam in obtaining ∆´B
10 kN
40 kN•m 3EI 2EI
A B Real Beam
C
4m 2m 2m
10 kN
10 10
V (kN)
+
x (m)
M x (m)
(kN•m) -
40
177.7/EI
Conjugate Beam
40/3EI = 13.33/EI 26.66/EI

∆´B = M´B = 177.7/EI
21
• Use conjugate beam for fBB
3EI 2EI
8 kN•m A B Real Beam
C 1 kN
1 kN 4m 2m 2m
V (kN) x (m)
-
-1 -1
8
4
+
M x (m)
(kN•m)
4/(3EI)=1.33EI 4/(2EI)=2EI
2.67 8
=
EI 3EI
60.44/EI
fBB = M´B = 60.44/EI 12/EI Conjugate Beam

22
10 kN
3EI 2EI
A B
C
4m 2m 2m
=
10 kN
∆´B
+
fBB x R
B
1 kN
Compatibility. equation:
∆´B + fBBRB = ∆B = 0
− 177.7 60.44
+ ↑: − +( ) RB = 0
EI EI
RB = +2.941 kN, (same direction as 1 kN)
23
• The quantitative shear and moment diagram and the qualitative deflected curve
10 kN
16.48 kN•m 3EI 2EI
A B
∆C
C 2.94 kN
7.06 kN 4m 2m 2m
7.06
+
V (kN) - x (m)
-2.94 -2.94
11.76
M 2.33 m
(kN•m) + x (m)
-
1.67 m
-16.48
24
• Use the conjugate beam for find ∆C
10 kN
16.48 kN•m 3EI 2EI
C
A B Real beam
∆C
7.059 kN 4m 2m 2m 2.941 kN
11.76
2EI
11.76
2.335 m 3EI
Conjugate beam
1.665 m
16.48
3EI
3.263
EI
3.263 6.413 −18.85
MĆ= (0.555) − (3.222) = ,↓
EI EI EI
6.413 (1.665)/3=0.555 m
EI −18.85
∆C = M 'C = = −18.85 mm, ↓
1.665+(2/3)(2.335) = 3.222 m ( 200× 5)
25
Example 3
Draw the quantitative Shear and moment diagram and the qualitative deflected
curve for the beam shown below.EI is constant. Neglect the effects of axial load.
5 kN/m
A B
4m 4m
26
SOLUTION
• Principle of superposition
5 kN/m
A B
θA θB
4m 4m
=
5 kN/m
θÁ θ´B
+
1 kN•m
×MA
αAA αBA
+
1 kN•m × M
B
αAB
αBB
Compatibility equations:
θ A = 0 = θ ' A + f AA M A + f AB M B − − − (1)
θ B = 0 = θ 'B + f BA M A + f BB M B − − − ( 2)
27
• Use formula provided in obtaining θÁ, θ´B, αAA, αBA, αBB, αAB
5 kN/m
θÁ θ´B
4m 4m
3wL3 3(5)(8) 3 60
θ 'A = = =
128 EI 128EI EI
7 wL3 7(5)(8) 3 46.67
θ 'B = = =
1 kN•m 384 EI 384 EI EI
1 kN•m
αAA αBA αAB
αBB
8m 8m
M o L 1(8) 2.667 M o L 1(8) 2.667

α AA = = = α BB = = =
3EI 3EI EI 3EI 3EI EI
M o L 1(8) 1.333 M o L 1(8) 1.333
α BA = = = α AB = = =
6 EI 6 EI EI 6 EI 6 EI EI
Note: Maxwell’s theorem of reciprocal displacement, αAB = αBA

28
• Use conjugate beam for αAA, αBA, αBB, αAB
1 kN•m Real Beam 1 kN•m

Real Beam
αAA αBA αAB

(1/8) αBB (1/8)
(1/8) (1/8)
8m 8m
4/EI 4/EI
1/EI 1/EI
Conjugate Beam Conjugate Beam

2.67/EI 1.33/EI 1.33/EI 2.67/EI
− 2.667 − 1.333
α AA = V ' A = α AB = V ' A =
EI EI
1.333 2.667
α BA = V 'B = α BB = V ' B =
EI EI
29
5 kN/m
A B Compatibility equation
θA θB
4m 4m
60 2.667 1.333
+ +( )M A + ( )M B = 0
=
EI EI EI
5 kN/m
46.67 1.333 2.667
+ +( )M A + ( )M B = 0
EI EI EI
60 46.67
θ 'A = θ 'B =
EI EI
Solve simultaneous equations,
1 kN•m
+
×MA MA = -18.33 kN•m, +

1.333 MB = -8.335 kN•m, +
2.667 α BA = V 'B =
α AA = EI
EI
+
1 kN•m
×MB
1.333 2.667
α AB = α BB =
EI EI
30
MA = -18.33 kN•m,
MB = -8.335 kN•m,
5 kN/m
18.33 kN•m A B 8.335 kN•m
RA 4m 4m RB
+ ΣMA = 0: 18.33 − 20( 2) + RB (8) − 8.355 = 0 RB = 3.753 kN,

3.753
+ ΣFy = 0: R A + RB − 20 = 0 Ra = 16.25 kN,
31
• Quantitative shear and bending diagram and qualitative deflected curve
5 kN/m
18.33 kN•m A B 8.36 kN•m
16.25 kN 4m 4m 3.75 kN
16.25
V
diagram
3.25 m
-3.75
M
8.08 6.67
diagram
-8.36
-18.33
Deflected
Curve
32
Example 4
Determine the reactions at the supports for the beam shown and draw the
quantitative shear and moment diagram and the qualitative deflected curve.
EI is constant.
2 kN/m
C
A 4m B 4m
33
2 kN/m
C
A 4m B 4m Compatibility equations:
2 kN/m ∆ 'B + f 'BB RB + f 'CB RC = 0 − − − (1)

∆ 'C + f 'BC RB + f 'CC RC = 0 − − − (2)
C
A ∆'B
4m B 4m ∆'C
f 'BB f 'CB
× RB
C
A 1 kN
4m B 4m
f 'BC f 'CC
× RC
B C
A 4m 4m 1 kN
34
• Solve equation
2 kN/m
C
Compatibility equations:
A 4m B 4m
64 21.33 53.33
− + RB + RC = 0 − −(1)
2 kN/m EI EI EI
B 149.33 53.33 170.67
C − + RB + RC = 0 − −(2)
EI EI EI
A 64 149.33
∆'B = − ∆'C = −
EI EI RB = 3.71 kN , ↑
21.33 53.33
f 'BB = f 'CB = RC = −0.29 kN , ↓
EI EI × RB
C
A 1 kN
53.33 170.67
f ' BC = f 'CC =
EI EI
× RC
C
A 1 kN
35
• Diagram
M A = 8(2) + 0.29(8) − 3.71(4)

2 kN/m
= 3.48 kN • m
C
A 4m B 4m
Ay = 8 + 0.29 − 3.71 = 4.58 kN 3.71 kN 0.29 kN
V (kN)
4.58
0.29
x (m)
2.29 m
-3.42
M (kN•m)
1.76
x (m)
-1.16
-3.48
Deflected shape
x (m)
Point of inflection 36
Example 5
curve for the beam shown below.
(a) The support at B does not settle
(b) The support at B settles 5 mm.
Take E = 200 GPa, I = 60(106) mm4.
16 kN
B C
A
2m 2m 4m
37
SOLUTION
B C
A
∆B = 5 mm
2m 2m 4m
16 kN
=
∆´B
+
fBB
× RB
1 kN
Compatibility equation : + ∆ B = 0 = ∆ ' B + f BB RB -----(1) : no settlement
+ ∆ B = −0.005m = ∆ ' B + f BB RB -----(2) : with settlement

38
• Use conjugate beam method in obtaining ∆´B
16 kN
Real
Real A B
C beam
beam
∆´B
12 kN 4 kN
2m 2m 4m
24 ∆´B
M´ 16
diagram
16 32
24
24 72 EI EI
EI
Conjugate EI EI M´´B
beam 40
V´´B
4 2 EI
4 2 40 4
56 2m 4m 3 3
3 3 EI
EI 32 4 40
+ ΣMB = 0: − M ' ' B + ( )− (4) = 0
EI 3 EI
117.33
∆'B = M ' 'B = − ,↓
EI
39
• Use conjugate beam method in obtaining fBB
fBB
Real A C
beam B
1 kN
0.5 kN 0.5 kN
4m 4m
4 2
4
m´ 3 3
m´´B
diagram
-2 v´´B 4 4
Conjugate −
EI EI
beam + ΣMB = 0:
4 4 4
4 2 4 4 − m' ' B − ( )+ (4) = 0
4 − − − EI 3 EI
EI EI EI EI 10.67
EI
f BB = m' ' B = ,↑
EI
fBB
40
• Substitute ∆´B and fBB in Eq. (1) 117.33
∆'B = − ,↓
EI
10.67
f BB = ,↑
117.33 10.67 EI
+↑; 0= − + RB , RB = 11.0 kN,
EI EI
16 kN
fBB
+
xRB = 11.0 kN
∆´B 1 kN
12 kN 4 kN 0.5 kN 0.5 kN
16 kN
=
B C no settlement
A
RA = 6.5 kN 11.0 kN RC = 1.5 kN
41
• Substitute ∆´B and fBB in Eq. (2) 117.33
∆'B = − ,↓
EI
10.67
117.33 10.67 f BB = ,↑
+ ↑ ; − 0.005m = − + RB EI
EI EI
(−0.005m) EI = −117.33 + 10.67 RB
(−0.005)(200 × 60) = −117.33 + 10.67 RB
RB = 5.37 kN,
16 kN
fBB
+
xRB = 5.37
∆´B 4 kN
1 kN
12 kN 0.5 kN 0.5 kN
16 kN
=
B C with 5 mm settlement
A
RA = 9.31 kN 5.37 kN RC = 1.32 kN

42
16 kN 16 kN
B C B C
A A
∆B = 5 mm
6.5 kN 11 kN 1.5 kN 9.31 kN 5.37 kN 1.32 kN
2m 2m 4m 2m 2m 4m
6.5 9.31
V 1.5
diagram V
diagram
-9.5 -1.32
-6.69
M 13
diagram 18.62
+ M
- diagram 5.24
+
-6
Deflected Deflected
Curve Curve
∆B = 5 mm
43
Example 6
Calculate supports reactions and draw the bending moment diagrams for (a)
D2 = 0 and (b) D2 = 2 mm.
1 2 w 2 kN/m 3
4m 6m
44
∆´2 + f22R2 = ∆2
1 2 w 2 kN/m 3 Use formulations provided :

wx
∆ '2 = − ( x 3 − 2 Lx 2 + L3 )
24 EI
4m 6m (2)(4) 3
=− (4 − 2 ×10 × 4 2 + 103 )
24 EI
=
2 kN/m 248
=− = −6.2mm, ↓
(200)(200)
∆´2
Pbx 2
f 22 = (L − b2 − x2 )
6 LEI
1× 6 × 4
+
=− (10 2 − 6 2 − 4 2 )
f22 6 ×10 EI
×R2 19.2
= = +0.48 mm, ↑
(200)(200)
1
45
For ∆2 = 0 For ∆2 = 2 mm
Compatibility equation: Compatibility.equation:
-6.2 + 0.48R2 = 0 -6.2 + 0.48R2 = -2
R2 = 12.92 kN R2 = 8.75 kN
1 2 w 2 kN/m 3 1 2 w 2 kN/m 3
12.92 kN
2.25 kN 4 m 6m 4.83 kN 4.75 kN 4 m 8.75 kN 6 m 6.5 kN
7.17
2.415 m 4.75 5.5
2.25 3.25 m
V + V + +
(kN) x (m) - x (m)
- - (kN) -
-5.75 -4.83 2.375 m -3.25 -6.5
1.125 m
5.85 10.56
1.27 5.64
M + +
(kN•m) x (m) +
- M + 3
(kN•m) x (m)
-7 46
APPENDIX
Basic Beams: Single span
1 w
L/3 L/3 wL/2

wL/2
5wL4
384 EI
L
wL/2
V
- wL/2
wL2/8
47
• Find ∆1 by Castigliano’s 2 1 3
P
w
L/2 L/2
wL P wL P
+ x1 x2 +
2 2 L 2 2
w
M1 w
M2
wL P x1 V1
+ x2 wL P
2 2 V2 +
2 2
+ ΣΜ = 0;
2
wx wL P
M1 + 1 − ( + ) x1 = 0
2 2 2
2
wx1 wL P
M1 = − +( + ) x1 = M 2
2 2 2
48
2
wx wL P
M1 = − 1 + ( + ) x1 = M 2
2 2 2
L/2 L/2
∂M dx ∂M 2 dx
∆1 = ∆ max = ∫
0
( 1 )M1 1 +
∂P EI ∫
0
(
∂P
)M 2 2
EI
L/2
∂M 1 dx
=2∫ ( )M1 1
0
∂P EI
L/2 2
0
2 x − wx1 wL P
=
EI ∫
0
( 1 )(
2 2
+(
2
+ ) x1 )dx1
2
5wL4
=
384 EI
49
Single span 1
P
P/2 P/2
PL3 L3
δ 11 = = f11 P → f11 =
48 EI 48 EI
L /2 L /2
L
P/2
V +
-
- P/2
PL/4
50
Double span
wl 4
∆ max = wl 4
185 EI 1 ∆ max =
w 185 EI
0.375 wl 1.25 wl 0.375 wl
l = L/2 l = L/2
L = 2l
0.625 wl
0.375 wl
+ +
- -
-0.625 wl -0.375 wl
0.070 wl2 0.070 wl2

+ +
-
-0.125 wl2
51
Triple span ∆max = wl4
1 2
w 145 EI
0.4wl 0.4wl
1.1wl 1.1wl
l = L/3 l = L/3 l = L/3
0.6wl
0.4wl 0.5wl
V
+ + +
- - -
- 0.4wl
- 0.6wl -0.5wl
0.08 wl2 0.08 wl2

0.025 wl2
M + + +
- -
-0.1 wl2 -0.1 wl2
52
Analysis of Statically Determinate
Structures
! Idealized Structure
! Principle of Superposition
! Equations of Equilibrium
! Determinacy and Stability
! Beams
! Frames
! Gable Frames
! Application of the Equations of Equilibrium
! Analysis of Simple Diaphragm and Shear
Wall Systems Problems
1
Classification of Structures
• Support Connections
weld
stiffeners
weld
typical “pin-supported” typical “fixed-supported”
connection (metal) connection (metal)
typical “roller-supported” typical “fixed-supported”

connection (concrete) connection (concrete) 2
pin support pin-connected joint fixed support
fixed-connected joint torsional spring support

torsional spring joint
P
P
A
B A B
L/2 L/2 L/2 L/2
actual beam idealized beam
3
Table 2-1 Supports for Coplanar Structures
Type of Idealized
Reaction Number of Unknowns
Connection Symbol
(1) One unknown. The reaction is a

θ Light θ θ
cable force that acts in the direction of
the cable or link.
(2)
rollers One unknown. The reaction is a
force that acts perpendicular to
the surface at the point of contact.
F
rockers

F the surface at the point of contact.

F the surface at the point of contact.
4
Type of Idealized
Connection Symbol
(5) Fy
Fx Two unknowns. The reactions
are two force components.
Smooth pin or hinge
(6)
M Two unknowns. The reactions
slider F are a force and moment.
fixed-connected collar
(7)
Fy Three unknowns. The reactions
M
Fx are the moment and the two force
components.
fixed support
5
• Idealized Structure.
3m 3m
B B
F
4m F 4m
A A
actual structure idealized structure
6
C
D girder
joist A
slab column
idealized framing plan
fixed-connected beam fixed-connected overhanging beam
idealize beam Idealized beam
7
8
• Tributary Loadings.
slab veihicle
stringer
slab
stringer
girder
girder
floor beam
floor beam
deck girder
pier
9
spandrel
beam
beam joist slab
2nd floor
joist
beam
supported slab
1st floor
foundation stairs
wall
landing
slab on grade column
basement
wall
footing
spread
footing
10
One-Way System.
4m
A B
A 1m
C 0.5 kN/m2
C 1m
B D
E
D 1m
F 1m
4m 2m E F
2m
1 kN 2 kN 1 kN
1 kN/m
C D F B
2 kN 2 kN 2m 2m
4m
idealized girder
idealized beam
11
column
A
beam
girder
concrete slab is L2
reinforced in two
directions, poured A B
on plane forms L1
L1/2 C D
L1/2
L1
E F
Idealized framing plan

for one-way slab action
requires L2 / L1 ≥ 2
12
Two-Way System. L2/L1 = 1
4m
A A B
1 kN/m
4m 0.5 kN/m2 45o 45o
2m
A B
C B 4m
2m 2m
4m
D C D idealized beam, all
L2/L1 = 1.0 < 2
6m
A B
1kN/m
1 kN/m
2m 45o 45o
4m
A B A C
C D 2m 2m 2m 2m 2m
idealized framing plan idealized beam
13
Principle of Superposition
P = P1 + P 2
Two requirements must be imposed for the principle

of superposition to apply :
d
1. The material must behave in a linear-elastic
manner, so that Hooke’s law is valid, and therefore
=
P1 the load will be proportional to displacement.
σ = P/A
δ = PL/AE
d
2. The geometry of the structure must not
+ undergo significant change when the loads are
P2 applied, i.e., small displacement theory applies.
Large displacements will significantly change
and orientation of the loads. An example would
be a cantilevered thin rod subjected to a force at
d its end.
14
Equations of Equilibrium
ΣFx = 0 ΣFy = 0 ΣFz = 0
ΣMx = 0 ΣMy = 0 ΣMz = 0
V
M M
N N
internal loadings
15
Determinacy and Stability
• Determinacy
r = 3n, statically determinate
r > 3n, statically indeterminate
n = the total parts of structure members.

r = the total number of unknown reactive force and moment components
16
Example 2-1
Classify each of the beams shown below as statically determinate or statically

indeterminate. If statically indeterminate, report the number of degrees of
indeterminacy. The beams are subjected to external loadings that are assumed to
be known and can act anywhere on the beams.
hinge
hinge
17
SOLUTION
r = 3, n = 1, 3 = 3(1) Statically determinate
r = 5, n = 1, 5 - 3(1) = 2 Statically indeterminate to the second degree
hinge
r = 10, n = 3, 10 - 3(3) = 1 Statically indeterminate to the first degree

18
Example 2-2
Classify each of the pin-connected structures shown in figure below as statically

determinate or statically indeterminate. If statically are subjected to arbitrary
external loadings that are assumed to be known and can act anywhere on the
structures.
19
SOLUTION
r = 7, n = 2, 7 - 3(2) = 1 Statically indeterminate to the first

degree

20
r = 10, n = 2, 10 - 6 = 4 Statically indeterminate to the fourth
degree
21
Example 2-3
Classify each of the frames shown in figure below as statically determinate or

statically indeterminate. If statically indeterminate, report the number of degrees
of indeterminacy. The frames are subjected to external loadings that are assumed
to be known and can act anywhere on the frames.
B C
A D
22
SOLUTION
B C
A D
r = 9, n = 2, 9 - 6 = 3 Statically indeterminate to the third degree
r = 15, n = 3, 15 - 9 = 6 Statically indeterminate to the sixth degree

23
• Stability
r < 3n, unstable
r > 3n, unstable if member reactions are concurrent

or parallel or some of the components form
a collapsible mechanism
Partial Constrains
P P
A
A
MA
FA
24
Improper Constraints
O O
A B C A B C
d FA d
FC
P P FB
P P
A B C A B C
FA FB FC
25
Example 2-4
Classify each of the structures in the figure below as stable or unstable. The
structures are subjected to arbitrary external loads that are assumed to be known.
B
A
A
hinge
A B
C
B
A
B D
A C
C
26
SOLUTION
The member is stable since the reactions are non-concurrent and nonparallel.
It is also statically determinate.
hinge
A B
C
The compound beam is stable. It is also indeterminate to the second degree.
B
A C
The compound beam is unstable since the three reactions are all parallel.
27
A
The member is unstable since the three reactions are concurrent at B.
B
A
D
C
The structure is unstable since r = 7, n = 3, so that, r < 3n, 7 < 9. Also, this can
be seen by inspection, since AB can move horizontally without restraint.
28
Application of the Equations of Equilibrium
Ay
D A
B Dx
Bx
Ax
P1
By Dy
P2 E
Dx
C
P1
By Ex
Ay
Bx Ey
Ax
P1 Ex
P2 Cx
P2 Cx
r = 9, n = 3, 9 = 3(3); statically determinate
29
P1 P1 Ay
A
B Bx
Ax
By
P2 Bx
C
P1 P2 Cx
Ay
B Cy
Ax
P2 Cx
Cy
r = 6, n = 2, 6 = 3(2); statically determinate
30
Example 2-5
Determine the reactions on the beam shown.
150 kN
0.3 m 60o
A 70 kN•m
B
3m 1m 2m
31
SOLUTION
265 kN
0.3 m 60o
A 70 kN•m
B
3m 1m 2m
265 sin 60o = 229.5 kN

Ax 0.3 m 265 cos 60o = 132.5 kN
Ay 3m 1 m By 70 kN•m
+ ΣF = 0: Ax - 132.5 = 0: Ax = 132.5 kN , →
x
+ ΣMA = 0: By(4) - (229.5)(3) + (132.5)(0.3) -70 = 0

By = 179.69 kN, ↑
+ ΣFy = 0: Ay - 229.5 + 179.69 = 0
Ay = 49.81 kN , ↑
32
Example 2-6
Determine the reactions on the beam shown.
15 kN/m
5 kN/m
A
12 m
33
SOLUTION
(1/2)(12)(10) = 60 kN
15 kN/m
(5)(12) = 60 kN
5 kN/m 10 kN/m
5 kN/m
A Ax
12 m MA 12 m
Ay
4m
6m
+ ΣF = 0: Ax = 0
x
+ ΣFy = 0: Ay - 60 - 60 = 0
Ay = 120 kN , ↑
+ ΣMA = 0: MA - (60)(4) - (60)(6) = 0

MA = 600 kN•m
34
Example 2-7
Determine the reactions on the beam shown. Assume A is a pin and the support at
B is a roller (smooth surface).
7 kN/m 3m
A
4m 2m
35
SOLUTION B
7 kN/m 3m
A
4m 2m
28 kN 90o-56.3o = 33.7o
3m
NB
Ax tan-1(3/2) = 56.3o
Ay 2m
6m
+ ΣMA = 0: -28(2) + NBsin 33.7(6) + NBcos 33.7(3) = 0

NB = 9.61 kN
+ ΣF = 0: Ax - NBcos 33.7 = 0; Ax = 9.61cos 33.7 = 8 kN , →
x
+ ΣFy = 0: Ay - 28 + 9.61cos33.7 = 0
Ay = 22.67 kN , ↑ 36
Example 2-8
The compound beam in figure below is fixed at A. Determine the reactions at A,

B, and C. Assume that the connection at pin and C is a rooler.
6 kN/m
hinge 8 kN•m
A
B C
6m 4m
37
SOLUTION
6 kN/m
hinge 8 kN•m
A
B C
6m 4m
36 kN
Ax 8 kN•m
Bx Bx
MA By By
Ay Cy
3m
6m
Member BC Member AB
+ ΣMB = 0: Cy(4) - 8 = 0 + ΣMA = 0: MA - 36(3) + 2(6) = 0

Cy = 2 kN , ↑ MA = 96 kN•m
+ ΣF = 0: Bx = 0 + ΣF = 0: Ax - B = 0 ; Ax = Bx = 0
x x
+ ΣFy = 0: Cy - By = 0; + ΣFy = 0: Ay - 36 + 2 = 0
By = Cy = 2 kN , ↑ Ay = 34 kN , ↑ 38
Example 2-9
The side girder shown in the photo supports the boat and deck. An idealized
model of this girder is shown in the figure below, where it can be assumed A is a
roller and B is a pin. Using a local code the anticipated deck loading transmitted
to the girder is 6 kN/m. Wind exerts a resultant horizontal force of 4 kN as
shown, and the mass of the boat that is supported by the girder is 23 Mg. The
boat’s mass center is at G. Determine the reactions at the supports.
1.6 m 1.8 m 2m
6 kN/m
4 kN
0.3 m C D
G A B
roller pin
39
SOLUTION
1.6 m 1.8 m 2m
6 kN/m
4 kN
0.3 m C D + ΣF = 0:
G A B x
roller pin
4 - Bx = 0
Bx = 4 kN , ←
+ ΣMB = 0:
6(3.8) = 22.8 kN
22.8(1.9) -Ay(2) + 225.6(5.4)
1.9 m -4(0.3) = 0
4 kN Ay = 630.2 kN , ↑
0.3 m C D
Bx
G 2m + ΣFy = 0:
Ay By
-225.6 + 630.2 - 22.8 + By = 0
23(9.81) kN = 225.6 kN By = 382 kN , ↑
5.4 m
40
Example 2-10
Determine the horizontal and vertical components of reaction at the pins A, B,

and C of the two-member frame shown in the figure below.
8 kN 3 kN/m
5
4 B
3 C
2m
2m
1.5 m
A
2m
41
SOLUTION Member BC
8 kN 3 kN/m + ΣMC = 0:
5
4 B -By(2) +6(1) = 0
3 C By = 3 kN , ↑
2m
2m Member AB
1.5 m
+ ΣMA = 0:
A -8(2) - 3(2) +Bx(1.5) = 0

6 kN Bx = 14.7 kN , ←
2m
+ ΣF = 0:
x
Bx Cx Ax + (3/5)8 - 14.7 = 0
1m 1m
Ax = 9.87 kN , →
(4/5)8 By By Cy ΣFy = 0:
8 kN +
Bx Ay - (4/5)8 - 3 = 0
(3/5)8
Ay = 9.4 kN , ↑
1.5 m Member BC
+ ΣF = 0: Cx - Bx = 0; Cx = Bx = 14.7 kN , ←
Ax x
2m ΣFy = 0: 3 - 6 + Cx = 0 ; Cy = 3 kN , ↑
Ay + 42
Example 2-11-1
From the figure below, determine the horizontal and vertical components of
reaction at the pin connections A, B, and C of the supporting gable arch.
3m
15 kN
3m
A C
3m 3m
43
SOLUTION
B
3m
15 kN
3m
Ax A C
Cx
Ay Cy
3m 3m
Entire Frame
+ ΣMA = 0: C y (6) − 15(3) = 0
Cy = 7.5 kN , ↑
+ ΣFy = 0: Ay + 7.5 = 0
Ay = -7.5 kN , ↓
44
B B
Bx 3.75 kN= Bx
3m 3m
By 7.5 kN = By
15 kN
3m 3m
Ax A C
Cx
7.5 kN
3m 7.5 kN
3m
Member AB Member BC
+ ΣMB = 0: 15(3) + Ax (6) + 7.5(3) = 0 + ΣF = 0: 3.75 − C x = 0

x
Ax = -11.25 kN , ← Cx = 3.75 kN
+ ΣF = 0: − 11.25 + 15 − Bx = 0
x
Bx = 3.75 kN , ←
+ ΣFy = 0: − 7.5 + By = 0
By = 7.5 kN 45
Example 2-11-2
The side of the building in the figure below is subjected to a wind loading that
creates a uniform normal pressure of 1.5 kPa on the windward side and a suction
pressure of 0.5 kPa on the leeward side. Determine the horizontal and vertical
components of reaction at the pin connections A, B, and C of the supporting gable
arch.
2m
2m
B
3m
3m
C
4m A
3m
4m 3m
wind
46
SOLUTION
2m
2m
B
3m
3m
C
4m A
3m
4m 3m
wind
B
A uniform distributed load on the 6 kN/m
2 kN/m
windward side is 3m
(1.5 kN/m2)(4 m) = 6 kN/m

6 kN/m 2 kN/m 3m
A C
A uniform distributed load on the
leeward side is 3m 3m
(0.5 kN/m2)(4 m) = 2 kN/m 47

25.46 sin 45 8.49 sin 45
25.46 kN B 8.49 kN
45o 45o
25.46 cos 45 8.49 cos 45
3m
18 kN 6 kN
Ax 1.5m
Cx
Ay
1.5 3m 1.5 Cy
Entire Frame
+ ΣMA = 0: -(18+6)(1.5) - (25.46+8.49)cos 45o(4.5) - (25.46 sin 45o)(1.5)
+ (8.49 sin 45o)(4.5) + Cy(6) = 0
Cy = 24.0 kN , ↑
+ ΣFy = 0: Ay - 25.46 sin 45o + 8.49 sin 45o 3 + 24 = 0

Ay = -12.0 kN
48
25.46 sin 45
8.49 sin 45
25.46 kN
8.49 kN
Bx Bx
45o 1.5
25.46 cos 45 45o
By 8.49 cos 45
3 By
18 kN 6 kN
Ax 1.5
1.5 1.5 Cx
Ay= 12.0 kN Cy = 24.0 kN
Member AB
+ ΣMB = 0: (25.46 sin 45o)(1.5) + (25.46cos 45o)(1.5) + (18)(4.5) + Ax(6) + 12(3) = 0
Ax = -28.5 kN
+ ΣF = 0: -28.5 + 18 + 25.46 cos 45o - B = 0
x x
Bx = 7.5 kN , ←
+ ΣFy = 0: -12 - 25.46sin 45o + By = 0
By = 30.0 kN , ↑
Member CB
+ ΣF = 0: 7.5 + 8.49 cos 45o + 6 - Cx = 0
x
Cx = 19.50 kN , ← 49
Analysis of Simple Diaphragm and shear Wall Systems
A B
B
A
A
B
B A
F
F/8
F/8
phragm
of dia F/8
ro F/8
F/2
F/8
F/8 F/8 F/8
A A
A A
F/8
F/8 F/8 F/8
F/8
F/8 F/8
floor diaphragm
F/8
F/2 50
roof diaphragm
A F/16
C B F/16
D C A
phragm
dia
D B
second floor roof F/16
Wind F F/4 F/16
diaphragm F/16
shear walls A F/16
F/16 F/16 3F/16 F/16
2 st floor
3F/16
F/16
3F/16
F/2
3F/16 3F/16
B
3F/16 3F/16
F/4 3F/16
3F/16 1 st floor
F/4
3F/16
F/4
F/4
F/4
51
Example 2-12
Assume the wind loading acting on one side of a two-story building is as shown
in the figure below. If shear walls are located at each of the corners as shown and
flanked by columns, determine the shear in each panel located between the floors
and the shear along the columns.
30 m 20 m
4m
A
C 4m
B
1.2 kPa D C A
D B
3m
3m
0.8 kPa
52
SOLUTION
30 m 20 m
12 kN
4m 12 kN
A
phragm
C 4m dia
1.2 kPa C A
B roof 12 kN
D FR2 /2 F/8 = 12 kN
D B = 48 kN 12 kN
3m A
3m 12 kN
FR2 32 kN 12 kN
0.8 kPa 12 kN 2 floor
s t
FR1 32 kN
12 kN
32 kN
FR1 = 0.8(103) N/m2 (20 m)(4 m) = 64 kN 32 + 48 kN 32 kN 32 kN
FR1 /2 = 32 B
32 kN 32 kN
FR2 = 1.2(103) N/m2 (20 m)(4 m) = 96 kN
40 kN 32 kN
32 kN 1 st floor
FR2 /2 = 48 40 kN
32 kN
40 kN
FR1 /2
= 32 kN 40 kN
53
12 kN
Fv Fv 4m + ΣM = 0:
12 kN Fv(3) - 12(4) = 0
Fv = 16 kN
3m
32 kN
+ ΣM = 0:
F´v F´v 4m
F´v(3) - 32(4) = 0
32 kN F´v = 42.7 kN
3m
54
ANALYSIS OF STATICALLY INDETERMINATE
STRUCTURES BY THE FORCE METHOD
! Force Method of Analysis: Beams
! Maxwell’s Theorem of Reciprocal Displacements;
Betti’s Law
! Force Method of Analysis: Frames
! Force Method of Analysis: Trusses
! Force Method of Analysis: General
! Composite Structures
1
Force Method of Analysis : Beams
1 Degree of freedom
• Compatibility of displacement • Compatibility of slope

P P
M1 1 2 M1 1 2
A C B A C B
R1 R2 R1 R2
L L
P P
=
=
A C B
∆´2
θ ´1
+
+
1 α11
f22 × R2 × M1
1
∆´2 + f22 R2 = ∆2 = 0 θ ´1 + α11M1 = θ 1= 0 2
2 Degree of freedom P
1 2
A B C D
Ax
Ay R1 R2 Dy
P
A B C D
∆´1 ∆´2
+ f21
A f11 D
xR
R11
1 +
f12
A f22 D
xR
R22
1
∆´1 + f11 R1 + f12 R2 = ∆1 = 0
∆´2 + f21 R1 + f22 R2 3
= ∆2 = 0
Maxwell’s Theorem of Reciprocal Displacements; Betti’s Law
f21 1 2
1
A B
f11 f21
m2 M 1 mm
1 • f 21 = ∫ dx = ∫ 2 1 dx
L
EI L
EI
m1
m2 m1
f 21 = ∫ dx
L
EI
1
A B
f22
f12
m2
4
f12 1 2 m2 m1
f 21 = ∫ dx
1 L
EI
A B m1M 2 mm
1 • f12 = ∫ dx = ∫ 1 2 dx
f22 L
EI L
EI
f12 m1m2
f12 = ∫ dx
m2 L
EI
f 21 = f12
Maxwell’s Theorem:
1
A B f ij = f ji
f11 f21
m1
5
f11, f22
1 2
1
A B m1M 1 mm
1 • f11 = ∫ dx = ∫ 1 1 dx
f11 f21 L
EI L
EI
m2 M 2 mm
1 • f 22 = ∫ dx = ∫ 2 2 dx
L
EI L
EI
m1
In general,
1 mi m j
A B 1 • f ij = f = ∫ dx
L
EI
f22
f12 m j mi
1 • f ji = f ji = ∫ dx
L
EI
m2
6
1 2
P1
A D
d11 = f11 P1 d21 = f21 P1
P2
A D
d12 = f12 P2 d22 = f22 P2
7
Force Method of Analysis: General
Compatibility Eq.
1 2
w
∆´1 + f11R1 + f12R2 = ∆1 = 0
∆´2 + f21R1 + f22R2 = ∆2 = 0
0
∆´1 ∆1
=
f11 f12 R1
w + = 0
∆´2 f12 f22 R
2
∆2
∆´1 ∆´2
f11 f12 R1 ∆´1
=-
+
f12 f22 R
2
∆´2
f11 f21
xR1 General form:
1
f11 f12 f1n R1 ∆´1
+
f21 f22 f2n R2 ∆´2

.. .
f12 .. . = - ..
f22 .
xR2 fn1 fn2 fnn Rn ∆ń
8
1
Example 9-1
50 kN
C B
A
6m 6m
9
SOLUTION Use compatibility of displacement for find reaction
MA
B
A C
RA 6m 6m
RB
=
50 kN
∆´B
fBB x R
RBB
Compatibility equation : ∆ ' B + f BB RB = 0 -----(1)

10
1
• Use formulation for ∆´B and fBB
50 kN
A 6m C 6m B ∆Ć
6θĆ ∆´B
θĆ
∆´B = ∆Ć+ (6 m)θĆ
P(6) 3 P ( 6) 2 50(6)3 (50)(6) 2 9000

∆'B = + ( 6) = + (6) = ,↓
3EI 2 EI 3EI 2 EI EI
fBB
B
A C
PL3 (1)(12) 3 576 1

f BB = = = ,↑
3EI 3EI EI
11
• Substitute ∆´B and fBB in Eq. (1): ∆ 'B + f BB RB = 0
9000
∆'B = ,↓
EI
9000 576 576
+ ↑: − +( ) RB = 0 f BB = ,↑
EI EI EI
RB = 15.63 kN,
50 kN
6m 6m
MA B
A C
15.63 kN
RA
Equilibrium equation :
+ ΣMA = 0: M A − 50(6) + 15.63(12) = 0, MA = 112.4 kN, +
+ ΣFy = 0: + RA − 50 + 15.63 = 0, Ra = 34.37 kN,
12
50 kN
112.4 kN•m 6m 6m
B
A C
15.63 kN
34.37 kN
34.37
V
(kN) x (m)
-15.63 -15.63
93.78
M
(kN•m) x (m)
3.28 6 12
-112.44
13
Or use compatibility of slope to obtain reaction
MA 6m 6m
C B
A
=
RA RB
50 kN
A
C B
θ Á
1
+
fAA
A xM
MAA
C B
Compatibility equation :
θ ' A + f AA M A =θ A= 0 -----(2)
14
• Use the table on the inside front cover for θ´B and fBB
50 kN
A
C B
θ Á
PL2
θ A'=
16 EI
1 fAA
A
C B
L
f CC =
3EI
Substitute the values in equation: θ ' A + f AA M A =θ A= 0

PL2 L
+: − + MA =0
16 EI 3EI
3PL 3(50)(12)
MA = = = 112.5 kN•m, +
16 16
15
Or use Castigliano least work method
50 kN
x1 x2
12RB - 300 = MA
C B
A
50 - RB = RA 6m 6m
RB
M 12RB - 300 M2 = RBx2

diagram
M1 = (12RB - 300) + (50 - RB)x1
x (m)
L
∂M M
∆B = 0 = ∫ ( ) dx
0
∂RB EI
6 6
1 1
EI ∫0 EI ∫0
0= (12 − x1 )(12 R B − 300 + 50 x1 − R x
B 1 ) dx1 + x2 ( RB x2 ) dx2
2 2 3 3 3
900 x1 24 x1 50 x1 x1 6 x 6
0 = (144 RB x1 − 3600 x1 + − RB − + RB ) 0 + 2 RB
2 2 3 3 3 0
RB =15.63 kN, 16
Use conjugate beam for find the displacement
50 kN
112 kN•m 6m C 6m
Real Beam
B
A
∆C
15.6 kN
34.4 kN 93.6
M
(kN•m) x (m)
3.28 6 12
93.6/EI
-112
Conjugate Beam
-112/EI 223/(EI)
281/(EI)
MĆ
281 223 776
M 'C = ( 2) − (6 ) = −
EI EI EI
776 VĆ 2 m
∆ C = M 'C = − ,↓ 4m 223/(EI)
17
EI
Use double integration to obtain the displacement
50 kN
112 kN•m 6m C 6m
Real Beam
B
A
∆C
15.6 kN
34.4 kN 93.6
M
(kN•m) x (m)
3.28 6 12
d 2υ
EI 2 = −112 + 34.4 x1
-112 dx
dυ x12
EI = −112 x1 + 34.4 + C1
dx 2
2
x1 x13
EIυ = −112.4 + 34.4 + C1 x1 + C2
2 6
1 62 63 778
∆C = (−112( ) + 34.4( ) + 0 + 0) = − ,↓
EI 2 6 EI
18
Example 9-2
curve for the beam shown below.The support at B settles 5 mm.
Take E = 200 GPa, I = 60(106) mm4.
16 kN
B C
A
∆B = 5 mm
2m 2m 4m
19
SOLUTION Use compatibility of displacement to obain reaction
B C
A
∆B = 5 mm
2m 2m 4m
16 kN
=
∆´B
+
fBB
× RB
1 kN
∆ B = −0.005m = ∆ 'B + f BB RB -----(1)

20
• Use conjugate beam method for ∆´B
16 kN
Real A B
C
beam
∆´B
12 kN 4 kN
2m 2m 4m
24
M´ 16
diagram
24
24 72 16 32
EI
Conjugate EI EI EI EI
beam M´´B
40
V´´B
4 2 40 4 2 EI
56 2m 4m 4
3 3 EI 3 3
EI
32 4 40
+ ΣMB = 0: − M ' ' B + ( )− (4) = 0
EI 3 EI
117.33
∆' B = M ' ' B = − ,↓ 21
EI
• Use conjugate beam method for fBB
fBB
Real A C
beam B
1 kN
0.5 kN 0.5 kN
4m 4m
4 2
4
m´ 3 3
m´´B
diagram
-2 vB´B 4 4
Conjugate −
EI EI
beam + ΣMB = 0:
4 4 4
4 2 4 4 − mB ' '− ( )+ (4) = 0
4 − − − EI 3 EI
EI EI EI EI 10.67
EI
f BB = mB ' ' = ,↑
EI
22
• Substitute ∆´B and fBB in Eq. (1): ∆ B = −0.005 m = ∆ ' B + f BB RB
117.33 10.67 117.33

+ ↑: − 0.005 = − + RB ∆'B = M ' 'B = − ,↓
EI EI EI
10.67
(−0.005) EI = −117.33 + 10.67 RB f BB = mB ' ' = ,↑
EI
(−0.005)(200 × 60) = −117.33 + 10.67 RB
RB = 5.37 kN,
16 kN
+
xRB = 5.37
1 kN
12 kN 4 kN 0.5 kN 0.5 kN
=
16 kN
B C
A
RA = 9.31 kN 5.37 kN RC = 1.32 kN 23

16 kN
B C
A
∆B = 5 mm
RA = 9.31 kN 5.37 kN RC = 1.32 kN
2m 2m 4m
9.31
V
diagram
-1.32
-6.69
18.62
M
diagram 5.24
Deflected
Curve
∆B = 5 mm 24
16 kN
RA = 12 - 0.5RB RB RC = 4 - 0.5RB
2m 2m 4m
16 kN
=
12 4
+
0.5RB RB 0.5RB 25
16 kN
x1 x2 x3
RA = 12 - 0.5RB RB RC = 4 - 0.5RB
x1 2m 2m 4m
x3
M1 = (12 - 0.5RB)x1 (4 - 0.5RB)x3 = M3
V1 M2 = 0.5x2RB + 16 - 2RB + 4 x2 V3
12 - 0.5RB 4 - 0.5RB
V2
RB 4 - 0.5RB
L
∂M i M i x2 4m
∆ B = −0.005 = ∫ ( ) dx
0
∂RB EI
2 2
1 1
EI ∫0 EI ∫0
− 0.005 = ( − 0 . 5 x1 )(12 x1 − 0.5 x R
1 B ) dx1 + (0.5 x2 − 2)(0.5 x2 RB + 16 − 2 RB + 4 x2 )dx2
4
1
+
EI 0 ∫ (−0.5 x3 )(4 x3 − 0.5 x3 RB )dx3
26
− 0.005 EI = −117.34 + 10.66 RB , RB = 5.38 kN,
Example 9-3
5 kN/m
A B
4m 4m
27
SOLUTION Use compatibility of displacement to obtain reaction
5 kN/m
A B
θA=0 θB=0
4m 4m
=
5 kN/m
θÁ θ´B
+
1 kN•m
×MA
αAA αBA
+
1 kN•m × M
B
αAB
αBB
θ A = 0 = θ ' A +α AA M A + α AB M B -----(1)
28
θ B = 0 = θ 'B +α BA M A + α BB M B -----(2)
• Use formulation: θÁ, θ´B, αAA, αBA, αBB, αAB,
5 kN/m
θÁ θ´B
3wL3 3(5)(8) 3 60
θ 'A = = =
128 EI 128EI EI
7 wL3 7(5)(8) 3 46.67
θ 'B = = =
1 kN•m 384 EI 384 EI EI 1 kN•m
αAA αBA αAB

αBB
M o L 1(8) 2.67 M o L 1(8) 2.67

α AA = = = α BB = = =
M o L 1(8) 1.33 M o L 1(8) 1.33
α BA = = = α AB = = =
Note : Maxwell’s theorem of reciprocal displacement is αAB = αBA 29

• Substitute θÁ, θ´B, αAA, αBA, αBB, αAB, in Eq. (1) and (2) 60
θ 'A =
EI
5 kN/m
2.67
A B
α AA =
θA=0 θB=0 EI
4m 4m
1.33
α AB =
EI
=
θ A = 0 = θ ' A +α AA M A + α AB M B -----(1) 46.67
θ 'B =
EI
θ B = 0 = θ 'B +α BA M A + α BB M B -----(2)
1.33
α BA =
60 2.67 1.33 EI
+ 0= +( )M A + ( )M B 2.67
EI EI EI α BB =
EI
46.67 1.33 2.67
+ 0= +( )M A + ( )M B
EI EI EI
Solving these equations simultaneously, we haave
MA = -18.31 kN•m, +
MB = -8.36 kN•m, +
30
MA = -18.31 kN•m, +
MB = -8.36 kN•m, +
5 kN/m
18.31 kN•m A B 8.36 kN•m
RA 4m 4m RB
+ ΣMA = 0: 18.31 − 20( 2) + RB (8) − 8.36 = 0, RB = 3.76 kN,

3.76
+ ΣFy = 0: + R A − 20 + RB = 0, Ra = 16.24 kN,
31
5 kN/m
18.31 kN•m A B 8.36 kN•m
16.24 kN 4m 4m 3.76 kN
16.24
V
diagram
3.25 m
-3.76
M
8.08 6.67
diagram
-8.36
-18.31
Deflected
Curve
32
Force Method of Analysis : Frames
fCC × C x
B ∆ĆH
C 1 kN
Cx
Cy
w w
= +
A Ax
Ay
∆ CH = 0 = ∆'CH + f CC C x
33
Example 9-4
curve for the Frame shown below.EI is constant.
B 6m C
2 kN/m
6m
34
fCC × C x
B 6m ∆ĆH
C 1 kN
Cx
Cy
2 kN/m
2 kN/m
6m
= +
A Ax
Ay
∆ CH = 0 = ∆'CH + f CC C x -----(1)
35
• Use Castigliano’s method for ∆ĆH
∆ĆH x2 M´2 = (6 + P)x2
B 6m
C P P
2 kN/m
V´2 x2
3m
2 kN/m
Cy 6+P 6+P
6m 12 kN M´1 = (12 + P)x1- x12
3m
x1 V´1
Ax -12 - P
2x1 x1
A
-12 - P
Ay -6 - P
-6 - P
6 0 6 0
L
∂M 'i M 'i 1 1
∫ ∫
2
∆ 'CH = ∫( ) dx = ( x1 ) (12 x1 + x1 P − x1 )dx1 + ( x2 )(6 x2 + x2 P) dx2
∂P EI EI 0 EI 0
0
6 6
1 1
∫ ∫
2 3 2
= (12 x1 − x1 ) dx1 + ( 6 x 2 ) dx2
EI 0 EI 0
3 4 3
1 12 x1 x1 6 1 6 x2 6
972
= ( − )0+ ( ) = ,→
EI 3 4 EI 3 0
EI 36
• Use Castigliano’s method for fCC
fCC m´2 = x2P
x2
B 6m
C P P
1 kN
v´2 x2
Cy P P
6m m´1 = x1P
x1 v´1
Ax -P
A x1
-P
Ay -P
-P
6 1 6 1
L
∂m' m' 1 1
f CC = ∫ ( i ) i dx =
∂P EI
∫
EI 0
( x1 )( x1 P)dx1 + ∫
EI 0
( x2 )( x2 P )dx2
0
3 3
1 x1 6 1 x2 6
144
= ( ) + ( ) = ,→
EI 3 0 EI 3 0
EI
37
• Substitute ∆ĆH and fCC in Eq. (1) ∆ CH = 0 = ∆'CH + f CC C x -----(1)
972
972 144 ∆ CH = ,→
+: 0= + Cx EI
EI EI 144
f cc = ,→
EI
Cx = -6.75 kN,
1 kN B C 6.75 kN
2 kN/m
2 kN/m
6 kN 1 kN 0.75 kN
+ × C x = −6.75kN =
12 kN 1 kN 5.25 kN
A
6 kN 1 kN 0.75 kN
38
Or use Castigliano least work method:
x2
M2 = (6-Cx)x2
B 6m C Cx
Cx
V2 x2
2 kN/m
6 - Cx 6 - Cx
6m
M1 = (12 - Cx)x1- x12
x1
A 12 - Cx V1
2x1 x1
6 - Cx
L 12 - Cx
∂U i ∂M i M i
= ∫( ) dx = ∆ CH = 0
∂C x 0 ∂C x EI
6 - Cx
6 6
1 1
EI ∫0 EI ∫0
2
0= ( − x1 )(12 x1 − C x
x 1 − x1 ) dx1 + (− x2 )(6 x2 − C x x2 )dx2
3 3 4 3 3
12 x1 C x x1 x1 6 6x C x 6
0 = (− + + ) 0 + (− 2 + x 2
3 3 4 3 3 0
0 = -972 + 144Cx , Cx = 6.75 kN, 39

B 6m C B C
6.75 kN - 0.75 - 0.75
- 6.75
2 kN/m
0.75 kN
6m V, (kN)
2.63 m
5.25 kN 5.25 A
A
0.75 kN
B C B -4.5 C
1.33 m
-4.5
Deflected curve 6.90 M, (kN•m)
A A
40
Force Method of Analysis : Truss (Externally indeterminate)
E D
A Ax Cx ∆'CH + f CC C x = ∆ CH = 0
B C
Ay Cy
P
=
E D E D
+
A A C 1
x Cx
B C B
P ∆Ć fCC 41
Truss (Internally indeterminate)
P
D 3
6 C
1 2
5
A 4 B
∆'6 + f 66 F6 = ∆ 6 = 0
= P
D D
C f66 C
∆´6
+ 1
xF6
A B A B
42
Example 9-5
Determine the reaction at support A, C, E and all the member forces. Take E
= 200 GPa and A = 500. mm2 .
E 40 kN
4m D
C
A B
5m 5m
43
RE
E 40 kN
4 m Ay D
Ax C
A B
5m 5m
RC
=
40 kN
× Cy
fCC
+
∆Ć
1 kN
Compatibility equation : ∆ C = 0 = ∆'C + f CC RC -----(1)
44
• Use unit load method for ∆Ć and fcc
5.39
m
20 Σ níNíLi
53.85 5.39 ∆Ć =
m AiEi
E 40 kN
50 +53
.85 (53.85)(-2.69)(5.38)
D =
4 m 20 kN (200x106)(500x10-6)
85 0
-53. 0 =- 7.81 mm,
C
50 A 0 B 0 ∆Ć
Σ nińíLi
5m 5m fCC =
AiEi
N í (kN)
1 2(-2.69)2(5.385)
53.85 =
E
2.5 -2.6 (200x106)(500x10-6)
9
D 2(2.5)2(5)
0 -2.6 fCC +
0 9
0 (200x106)(500x10-6)
2.5 A +2.5 B +2.5 C = 1.41 mm,

1 kN
ní (kN) 45
• Substitute ∆Ćv and fCC in Eq. (1): ∆ C = 0 = ∆'C + f CC RC ∆ 'C = 7.81 mm, ↓
+ ↑: −7.81 + 1.41RC = 0 f CC = 1.41 mm, ↑

RC = 5.54 kN , ↑
20 1
53.85 53.85
E 40 kN E
+53 -2.6
50 .85 9
2.5 xRC = 5.54 kN
D
+
20 kN D
0 -2.6
53.85 0 0 9
- 0 0
C C
50 A 0 B 0 A +2.5 B +2.5
2.5
N í (kN) 1 kN
ní (kN)
=
38.93 kN 14.46 kN
E 40 kN
+38
36.15 kN .95
D -1
20 kN 53.85 4.90
- 0 21.8o
36.15 kN
C
A +13.85 B +13.85
5.54 kN 46
N i (kN)
5.39
m
-2.7 RC + 53.85 = RE 5.39
E -2.7 R 40 kN m
C +5
3.85
D
4m 5 -2.7
. 8 RC
-53
0 21.8o
Ax = -2.5RC +50 = Ax C
A 2.5RC B 2.5RC
RC
Ay = 20
5m 5m
Castigliano’s Theorem of Least Work :
∂N i N i Li
∆ CV = 0 = ∑ ( )
∂RC AE
1
0= [(−2.7)(−2.7 RC + 53.85)(5.39) + ( −2.7)(−2.7 RC )(5.39) + 0 + 0 + 2[(2.5)(2.5 RC )(5)]]
AE
0 = 39.3RC − 783.68 + 39.3RC + 62.5 RC
RC = 5.55 kN, 47
Example 9-6
Determine the force in all member of the truss shown :

(a) If the horizontal force P = 6 kN is applied at joint C.
(b) If the turnbuckle on member AC is used to shorten the member by
1 mm.
(c) If (a) and (b) are both accounted.
Each bar has a cross-sectional area of 500 mm2 and E = 200 GPa.
D C
2m
A B
3m
48
SOLUTION Part (a) : If the horizontal force P = 6 kN is applied at joint C.
6 kN
D 1
6 C
3 4 2m
5
A 2 B
3m
3m
=
D C 6 kN D C
∆´6 1 E´
1
E E´
2m + E f66 ×F6
A B A B
Compatibility equation : ∆´6 + f66 F6 = 0 ----------(1)

49
Note : AE + E ' C = L
• Use unit load method for ∆´6 and f66
3m
D +6 C 6 kN D -0.832 C 3
∆´6 1 6 1
1 3.
+4 E E´ 0 -0.555 3.6 2
+6 2 m -0.555 1 2
1
-7.
A 2 1 B -0.832 3
6 0
A B
N í (kN) ní (kN)
4 0 Li (m)
4 0
-14.98 2.08
n'i N 'i Li
1 ∆ '6 = ∑
0 6
3. Ai Ei
-4.44 -2 0 0.616 3.6 0.616
6. 0 1 1
3 = [−4.44 − 26.03 − 2(14.98)]
-14.98 2.08 AE
− 60.43
=
níN íLi (kN2•m) ní2Li (kN2•m) AE
2
n' L 1 12.61
f 66 = ∑ i i = [2(0.616) + 2(2.08) + 2(3.61)] =
Ai Ei AE AE 50
• Substitute ∆´6 and f66 in Eq. (1)
60.43 12.61
− + ( F6 ) = 0
AE AE
F6 = 4.80 kN, (T)
3m
+6 6 kN D -0.832 C
∆´6 1
+4 E E´ 0 1
+6 -7.
2m + -0.555 1
-0.555 x F6 = 4.80 kN
2 1 -0.832
6 0 A B
4 0
4 = 0
+2 6 kN
D
. 80 C
+4 -
+1.34 2.4 -2.66
1
A +2 B
6
Ni (kN) 4 51
4
Part (b) : If the turnbuckle on member AC is used to shorten the member by 1 mm.
12.61 12.61
f 66 = = = 1.26(10-4) m = 0.126 mm
AE (500)(200)
1 mm
F6 = (1 kN ) = 7.94 kN
0.126 mm
D -0.832 C -6.61
D
1 . 94 C
1 +7 7
-0.555 -0.555 -4.41 .94 -4.41
1
0 A -0.832 B x F6 = 7.94 kN = 6
-6.61 B
ní (kN) A Ni (kN)
0 4
0 4
52
Part (c) : If the horizontal force P = 6 kN is applied at joint C and the turnbuckle
on member AC is used to shorten the member by 1 mm are both accounted.
+2 6 kN -6.61
D D
. 80 C . 94 C
+4 - +7 7
+1.34 2.4 -2.66 -4.41 .94 -4.41
+
1
A +2 -6.61
6 B 0 B
(Ni)load (kN) A (Ni)short (kN)
4 0
4 0
=
-4.61 6 kN
D
. 74 C
1 2
-3.07 5.5 -7.07
3
-4.61 B
6
A
(Ni)total (kN) 4
4
53
Or use compatibility equation :
∆´6 + f66 F6 = ∆´6 = 0.001
60.43 12.61
− + ( F6 ) = 0.001
AE AE
0.001AE + 60.43 0.001(500)(200) + 60.43
F6 = = = 12.72 kN, (T)
12.61 12.61
+6 6 kN D -0.832 C
1 1
∆´6 1
0
+4 -7
. 21 + -0.555 f66 -0.555
x F6 = 12.72 kN
6 +6 A -0.832
0 B
=
4 0
4 0
-4.58
D 6 kN
2 C
.7
12 5.5
-3.06 -7.06
1
-4.58 B
6
A
(Ni)total (kN) 4
54
4
Composite Structures
Example 9-7
Find all reaction and the tensile force in the steel support cable. Consider both
bending and axial deformation.
Steel cable
Ac = 2(10-4) m2 C
Ec = 200(103) kN/m2
2m
A
B
Ab = 0.06 m2
5 kN
Ib = 5(10-4) m4
Eb = 9.65(103) kN/m2
6m
55
SOLUTION
C RC = T
m
6.32
2m
A 18.43o
MB
x B Bx
5 kN 6m By
0.316T
T By Castigliano’s Theorem of Least Work ;
M = 0.316Tx - 5x ∂
∆C = 0 = (U ib + U in )
N = -0.949T ∂T
0.949T L
∂M M
L
∂N N
V ∆C = 0 = ∫ ( ) dx + ∫ ( ) dx
0
∂ T EI 0
∂T AE
5 kN
6 6 6.32
1 1 1
Eb I b ∫0 Ab Eb ∫0 ∫ (1)(T )dx
0= ( 0 . 316 x )( 0 . 316 xT − 5 x ) dx + ( − 0 . 949 )( −0 . 949T ) dx +
Ac Ec 0
1 0.316 2 x 3 (0.316 × 5) x 3 6 1 6
1 6.32
0= [( T) − ]0+ (0.949 xT ) 0 +
2
( xT )
Eb I b 3 3 Ab Eb Ac Ec 0
0 = (1.49T - 23.58) + 9.33(10-3)T + 0.158T ; T = 14.23 kN, (tension) # 56

4.5 kN
C RC = T = 14.23 kN
m
6.32 13.5 kN
2m
A 18.43o
MB
x B Bx
5 kN 6m By
+ ΣF = 0: Bx = Rc cos θ = 13.5 kN,

x
+ ΣFy = 0: By = 5 - Rc sin θ = 0.5 kN,
+ ΣMB = 0: MB = 13.5(2) - 5(6) = -3 kN•m, +
57
DISPLACEMENT METHOD OF ANALYSIS:
SLOPE DEFLECTION EQUATIONS
! General Case
! Stiffness Coefficients
! Stiffness Coefficients Derivation
! Fixed-End Moments
! Pin-Supported End Span
! Typical Problems
! Analysis of Beams
! Analysis of Frames: No Sidesway
! Analysis of Frames: Sidesway
1
Slope – Deflection Equations
i P j k
w
Cj
settlement = ∆j
i P j
Mij w Mji
θi
ψ θj
2
Degrees of Freedom
M
θΑ
A B 1 DOF: θΑ
L
P
θΑ
A
B
C
2 DOF: θΑ , θΒ
θΒ
3
Stiffness
kAA 1 kBA
A B
L
4 EI
k AA =
L
2 EI
k BA =
L
4
kAB kBB
A 1 B
L
4 EI
k BB =
L
2 EI
k AB =
L
5
Fixed-End Forces
Fixed-End Moments: Loads
P
PL L/2 L/2 PL
8 8
L
P P
2 2
w
wL2 wL2
12 12
L
wL wL
2 2
6
General Case j k
i P
w
Cj
settlement = ∆j
i P j
Mij w Mji
θi
ψ θj
7
i P j
Mij w
Mji
θi
L settlement = ∆j
ψ θj
4 EI 2 EI 2 EI 4 EI
θi + θj = M Mji = θi + θj
L L ij
L L
θj
θi
+
(MFij)∆ (MFji)∆
settlement = ∆j
+
P
w
(MFij)Load (MFji)Load
4 EI 2 EI 2 EI 4 EI
M ij = ( )θ i + ( )θ j + ( M F ij ) ∆ + ( M F ij ) Load , M ji = ( )θ i + ( )θ j + ( M F ji ) ∆ + ( M F ji ) Load 8
L L L L
Equilibrium Equations
i P j k
w
Cj
Mji Cj M
jk
Mji Mjk
+ ΣM j = 0 : − M ji − M jk + C j = 0
9
Stiffness Coefficients
Mij i j Mji
L
θj
θi
4 EI
kii = 2 EI
L k ji = ×θ i
L
1
+
2 EI
kij = 4 EI
L k jj = ×θ j
L
1
10
Matrix Formulation
4 EI 2 EI
M ij = ( )θ i + ( )θ j + ( M F ij )
L L
2 EI 4 EI
M ji = ( )θ i + ( )θ j + ( M F ji )
L L
 M ij  (4 EI / L) ( 2 EI / L) θ iI   M ij F 
M  =   θ  +  M F 
 ji   ( 2 EI / L ) ( 4 EI / L )   j   ji 
 kii kij 
[k ] = 
k ji k jj 
Stiffness Matrix
11
i P j
Mij w
Mji
θi [ M ] = [ K ][θ ] + [ FEM ]
L
θj ∆j ([ M ] − [ FEM ]) = [ K ][θ ]
ψ
[θ ] = [ K ]−1[ M ] − [ FEM ]
Mij Mji
θj
θi
Fixed-end moment
+ Stiffness matrix matrix
(MFij)∆ (MFji)∆
[D] = [K]-1([Q] - [FEM])
+
P Displacement Force matrix
(MFij)Load w (MFji)Load matrix
12
Stiffness Coefficients Derivation: Fixed-End Support
Mi θi Mj
Real beam
i j
L
Mi + M j Mi + M j
L L
L/3 M jL Mj
2 EI EI
Conjugate beam
Mi
EI MiL
θι 2 EI
MiL L M j L 2L From (1) and (2);

+ ΣM 'i = 0 : − ( )( ) + ( )( ) = 0
2 EI 3 2 EI 3 4 EI
Mi = ( )θ i
M i = 2 M j − − − (1) L
2 EI
MiL M L Mj =( )θ i
+ ↑ ΣFy = 0 : θ i − ( ) + ( j ) = 0 − − − (2) L
2 EI 2 EI 13
Stiffness Coefficients Derivation: Pinned-End Support
Mi
θi
Real beam
i j
θj
L
Mi Mi
L L
2L
3
Conjugate beam
Mi
EI MiL
θi 2 EI θj
M i L 2L MiL ML
+ ΣM ' j = 0 : ( )( ) − θ i L = 0 + ↑ ΣFy = 0 : ( ) − ( i ) +θ j = 0
2 EI 3 3EI 2 EI
ML − MiL
θi = ( i ) θj =( )
3EI 6 EI
MiL 3EI
θi = 1 = ( ) → Mi =
3EI L 14
Fixed end moment : Point Load
P Real beam Conjugate beam
A B
A L B
M M
M EI EI
M
EI ML
M 2 EI
M
ML EI
P 2 EI
PL2 PL PL2
16 EI 4 EI 16 EI
ML ML 2 PL2 PL
+ ↑ ΣFy = 0 : − − + = 0, M =
2 EI 2 EI 16 EI 8 15
P
PL PL
8 L 8
P P
P/2
2 2
P/2
PL/8
-PL/8 -PL/8
-
-PL/8 -PL/16
-
-PL/16
-PL/8
PL/4 − PL − PL PL PL
+ + =
+ 16 16 4 8
16
Uniform load
w Real beam Conjugate beam

A B
A L B
M M
M EI EI
M
EI ML
M 2 EI
M
ML EI
2 EI
wL3 wL2 wL3
w 24 EI 8 EI 24 EI
ML ML 2 wL3 wL2
+ ↑ ΣFy = 0 : − − + = 0, M =
2 EI 2 EI 24 EI 12 17
Settlements
M
Mi = Mj Real beam Mj Conjugate beam EI
L
A B
Mi + M j ∆ ∆
M
L Mi + M j
M EI
L
M
EI ML
ML
2 EI M
2 EI
M EI
ML L ML 2 L
+ ΣM B = 0 : − ∆ − ( )( ) + ( )( ) = 0,
2 EI 3 2 EI 3
6 EI∆
M= 18
L2
Pin-Supported End Span: Simple Case
P w
B
A
L
2 EI 4 EI
4 EI 2 EI θA + θB
θA + θB L L
L L
θA
θB
A + B
P
w
(FEM)AB (FEM)BA
A B
M AB = 0 = (4 EI / L)θ A + (2 EI / L)θ B + ( FEM ) AB − − − (1)
M BA = 0 = (2 EI / L)θ A + (4 EI / L)θ B + ( FEM ) BA − − − ( 2)
2(2) − (1) : 2 M BA = (6 EI / L)θ B + 2( FEM ) BA − ( FEM ) BA
( FEM ) BA
M BA = (3EI / L)θ B + ( FEM ) BA −
2 19
Pin-Supported End Span: With End Couple and Settlement
P w
MA
B
A
L ∆
4 EI 2 EI 2 EI 4 EI
θA + θB θA + θB
L L L L
θA
θB
A P B
w
(MF AB)load (MF BA)load
A B
(MF (MF BA) ∆
AB)∆ B
A
4 EI 2 EI
M AB = M A = θA + θ B + ( M AB
F
) load + ( M AB
F
) ∆ − − − (1)
L L
2 EI 4 EI
M BA = θA + θ B + ( M BA
F
)load + ( M BA
F
) ∆ − − − (2)
L L
2(2) − (1) 3EI 1 1 M
E lim inate θ A by : M BA = θ B + [( M BA
F
)load − ( M AB F
)load ] + ( M BA
F
)∆ + A
2 L 2 2 2 20
Fixed-End Moments
Fixed-End Moments: Loads
P
PL L/2 L/2 PL
8 8
L/2 L/2 PL 1 PL 3PL

+ ( )[−(− )] =
8 2 8 16
wL2 wL2
12 12
wL2 1 wL2 wL2

+ ( )[−( − )] =
12 2 12 8
21
Typical Problem CB P2
P1 w
A C
B
L1 L2
wL2
PL P PL w wL2
12
8 8 12
L L
0
4 EI 2 EI PL
M AB = θA + θB + 0 + 1 1
L1 L1 8
0 EI
2 EI 4 PL
M BA = θA + θB + 0 − 1 1
L1 L1 8
0 2
4 EI 2 EI P2 L2 wL2
M BC = θB + θC + 0 + +
L2 L2 8 12
0 2
2 EI 4 EI − P2 L2 wL2
M CB = θB + θC + 0 + −
L2 L2 8 12
22
CB P2
P1 w
A C
B
L1 L2
MBA CB M
BC
2 EI 4 EI PL
M BA = θA + θB + 0 − 1 1
L1 L1 8
2
4 EI 2 EI P L wL
M BC = θB + θC + 0 + 2 2 + 2
L2 L2 8 12
+ ΣM B = 0 : C B − M BA − M BC = 0 → Solve for θ B
23
CB P2
P1 w
MBA
MAB
A C M
CB
B MBC
L1 L2
Substitute θB in MAB, MBA, MBC, MCB
0
4 EI 2 EI PL
M AB = θA + θB + 0 + 1 1
L1 L1 8
0 EI
2 EI 4 PL
M BA = θA + θB + 0 − 1 1
L1 L1 8
0 2
4 EI 2 EI P2 L2 wL2
M BC = θB + θC + 0 + +
L2 L2 8 12
0 2
2 EI 4 EI − P2 L2 wL2
M CB = θB + θC + 0 + −
L2 L2 8 12
24
CB P2
P1 w
MBA
MAB
MCB
A MBC C
Ay B Cy
L1 L2
By = ByL + ByR
B C
P1 P2
MBA MCB
MAB A B MBC
Ay ByL ByR Cy
L1 L2
25
Example of Beams
26
Example 1
Draw the quantitative shear , bending moment diagrams and qualitative

deflected curve for the beam shown. EI is constant.
10 kN 6 kN/m
A C
4m 4m B 6m
27
10 kN 6 kN/m
A C
4m 4m B 6m
PL P wL2 wL2
8 PL w
8 30 20
FEM
MBA MBC
[M] = [K][Q] + [FEM]
B
0
4 EI 2 EI (10)(8) + ΣM B = 0 : − M BA − M BC = 0
M AB = θA + θB +
8 8 8
0 4 EI 4 EI (6)(6 2 )
2 EI 4 EI (10)(8) ( + )θ B − 10 + =0
M BA = θA + θB − 8 6 30
8 8 8
2.4
0 θB =
4 EI 2 EI (6)(6 2 ) EI
M BC = θB + θC +
6 6 30 Substitute θB in the moment equations:
0 MAB = 10.6 kN•m, MBC = 8.8 kN•m
2 EI 4 EI (6)(6) 2
M CB = θB + θC −
6 6 20 MBA = - 8.8 kN•m, MCB = -10 kN•m 28
10 kN 6 kN/m
8.8 kN•m
10.6 kN•m C
A 10 kN•m
8.8 kN•m
4m 4m B 6m
MAB = 10.6 kN•m, MBC = 8.8 kN•m

MBA = - 8.8 kN•m, MCB= -10 kN•m 2m
10 kN 18 kN
6 kN/m
A B 8.8 kN•m B
10.6 kN•m
10 kN•m
8.8 kN•m
Ay = 5.23 kN ByL = 4.78 kN ByR = 5.8 kN Cy = 12.2 kN
29
10 kN 6 kN/m
10.6 kN•m 10 kN•m
A C
5.23 kN 4m 4m B 6m 12.2 kN
4.78 + 5.8 = 10.58 kN
5.8
5.23
V (kN)
+ + x (m)
-
-
- 4.78
10.3 -12.2
M
(kN•m) + x (m)
- - -
-10.6 -8.8 -10
2.4
θB =
EI
Deflected shape x (m)
30
Example 2

10 kN 6 kN/m
A C
4m 4m B 6m
31
10 kN 6 kN/m
A C
4m 4m B 6m
PL P wL2 wL2
8 PL w
8 30 20
FEM
[M] = [K][Q] + [FEM] 10
0 4 EI 2 EI (10)(8)
M AB = θA + θB + − − − (1)
8 8 8 10
2 EI 4 EI (10)(8)
M BA = θA + θB − − − − (2)
8 8 8
4 EI 2 EI 0 (6)(6 2 )
M BC = θB + θC + − − − (3)
6 6 30
2 EI 4 EI 0 (6)(6) 2
M CB = θB + θC − − − − (4)
6 6 20
6 EI
2(2) − (1) : 2 M BA = θ B − 30
8
3EI
M BA = θ B − 15 − − − (5)
8 32
MBA MBC
B
4 EI (6)(6 2 ) Substitute θA and θB in (5), (3) and (4):
M BC = θB + − − − (3)
6 30
2
MBA = - 12.19 kN•m
2 EI (6)(6)
M CB = θB − − − − (4)
6 20 MBC = 12.19 kN•m
3EI
M BA = θ B − 15 − − − (5) MCB = - 8.30 kN•m
8
+ ΣM B = 0 : − M BA − M BC = 0
3EI 4 EI (6)(6 2 )
( + )θ B − 15 + = 0 − − − (6 )
8 6 30
7.488
θB =
EI
4 EI 2 EI
Substitute θ B in (1) : 0 = θA + θ B − 10
8 8
− 23.74
θA =
EI 33
10 kN 6 kN/m
12.19 kN•m
A C 8.30 kN•m
12.19 kN•m
4m 4m B 6m
MBA = - 12.19 kN•m, MBC = 12.19 kN•m, MCB = - 8.30 kN•m
2m
10 kN 18 kN
6 kN/m
B
A B 12.19 kN•m
C
8.30 kN•m
12.19 kN•m
34
10 kN 6 kN/m
A C
3.48 kN 4m 4m B 6m 11.35 kN
6.52 + 6.65 = 13.17 kN
6.65
V (kN) 3.48
x (m)
- 6.52
-11.35
14
M
(kN•m) x (m)
-8.3
-12.2 7.49
θB =
EI
− 23.74
θA = 35
EI
Example 3

10 kN 4 kN/m
A C
2EI 3EI
B
4m 4m 6m
36
10 kN 4 kN/m
A C
2EI 3EI
(10)(8)/8 (10)(8)/8 B (4)(62)/12 (4)(62)/12
4m 4m 6m
0 10
4(2 EI ) 2(2 EI ) (10)(8)
M AB = θA + θB + − − − (1)
8 8 8 10
2(2 EI ) 4(2 EI ) (10)(8)
M BA = θA + θB − − − − (2)
8 8 15 8
2(2) − (1) 3(2 EI ) (3 / 2)(10)(8)
: M BA = θB − − − − ( 2a )
2 8 8
12
4(3EI ) (4)(6 2 )
M BC = θB + − − − (3)
6 12
37
10 kN 4 kN/m
A C
2EI 3EI
(3/2)(10)(8)/8 B (4)(62)/12 (4)(62)/12
4m 4m 6m
15
3(2 EI ) (3 / 2)(10)(8)
M BA = θB − − − − ( 2a )
8 8
12
2
4(3EI ) (4)(6 )
M BC = θB + − − − (3)
6 12
− M BA − M BC = 0 : 2.75EIθ B = −12 + 15 = 3
θ B = 1.091 / EI
3(2 EI ) 1.091
M BA = ( ) − 15 = −14.18 kN • m
8 EI
4(3EI ) 1.091
M BC = ( ) − 12 = 14.18 kN • m
6 EI
2(3EI )
M CB = θ B − 12 = −10.91 kN • m
6 38
10 kN 4 kN/m
A C 10.91
2EI 14.18 14.18 3EI
B
4m 4m 6m
MBA = - 14.18 kN•m, MBC = 14.18 kN•m, MCB = -10.91 kN•m
10 kN 24 kN
4 kN/m
A B 14.18 kN•m
140.18 kN•m 10.91 kN•m
C
39
10 kN 4 kN/m
A C 10.91 kN•m
2EI 3EI
3.23 kN B
4m 4m 6m 11.46 kN
6.77 + 12.55 = 19.32 kN

12.55
V (kN) 3.23 2.86
+ + x (m)
- -
-6.73 -11.46
12.91
M 5.53
(kN•m) + + x (m)
- -
-10.91
-14.18
θB = 1.091/EI
40
Example 4

10 kN 12 kN•m 4 kN/m
A C
2EI 3EI
B
4m 4m 6m
41
A C
2EI 3EI
1.5PL/8 = 15 B wL /12 = 12 wL2/12 = 12
2
4m 4m 6m
3(2 EI ) 0 -3.273/EI
M BA = θ B − 15 − − − (1) 4(2 EI ) 2(3EI ) (10)(8)
8 M AB = θA + θB +
4(3EI ) 8 8 8
M BC = θ B + 12 − − − (2) 7.21
6 θA = −
EI
2(3EI )
M CB = θ B − 12 − − − (3) 3.273
6 M BA = 0.75 EI ( − ) − 15 = −17.45 kN • m
12 kN•m EI
MBA M BA 3.273
M BC = 2 EI (− ) + 12 = 5.45 kN • m
EI
B MBC MBC 3.273
M CB = EI (− ) − 12 = −15.27 kN • m
EI
Jo int B : − M BA − M BC − 12 = 0
− (0.75 EI − 15) − (2 EIθ B + 12) − 12 = 0
3.273
θB = − 42
EI
3.273
M BA = 0.75EI ( − ) − 15 = −17.45 kN • m
EI
3.273
M BC = 2 EI (− ) + 12 = 5.45 kN • m
EI
3.273
M CB = EI ( − ) − 12 = −15.27 kN • m
EI
10 kN 24 kN
4 kN/m
A B 5.45 kN•m
17.45 kN•m
15.27 kN•m
C
2.82 kN 7.18 kN 10.36 kN 13.64 kN
A C 15.27 kN•m
B
2.82 kN 13.64 kN
17.54 kN
43
A C 15.27 kN•m
2EI 3EI
2.82 kN B 7.21
17.54 kN 13.64 kN θ A = −
4m 4m 6m EI
3.273
θB = −
10.36 EI
V (kN) 2.82
+ + 3.41 m x (m)
- -
-7.18
-13.64
11.28 7.98
M
(kN•m) + + x (m)
- -5.45 -
-17.45 -15.27

− 7.21 3.273
θA = θB =
EI EI
44
Example 5
Draw the quantitative shear, bending moment diagrams, and qualitative

deflected curve for the beam shown. Support B settles 10 mm, and EI is
constant. Take E = 200 GPa, I = 200x106 mm4.
10 kN 6 kN/m
12 kN•m
B
A C
2EI 3EI
10 mm
4m 4m 6m
45
10 kN 6 kN/m
12 kN•m
B
A C
2EI 3EI
10 mm 6 EI∆
4m 4m 6m
6 EI∆ A L2
L2 6 EI∆ 6 EI∆
∆ L2 L2
∆
[FEM]∆ C
B wL 2 B wL2
PL P PL w
8 8 30 30
[FEM]load
-12
4(2 EI ) 2(2 EI ) 6(2 EI )(0.01) (10)(8)
M AB = θA + θB + + − − − (1)
8 8 82 8
2(2 EI ) 4(2 EI ) 6(2 EI )(0.01) (10)(8)
M BA = θA + θB + − − − − ( 2)
8 8 82 8
0
4(3EI ) 2(3EI ) 6(3EI )(0.01) (6)(6 2 )
M BC = θB + θC − 2
+ − − − (3)
6 6 0 6 30
2(3EI ) 4(3EI ) 6(3EI )(0.01) (6)(6) 2
M CB = θB + θC − 2
− − − − (4)
6 6 6 30 46
10 kN 6 kN/m
12 kN•m
B
A C
2EI 3EI
10 mm
4m 4m 6m
4(2 EI ) 2(2 EI ) 6(2 EI )(0.01) (10)(8)

M AB = θA + θB + + − − − (1)
8 8 82 8
2(2 EI ) 4(2 EI ) 6(2 EI )(0.01) (10)(8)
M BA = θA + θB + − − − − ( 2)
8 8 82 8
Substitute EI = (200x106 kPa)(200x10-6 m4) = 200x200 kN• m2 :
4(2 EI ) 2(2 EI )
M AB = θA + θ B + 75 + 10 − − − (1)
8 8
2(2 EI ) 4(2 EI )
M BA = θA + θ B + 75 − 10 − − − (2)
8 8
16.5
2(2) − (1) 3(2 EI )
: M BA = θ B + 75 − (75 / 2) − 10 − (10 / 2) − 12 / 2 − − − (2a )
2 8
47
10 kN 6 kN/m
12 kN•m
B
A C
2EI 3EI
10 mm
4m 4m 6m
MBA = (3/4)(2EI)θB + 16.5

MBC = (4/6)(3EI)θB - 192.8
+ ΣMB = 0: - MBA - MBC = 0 (3/4 + 2)EIθB + 16.5 - 192.8 = 0
MBA MBC θB = 64.109/ EI

Substitute θB in (1): θA = -129.06/EI
B
Substitute θA and θB in (5), (3), (4):
MBA = 64.58 kN•m,
MBC = -64.58 kN•m
MCB = -146.69 kN•m

48
10 kN 6 kN/m
12 kN•m
B
C 146.69 kN•m
A
64.58 kN•m 64.58 kN•m
4m 4m 6m
MBA = 64.58 kN•m,
MBC = -64.58 kN•m
MCB = -146.69 kN•m 2m
10 kN 18 kN
12 kN•m
64.58 kN•m 6 kN/m
64.58 kN•m
A B 146.69 kN•m
B C
Ay = 11.57 kN ByL = -1.57 kN ByR = -29.21 kN Cy = 47.21 kN
49
10 kN 6 kN/m
12 kN•m
A C 146.69 kN•m
2EI 3EI
11.57 kN B
4m 6m 47.21 kN
4m
θA = -129.06/EI
1.57 + 29.21 = 30.78 kN θB = 64.109/ EI
V (kN) 11.57
1.57
+ x (m)
-
-29.21
-47.21
58.29 64.58
12
M
+ x (m)
(kN•m)
-
-146.69
10 mm
θA = -129.06/EI θB = 64.109/ EI 50
Example 6
For the beam shown, support A settles 10 mm downward, use the slope-deflection
method to
(a)Determine all the slopes at supports
(b)Determine all the reactions at supports
(c)Draw its quantitative shear, bending moment diagrams, and qualitative
deflected shape. (3 points)
Take E= 200 GPa, I = 50(106) mm4.
12 kN•m
6 kN/m
B A
2EI C 1.5EI 10 mm
3m 3m
51
12 kN•m
6 kN/m
B A
2EI C 1.5EI 10 mm
3m 3m
6 kN/m
6(32 )
= 4.5 4.5
12
C MFw A
6(1.5 × 200 × 50)(0.01) C
32
0.01 m
= 100 kN • m 100 kN • m
MF∆
A
4(2 EI )
M CB = θC − − − (1)
3
4(1.5EI ) 2(1.5 EI )
M CA = θC + θ A + 4.5 + 100 − − − (2)
3 3
12
2(1.5EI ) 4(1.5 EI )
M AC = θC + θ A − 4.5 + 100 − − − (3)
3 3
2(2) − (2) 3(1.5EI ) 3(4.5) 100 12
: M CA = θC + + + − − − ( 2a )
2 3 2 2 2 52
12 kN•m
6 kN/m
B
A
2EI C 1.5EI 10 mm
3m 3m
4(2 EI )
M CB = θ C − − − (1)
3
3(1.5 EI ) 3(4.5) 100 12
M CA = θC + + + − − − ( 2a )
3 2 2 2
• Equilibrium equation:
MCB MCA
M CB + M CA = 0
(8 + 4.5) EI 3(4.5) 100 12
C θ C + + + =0
3 2 2 2
− 15.06
θC = = −0.0015 rad
EI
Substitute θC in eq.(3) 2(1.5 EI ) − 15.06 4(1.5 EI )
12 = ( )+ θ A − 4.5 + 100 − − − (3)
3 EI 3
− 34.22
θA = = −0.0034 rad
EI 53
12 kN•m
6 kN/m
B
A
2EI C 1.5EI 10 mm
3m 3m
− 15.06 − 34.22
θC = = −0.0015 rad θ A = = −0.0034 rad
EI EI
2(2 EI ) 2( 2 EI ) − 15.06
M BC = θC = ( ) = −20.08 kN • m
3 3 EI
4(2 EI ) 4(2 EI ) − 15.06
M CB = θC = ( ) = −40.16 kN • m
3 3 EI
20.08 kN•m 40.16 kN•m
B C
40.16 + 20.08
20.08 kN = 20.08 kN
3
18 kN
12 kN•m
6 kN/m
40.16 kN•m
C A
26.39 kN 8.39 kN
54
12 kN•m
6 kN/m
θ C = −0.0015 rad B
A
C 1.5EI 10 mm
θ A = −0.0034 rad 2EI
3m 3m
20.08 kN•m 40.16 kN•m
B C
20.08 kN 20.08 kN 12 kN•m
6 kN/m
40.16 kN•m
C A
26.39 kN 8.39 kN
V (kN) 26.39
+ 8.39
x (m)
-
M (kN•m) -20.08
20.08 12
x (m)
-40.16
Deflected shape θ C = 0.0015 rad
x (m)
θ A = 0.0034 rad 55
Example 7
For the beam shown, support A settles 10 mm downward, use the

slope-deflection method to
(a)Determine all the slopes at supports
(b)Determine all the reactions at supports
(c)Draw its quantitative shear, bending moment diagrams, and qualitative
deflected shape.
Take E= 200 GPa, I = 50(106) mm4.
12 kN•m
6 kN/m
B
A
2EI C 1.5EI 10 mm
3m 3m
56
12 kN•m
6 kN/m
B
A
2EI C 1.5EI 10 mm
3m 3m
C EI∆ C C
B ∆C ∆C 6(1.5 EI ) ∆ C
4 EI∆ C = EI∆ C
2
3 6 kN/m A 3
6( 2 EI )∆ C 4 EI∆ C
= 6(32 )
3 2
3 4.5 = 4.5
C A 12
100 C
2(2 EI ) 4 EI 6(1.5 × 200 × 50)(0.01)
M BC = θC − ∆C − − − (1) 0.01 m
3 3 32
4(2 EI ) 4 EI A = 100 kN • m
M CB = θC − ∆C − − − (2)
3 3
4(1.5 EI ) 2(1.5EI )
M CA = θC + θ A + EI∆ C + 4.5 + 100 − −(3)
3 3
12
2(1.5 EI ) 4(1.5 EI )
M AC = θC + θ A + EI∆ C − 4.5 + 100 − −(4)
3 3
2(3) − (4) 3(1.5 EI ) EI 3(4.5) 100 12
: M CA = θ C + ∆C + + + − − − (3a) 57
2 3 2 2 2 2
12 kN•m
6 kN/m
B
A
2EI C 1.5EI 10 mm
3m 3m
• Equilibrium equation: 18 kN
12 kN•m
6 kN/m
MBC MCB MCA
B C C A
Ay
By M BC + M CB M + 12 + 18(1.5) M CA + 39
(C y ) CB = −( ) (C y ) CA = CA =
3 3 3
MCB MCA
ΣM C = 0 : M CB + M CA = 0 − − − (1*)
ΣC y = 0 : (C y ) CB + (C y ) CA = 0 − − − (2*)
C
(Cy)CB (Cy)CA
Substitute in (1*) 4.167 EIθ C − 0.8333EI∆ C = −62.15 − − − (5)

Substitute in ( 2*) − 2.5 EIθ C + 3.167 EI∆ C = −101.75 − − − (6)
From (5) and (6) θ C = −25.51 / EI = −0.00255 rad ∆ C = −52.27 / EI = −5.227 mm 58
12 kN•m
6 kN/m
B
A
2EI C 1.5EI 10 mm
3m 3m
• Solve equation
− 25.51 Substitute θC and ∆C in (1), (2) and (3a)
θC = = −0.00255 rad
EI
− 52.27 M BC = 35.68 kN • m
∆C = = −5.227 mm
EI M CB = 1.67 kN • m
Substitute θC and ∆C in (4) M CA = −1.67 kN • m
− 2.86
θA = = −0.000286 rad
EI
12 kN•m
6 kN/m
35.68 kN•m B
A
2EI C 1.5EI 18(4.5) − 12 − 35.68
B y = 18 − 5.55 Ay =
3m 3m 6
= 12.45 kN = 5.55 kN
59
12 kN•m
6 kN/m
35.68 kN•m B
A
2EI C 1.5EI 10 mm
12.45 kN 5.55 kN
3m 3m
V (kN) 12.45 0.925 m

θ C = −0.00255 rad +
x (m)
∆ C = −5.227 mm
-5.55
θ A = −0.000286 rad
M (kN•m) 14.57 12
1.67 +
x (m)
-
-35.68
Deflected shape ∆ C = 5.227 mm
x (m)
θ C = 0.00255 rad
θ A = 0.000286 rad
60
Example of Frame: No Sidesway
61
Example 6
For the frame shown, use the slope-deflection method to

(a) Determine the end moments of each member and reactions at supports
(b) Draw the quantitative bending moment diagram, and also draw the
qualitative deflected shape of the entire frame.
10 kN 12 kN/m
C
B 2EI
3m
3EI
40 kN
3m
A
1m 6m
62
10 kN 36/2 = 18 12 kN/m
• Equilibrium equations
C
10
B 36 2EI 2
3m PL/8 = 30 (wL /12 ) =36 MBC
3EI
40 kN MBA
3m
A PL/8 = 30 10 − M BA − M BC = 0 − − − (1*)
1m 6m Substitute (2) and (3) in (1*)
10 − 3EIθ B + 30 − 54 = 0
• Slope-Deflection Equations
− 14 − 4.667
2(3EI ) θB = =
M AB = θ B + 30 − − − (1) (3EI ) EI
6
− 4.667
4(3EI ) Substitute θ B = in (1) to (3)
M BA = θ B − 30 − − − (2) EI
6
M AB = 25.33 kN • m
3( 2 EI )
M BC = θ B + 36 + 18 − − − (3) M BA = −39.33 kN • m
6
M BC = 49.33 kN • m
63
10 kN 12 kN/m 20.58
C
10 -39.3
B 49.33 2EI -49.33
3m 39.33
3EI MAB = 25.33 kN•m 27.7
40 kN
3m MBA = -39.33 kN•m

A 25.33 -25.33
MBC = 49.33 kN•m
1m 6m Bending moment diagram
12 kN/m
θB
B C
49.33
θB = -4.667/EI
θB
B 39.33 27.78 kN
40 kN
A 17.67 kN
Deflected curve
25.33 64
Example 7
Draw the quantitative shear, bending moment diagrams and qualitative

deflected curve for the frame shown. E = 200 GPa.
25 kN
5 kN/m
B E
240(106) mm4 C 180(106)
5m
120(106) mm4 60(106) mm4
A D
3m 3m 4m
65
25 kN
5 kN/m
PL/8 = 18.75 18.75
B E
240(106) mm4 C 180(106)
6.667+ 3.333 (wL2/12 ) = 6.667
5m
120(106) mm4 60(106) mm4
A D
3m 3m 4m
0
4(2 EI ) 2(2 EI )
M AB = θA + θB
5 5 M BA + M BC = 0
0
2(2 EI ) 4(2 EI )
M BA = θA + θB 8 16 8
5 5 ( + ) EIθ B + ( ) EIθ C = −18.75 − − − (1)
5 6 6
4( 4 EI ) 2(4 EI )
M BC = θB + θ C + 18.75
6 6 M CB + M CD + M CE = 0
2(4 EI ) 4(4 EI ) 8 16 3 9
M CB = θB + θ C − 18.75 ( ) EIθ B + ( + + ) EIθ C = 8.75 − − − (2)
6 6 6 6 5 4
3( EI )
M CD = θC − 5.29 2.86
5 From (1) and (2) : θ B = θC =
EI EI
3(3EI )
M CE = θ C + 10 66
4
Substitute θB = -1.11/EI, θc = -20.59/EI below
4(2 EI ) 0 2(2 EI ) MAB = −4.23 kN•m

M AB = θA + θB
5 5
0
2(2 EI ) 4(2 EI ) MBA = −8.46 kN•m
M BA = θA + θB
5 5
4( 4 EI ) 2(4 EI ) MBC = 8.46 kN•m
M BC = θB + θ C + 18.75
6 6
2(4 EI ) 4(4 EI ) MCB = −18.18 kN•m
M CB = θB + θ C − 18.75
6 6
3( EI ) MCD = 1.72 kN•m
M CD = θC
5
3(3EI ) MCE = 16.44 kN•m
M CE = θ C + 10
4
67
MAB = -4.23 kN•m, MBA = -8.46 kN•m, MBC = 8.46 kN•m, MCB = -18.18 kN•m,
MCD = 1.72 kN•m, MCE = 16.44 kN•m
20 kN
25 kN
16.44 kN•m
2.54 kN B 3m 3m C 2.54 kN 2.54-0.34 C E 2.2 kN
8.46 kN•m =2.2 kN

18.18 kN•m
(25(3)+8.46-18.18)/6 14.12 kN (20(2)+16.44)/4 5.89 kN
= 10.88 kN = 14.11 kN
10.88 kN 14.12+14.11=28.23 kN
8.46 kN•m 1.72 kN•m
B B (1.72)/5 = 0.34 kN
(8.46 + 4.23)/5
= 2.54 kN
5m 5m
A 2.54 kN A 0.34 kN
4.23 kN•m
10.88 kN 28.23 kN
68
24.18
14.11 1.29 m 2.33 m
10.88
1.18 m +
+ 0.78 m 3.46
+
1.72 +
-2.54 -
2.82 m -8.46 -
- -
-5.89 -8.46 - 1.18 m
- -14.12 -16.44
+
-18.18
1.67m
-2.54 0.34 + Moment diagram
4.23
Shear diagram
1.29 m 2.33 m
0.78 m
θB = −5.29/EI 1.18 m
θC = 2.86/EI
1.67m
Deflected curve 69
Example of Frames: Sidesway
70
Example 8
Determine the moments at each joint of the frame and draw the quantitative
bending moment diagrams and qualitative deflected curve . The joints at A and
D are fixed and joint C is assumed pin-connected. EI is constant for each member
3m
B C
1m
10 kN
3m
A D
71
• Overview
C • Unknowns
B
1m
10 kN θB and ∆
• Boundary Conditions
3m
MDC θA = θD = 0
MAB
A Ax D D
x • Equilibrium Conditions
3m
- Joint B
Ay Dy
B
MBA MBC
ΣM B = 0 : M BA + M BC = 0 − − − (1*)
- Entire Frame
+
→ ΣFx = 0 : 10 − Ax − Dx = 0 − − − (2*)
72
∆ ∆ MAB
(0.375EI∆)∆
B C
1m B C
10 kN (0.375EI∆)∆ 10 kN
(5.625)load
4m 4m
3m
(1.875)load (1/2)(0.375EI∆)∆
(0.375EI∆)∆ A D
A D Ax Dx
(0.375EI∆)∆
3m
• Slope-Deflection Equations MBA MDC

5.625 0.375EI∆
2( EI ) 10(3)(1 ) 6 EI∆
2
+ ΣM B = 0 :
M AB = θB + + 2 − − − (1)
4 42 4 ( M AB + M BA )
5.625 0.375EI∆ Ax =
4( EI ) 10(3 )(1) 6 EI∆
2 4
M BA = θB − + 2 − − − (2) Ax = 0.375EIθ B + 0.1875EI∆ + 1.563 − − − (5)
4 42 4
3( EI )
M BC = θB − − − (3)
3 + ΣM C = 0 :
1 M DC
M DC = 0.375EI∆ − 0.375EI∆ = 0.1875EI∆ − − − (4) Dx = = 0.0468EI∆ − − − (6)
2 4 73
Equilibrium Conditions: • Solve equation
M BA + M BC = 0 − − − (1*) Substitute (2) and (3) in (1*)

10 − Ax − Dx = 0 − − − (2*)
2EI θB + 0.375EI ∆ = 5.625 ----(7)
Slope-Deflection Equations: Substitute (5) and (6) in (2*)
2( EI )
M AB = θ B + 5.625 + 0.375EI∆ − − − (1) − 0.375EIθ B − 0.235EI∆ = −8.437 − − − (8)
4
4( EI )
M BA = θ B − 5.625 + 0.375EI∆ − − − (2) From (7) and (8) can solve;
4
3( EI ) − 5.6 44.8
M BC = θ B − − − (3) θ B = ∆ =
3 EI EI
M DC = 0.1875EI∆ − − − (4) − 5.6 44.8

Substituteθ B = and ∆ = in (1)to (6)
EI EI
Horizontal reaction at supports: MAB = 15.88 kN•m

Ax = 0.375EIθ B + 0.1875EI∆ + 1.563 − − − (5) MBA = 5.6 kN•m
MBC = -5.6 kN•m
Dx = 0.0468EI∆ − − − (6) MDC = 8.42 kN•m
Ax = 7.9 kN
Dx = 2.1 kN
74
B C
1m MAB = 15.88 kN•m, MBA = 5.6 kN•m,
10 kN
5.6 MBC = -5.6 kN•m, MDC = 8.42 kN•m,
Ax = 7.9 kN, Dx = 2.1 kN,
3m
15.88 8.42
A 7.9 kN D 2.1 kN
3m
5.6 ∆ = 44.8/EI ∆ = 44.8/EI

5.6 C C
B B
7.8 θB = -5.6/EI
A 15.88 D A D
8.42
Bending moment diagram Deflected curve 75
Example 9
From the frame shown use the slope-deflection method to:

(a) Determine the end moments of each member and reactions at supports
(b) Draw the quantitative bending moment diagram, and also draw the
qualitative deflected shape of the entire frame.
B C pin
2 EI
10 kN
EI 2.5 EI 4m
2m
A D
4m 3m
76
• Overview
C´
B ∆ 2EI ∆ CD • Unknowns
∆BC
B´ C ∆ θB and ∆
10 kN
EI 2.5EI 4m • Boundary Conditions
2m MDC
MAB
A Ax Dx θA = θD = 0
D
Ay Dy
4m 3m • Equilibrium Conditions
- Joint B
B
MBA MBC
ΣM B = 0 : M BA + M BC = 0 − − − (1*)
- Entire Frame
+
→ ΣFx = 0 : 10 − Ax − Dx = 0 − − − (2*)
77
• Slope-Deflection Equation
C´
B ∆ ∆ CD = ∆ / cos 36.87° = 1.25 ∆
5 ∆BC
C´
B´ 2EI C ∆ ∆CD
10 kN 36.87° ∆BC = ∆ tan 36.87° = 0.75 ∆
EI 2.5EI 4m 36.87°
2m C ∆
PL/8 = 5 D
A
4m 3m 2( EI )
M AB = θ B + 0.375EI∆ + 5 − − − (1)
0.375EI∆ 4
(6)(2.5EI)(1.25∆)/(5)2 = 0.75EI∆
4( EI )
B C´ M BA = θ B + 0.375EI∆ − 5 − − − (2)
4
∆´ ∆CD= 1.25 ∆
B´ C 3(2 EI )
M BC = θ B − 0.2813EI∆ − − − (3)
4
M DC = 0.375EI∆ − − − (4)
A
D
0.75EI∆ (1/2) 0.75EI∆
6EI∆/(4) 2= 0.375EI∆
C´ (6)(2EI)(0.75∆)/(4) 2 = 0.5625EI∆
0.5625EI∆
B ∆BC= 0.75 ∆
B´ C
(1/2) 0.5625EI∆
78
• Horizontal reactions
B 2 EI pin
C
10 kN
EI 2.5 EI 4m
2m
A D
4m 3m
MBC B C
MBA
MBC
B
MBC 4
10 kN
4
C
A Ax = (MBA+ MAB-20)/4 -----(5)
MAB Dx= (MDC-(3/4)MBC)/4 ---(6)
D
MDC
MBC/4 79
Equilibrium Conditions: • Solve equations

10 − Ax − Dx = 0 − − − (2*)
2.5EIθ B + 0.0938 EI∆ − 5 = 0 − − − (7)
Slope-Deflection Equation: Substitute (5) and (6) in (2*)

2( EI ) 6 EI∆ 0.0938EIθ B + 0.334EI∆ − 5 = 0 − − − (8)
M AB = θB + 5 + 2 − − − (1)
4 4
4( EI ) 6 EI∆ From (7) and (8) can solve;
M BA = θB −5 + 2 − − − (2)
4 4 1.45 − 14.56
3(2 EI ) 3(2 EI )(0.75∆) θ B = ∆ =
M BC = θB − − − − (3) EI EI
2
4 4
1.45 − 14.56
3(2.5EI )(1.25∆) Substituteθ B = and ∆ = in (1)to (6)
M DC = − − − ( 4) EI EI
52
Horizontal reactions at supports: MAB = 15.88 kN•m
( M BA + M AB − 20) MBA = 5.6 kN•m
Ax = − − − (5) MBC = -5.6 kN•m
4
MDC = 8.42 kN•m
3
M DC − M BC Ax = 7.9 kN
Dx = 4 − − − (6) Dx = 2.1 kN
4 80
1.91 MAB = 11.19 kN•m
B 2 EI pin MBA = 1.91 kN•m
1.91
C MBC = -1.91 kN•m
10 kN
4m MDC = 5.46 kN•m
EI 2.5 EI
2m 5.46 Ax = 8.28 kN•m
11.19 kN•m
A 8.27 kN 1.73 Dx = 1.72 kN•m
D
0.478 kN 0.478 kN
4m 3m
∆ ∆
1.91 θB=1.45/EI
B B
1.91 C C
5.35 θB=1.45/EI
5.46
A 11.19 A
D D
Bending-moment diagram Deflected shape
81
Example 10
From the frame shown use the moment distribution method to:
(a) Determine all the reactions at supports, and also
(b) Draw its quantitative shear and bending moment diagrams, and
qualitative deflected curve.
20 kN/m 3m
B pin
C
3EI
3m 2EI
4EI 4m
A
D
82
• Overview
∆ ∆ • Unknowns
B
θB and ∆
20 kN/m C
3EI
3m 2EI 4EI θA = θD = 0
4m
• Equilibrium Conditions
A - Joint B
[FEM]load D B
3m
MBA MBC
ΣM B = 0 : M BA + M BC = 0 − − − (1*)
- Entire Frame
+
→ ΣFx = 0 : 60 − Ax − Dx = 0 − − − (2*)
83
• Slope-Deflection Equation
3m ∆ ∆
B B C
20 kN/m C 6(2EI∆)/(3)
2
3EI = 1.333EI∆ 1.5EI∆

wL2/12 = 15
3m 2EI 4EI
4m
wL2/12 = 15 6(2EI∆)/(3) 2
= 1.333EI∆ 6(4EI∆)/(4) 2
A A = 1.5EI∆
[FEM]load D (1/2)(1.5EI∆)
[FEM]∆
0 D
4(2 EI ) 2(2 EI )
M AB = θA + θ B + 15 + 1.333EI∆ = 1.333EIθ B + 15 + 1.333EI∆ ----------(1)
3 3
0
2( 2 EI ) 4(2 EI )
M BA = θA + θ B − 15 + 1.333EI∆ = 2.667 EIθ B − 15 + 1.333EI∆ ----------(2)
3 3
3(3EI )
M BC = θ B = 3EIθ B ----------(3)
3
0
3( 4 EI )
M DC = θ D + 0.75 EI∆ = 0.75 EI∆ ----------(4)
4
84
• Horizontal reactions
MAB
C
B + ΣM B = 0 :
1.5 m M BA + M AB + 60(1.5)
60 kN Ax =
4m 3
Ax = 1.333EIθ B + 0.889 EI∆ + 30 − − − (5)
1.5 m
A
Ax D Dx + ΣMC = 0:
MDC M DC
MBA Dx = = 0.188EI∆ − − − (6)
4
85
Equilibrium Conditions • Solve equation

60 − Ax − Dx = 0 − − − (2*)
5.667 EIθ B + 1.333EI∆ = 15 − − − (7)
Equation of moment Substitute (5) and (6) in (2*)
M AB = 1.333EIθ B + 15 + 1.333EI∆ − − − (1) − 1.333EIθ B − 1.077 EI∆ = −30 − − − (8)
M BA = 2.667 EIθ B − 15 + 1.333EI∆ − − − (2)

From (7) and (8), solve equations;
− 5.51 34.67
M BC = 3EIθ B − − − (3) θB = ∆=
EI EI
M DC = 0.75 EI∆ − − − ( 4) − 5.51 34.67
Substituteθ B = and ∆ = in (1)to (6)
EI EI
Horizontal reaction at support M AB = 53.87 kN • m
M BA = 16.52 kN • m
Ax = 1.333EIθ B + 0.889 EI∆ + 30 − − − (5) M BC = −16.52 kN • m
M DC = 26.0 kN • m
Dx = 0.188EI∆ − − − (6)
Ax = 53.48 kN
Dx = 6.52 kN 86
B 3m
C
M AB = 53.87 kN • m
20 kN/m 16.52 kN•m
M BA = 16.52 kN • m
3m M BC = −16.52 kN • m
53.87 kN•m 4m M DC = 26.0 kN • m
53.48 kN Ax = 53.48 kN
A 26 kN•m Dx = 6.52 kN
5.55 kN D
6.52 kN
5.55 kN
16.52 ∆ ∆
16.52 C
B C B
53.87
A A
26. Deflected shape
Moment diagram 87
D D
STRAIN
! Deformation
! Strain
! Normal Strain
! Shear Strain
! Cartesian Strain Components
1
Deformation
θ´
C´ B´
C
θ B A´
u(A)
A
Deformed body
Undeformed body
2
Strain • Normal Strain
y y
x x
z z
y y
εy
1 1
x x
1 εx
1
3
• Shear Strain
y y
γ xy
x x
π
2
y
εy
1
γ xy
x
1 εx
4
Example 1
The slender rod shown subjected to an increase of temperature along its axis,
which creates a normal strain in the rod of εz = 40(10-3)z1/2, where z is given in
meters. Determine (a) the displacement of the end B of the rod due to the
temperature increase, and (b) the average normal strain in the rod.
z
dz 200 mm
5
A
(a) the displacement of the end B of the rod due to the
z temperature increase
dz dz ' = [40(10 −3 ) z1/ 2 ]dz

200 mm
0.2 m
∆B = ∫ [40(10 −3 ) z1/ 2 ]dz
0
2−3
0.2 m
B = 40(10 )( z 3 / 2 ) = 0.00239 m ↓
3 0
(b) the average normal strain in the rod.
∆s '− ∆s 2.39 mm
ε avg = = = 0.0119 mm / mm
∆s 200 mm
6
Example 2
A force acting on the grip of the lever arm shown causes the arm to rotate
clockwise through an angle of θ = 0.002 rad. Determine the average normal
strain developed in the wire BC.
C
B
2L
L
7
2L Lsin θ
C C B B´
B
2L 2L
L Lcosθ L
θ
A A
• Solution
Since θ is small, the stretch in wire CB, L sin θ ≈ Lθ , is using Eq.2-6. The average normal
strain in the wire is then
CB '−CB Lθ θ 0.002
ε avg = = = = = 0.001
CB 2L 2 2
8
Example 3
The plate is deformed into the dashed shape shown. If in this deformed shape
horizontal lines on the plate remain horizontal and do not change their length,
determine (a) the average normal strain along the side AB, and (b) the average
shear strain in the plate relative to the x and y axes.
3 mm
B
2 mm
250 mm
A C x
300 mm
9
y
(a) the average normal strain along the side AB
3 mm
AB ' = ( 250 − 2 ) 2 + ( 3) 2 = 248 . 018 mm
B
B´ 2 mm AB '− AB 248.018 − 250
(ε AB ) avg = =
AB 250
250 mm
= −7.93(10 −3 ) mm/mm
A
(b) the average shear strain in the plate relative
y to the x and y axes.
3 mm
π
γ xy = −θ '
B B´ 2
2 mm
3
250 mm γ xy = tan −1 ( ) = 0 . 0121 rad
γxy 250 − 2
θ´
A x
C
300 mm
10
Example 4
The plate shown is held in the rigid horizontal guides at its top and bottom, AD
and BC. If its right side CD is given a uniform horizontal displacement of 2 mm,
determine (a) the average normal strain along the diagonal AC, and (b) the shear
strain at E relative to the x, y axes.
y x
D
A
150 mm
E
B C
150 mm 2 mm
11
y x
76 mm 76 mm
D
A D´
A
75 mm
150 mm θ´
E
E´
75 mm
B C C´
B
150 mm 2 mm
(a) the average normal strain along the diagonal AC
AC = ( 0 . 150 ) 2 + ( 0 . 150 ) 2 = 0 . 21213 m
AC ' = ( 0 . 150 ) 2 + ( 0 . 152 ) 2 = 0 . 21355 m
AC '− AC 0.21355 − 0.21213

(ε AC ) avg = = = 0.00669 mm/mm
AC 0.21213
12
y x
76 mm 76 mm
D
A D´
A
75 mm
150 mm θ´
E
E´
75 mm
B C C´
B
150 mm 2 mm
(b) the shear strain at E relative to the x, y axes.
θ ' 76
tan( ) =
2 75
π
θ ' = 90 . 759 o = o
( 90 . 759 o ) = 1 . 58404 rad
180
π
γ xy = − 1 . 58404 = −0 . 0132 rad
2
13
STRESS TRANSFORMATION
! Plane-Stress Transformation
! General Equations of Plane-Stress
Transformation
! Principal Stresses and Maximum In-Plane
Shear Stress
! Mohr’s Circle-Plane Stress
1
Plane-Stress Transformation
z
σz
τzy y
τzx
τyz
τxz σy
τyx σy
τxy
σx y
τxy = τyx
General state of stress σx y

x σx x
x
z
σy σy
τxy τyx
σx y Plane stress
(two dimensional view)
Plane stress
x
2
y´
x´
σy´
τxý´
σx´
y´
x´
θ
y
σy τxý´ σy´ τy´x´

σx´
σx σx
τxy = τyx x´ face
σx y τxy τxy
x σx x y´ face
σy
σy
σy 3
Example 1
An axial force of 600 N acts on the steel bar shown. Draw the state of stress
acting on a plane defined by section a-a.
b
a
30o
10 mm
600 N
150 mm
600 N
a
b
4
b
a
30o
10 mm 600 N
y
30 o
30o 600 N x
os
x´
c
150 mm
600
600 N 600 N
600 sin 30o
a
b y´
• Section a-a: Normal and Shear Stresses
300 kPa
P 600 N 400 kPa
σx = = = 400 kPa
A ( 0 . 01 m )( 0 . 15 m )
Pa
3k
600 cos 30o
σ aa = = 300 kPa ⇐
17
0.15
(0.01 m)( m)
cos 30o
600 sin 30o

τ aa = = 173 kPa ⇐
0.15
(0.01 m)( m)
cos 30o
5
• The Stress on plane a-a
a y´
400 (cos 30o)

30o 400 kPa 1 cos 30o
30o σx ´ 30o
y´ τxý´
a x´
1 sin 30o A=1
400 kPa
400 kPa
173 kPa x´
+ ΣF = 0;
x´
σ x ' (1) − (400 cos 30o ) cos 30o = 0

σx´ = 400 kPa
+ ΣFy´ = 0;
τ x ' y ' (1) − (400 cos 30o ) sin 30o = 0
τxý´ = 173 kPa 6

Example 2
The state of plane stress a point on the surface of the airplane fuselage is
represented on the element oriented as shown. Represent the state of stress at the
point on another element that is oriented 30o clockwise from the position shown.
50 MPa
b
25 MPa
a
80 MPa
30o
b
a
7
• The Stress on plane a-a y
50 MPa y´ A=1
b x´
60o
25 MPa 25 sin 30o
σx´
a
80 sin 30o 30o
80 MPa τxý´ 1 sin 30o
30o 30o
30o
b y´ 25 MPa x´
a 25 cos 30o
4.15 MPa 30o
30o 60o
80 MPa 68.8 MPa 50 cos 30o
25 MPa 1 cos 30o
50 MPa
+ ΣFx´ = 0;
σ x ' (1) − (50 cos 30 o ) cos 30 o + (25 cos 30 o ) sin 30 o + (80 sin 30 o ) sin 30 o + (25 sin 30 o ) cos 30 o = 0
σx´ = -4.15 MPa
+ ΣFy´ = 0;
τ x ' y ' (1) − (50 cos 30 o ) sin 30 o − (25 cos 30 o ) cos 30 o − (80 sin 30 o ) cos 30 o + (25 sin 30 o ) sin 30 o = 0
τxý´ = 68.8 MPa 8

• The Stress on plane b-b 50 sin 30o
50 MPa 30o
b 25 sin 30o 30o y´
25 MPa 25 cos 30o
a
80 cos 30o 30o
80 MPa 1 cos 30o
30o σx´ 30o
30o 50 MPa
b y´ 30o τxý´
a x´
25 MPa 1 sin 30o A=1
80 MPa
25.8 MPa
68.8 MPa x´
+ ΣF = 0;
x´
σ x ' (1) − (50 sin 30o ) sin 30 o − (25 sin 30o ) cos 30 o + (80 cos 30 o ) cos 30 o − ( 25 cos 30 o ) sin 30 o = 0
σx´ = -25.8 MPa
+ ΣFy´ = 0;
τ x ' y ' (1) + (50 sin 30 o ) cos 30 o − (25 sin 30 o ) sin 30 o + (80 cos 30 o ) sin 30 o + (25 cos 30 o ) cos 30 o = 0
τxý´ = - 68.8 MPa 9

• The State of Stress at the point 50 MPa
y´
50 MPa
25 MPa
b
25 MPa
80 MPa 25.8 MPa
a
80 MPa 68.8 MPa x´
30o y´ 25 MPa x´
b a 4.15 MPa
80 MPa 68.8 MPa

25 MPa
50 MPa
4.15 MPa
a 68.8 MPa
b
25.8 MPa
b 10
General Equations of Plane-Stress Transformation
• Sign Conventional
y y y´ y
σy
x´
τyx
τxy θ
σx y y´ x
x σx x´
τxy
τyx
τyx = τxy
σy
x x
Positive Sign Convention
11
• Normal and Shear Stress Components
σy y´ x´
y´ y´
τxy y τxý (1) θ
y x´ σx´(1)
x´ σx cos θ θ
θx σx θ θ x
1 cos θ θ x
A=1
τxy cos θ
1 sin θ τxy sin θ
θ θ
σy sin θ
+ ΣFx´ = 0:
σ x ' (1) − (τ xy sin θ ) cos θ − (σ y sin θ ) sin θ − (τ xy cos θ ) sin θ − (σ x cos θ ) cos θ = 0
σ x ' = σ x cos 2 θ + σ y sin 2 θ + τ xy ( 2 sin θ cos θ )
+ ΣFy´ = 0:
τ x ' y ' (1) + (τ xy sin θ ) sin θ − (σ y sin θ ) cos θ − (τ xy cos θ ) cos θ + (σ x cos θ ) sin θ = 0
τ x ' y ' = (σ y − σ x ) sin θ cos θ + τ xy (cos 2 θ − sin 2 θ )
12
σ x ' = σ x cos 2 θ + σ y sin 2 θ + τ xy (2 sin θ cosθ )
Using the trigonometric identities sin 2θ = 2 sin θ cos θ, cos 2θ = cos2 θ - sin2 θ
1 + cos 2θ 1 − cos 2θ
cos 2 θ = , sin 2 θ =
2 2
1 + cos 2θ 1 − cos 2θ
σ x' = σ x ( ) +σ y( ) + τ xy sin 2θ
2 2
σ x +σ y σ x −σ y
σ x' = ( )+( ) cos 2θ + τ xy sin 2θ
2 2
σ y' = ( )−( ) cos 2θ − τ xy sin 2θ
2 2
13
Similarly,
τ x ' y ' = (σ y − σ x ) sin θ cos θ + τ xy (cos 2 θ − sin 2 θ )
Using the trigonometric identities sin 2θ = 2 sin θ cos θ, cos 2θ = cos2 θ - sin2 θ
1 + cos 2θ 1 − cos 2θ
cos 2 θ = , sin 2 θ =
2 2
σ x −σ y
τ x ' y ' = −( ) sin 2θ + τ xy cos 2θ
2
14
Example 3
The state of plane stress at a point is represented by the element shown.

Determine the state of stress at the point on another element oriented 40o counter
clockwise from the position shown.
90 MPa
60 MPa
y
x 20 MPa
15
90 MPa
σx = -20 MPa
60 MPa σy = +90 MPa
y τxy = +60 MPa
x 20 MPa
θ = +40o
σ x' = + cos 2θ + τ xy sin 2θ
2 2
y´
− 20 + 90 − 20 − 90
σ x' = ( )+( ) cos( 2 ( +40 )) + ( 60 ) sin( 2 ( 40 )
o o
2 2 x´
= 84 . 5 MPa 64.6 MPa
− 20 + 90 − 20 − 90 84.5 MPa
σ y' = ( )+( ) cos( 2( −50 o )) + ( 60 ) sin( 2 ( −50 o ))
2 2 y´ x´
= −14 . 5 MPa
σ x −σ y
τ x ' y ' = −( ) sin 2θ + τ xy cos 2θ 40o
2
− 20 − 90 14.5 MPa
τ x 'y ' = −( ) sin( 2 ( 40 o )) + ( 60 ) cos( 2 ( 40 o ))
2
= 64 . 6 MPa
16
Principle Stresses
dσ x ' σ x +σ y
= −( )(2 sin 2θ ) + τ xy cos 2θ = 0
dθ 2
τ xy
tan 2θ p = −
σ x −σ y
( )
2
σ 1, 2 = ± ( ) 2 + (τ xy ) 2
2 2
17
σ x −σ y
R = ( ) 2 + (τ xy ) 2
σy 2
τ
τ xy
τxy = τyx 2θ P = tan −1
E (σ x − σ y )
σx y y (σy, τxy) 2
x σx
τ max
τ xy
1 (σ2, 0)
2θp O
2
σ
σy
(σ1, 0)
2θs τ max
x (σx, -τx)
F
σ x +σ y
σ avg =
2
σ x −σ y
2
18
Maximum In-Plane Shear Stresses
d τ x 'y ' σ x +σ y
= −( )( 2 cos 2θ ) − τ xy ( 2 sin 2θ ) = 0
dθ 2
σ x −σ y
( )
tan 2θ s = − 2
τ xy
σ x −σ y
τ max = ( ) 2 + (τ xy ) 2
2
σ x +σ y
σ avg =
2
19
σ x −σ y
R = ( ) 2 + (τ xy ) 2
σy 2
τ
τ
τxy = τyx 2θ P = tan −1 xy
E (σavg, τmax) (σ x − σ y )
σx y y (σy, τxy) 2
x σx
τ xy
1 (σavg+R, 0)
2θp O
2
σ
σy
(σavg-R, 0)
2θs
x (σx, -τx)
F (σavg, -τmax)
σ x +σ y
σ avg =
2
σ x −σ y
2
20
τyx
Mohr’s Circle
y
• Sign Conventional
x
τxy
+τ
σy σy
σx σx σx σx
y x −σ x y
+σ
σy σy
−τ τ
xy
x
τyx
y
21
σ x −σ y
R = ( ) 2 + (τ xy ) 2
σy 2
τ
τxy = τyx
E (σavg, τmax)
σx y y (σy, τxy)
x σx
1 (σavg+R, 0)
2 O
σy τ xy σ
(σavg-R, 0) 2θ P = tan −1
(σ x − σ y )
2θs 2
x (σx, -τx)
F (σavg, -τmax)
σ x +σ y
σ avg =
2
σ x −σ y
2
22
• Procedure for Analysis 4) Principle Stress σ1, σ2
σy σ 1, 2 = σ avg ± R
σ1 > σ 2
τxy = τyx
σx y σ x +σ y σ x −σ y
σ 1, 2 = ± ( ) 2 + (τ xy ) 2
x σx 2 2
5) Plane of principle stress θP
τ xy
2θ P = tan −1
σy σ x −σ y
( )
2
1) Face “x” : x(σx, -τxy)
2θ s = 90 o − 2θ P
Face “y” : y(σx, τxy) σ x −σ y
( )
σ x +σ y = tan −1 2
2) σ avg = τ xy
2
3) R : τ max
Note : Self-checked using
σ x −σ y
R= ( ) 2 + (τ xy ) 2 σ x +σ y σ1 + σ 2
2 σ avg = =
2 2 23
• Stress Components on an Arbitrary Plane σ x −σ y
R = ( ) 2 + (τ xy ) 2
2
σy τ
τxy = τyx
E (σave, τmax)
σx y y (σy, τxy)
x σx
1 (σava+R, 0)
O
σy τ xy σ
(σavg-R, 0) 2θ P = tan
−1
2 (σ x − σ y )
2θs 2
x (σx, -τx)
F (σave, -τmax)
σ x +σ y
σ avg =
2
σ x −σ y
2
24
• Principle Stresses and Maximum In-Plane Shear Stress
τ E (σave, τmax)
y (σy, τxy)
2θs σave-R
2θP (σave+R, 0)
2 O (σave ,0) +R
1
σ σ ave
(σave-R, 0) 2θP 2 1
2θs
x (σx, -τx)
F (σave, -τmax)
σy pl ane
in c i ple θp
τxy Pr
y 45o σave
x σx
Maximum τmax
shearing pl θs
a ne E
F σave
25
• Stress Components on an Oriented Plane
τ E (σave, τmax)
y (σy, τxy)
Q (σave + R sin 2β, R cos 2β)
2θs 2β
2θP (σave+R, 0)
2 O (σave ,0)
1
σ
(σavg-R, 0)
2α
(σave - R sin 2β, R cos 2β) P 2β x (σx, -τx)
2β = 2α − 2θs F (σ , - τ )
ave max
σy
τxy
y σave + R sin 2β
x σx
oriented α R cos 2β
α clock
wise Q
from th
e x a xi s σave - R sin 2β
plane P
26
Example 4
The state of plane stress has σx = 40 MPa, σy = 30 MPa, τxy = 20 MPa as shown.
(a) Represent the state of stress at the point in terms of the in-plane principal
stresses.
(b) Represent the state of stress at the point in terms of the maximum in-plane
shear stress
30 MPa
20 MPa
y
x 40 MPa
27
30 MPa σ x +σ y 40 + 30
σ avg = = = 35 MPa
2 2
20 MPa
y σ x −σ y 40 − 30
x = = 5 MPa
40 MPa 2 2
R = 5 2 + 20 2 = 20 . 62 = τ max
σ 1 , 2 = 35 ± 20 . 62 MPa
τ (MPa)
(30, 20) y E (35, 20.62)
20
10 14.38 R 55.62
(35-20.62, 0) O (35, 0) (35+20.62, 0)
0 σ (MPa)
2 1
5
-10
-20 x (40, -20)

(35, -20.62) F
28
τ (MPa) 20
(30, 20) y E (35, 20.62) 2θ = tan −1 ( ) = 76o
5
20
10 14.38 R 55.62
14.38 MPa
(35-20.62, 0) 76 =2θp
o
O (35, 0) (35+20.62, 0)
0 σ (MPa) 55.62 MPa
2 1
5 76o 2
-10 1
90o - 76o = 14o
p l ane
-20 x (40, -20)
h ear i ng
(35, -20.62) F
um s
ax im
30 MPa M (76o)/2 = 38o
20 MPa
y 35 MPa
x 40 MPa
14o/2 = 7o
Principle p
lane E 20.62 MPa
F
35 MPa
29
Example 5
The state of plane stress at a point on a body is shown.

(a) Represent the state of stress at the point in terms of the in-plane principal
stresses.
(b) Represent the state of stress at the point in terms of the maximum in-plane
shear stress
(c) Represent the state of stress at the point that oriented 40o counter-clockwise
from the x axis
90 MPa
60 MPa
y
x 20 MPa
30
90 MPa σ x +σ y − 20 + 90
σ avg = = = 35 MPa
2 2
60 MPa
y σ x −σ y
H x 20 MPa R = (
2
) 2 + (τ xy ) 2
− 20 − 90 2
= ( ) + ( −60 ) 2 = ±81 . 39 MPa
2
τ
E (35, 81.39)
σave - R σave=35 MPa

y (90, 60)
σave + R
(-46.39, 0) (116.4, 0)
O
1
σ
2
R
60
tan −1 ( ) = 47 . 49 o
(-20, -60) x 55
F (35, -81.39)
|(σx - σy)/2| = |(-20-90)/2| = 55 MPa 31

τ τmax = R
E (35, 81.39)
35 MPa y (90, 60)

MPa
3 9 Pa
(-46.39, 0) ( 116.4, 0) 81. 5 M
o
σ 3
2 1
4 7.49 2 θs = 42.51o
2θ P= E F
(-20, -60) x
p l ane
h ear i ng
F(35, -81.39)
um s
ax im Pa
90 MPa M 2 θs = (42.51o)/2 = 21.26o 3 5 M
60 MPa
y 116.4 MPa
x 20 MPa
θP = (47.49o)/2 = 23.75o
Principle p
lane 1
2
46.39 MPa
32
σage - R(cos 52.51) τ σagg τmax = R
E (35, 81.39)
(-14.54, 64.58)Q
35 MPa y (90, 60)
R(sin52.51)
(-46.39, 0) ( 116.4, 0)
σ Pa
2 47.49o 1 M
5 4 Pa
42.51o 180o-80o-47.49o = 52.51o 14. 5 8 M
Pa
(-20, -60) x -R(sin52.51) 64. 5 4 M
80o P (84.54, -64.58) 84.
Q P
F σavg + R(cos52.51)
(35, -81.39)
90 MPa 40o
60 MPa
y
x 20 MPa
33
Example 6
A thin walled cylindrical has an outer diameter of 45 mm and a thickness of 1

mm,has the internal pressure of 3.5 MPa, has compression force of 8500 N and
has torsion 100 N•m. From the state of stress at point H ,
(a) Represent the state of stress at the point of the maximum shearing
stress, and the state of stress at the point of the principle stresses (σ1, σ2).
(b) Represent the state of stress at the point oriented 30o clockwise
from the horizontal axis
T F F T
H
34
σy
τxy
T F F T
H σx
Pr F
σx = +
2t A
( 3 . 5 × 10 6 )( 0 . 0225 ) ( −8500 )
= +
2 ( 0 . 001 ) π ( 0 . 0225 2 − 0 . 0215 2 )
78.75 MPa = +39 . 38 − 61 . 49 = −22 . 11 MPa
33.61 MPa P r ( 3 . 5 × 10 6 )( 0 . 0225 )

σy = = = 78 . 75 MPa
y t 0 . 001
H x 22.11 MPa
Tc (100 )( 0 . 0225 )
τ xy = = = 33 . 61 MPa
J (π / 2 ) ( 0 . 0225 4 − 0 . 0215 4 )
35
78.75 MPa σ x +σ y − 22 . 11 + 78 . 75
σ avg = = = 28 . 32 MPa
2 2
33.61 MPa
y σ x −σ y
R = ( ) 2 + (τ xy ) 2
H x 22.11 MPa 2
− 22 . 12 − 78 . 75 2
= ( ) + ( 33 . 61 ) 2 = ±60 . 61 MPa
2
τ
τmax = R = 60.61 MPa
σavg - R σave=28.32 MPa
y (78.75, 33.61)
σavg + R
-32.29 MPa = σ2
O σ1 = 88.93 MPa
1
σ
2
tan-1 33.61= 33.68o

(-22.11, -33.61) x 50.44
(σx - σy)/2= 50.44 MPa 36

τ τmax = R
E (28.32, 60.61)
28.32 MPa y (78.75, 33.61)

MPa
6 1 Pa
(-32.29, 0) ( 88.93, 0) 60. 3 2 M
2 o 1
σ 28.
.68 2 θs =56.32o
2θ P=33 E F
(-22.12, -33.61) x
pl a ne
a ri n g
F(28.32, -60.61)
m s he Pa
x u
im θs = (56.32o)/2 = 28.16o 2 M
78.75 MPa
Ma 28.
3
33.61 MPa
y 88.93 MPa
H x 22.11 MPa
Principle p
lan e
33.68o 1
θP = = 16.84o H´ 2
2
32.29 MPa
37
τ
τmax = R = 60.61 MPa
σavg - R cos 26.32o
28.32 MPa y (78.75, 33.61)
(-26.01, 26.87) G
R sin 26.32o
60o σavg σ
- R cos 26.32o
33.68o
(-22.12, -33.61) x H (82.65, -26.87)
-R sin 26.32o
78.75 MPa
33.61 MPa
y
H x 22.11 MPa 82.65 MPa
30o
H
G 26.01
MPa
26.87 MPa 38
Example 7a
A single horizontal force P of magnitude 500 N is applied to end D of lever ABD.

Knowing that portion AB of the lever has a diameter of 28 mm, determine (a) the
normal and shearing stresses on an element located at point H and having sides
parallel to the x and y axes, (b) Represent the state of stress at the point of the
maximum shearing stress, and the state of stress at the point of the principle
stresses (σ1, σ2) at point H, (c) Represent the state of stress at point H oriented
15o outer clockwise from the horizontal axis
y
B 500 mm
300 mm
D
28 mm
100 mm H
A P
39
y
y
B 500 mm
300 mm T = (500 N)(0.5 m) P = 500 N
D = 250 N•m
28 mm
100 mm H
P = 500 N H
A Mx = (500 N)(0.3 m)
= 150 N•m
z x
x
(a) the normal and shearing stresses on an element located at point H
σy = 69.6 MPa σx = 0
τxy = 58 MPa Mc (150 N • m )( 0 . 014 m )

σy =+ = = 69 . 6 MPa
y I π
( )( 0 . 014 m) 4
H x σx = 0 4
Tc ( 250 N • m )( 0 . 014 m )
τ xy = + = = 58 . 0 MPa
J π
( )( 0 . 014 m ) 4
2
40
(b)
σy = 69.6 MPa σ x +σ y 0 + 69 . 6
σ avg = = = 34 . 8 MPa
τxy = 58 MPa 2 2
y σ x −σ y 2
R = ( ) 2 + τ xy = ( 34 . 8) 2 + 58 2 = ±67 . 64 MPa
H x σx = 0 2
τmax = R
τ
(34.8, 67.64)
y (69.6, 58)
(34.8, 0) θ = tan −1 58 = 59.04o

O 34.8
1
σ
(-32.84, 0) 2
(102.4, 0)
34.8 - 67.64
34.8 + 67.64
(0, -58) x
34.8
41
τ
E(34.8, 67.64)
y (69.6, 58)
O 59.04o
1
σ 34.8 MPa
(-32.84, 0) 2
59.04o (102.44, 0)
67.64 MPa
30.96o
(0, -58) x E F
a n e H´ 34.8 MPa
σy = 69.6 MPa F(34.8, -67.64)
a r in g pl
s he
τxy = 58 MPa Maxi mum 30.96
θs = = 15.5o
y 2
H x
59.04
Prin θP = − = −29.5o
c iple 2
102.4 MPa
plan
e
H´1
2
32.84 MPa
42
τ
(c)
E(34.8, 67.64)
y (69.6, 58) 67.64sin29.04o
H(93.94, 32.83)
29.04o 59.04o 34.8 + 67.64cos29.04o
O
1
σ
(-32.84, 0) 2
30o (102.4, 0)
(-24.34, -32.83)G
(0, -58) x
34.8 - 67.64cos29.04o
F(34.8, -67.64)
σy = 69.6 MPa
τxy = 58 MPa
y
H x
93.94 MPa
15o
32.83 MPa
H
H´ G 24.34
MPa
43
Example 7b
From the figure below, knowing that portion AB of the lever has a diameter of 28
mm, determine (a) the normal and shearing stresses on an element located at
point H and having sides parallel to the x and y axes, (b) Represent the state of
stress at the point of the maximum shearing stress, and the state of stress at the
point of the principle stresses (σ1, σ2) at point H, (c) Represent the state of stress
at point H oriented 15o outer clockwise from the horizontal axis
y
y
B 500 mm
300 mm
D H
28 mm
100 mm H 8.31 kN
A 0.5 kN
18.72 kN
z x
44
y
y
B T = (0.50 kN)(0.5 m)
500 mm = 0.25 kN•m
300 mm
D 18.72 kN
8.31 kN
28 mm 0.50 kN
100 mm H 8.31 kN
A 0.5 kN
18.72 kN H
Mz = +8.31(0.3) + 18.72(0.5) Mx = (0.5 kN)(0.3 m)
= 11.85 kN•m = 0.15 kN•m
x +σy
z x
(a) the normal and shearing stresses on an element located at point H +τxy
σx = 0 y
σy = 100 MPa H xx
Mx c P +σx
τxy = 40 MPa σy = +
I A
y ( 0 . 15 kN • m )( 0 . 014 m ) 18 . 72 kN
H x σx = 0 =
π
+
π ( 0 . 014 m ) 2
= 100 MPa
( )( 0 . 014 m ) 4
4
Tc 4V ( 0 . 250 kN • m )( 0 . 014 m ) 4 ( 8 . 31 kN)
τ xy = + = − = 40 MPa
J 3A π 4 3 ( π ( 0 . 014 2
))
( )( 0 . 014 m )
2 45
(b)
σy = 100 MPa σ x +σ y 0 + 100

σ avg = = = 50 MPa
τxy = 40 MPa 2 2
y σ x −σ y 2
R = ( ) 2 + τ xy = (50 ) 2 + 40 2 = ±64 MPa
H x σx = 0 2
τmax = R
τ (50, 64)
y (100, 40)
40
50 - 64 θ = tan −1 = 38.7 o
(50, 0)O 50
2 1
σ
(-14, 0)
(114, 0)
(0, -40) x 50 + 64
50 46
τ
E(50, 64)
50 MPa
y (100, 40) 64 MPa
38.7 o E F 50 MPa
O
1
σ H
(-14, 0) 2
38.7o (114, 0)
(0, -40) x
51.3o 51.3
θs = = 25.7 o
F(50, -64) 2
σy = 100 MPa
la n e
i ng p
τxy = 40 MPa hea r
um s
y
Ma xim
H x
Princi θ = −
38.7
= −19.35 o
114 MPa
ple pla 2
P
ne
1
H´ 2 14 MPa
47
τ
y (100, 40)
50 - 64cos8.7o 64 50 + 64cos8.7o
=
8.7o R 38.7 o H(113.3, 9.68)
σ 64sin8.7o
(-13.26, -9.68)G O (50, 0)
30o
(0, -40) x
σy = 100 MPa
τxy = 40 MPa
y
H x
113.3 MPa
15o
9.68 MPa
H
H´ G 13.26
MPa
48
STRESS
! Stress
! Average Normal Stress in an Axially Loaded
Bar
! Average Shear Stress
! Allowable Stress
! Design of Simple Connections
1
Equilibrium of a Deformable Body
• Body Force
w
FR
w(s) C
A
.
Ax D s
Ay
Dy
• Support Reaction
2
Table 1 Supports for Coplanar Structures
Type of Idealized
Connection Symbol

θ θ θ
force that acts in the direction of
Light cable the cable or link.
(2)
One unknown. The reaction is a
the surface at the point of contact.
F
Rollers and rockers

Smooth surface F the surface at the point of contact.
3
Type of Idealized
Connection Symbol
(4) Fy
Fx Two unknowns. The reactions
are two force components.
Smooth pin or hinge
(5) Fy
Two unknowns. The reactions
Fx
are a force and moment.
Internal pin
(6)
Fy Three unknowns. The reactions
M
Fx are the moment and the two force
components.
Fixed support
4
• Equation of Equilibrium
ΣF=0
Σ MO = 0
Σ Fx = 0 Σ Fy = 0 Σ Fz = 0
Σ Mx = 0 Σ My = 0 Σ Mz = 0
5
• Internal Resultant Loadings
F2 section
F3
F1 F4
y
F2 F3
MO V
N MO N
x
V
F1 F4
6
Example 1
Determine the resultant internal loadings acting on the cross section at C of the
beam shown.
270 N/m
A B
C
3m 6m
7
• Support Reactions
(1/2)(9)(270) = 1215 N
270 N/m
A
MA = 3645 N•m B
C
3m 6m
Ay = 1215 N 540 N
• Internal Loading 180 N/m
540 N = VC
-540(2) = -1080 N•m = MC B
135 N 540 N C
0 = NC 2m 4m
270 N/m
90 N/m
180 N/m
MA = 3645 N•m 0
1080 N•m
A C
3m 540 N
Ay = 1215 N
8
• Shear and bending moment diagram
(1/2)(9)(270) = 1215 N
270 N/m
3645 N•m A
B
C
3m 6m
1215 N
V (N) 1215
540
+
M (N•m)
-
1080
3645 b
flanges web
C h
tw 540 N
1080 N•m
540 N
Side View Front View 9
Example 2
Determine the resultant internal loadings acting on the cross section at C of the
machine shaft shown. The shaft is supported by bearings at A and B, which exert
only vertical forces on the shaft.
225 N
800 N/m
A B
C D
200 mm 100 mm 100 mm
50 mm 50 mm
10
• Support Reactions (800 N/m)(0.15 m) = 120 N/m 225 N
A B
Ax
D
0.275 m 0.125 0.1 m
Ay By
+ Σ MA = 0: -(120)(0.275) + By(0.4) - (225)(0.5) = 0, By = 363.75 N

+ Σ Fx = 0: Ax = 0 Ax = 0,
+ Σ Fy = 0: Ay - 120 +363.75 - 225 = 0 Ay = -18.75 N,
• Internal Loading
+ ΣF = 0: NC = 0
x
800(0.05) = 40 N
MC + ΣFy = 0:
A -18.75 - 40 - VC = 0,
NC
VC = -58.75 N
C
0.2 m VC + ΣMA = 0:
18.75(0.25) + 40(0.025) + MC = 0
18.75 N 0.025 m MC = -5.69 N•m 11
800(0.05) = 40 N
MC = -5.69 N•m
A
NC = 0
C
0.2 m VC = -58.75 N
18.75 N 0.025 m
800(0.05) = 40 N
5.69 N•m
A
0
C
0.2 m 58.75 N
18.75 N 0.025 m
12
Example 3
The hoist consists of the beam AB and attached pulleys, the cable, and the motor.
Determine the resultant internal loadings acting on the cross section at C if the
motor is lifting the 2 kN load W with constant velocity. Neglect the weight of the
pulleys and beam.
1m 2m 0.5 m
0.15 m
B
0.15 m D
A C
13
1m 2m 0.5 m
0.15 m
B
0.15 m D
A C
W = 2 kN
1m TC = 2 kN + Σ F = 0:
0.15 m x
2 + NC = 0
NC NC = -2 kN
C MC
A VC
+ Σ Fy = 0:
-2 - VC = 0,
VC = -2 kN
+ Σ MC = 0:
W = 2 kN
MC - 2(0.15) + 2(1.15) = 0
MC = -2 kN•m
14
Example 4
Determine the resultant internal loadings acting on the cross section at G of the
wooden beam shown . Assume the joints at A, B, C, D, and E are pin-connected.
B C
6.5 kN
1m
G E
A
D
4 kN/m
0.6 m 0.6 m 2m
15
• Support Reactions Two - force
B C FBC
6.5 kN
Ey 1m
G E Ex
A
D
4 kN/m (1/2)(2)(4) = 4 kN
0.6 m 0.6 m 2/3 m (2/3)(2) = 4/3 m
+ Σ ME = 0: 4(4/3) + 6.5(3.2) - FBC(1) = 0, FBC = 26.1 kN
+ Σ F = 0: 26.13 + Ex = 0 Ex = -26.1 kN,

x
+ Σ Fy = 0: -6.5 - 4 + Ey = 0 Ey = 10.5 kN
16
• Internal loadings acting on the cross section at G
B
FBC = 26.13 kN
34.02 kN = FBA 50.19o Joint B

FBD = -21.78 kN
6.5 kN FAB = 34.02 kN + ΣFx = 0:
39.81o -FBA sin50.19o + 26.13 = 0
MC
A NC FBA = 34.0 kN, (T)
G
0.6 m VC + ΣFy = 0:
-FBA cos50.19o -FBD = 0
FBD = -21.8 kN, (C)
Member AG
+ ΣMG = 0: MG -34.02 sin39.81o(0.6) + 6.5(0.6) = 0 MG = 9.17 kN•m
+ ΣF = 0: 34.02 cos39.81o + NG = 0 NG = -26.1 kN

x
+ ΣFy = 0: -6.5 + 34.02 sin39.81o - VG = 0 VG = 15.3 kN

17
Example 5
Determine the resultant internal loadings acting on the cross section at B of the
pipe shown. The pipe has a mass of 2 kg/m and is subjected to both a vertical
force of 50 N and a couple moment of 70 N•m at its end A. It is fixed to the wall
at C.
z
C 0.75 m
B 0.5 m
x
50 N
D
y
1.25 m
70 N•m A
18
• Free-Body Diagram
z
(MB)z
(FB)z
(MB)y (FB)y WBD= 9.81 N WBD = (2 kg/m)(0.5 m)(9.81 N/kg)
(FB)x B 0.25 m
(MB)x = 9.81 N
WAD D
x 50 N WAD = (2 kg/m)(1.25 m)(9.81 N/kg)
0.625 m y = 24.52 N
70 N•m A 0.625 m
• Equilibrium of Equilibrium
Σ Fx = 0: (FB)x = 0
Σ Fy = 0: (FB)y = 0
Σ Fz = 0: (FB)z - 9.81 -24.525 -50 = 0, (FB)z = 84.3 N
Σ (MB)x = 0: (MB)x + 70 - 50(0.5) - 24.525(0.5) - 9.81(0.25) = 0, (MB)x = -30.3 N•m
Σ (MB)y = 0: (MB)y + 24.525(0.625) + 50(1.25) = 0, (MB)y = -77.8 N•m
Σ (MB)x = 0: (MB)z = 0
19
• Free-Body Diagram
(FB)x = 0 (MB)x = -30.3 N•m
(FB)y = 0 (MB)y = -77.8 N•m

(FB)z = 84.3 N (MB)z = 0
77.8 N•m 84.3 N

9.81 N
B 0.25 m
30.3 N•m
24.5 N D
x 50 N
0.625 m y
70 N•m A 0.625 m
20
Stress
z
+z Face
+y Face
+x Face
x
21
z
σz
By compatibility,
τzy σx = σ'x
τzx σ'x -x Face σy = σ'y
τ'xy τyz σz = σ’z
τ'yx τ'xz τxy = τ'xy
σ'y τxz σy
τxy τyx τyx = τ'yx
τ'yz
y τzx = τ’xz
σx
-y Face τ'zy
τ'zx
σ'x∆y∆z
τ'xy∆y∆z
σ'z
-z Face τ'yx∆x∆z y
x σ'y∆x∆z
Top View σy∆x∆z
τyx∆x∆z
τxy∆y∆z
σx∆y∆z
x 22
σ'x∆y∆z
τ'xy∆y∆z
O
τ'yx∆x∆z y
σ'y∆x∆z O´ σy∆x∆z
τyx∆x∆z
τxy∆y∆z
σx∆y∆z
x
+ ΣF = 0: - σ'y∆x∆z + σy∆x∆z = 0
y
σ'y = σy
+ ΣF = 0: σx∆y∆z - σ'x∆y∆z = 0
x
σx = σ'x
+ ΣMO´ = 0: (τxy∆y∆z)(∆x) - (τyx∆x∆z)(∆y) = 0
τxy = τyx
23
z z
σz∆x∆y τ ∆x∆y σz∆x∆y
τzx∆x∆y zy
∆z τyz∆x∆z σ'x∆y∆z
τxz∆y∆z σy∆x∆z σ'y∆x∆z σy∆x∆z
τyx∆x∆z
τxy∆y∆z y σx∆y∆z y
σx∆y∆z ∆x
∆y x σ'z∆x∆y
x
z z z
τ'xy∆y∆z
τzy∆x∆y τzx∆x∆y
τ'yz∆x∆z τ'yx∆x∆z
τyz∆x∆z τyx∆x∆z
τ'xz∆y∆z
y y τxz∆y∆z y
x τ'zy∆x∆y x τxy∆y∆z τ'zx∆x∆y

x
24
Average Normal Stress in an Axially Loaded Bar
• Assumptions
The material must be
- Homogeneous material
- Isotropic material
P
Internal force
Cross-sectional area
External force
P P
25
z
P
P
∆F = σ∆A
σ σ σ
σ x y
x y
P P
+ ↑ FRz = ΣFz ; ∫ dF = ∫ σdA

A
P = σA
P
σ=
A
26
Example 6
The bar shown has a constant width of 35 mm and a thickness of 10 mm.

Determine the maximum average normal stress in the bar when it is subjected to
the loading shown.
A B 9 kN C 4 kN D
12 kN 22 kN
9 kN 4 kN
35 mm
27
A B 9 kN C 4 kN D
12 kN 22 kN
9 kN 4 kN
35 mm
P (kN)
30
22
12
x
10 mm
30 kN
σ
35 mm
PBC 30 kN
σ max = σ BC = = = 85 . 7 MPa
A ( 0 . 035 m )( 0 . 01 m )
28
A B 9 kN C 4 kN D
12 kN 22 kN
9 kN 4 kN
35 mm
σ (MPa)
85.7
62.9
34.3
x
10 mm
30 kN
σ
35 mm
PBC 30 kN
σ max = σ BC = = = 85 . 7 MPa
A ( 0 . 035 m )( 0 . 01 m )
29
Example 7
The 80 kg lamp is supported b two rods AB and BC as shown . If AB has a

diameter of 10 mm and BC has a diameter of 8 mm, determine which rod is
subjected to the greater average normal stress.
A
5 3
4
60o B
30
• Internal Loading • Average Normal Stress C
y
A
FBC
FBA d = 10 mm 5 3
5 3 4
60o B 4 60o B d = 8 mm
x
FBC 395 . 2 N
σ BC = = 2
= 7 . 86 MPa
ABC π ( 0 . 004 m )
80(9.81) = 784.8 N
FBA 632 . 4 N
σ BA = = = 8 . 05 MPa
ABA π ( 0 . 005 m ) 2
+ 4

→ ΣFx = 0; FBC ( ) − FBA cos 60o = 0
5 The average normal stress distribution acting
3 over a cross section of rod AB.
+ ↑ ΣFy = 0; FBC ( ) + FBA sin 60o − 784.8 = 0
5 8.05 MPa
8.05 MPa
FBC = 395.2 N, FBA = 632.4 N
8.05 MPa 632.4 N
31
Example 8
Member AC shown is subjected to a vertical force of 3 kN. Determine the

position x of this force so that the average compressive stress at C is equal to the
average tensile stress in the tie rod AB. The rod has a cross-sectional area of 400
mm2 and the contact area at C is 650 mm2.
B
3 kN
x
A
C
200 mm
32
FAB 3 kN
x
A
C
200 mm
FC
+ ↑ ΣFy = 0; FAB + FC − 3 = 0 − − − −(1)
+ Σ MA = 0: -3(x) + FC(200) = 0 ------(2)
• Average Normal Stress

FAB F
σ= = C
400 650
FC = 1.625 FAB − − − −(3)
Substituting (3) into (1), solving for FAB, the solving for FC, we obtain
FAB = 1.143 kN FC = 1.857 kN
The position of the applied load is determined from (2); x = 124 mm
33
Connections
P
• Simple Shear
A
B C
D
P P
A
A τavg
V V
V
V
τ avg =
A
34
• Single Shear P P
P P
P P P P
Top View Top View

P P
P P
Side View
Side View
P P
V=P V=P
35
• Double Shear P P
P/2 P/2
P/2 P/2
P P P P
Top View Top View

P P
P P
Side View Side View

P P
V = P/2 V = P/2
V = P/2 V = P/2
36
Normal Stress: Compression and Tension Load
• Tension Load P
P
a
b
P´ a
P b
b t
d
P
P
A = bt P P
σ @ a −a = σ @ b −b =
bt A = (b-d)t d (b − d )t
b t
Section a-a t
b
Section b-b
37
• Bearing Stress t
b´
d P P b
b´
t
P/2
P d Abearing = dt
P/2
Bearing Stress
P
σ bearing =
dt
38
P
σ normal =
(b − d )t t
dθ
d b
θ
P
σ bearing =
dt
90° d
+ ΣF = 0: P−∫ σ b ( )t cosθdθ = 0
x −90° 2
d 90°
( )tσ b sin θdθ =P
2 −90°
P
σ bearing =
td sin 90o
P
σ bearing = − − − − −*
td 39
• Axial Force Diagram for Compression Load on Plate
b P d P
Tension
-P -P
Compression
−P
− Normal Stress : σ= , compression
(bd )t
P
− Bearing Stress σ bearing =
dt
40
• Axial Force Diagram for Tension Load on Plate
a
b d P P
Tension
P P
Compression
+P
− Normal Stress : max σ= , tension τ
(b − d )t
P
− Bearing Stress σ bearing = P/2
dt P
P τ P/2
− Shearing Stress τ= t
2at
a 41
• Shearing Stress on pin
Single Shear
P
P
P
P
P P
P P
P
τ=
A
P P
P P
42
Double Shear P
P/2
P
P/2
P/2
P/2
P/2 P/2
P/2
P/2 P /2
τ =
P A
P/2
P/2 P P
P/2
P /2
τ =
A
P/2
P/2 P/2
43
Pure Shear
z
Section plane
τzy
τyz
∆z
y τyz
∆x τzy
∆y
x Pure shear
τzy = τyz
44
Example 9
The bar shown a square cross section for which the depth and thickness are 40
mm. If an axial force of 800 N is applied along the centroidal axis of the bar’s
cross-sectional area, determine the average normal stress and average shear stress
acting on the material along (a) section plane a-a and (b) section plane b-b.
a 20 mm
b
800 N
b
30o 20 mm
a
45
a 20 mm
40 mm b
800 N
b
30o 20 mm
a
(a) section plane a-a
a
800 N N = 800 N
N 800 N
σ = = = 500 kPa
A ( 0 . 04 m )( 0 . 04 m )
τ avg = 0
500 kPa
46
a 20 mm
40 mm b
800 N
b
30o 20 mm
a
(b) section plane b-b
b
V = 800 cos30o = 692.82 N
30o
800 N 800 N
b 30o
N = 800sin30o = 400 N
x
40 mm 40
sin 30 o = ; x = 80 mm
30o x
τavg
N 400 N
σ = = = 125 kPa
σ A ( 0 . 04 m )( 0 . 08 m )
State of Stress @ b-b b
216.51 kPa
V 692 . 82 N
b 125 kPa τ avg = = = 216 . 51 kPa
A ( 0 . 04 m )( 0 . 08 m )
47
Example 10
The wooden strut shown is suspended form a 10 mm diameter steel rod, which is
fastened to the wall. If the strut supports a vertical load of 5 kN, compute the
average shear stress in the rod at the wall and along the two shaded planes of the
strut, one of which is indicated as abcd.
c
b 20 mm
d
40 mm
a
5 kN
48
• Average shear stress in the rod at the wall
c
b V = 5 kN
20 mm 5 kN
V 5 kN
d τ avg = = = 63 . 7 MPa
40 mm A π ( 0 . 005 m ) 2
a
d = 10 mm
5 kN
63.7 MPa
5 kN
• Average shear stress along the two shaded plane
V = 2.5 kN V = 2.5 kN
c
V 2 . 5 kN
b τ avg = = = 3 . 12 MPa
A ( 0 . 04 m )( 0 . 02 m )
d
a 3.12 MPa
5 kN
5 kN
49
Example 11
The inclined member show is subjected to a compressive force of 3 kN.

Determine the average compressive stress along the areas of contact defined by
AB and BC, and the average shear stress along the horizontal plane defined by
EDB.
3 kN
5 4
3
25 mm
50 mm
40 mm
80 mm
50
• The average compressive stress along the areas of contact defined by AB and BC :
3 kN
5 4
3
3 kN
5 4
3
25 mm
50 mm 3 kN
40 mm
80 mm FAB = 3(3/5) = 1.8 kN 5 4
3
FBC= 3(4/5) = 2.4 kN
V = 1.8 kN
FAB 1 . 8 kN
σ AB = = = 1800 kPa = 1 . 8 MPa 1.8 MPa
AAB ( 0 . 025 m )( 0 . 040 m )
FBC 2 . 4 kN
σ BC = = = 1200 kPa = 1 . 2 MPa
ABC ( 0 . 050 m )( 0 . 040 m) 1. 2 MPa
51
• The average shear stress along the horizontal plane defined by EDB :
3 kN
5 4
3
3 kN
5 4
3
25 mm
50 mm
40 mm
80 mm FAB = 3(3/5) = 1.8 kN
FBC= 3(4/5) = 2.4 kN

V = 1.8 kN
V 1 . 8 kN
τ avg = = = 562 . 5 kPa
A ( 0 . 04 m)( 0 . 08 m) 1.8 kN
= 0 . 562 MPa
0.56 MPa
52
Allowable Stress
Pfail σ fail τ fail

F .S = F .S = F .S =
Pallow σ allow τ allow
6. Design of Simple Connections
P V
A= A=
σ allow τ allow
• Cross-Sectional Area of a Tension Member
P P
a τallow
a P
P A=
σ allow
53
• Cross-Sectional Area of a Connector Subjected to Shear
P
P
τallow
P
A=
V=P σ allow
P P
• Required Area to Resist Bearing
(σb)allow
P
A=
(σ b ) allow
54
• Required Area to Resist Shear by Axial Load
Uniform shear stress (τallow)

d
P P
P
l=
τ allowπd
55
Example 12a
The control arm is subjected to the loading shown. (a) Determine the shear stress
for the steel at all pin (b) Determine normal stress in rod AB, plate D and E. The
thickness of plate D and E is 10 mm.
φ = 10 mm
B
A φ = 25 mm D E
φ = 25 mm
50 mm
200 mm
50 mm 25 kN
13 kN
C D E
5
3
pin C φ = 20 mm 13 kN 4 25 kN
75 mm 50 mm
56
B
A FAB
200 mm 200 mm
C
Cx
5 36.87o
3
13 kN 4 25 kN Cy 13 kN
25 kN
75 mm 50 mm 75 mm 50 mm
• Reaction C
+ ΣMC = 0: FAB (0.2) + 13(0.075) − 25 sin 36.87(0.125) = 0
FAB = 4.5 kN , ←
+ ΣF = 0: -4.5 - Cx + 25cos36.87o = 0
x
Cx = 15.5 kN, ←
+ ΣFy = 0: Cy + 13 - 25sin36.87o = 0
Cx Cy = 2 kN, ↑
Cy C C = (15 . 5 ) 2 + ( 2 ) 2 = 15 . 63 kN 57
φ = 35 mm (a) Shear stress
B
A 4.5 kN
200 mm 200 mm
φ = 25 mm
φ = 25 mm
C D E
5
3
pin C φ = 20 mm 13 kN 4 25 kN 15.63 kN 13 kN
25 kN
75 mm 50 mm 75 mm 50 mm
Pin C (Double shear) Pin D and E (Single shear)
15.63 kN VD 13 kN
τD = = 2
= 26 . 48 MPa ⇐
7.815 kN AD (π / 4 )( 0 . 025 )
7.815 kN
VE 25 kN
τE = = 2
= 50 . 93 MPa ⇐
VC 7 . 815 kN AE ( π / 4 )( 0 . 025 )
τC = = = 24 . 88 MPa ⇐
AC ( π / 4 )( 0 . 02 ) 2 58
(b) Normal stress
4.5 kN A
φrod = 10 mm
200 mm
φ = 25 mm D E
φ = 25 mm
D E
50 mm C
50 mm 25 kN 15.63 kN 13 kN
13 kN 25 kN
75 mm 50 mm
Cale AB Plate D
13 kN 13 kN P
σ σD =
A
13 kN
=
σD ( 0 . 05 )( 0 . 01 )
P 4.5 kN
σ AB = = = 56.7 MPa ⇐ 13 kN = 26 MPa ⇐
AAB (π / 4)(0.010) 2 t = 0.01 m
0.05 m 59
4.5 kN A
φrod = 35 mm
200 mm
φ = 25 mm D E
φ = 25 mm
D E
50 mm C
50 mm 25 kN 15.63 kN 13 kN
13 kN 25 kN
75 mm 50 mm
Plate E σE
P
σE =
A
m
25 kN
1
25 kN
0.0
=
50 mm 25 kN (0.05 − 0.025)(0.01)
t=
5m
= 100 MPa ⇐
m
0. 0
25
0. 0
50 mm 25 kN
60
Example 12b
The control arm is subjected to the loading shown. Determine the required
diameter of the steel pin at C if the allowable shear stress for the steel is
τallow = 55 MPa. Note in the figure that the pin is subjected to double shear.
B
A
200 mm
C
5
3
13 kN 4 22 kN
75 mm 50 mm
61
B
A FAB
200 mm 200 mm
C
Cx
5
3
13 kN 4 22 kN Cy 13 kN
22 kN
75 mm 50 mm 75 mm 50 mm
• Internal Shear Force

+ ΣMC = 0: FAB (0.2) − 13(0.075) − 22 sin 36.87(0.125) = 0
FAB = 13.125 kN
+ ΣF = 0: -13.125 - Cx + 22cos36.87o = 0
x
Cx = 4.47 kN
+ ΣFy = 0: Cy - 13 - 22sin36.87o = 0
Cx Cy = 26.2 kN
Cy C C = ( 4 . 47 ) 2 + ( 26 . 2 ) 2 = 26 . 58 kN 62
B
A 13.125 kN
200 mm 200 mm
C
5
3
4 22 kN 26.58 kN 13 kN
13 kN 22 kN
75 mm 50 mm 75 mm 50 mm
• Required Area
V 13 . 29 × 10 3 −6
A= = = 241 . 6 × 10 m 2
= 242 mm 2
26.58 kN τ allow 55 × 10 6
d
π ( ) 2 = 242 mm 2
2
13.29 kN
d = 17.55 mm
13.29 kN
Use d = 20 mm
63
Example 13a
The two members are pinned together at B as shown below. Top views of the pin
connections at A and B are also given. If the pins have an allowable shear stress
of τallow = 86 MPa , the allowable tensile stress of rod CB is (σt)allow = 112 MPa
and the allowable bearing stress is (σb)allow = 150 MPa, determine to the smallest
diameter of pins A and B ,the diameter of rod CB and the thickness of AB
necessary to support the load.
A
Top view C
13 kN 5
3
A 4
B
1m 0.6 m B
64
• Internal Force
Ay 13 kN
FBC
A B 36.87o
Ax
1m 0.6 m
+ Σ MA = 0: − 13(1) + FBC sin 36.87(1.6) = 0
FBC = 13.54 kN
+ Σ Fy = 0: Ay − 13 + 13.54 sin 36.87 = 0
Ay = 4.88 kN
+ Σ F = 0: − Ax + 13.54 cos 36.87 = 0

x
Ax = 10.83 kN
65
• Diameter of the Pins
Ay = 4.88 kN 13 kN
11.88 kN FBC = 13.54 kN
A B 36.87o
Ax = 10.83 kN B
1m 0.6 m
A
Top view
Pin A Pin B
FBC = 13.54 kN
11.88 kN
VA = 5.94 kN
VA = 5.94 kN VB= 13.54 kN
VA 5 . 94 kN VB 13.54 kN
AA = = = 69 . 07 mm 2 AB = = = 157.4 mm 2
τ allow 86 × 10 3 kN / m 2 τ allow 86 × 10 kN / m
3 2
π π
(d A ) 2 = 69 . 07 mm 2 ( d B ) 2 = 157.4 mm 2
4 4
dA = 9.38 mm, Use dA = 10 mm dB = 14.16 mm, Use dB = 15 mm
66
• Diameter of Rod
Ay = 4.88 kN 13 kN
11.88 kN FBC = 13.54 kN
A B 36.87o
Ax = 10.83 kN
1m 0.6 m
13.54 kN
P 13 . 54 kN
ABC = = = 120 . 9 mm 2
13.54 kN (σ t ) allow 112 × 10 kN / m
3 2
π
(d BC ) 2 = 120 . 9 mm 2
4
dBC = 12.4 mm, Use dBC = 15 mm
67
• Thickness
Ay = 4.88 kN 13 kN
11.88 kN FBC = 13.54 kN
A B 36.87o
Ax = 10.83 kN
1m 0.6 m
tAB 20 kN
φB = 15 mm
φA = 10 mm
A B
tAB
P
(σ b ) allow =
A 11.88 kN 13.54 kN P
(σ b ) allow =
11 . 88 × 10 3 A
150 × 10 = 6
( 0 . 010 )t AB A B 13 . 54 × 10 3
150 × 10 =
6
t AB = 0 . 00792 m ( 0 . 015 )t AB
(σb )A (σb )B t AB = 0 . 00602 m
By comparison use t AB = 8 mm
68
Example 13b
The two members are pinned together at B as shown below. Top views of the pin
connections at A and B are also given. If the pins have an allowable shear stress
of τallow = 86 MPa, the allowable tensile stress of rod CB is (σt)allow = 112 MPa
and the allowable bearing stress is (σb)allow = 150 MPa, determine to the
maximum load P that the beam can supported.
A φ = 10 mm
Top view φ = 15 mm C
t = 8 mm
P 5
3
A 4
B
1m 0.6 m B φ = 15 mm
t = 8 mm
69
• Internal Force
Ay P
FBC
A B 36.87o
Ax
1m 0.6 m
+ Σ MA = 0: − P(1) + FBC sin 36.87(1.6) = 0
FBC = 1.042P (T)
+ ↑ ΣFy = 0; Ay − P + 1.042 P sin 36.87 = 0
Ay = 0.375P
+

→ ΣFx = 0; − Ax + 1.042 P cos 36.87 = 0
Ax = 0.834 kN
70
Ay = 0.375P P
0.914P FBC = 1.042P
A B 36.87o
0.834P
1m 0.6 m
B φ = 15 mm
A φ = 10 mm
Top view
Pin A (double shear) Pin B (single shear)
FBC = 1.042P
0.914P
VA = 0.457P
VA = 0.457P VB= 1.042P
VA VB
τ allow = τ allow =
AA AB
0 . 457 P 1 . 042 P
86 × 10 3 kPa = 86 × 10 3 kPa =
( π / 4 )( 0 . 01 ) 2 (π / 4 )( 0 . 015 ) 2
P = 14 . 78 kN P = 14 . 58 kN 71
Ay = 0.375P P
0.914P FBC = 1.042P
A B 36.87o
0.834P
1m 0.6 m φrod = 15 mm
1.042P
Rod AB
P
σ allow =
ABC
1.042P 1 . 042 P
112 × 10 3 kPa =
( π / 4 )( 0 . 015 ) 2
P = 19 kN
72
Ay = 0.375P P
0.914P FBC = 1.042P
A B 36.87o
0.834P
1m 0.6 m
B φ = 15 mm
A φ = 10 mm
t = 10 mm
Top view
t = 10 mm
tAB = 10 mm 20 kN
φB = 15 mm
φA = 10 mm
A B
tAB = 10 mm
P
(σ b ) allow = 0.914P
A FBC = 1.042P P
(σ b ) allow =
0 . 914 P A
150 × 10 6 =
( 0 . 010 )( 0 . 010 ) A B 1 . 042 P
150 × 10 6 =
P = 16 . 41 kN ( 0 . 015 )( 0 . 01 )
(σb )A (σb )B P = 21 . 60 kN
By comparison all P = 14 . 58 kN ⇐
73
Example 14
The suspender rod is supported at its end by a fixed-connected circular disk as

shown. If the rod passes through a 40-mm diameter hole, determine the minimum
required diameter of the rod and the minimum thickness of the disk needed to
support the 20 kN load. The allowable normal stress for the rod is σallow = 60
MPa, and the allowable shear stress for the disk is τallow = 35 MPa.
40 mm t
40 mm
τallow
d
20 kN 20 kN
74
40 mm t
40 mm
τallow
20 kN
20 kN
• Diameter of Rod • Thickness of Disk
P 20 kN V 20 kN
A= = A= =
σ allow 60 × 10 3 kN / m 2 τ allow 35 × 10 3 kN / m 2
π 20 kN 20 kN
A= d 2
= 2π ( 0 . 02 m )t =
4 60 × 10 3 kN / m 2 35 × 10 3 kN / m 2
d = 0.0206 m = 20.6 mm t = 4.55x10-3 m = 4.55 mm
75
Example 15
An axial load on the shaft shown is resisted by the collar at C, which is attached
to the shaft and located on the right side of the bearing at B. Determine the largest
value of P for the two axial forces at E and F so that the stress in the collar does
not exceed an allowable bearing stress at C of (σb)allow = 75 MPa and allowable
shearing stress of the adhesive at C of τallow = 100 MPa , and the average normal
stress in the shaft does not exceed an allowable tensile stress of (σt)allow = 55
MPa.
A B
60 mm 20 mm
2P P
80 mm
F C
E
76
A 60 mm B
20 mm
2P P
3P
80 mm
F C
E
Load
3P
2P
Position
• Axial Stress • Bearing Stress
B
2P P 60 mm
3P 3P 80 mm
C
P P
(σ t ) allow = (σ b ) allow =
A A
3P 3P
55 × 10 kN / m =
3 2 75 × 10 3 kN / m 2 =
π ( 0 . 03 m ) 2 [π ( 0 . 04 m ) 2 − π ( 0 . 03 m ) 2 ]
P2 = 55 kN
P1 = 51.8 kN
77
A 60 mm B
20 mm
2P P
3P
80 mm
F C
E
Load
3P
2P
Position
• Shearing Stress • Axial Stress
B
60 mm P1 = 51.8 kN
3P 80 mm
C • Bearing Stress
20 mm
P P2 = 55 kN
τ allow =
Ashear
• Shearing Stress
3P
100 × 10 3 kN / m 2 = P3 = 55 kN
[ 2π ( 0 . 04 m )(. 020 )]
P3 = 55 kN
The largest load that can be applied to the shaft is P = 51.8 kN. 78
Example 16
The rigid bar AB shown supported by a steel rod AC having a diameter of 20 mm

and an aluminum block having a cross-sectional area of 1800 mm2 . The18-mm-
diameter pins at A and C are subjected to single shear. If the failure stress for the
steel and aluminum is (σst)fail = 680 Mpa and (σal)fail = 70 MPa, respectively, and
the failure shear stress for each pin is τfail = 900 MPa, determine the largest load P
that can be applied to the bar. Apply a factor of safety of F.S = 2.0.
C
Steel P
0.75 m
B
A
Aluminum
2m
79
C
Steel P FAC P
0.75 m
B B
A A
Aluminum 0.75 m 1.25 m
2m FB
+ ΣMB = 0: P(1.25 m) - FAC(2 m) = 0 ---------> FAC = 0.625P
+ ΣMA = 0: P(0.75 m) - FB(2 m) = 0 ----------> FB = 0.375P
• Rod AC • Block B
(σ st ) fail F (σ al ) fail FB
(σ st ) allow = = AC (σ al ) allow = =
F .S AAC F .S AB
680 × 10 3 kPa 0.625 P 70 × 10 3 kPa 0.375 P
= =
2 π(0.01 m) 2 2 1800 × 10 −6 m 2
P1 = 171 kN P2 = 168 kN
80
C
Steel P FAC= 0.625P P
0.75 m
B B
A A
Aluminum 0.75 m 1.25 m
2m FB= 0.375P
• Pin A or C Summary
τ fail
F • Rod AC P1 = 171 kN
τ allow = = AC
F .S Apin
• Block B P2 = 168 kN
900 × 10 kPa3
0.625 P
=
2 π(0.009 m) 2 • Pin A or C P3 = 183 kN
P3 = 183 kN
Largest load P = 168 kN
81
TORSION
! Torsion in a Circular Shaft
! The Torsion Formula
! Stress
! Strain
! Torque Diagram
! Angle of Twist
! Power Transmission
! Statically Indeterminate Torque-Loaded
Members
1
Torsion in a Circular Shaft
φ(x)
x
x
deformed
plane
undeformed
plane
z The angle of twist φ(x) increases as x increases.
2
The Torsion formula
τ ρ
=
τ max c
τ max
τ =ρ
c
τ max
= constant
τmax c
ρ τ
c dA
T
τmax
τ
c
ρ
3
T
τ τ
dF dT = ρ (dF ) = ρ (τdA)
τ τ max
dA dT = ρ [ ρ ( )dA]
ρ c
constant
c τ max
T = ∫( ) ρ 2 dA
c
J
τ max
T =( ) ∫ ρ 2 dA
c
τmax Tc
τ max = ( )
J
τ Tρ
c τ =
ρ J
4
• Solid Shaft
τmax T
dρ c c
1 c
J = ∫ ρ dA = ∫ ρ (2πρdρ ) = 2π ∫ ρ 3 dρ = 2π ( ) ρ 4
2 2
c A 0 0
4 0
ρ
π
J= c4
2
• Tubular Shaft
τmax T
τmin
co π 4 4
J= (co − ci )
ci 2
5
• Stress strain relationship
τ (MPa)
τ
G=
γ
γ (rad)
6
• Equilibrium and compatibility condition
di
TA T1 T2
TB
B C
A D do
LAB LBC LCD
T
TA + T1
TA
TA + T1 - T2 = TB
x
Equilibrium equation:
TA + T1 - T2 - TB = 0
φD/A = φB/A + φC/B + φD/C = 0
7
• Torsion and shear stress diagram
di = 2ci
TA T1 T2
T3
B C D
A do = 2co
LAB LBC LCD
T
TA + T1
TA
+ TA + T1 - T2 = T3
x
(TA )(co )
τ τ AB = (TA + T1 )(co )
(π / 2)(co )
4
τ BC =
(π / 2)(co )
4 (T3 )(co )
τ CD =
(π / 2)(co − ci )
4 4
+
x
8
Angle of twist
T
γmax
cdφ
dφ
Tc
c τ max = ( )
J
dx Tρ
τ =
τ J
cdφ = γ max dx
γ max dx
dφ = τ τ
c G= , γ =
γ G
τ max dx Tcdx
dφ = = γ
Gc JGc
Tdx
dφ =
JG
Tdx TL
φ=∫ φ=
JG JG 9
• Sign Convention
x
x
+φ(x)
+Τ(x)
+φ(x)
+Τ(x)
Positive sign convention

for T and φ
10
• Torsion and angle of twist diagram
di = 2ci
TA T1 T2
T3
B C D
A do = 2co
LAB LBC LCD
T
TA + T1
TA
+ TA + T1 - T2 = T3
x
(TA + T1 )( LBC )
φC / A = φ B / A +
(π / 2)(co )G
4
(TA )( LAB ) (T3 )( LCD )

φB / A = φ D / A = φC / A +
φx/A (π / 2)(co − ci )G
4 4
(π / 2)(co )G
4
11
Example 1
The shaft shown is supported by two bearings and is subjected to three torques.
Determine the shear stress developed at points A and B, located at section a-a of
the shaft.
a
5 kN•m 3 kN•m 2 kN•m
A a B
z
30 mm y
A
B x
10 mm
Section a-a
12
a
5 kN•m 3 kN•m 2 kN•m
0 0
T (kN•m) A a B
z -2
30 mm y
A -5 -5
2 kN•m
B x • Section Property
10 mm π 4 π
J = c = ( 0 . 03 m ) 4 = 1 . 272 (10 −6 ) m 4
Section a-a 47.17 MPa 2 2
A 47.17 MPa • Shear Stress
A
Tc ( 2 × 10 3 N • m )( 0 . 03 m )
τA = = = 47 . 17 MPa
J 1 . 272 (10 −6 ) m 4
B Top view A
15.72 MPa Tρ ( 2 × 10 3 N • m )( 0 . 01 m )
τB = = −6 4
= 15 . 72 MPa
J 1 . 272 (10 ) m
13
Example 2
The pipe shown in has an inner diameter of 30 mm and an outer diameter of 60

mm. If its end is tightened against the support at A using a torque wrench at B,
determine the shear stress developed in the material at the inner and outer walls
along the central portion of the pipe when the 80-N forces are applied to the
wrench.
80 N C di = 30 mm
80 N
B
do = 60 mm
200 mm
300 mm
14
di = 30 mm y
T • Internal Torque
A ∑M x = 0; 80 N (0.5 m) − T = 0
do = 60 mm
80 N z C T = 40 N•m
80 N • Section Property
B
π
J = [( 0 . 03 m ) 4 − ( 0 . 015 m ) 4 ] = 1 . 193 (10 −6 ) m 4
200 mm x 2
300 mm
• Shear Stress
D - For any point lying on the outside surface of the
pipe, ρ = co = 0.03 m
1.006 MPa
Tco 40 N • m(0.03 m)
τo = = = 1.006 MPa
τD = 1.006 MPa J 1.193(10 −6 ) m 4
τE = 0.503 MPa - For any point located on the inside surface,

ρ = ci = 0.015 m
Tc i 40 N • m ( 0 . 015 m )
E τi = = = 0 . 503 MPa
40 N•m Section C J 1 . 193 (10 −6 ) m 4
0.503 MPa 15
Example 3
A solid steel shaft shown in the figure (G = 80 GPa), having an inner diameter of
30 mm and outer diameter of 60 mm. Draw the quantitative torsion, shear stress
and the angle of twist diagram of the shaft.
1.0 m
0.6 m
1200 N•m
C
A
B
di = 30 mm 800 N•m
do = 60 mm
16
1.0 m
0.6 m
1200 N•m
C J = (π/2)(co4 - ci4)
A
B JAB = (π/2)(0.034 )
di = 30 mm 800 N•m = 1.272 (10-6) m4
JBC = (π/2)(0.034 - 0.0154 )
do = 60 mm = 1.193 (10-6) m4
400
T (N•m) 400 x (m)
+
- ( 400 N • m )( 0 . 03 m )
-800 τ AB = = 9 . 43 MPa
(1 . 272 × 10 −6 m 4 )
-800
9.43
τ (MPa) x (m)
+
Tc
τ =
J -
( −800 N • m )( 0 . 03 m )
20.12 τ BC = = −20 . 12 MPa
(1 . 193 × 10 −6 m 4 ) 17
1.0 m
0.6 m
1200 N•m
C J = (π/2)(co4 - ci4)
A
B JAB = (π/2)(0.034 )
di = 30 mm 800 N•m = 1.272 (10-6) m4
JBC = (π/2)(0.034 - 0.0154 )
do = 60 mm = 1.193 (10-6) m4
400
T (N•m) 400 x (m)
+
( 400 )(1 . 0 )
- φB/A =
(1 . 272 × 10 −6 )( 80 × 10 9 )
-800
-800 = 0 . 00393 rad = 0 . 23 o
φ (rad)
TL
0.00393 φ =
JG
x (m) ( −800 )( 0 . 6 )
φC /B = −6
= −0 . 00503 rad = −0 . 29 o
0.00393 - 0.00503 = -0.0011 (1 . 193 × 10 )( 80 × 10 )9
18
Example 4
A solid steel shaft shown in the figure(G = 80 GPa), having an inner diameter of
30 mm and outer diameter of 60 mm. Draw the quantitative torque,
shear stress and the angle of twist diagrams of the shaft.
di = 30 mm
400 N•m 2800 N•m 1500 N•m
B C D
A do = 60 mm
0.5 m 0.4 m 0.6 m
19
di = 30 mm
TA 400 N•m 2800 N•m 1500 N•m
B C D
A do = 60 mm
0.5 m 0.4 m 0.6 m
T (N•m) TA + 400 + 2800 = 1500

TA + 400
TA
+
x (m)
TA + 400 + 2800 -1500 = 0
TA = -1700 N•m
20
di = 30 mm
400 N•m 2800 N•m 1500 N•m
1700 N•m
B C D
A do = 60 mm
0.5 m 0.4 m 0.6 m
JAC = (π/2)(0.034 ) JCD = (π/2)(0.034 - 0.0154 )

T (N•m) = 1.272 (10-6) m4 = 1.193 (10-6) m4
1500 ( −1700 N • m)( 0 . 03 m )
τ AB =
+ (π / 2 )( 0 . 03 4 ) m 4
x (m)
- = −40 . 08 MPa
-1300
-1700
( −1300 N • m )( 0 . 03 m )
τ (MPa) 37.73 τ BC =
(π / 2 )( 0 . 03 4 ) m 4
+
x (m) = −30 . 65 MPa
-
-30.65 (1500 N • m )( 0 . 03 m )
-40.08 τ CD =
( π / 2 )( 0 . 03 4 − 0 . 015 4 ) m 4
= 37 . 73 MPa
21
di = 30 mm
400 N•m 2800 N•m 1500 N•m
1700 N•m
B C D
A do = 60 mm
0.5 m 0.4 m 0.6 m
JAC = (π/2)(0.034 ) JCD = (π/2)(0.034 - 0.0154 )

T (N•m) = 1.272 (10-6) m4 = 1.193 (10-6) m4
1500 ( −1700 )( 0 . 5 )
φB/A =
( π / 2 )( 0 . 03 4 )( 80 × 10 9 )
+
x (m) = −0 . 00835 rad
-
-1300
-1700
φx/A (rad) ( −1300)(0.4)
φC / B =
(π / 2)(0.034 )(80 × 109 )
x (m) = −0.00511 rad
-
-0.00403
-0.00835
(1500)(0.6)
φD / C =
-0.00835 -0.00511 = -0.0135 (π / 2)(0.034 − 0.0154 )(80 × 109 )
= 0.00943 rad
22
The meshed gears
T
A
D
E L
d CD
CD
d AB
L AB
C
B rC
rB
23
T T Ez
TD
A A Fz TD = T rC
D D rB
E L
CD
F Ex
T
F =
rB
L AB
Fx
C C
B rC
B rC
T
rB rB F´ =
rB
• Internal torque
+ Σ MAB = 0: T - F(rB) = 0 + Σ MCD = 0:
T T
F= TD − rC = 0
rB rB
T rC
F'= F = TD = T
rB rB
24
T
TD
A
D
E L
CD
F
P
• φB φC •
L AB
C P´ P´´ rC
rB
B rC
rB
Direction of motion
• Angle of twist
arc PP´ = arc PP´´
φB rB = φC rC
rC
φB = φC
rB
25
T Ez
TD = T rC Start at D → C → B → A
A Fz rB
D
rC
( T ) LCD
Ex rB
T
F= r φC / D =
B
J CD GCD
Fx
C
rC
B φ C = φC / D
T
rB F´ = r
B
φA
rC
(T ) LCD
rC rC rB
φ B = φC = [ ]
rB rB J CD GCD
rC rC
(
)( T ) LCD TLAB
TLAB rB rB φ A/ B =
φ A = φ A/ B + φB = +[ ] J AB G AB
J AB G AB J CDGCD 26
Example 5a
The two solid steel shafts are coupled together using the meshed gears.
Determine the shearing stress in two solid and the angle of twist of end A of shaft
AB when the torque T = 45 N•m is applied. The upper shaft has a diameter of
17.5 mm and the lower shaft has a diameter of 22.5 mm. Take G = 80 GPa. Shaft
AB is free to rotate within bearings E and F, whereas shaft DC is fixed at D.
T = 45 N•m
A
D
E 1. 5
m
F
2
m
B 75 mm
150 mm
27
• Internal Torque
G = 80 MPa.
T = 45 N•m
T = 45 N•m Ez
Fz TD
D
A D A
CD 1. 5
φ
E =1 E
7. m Ex FB=300 N rC =75 mm
5
F m F
m
AB Fx
φ
=2
2
2.
m
5 C C
m rB =150 mm
m FC = 300 N
B
B 75 mm
r 75 mm
150 mm TD = C T A = ( 45 N • m)
rB 150 mm
= 22 . 5 N • m
• Shearing Stress
T AB c AB ( 45 N • m )( 0 . 01125 m )
τ AB = = 4
= 20 . 12 MPa ⇐
J AB ( π / 2 )( 0 . 01125 m )
T CDc CD ( 22 . 5 N • m )( 0 . 00875 m )
τ CD = = 4
= 21 . 38 MPa ⇐
J CD (π / 2 )( 0 . 00875 m )
28
• Internal Torque
G = 80 MPa. 75 mm
T = 45 N•m TD = T A = ( 45 N • m )
150 mm
T = 45 N•m Ez
Fz TD = 22 . 5 N • m
A D D
A
φ
E CD
=1 1. 5 E
7. m Ex FB rC =75 mm
5
φ F m F
m
AB
=2 Fx
φB φC
2
2.
m
5 C
m rB =150 mm C
m
B FC
B 75 mm
rC
150 mm φB = φ C = 0 . 5φ C
rB
• Angle of twist of end A
φA = φA/B + φB = φA/B + 0.5φC
TAB LAB rC TCD LCD T LAB rC rC T LCD
φA = + ( )[ ] = + ( )[( ) ]
J AB G rB J CD G J AB G rB rB J CD G
( 45 N • m )( 2 m ) (. 5 )( 45 N • m )(1 . 5 m )
φA = + 0 . 5 [ ]
( π / 2 )( 0 . 01125 m ) ( 80 × 10 Pa )
4 9
( π / 2 )( 0 . 00875 m ) ( 80 × 10 Pa )
4 9
φA = 0.0447 + 0.0229 = 0.0676 rad = 0.0676(180/π) = 3.87o 29

Example 5b
The two solid steel shafts are coupled together using the meshed gears.
Shaft AB is free to rotate within bearings E and F, whereas shaft DC
is fixed at D. The upper shaft has a diameter of 17.5 mm and the lower
shaft has a diameter of 22.5 mm. Determine the maximum torque the shaft
can have if it is restricted not to twist more than 10o and the allowable shear
stress is τallow = 50 MPa. Take G = 80 GPa.
T
A
D
E 1. 5
m
F
2
m
B 75 mm
150 mm
30
τallow = 50 MPa. • Internal Torque
rC 75 mm
T Ez TD = T = = 0 . 5T
rB 150 mm
T Fz TD
D D
A A
CD 1. 5
φ
E =1 E
7. m Ex FB rC =75 mm
5
F m F
m
AB Fx
φ
=2
2
2.
m
5 C
m rB =150 mm C
m
B FC
B 75 mm
150 mm
• Allowable Shearing Stress: τ = Tc/J
(T)(0.01125 m)
(τAB)allow = 50x106 Pa = , T1 = 111.8 N•m
(π/2)(0.01125 m)4
(0.5T)(0.00875)
(τCD)allow = 50x106 Pa = , T2 = 105.2 N•m
(π/2)(0.00875 m)4
31
G = 80 MPa.
rC 75 mm
Angle of Twist (φ) = 10o T Ez TD = T = = 0 . 5T
rB 150 mm
T Fz TB
D D
A A
CD 1. 5
φ
E =1 E
7. m Ex FB rC = 75 mm
5
F m F
m
AB Fx
φ
=2
φB φC
2
2.
m
5 C
m rB =150 mm C
m
B FC
B 75 mm rC
150 mm ϕB = ϕ C = 0.5ϕ C
rB
• Angle of twist
φA = φA/B + φB = φA/B + 0.5φC
π T L T L
10 ( ) rad = A AB + 0 . 5 [ D CD ]
180 J AB G J CDG
π T ( 2 m) ( 0 . 5T )(1 . 5 m)
10 ( ) rad = + 0 . 5 [ ]
180 (π / 2 )( 0 . 01125 m) ( 80 × 10 Pa )
4 9
(π / 2 )( 0 . 00875 m) ( 80 × 10 Pa )
4 9
T3= 116.15 N•m The maximum torque at A is 105.2 N•m 32

Power transmission
T
Power = Work performed per unit of time

dF
τ P = Power in N•m/s, or W or watts
ρ dA 1 W = 1 N•m/s
dθ
c dP = (dF) ρ (dθ)/(dt)
=(dT) ω
P=Tω
ω = Angular velocity, in rad/s
P = 2π f T
f = Frequency, in Hz
Note
1 hp = 745.7 N•m/s
33
Example 6a
A solid steel shaft AB is to be used to transmit 5 hp from the motor M to which

it is attached. If the shaft rotates at ω = 175 rpm and the steel has an allowable
shear stress of τallow = 100 MPa, determine the required diameter of the shaft.
34
Solution 5 hp
ω = 175 rpm
τallow = 100 MPa
φ =?
Tc Tc 2T
⇒ P = Tω ⇒ τ allow = = =
J (π / 2)(c 4 ) π (c 3 )
745 . 7 N • m/s 175 rev 2π rad 1 min   2T 

1/3
(5 hp )( ) =T  × ×
1 hp  min 1 rev 60 s  c = 
 πτ allow 
1/ 3
T = 203.4 N • m  2 ( 203 . 41 N • m ) 
= 2 
 π (100 × 10 N/m ) 
6
= 10 . 90 mm
d = 2c = 2(10.90 mm) = 21.8 mm
Select a shaft having a diameter of 22 mm

35
Example 6b
A tubular shaft, having an inner diameter of 30 mm and an outer diameter

of 42 mm, is to be used to transmit 90 kW of power. Determine the frequency
of rotation of the shaft so that the shear stress will not exceed 50 MPa.
Solution
Tc
τ max =
J
T ( 0 . 021 m)
50 × 10 6 N/m 2 =
[
(π / 2) ( 0 . 021 m) 4 − ( 0 . 015 m ) 4 ]
T = 538 N • m
P = 2π fT
90 × 10 3 N • m/s = 2π f (538 N • m )
f = 26 . 6 Hz
36
Example 7
The two solid steel shaft are coupled together using the meshed gears. Shaft CD
connected to the machine which required power of 35 kW at frequency 10 Hz,
whereas shaft AB connected to motor to rotate within bearing E.
(a) Determine the required power and frequency of motor.
(b) If the allowable stress in both shafts must be limited to 200 MPa, determine
the size of the diameter required for each shaft.
Motor (Input)
A
rC = 150 mm
E B C D
Machine (Output)
rB = 75 mm
Pout = 35 kW
fout = 10 Hz
37
Motor (Input)
A
rC = 150 mm
E B C D
Machine (Output)
rB = 75 mm
Pout = 35 kW
fout = 10 Hz
• Internal torque
-Output (Machine) -Input (Motor)

FB = FC
P = Tw = T (2πf )
TB TC
=
35 × 103 = TD ( 2π × 10) rB rC
rB 75
TB = TC = (557 N • m ) = 278 . 5 N • m
T C= T D = 557 N • m rC 150
38
Motor (Input)
A
rC = 150 mm
T A = T B = 278 . 5 N • m E B C D
Machine (Output)
rB = 75 mm
Pout = 35 kW
allowable stress in both shaft : τallow = 200 MPa fout = 10 Hz
T C= T D = 557 N • m
• (a) The power and frequency of motor
rC
fB = fC
rB
= 2f C
= 2(10 Hz) = 20 Hz
Pinput = T B ( 2π f B )
= ( 278 . 5 N • m)( 2π × 20 Hz) Comment : Pinput = TB (2πf B )
= 35 kW T
= ( C )(2π × 2 f C ) = TC ( 2πf )
2 39
Motor (Input)
T A = T B = 278 . 5 N • m
A
rC = 150 mm
E B C D
Machine (Output)
rB = 75 mm
Pout = 35 kW
allowable stress in both shaft : τallow = 200 MPa fout = 10 Hz
T C= T D = 557 N • m
• (b) Allowable diameter for each shaft
- Shaft AB - Shaft CD
TB c AB TC cCD
(τ AB ) allow = (τ CD ) allow =
J AB J CD
( 278 . 5 N • m )c AB ( 557 N • m )c CD
200 × 10 6 Pa = 4 200 × 10 6 Pa =
( π / 2 )c AB 4
( π / 2 )c CD
( 278 . 5 N • m) ( 557 N • m )
c AB = [ ]1/ 3
c CD = [ ]1/ 3
(π / 2)( 200 × 10 6 Pa ) (π / 2 )( 200 × 10 6 Pa )
= 9 . 6 × 10 −3 m = 0 . 0121 m
d AB = 19 . 2 × 10 −3 m ≈ 20 mm ⇐ d CD = 0 . 0242 m ≈ 25 mm ⇐
40
Statically Indeterminate Torque-Loaded Members
A TA
C T
B TB
LAC
LBC
L
• Equilibrium equation
+ Σ Mx = 0: - TA + T + TB = 0 ----------(1)
• Compatibility equation:
φA/B = φA/C + φB/C = 0
TA LAC TB LBC
− =0 − − − − − −( 2)
JG JG
41
Example 8
A solid steel shaft shown in the figure(G = 80 GPa), having an inner diameter of
30 mm and outer diameter of 60 mm.
(a) Determine the reactions at the fixed supports A and D.
(b) Draw the quantitative torsion,shear stress and the angle of twist
diagram of the shaft.
di = 30 mm
500 N•m 800 N•m
B C
A D
0.5 m 0.4 m 0.6 m
do = 60 mm
42
di = 30 mm
TA 500 N•m 800 N•m TD
B C
A D
0.5 m 0.4 m 0.6 m
do = 60 mm
T (N•m) TA + 500 + 800 = TD

TA + 500
TA
+
x (m)
TA + 500 + 800 = TD
φ D / A = φ B / A + φC / B + φ D / C = 0
TA (0.5) (TA + 500)(0.4) (TA + 1300)(0.6)
+ + =0
(π / 2)(0.03 )(80 × 10 ) (π / 2)(0.03 )(80 ×10 ) (π / 2)(0.03 − 0.015 )(80 ×10 )
4 9 4 9 4 4 9
TA = -670.17 N•m, TD = -670.17+500+800 = 629.8 N•m

43
di = 30 mm
500 N•m 800 N•m
670.17 N•m 629.83 N•m
B C
A D
0.5 m 0.4 m 0.6 m
do = 60 mm
JAC = (π/2)(0.034 ) JCD = (π/2)(0.034 - 0.0154 )
T (N•m) = 1.272 (10-6) m4 = 1.193 (10-6) m4
629.83 ( −670 . 17 N • m)( 0 . 03 m)
τ AB =
(π / 2 )( 0 . 03 4 ) m 4
+
x (m) = −15 . 80 MPa
-
-170.17
-670.17 ( −170 N • m)( 0 . 03 m )
τ BC =
τ (MPa) 15.84 (π / 2 )( 0 . 03 4 ) m 4
= −4 . 01 MPa
+
x (m)
-
-4.01 ( 629 . 83 N • m )( 0 . 03 m )
τ CD =
-15.80 ( π / 2 )( 0 . 03 4 − 0 . 015 4 ) m 4
= 15 . 84 MPa
44
di = 30 mm
500 N•m 800 N•m
670.17 N•m 629.83 N•m
B C
A D
0.5 m 0.4 m 0.6 m
do = 60 mm
JAC = (π/2)(0.034 ) JCD = (π/2)(0.034 - 0.0154 )
T (N•m) = 1.272 (10-6) m4 = 1.193 (10-6) m4
629.83 ( −670 . 17 )( 0 . 5 )
φB/A =
(π / 2 )( 0 . 03 4 )( 80 × 10 9 )
+
x (m) = −0 . 00329 rad = −0 . 593 o
-
-170.17
-670.17
( −170 . 17 )( 0 . 4 )
φx/A (rad) φC /B =
(π / 2 )( 0 . 03 4 )( 80 × 10 9 )
x (m) = −0 . 000669 rad = −0 . 12 o
- 0.00329 (629.83)(0.6)
φD / C =
(π / 2)(0.034 − 0.0154 )(80 ×109 )
- 0.00329 - 0.000669 = -0.00396 = 0.00396 rad = 0.713°
45
Example 9
The shaft shown is made form a steel tube, which is bonded to a brass core. If a
torque of T = 340 N•m is applied at its end, plot the shear-stress distribution
along a radial line of its cross sectional area. Take Gst = 80 GPa, Gbr = 35 Gpa.
15 mm
1m
30 mm
T = 340 N•m
46
Tbr
• Section Properties
Tst
π 4 π
J br = c br = ( 0 . 015 m ) 4 = 7 . 952 × 10 −8 m 4
2 2
15 mm π 4 4 π
J st = (c st − c br ) = [( 0 . 03 m ) 4 − ( 0 . 015 m ) 4 ]
1m 2 2
= 1.193(10-6) m4
30 mm
T = 340 N•m • Equilibrium
x
Tst + Tbr = 340 ----------(1)
• Compatibility
φ = φst = φbr
Tst L T L
= br
J st Gst J br Gst
T st L T br L
=
(1 . 193 × 10 −6 m 4 )( 80 × 10 9 Pa ) ( 7 . 952 × 10 −8 m 4 )( 35 × 10 9 Pa )
Tst = 34.29 Tbr ----------(2)
Solving (1) and (2) , Tst = 330.4 N•m, Tbr = 9.63 N•m 47
Tst = 330.4 N•m, Tbr = 9.63 N•m
1.82 MPa
4.15 MPa Jbr= 7.952(10-8) m4 , Jst= 1.193(10-6) m4
8.31 MPa • Shear Stress
Tρ
0.015 m τ=
J
A B ( 9 . 63 N • m )( 0 . 015 m )
(τ br ) max = = 1 . 82 MPa
( 7 . 952 × 10 −8 m 4 )
(330.4 N • m)(0.015 m)
0.03 m (τ st ) min = −6
= 4.15 MPa
(1.193 × 10 m )4
Shear stress distribution (330.4 N • m)(0.03 m)

(τ st ) max = = 8.31 MPa
(1.193 × 10 −6 m 4 )
γmax = γB
= 1.039(10-4) rad • Shear Strain
(τ br ) A (τ st ) A
γA = =
A B G br G st
γA = 5.2(10-5) rad
1 . 82 MPa −5
γA γB =( ) br = 5 . 2 × 10 rad
= 35 × 10 MPa
3
rA rB
8 . 31 MPa
γ max = γ B = = 1 . 039 × 10 −4 rad
80 × 10 MPa
3
Shear strain distribution 48
TRANVERSE SHEAR
! Shear in Straight Members
! The Shear Formula
! Shear Stresses in Beams
! Shear Flow in Built-up Members
1
Shear in Straight Members
τave My
σ =−
I
V
τ τ = f( )
A
τmax
1
VB
B σmax
MB +V
d
A
A VB = V
V = ∫ τ dA = (τ ave ) A 1
VA= V σ
V
τ ave = ∫ τ dA =
A
+M Shear Stress 3D
MA = MB +Vd
MB
1
Shear Stress 2D
2
The Shear Stress Formula: Assumptions
•Linear elastic
•Plane section remains plane
Boards not bonded together

Before deformation
Boards bonded together
After deformation
3
The Shear Stress Formula
w
F1 F2
M1 M2
x ∆x
A'
V
M+∆M dA '
M
y'
t NA
∆x V+∆V
4
A'
V
M+∆M dA '
M
y'
t NA
∆x V+∆V
A'
V
σ' dA '
σ M+∆M
M y'
t NA
∆x V+∆V
5
A'
dF dF´ dA '
σ M+∆M
M τ σ' t
y'
NA
∆x
+ ΣF = 0:
x
∫ σ dA − ∫ σ ' dA + τ ( t ∆ x ) = 0
A' A'
My (M + ∆M ) y
∫A ' I dA − ∫A ' I
dA + τ ( t ∆ x ) = 0
My My (∆M ) y
∫A ' I dA − ∫A ' I dA − ∫A ' I dA + τ ( t ∆ x ) = 0 − − − − − (1)
1 (∆ M ) y (∆M )
τ =
t (∆x) ∫A ' I dA =
It ( ∆ x ) ∫ ydA
A'
V y ' A' = Q
( dM ) VQ
∆ x → 0; =
It ( dx ) ∫ ydA τ =
It
A'
6
Shear Stress in Beam
• Rectangular Cross Section

A'
h/2 y y'
V h NA
h/2
1
b b I =( ) bh 3
12
VQ V ( y ' A')
τ = =
It It
NA
τmax
V ( y ' A')
=
1
( ) bh 3 b
12
7
τ = τmax at the neutral axis, y = 0:
h
A' = b( )
2
h/2 h
y'= ( )
V h NA 4
h/2
b b
1
I =( ) bh 3
12
VQ maz V ( y ' A')
τ max = =
It It
N A h h
h V ( )( b )
4 2 12 V
τmax = =( )
1 8 bh
( ) bh 3 b A
12
b V
τ = 1 .5
8
max
Shear-stress distribution A
• Wide-Flange Beam
b τflange
τneck
NA
τmax
web
flange h
V
tw
τneck
τflange
• T- Beam
b τflange τneck
NA τmax
web
flange h
V
tw
9
Example 1a
The beam shown is made of wood, determine the shear stress in the beam
at point P and compute the maximum shear stress in the beam. Plot the
shear-stress distribution acting over the beam’s cross-sectional area.
20 kN 250 mm
40 kN•m 5 kN/m
50 mm
P
300 mm
4m 6m
10
• Maximum Stress 20 kN
40 kN•m 5 kN/m
25 kN 25 kN
4m 6m
V(kN) 25 25
5
x (m)
-25
250 mm
V = 25 kN
50 mm P • τP = 278 kPa
P 125 mm NA τ
• τmax= 500 kPa
150 mm
1
I = ( 0 . 25 )( 0 . 3) 3 VQ ( 25 kN)[( 0 . 125 m )( 0 . 05 m × 0 . 25 m )]
12 τP = = = 278 kPa
It (562 . 5 × 10 −6 m 4 )( 0 . 25 m )
= 562 . 5 × 10 −6 m 4
V 25 × 10 3 N
τ max = 1.5 = 1.5 = 500 kPa
A ( 0 . 25 m × 0 . 30 m ) 11
Example 1b
The simply supported beam has the cross-sectional area shown. Determine
the shear flow in the beam at point P.
20 kN 250 mm
40 kN•m 5 kN/m
50 mm
P
300 mm
4m 6m
12
• Maximum Stress 20 kN
250 mm
40 kN•m 5 kN/m 50 mm
P
1m 300 mm
25 kN 25 kN
4m 6m
V(kN) 25 25 1
I = ( 0 . 25 )( 0 . 3) 3
5 12
x (m) = 562 . 5 × 10 −6 m 4
-25
62.5
60
M(kN•m)
35
x (m)
-40
My
35 × 10 ( 0 . 15 )
3 σ= 60 × 10 3 ( 0 . 15 )
= 9 . 333 MPa I = 16 MPa
−6
562 . 5 × 10 562 . 5 × 10 −6
6.222 MPa 35 kN•m 60 kN•m 10.67 MPa
100 m L 150 mm R 100 m
NA
1m 13
250 mm
9.333 MPa 16 MPa
50 mm 6.222 MPa 35 kN•m 60 kN•m 10.67 MPa
P 100 mm 100 m L 150 m R
100 m
NA
150 mm
1m
FL FR
FL = 97 . 19 kN FR = 166.7 kN
Fs
- Force FL on area AL - Force FR on area AR
FL = ∫ σdA FR = ∫ σdA
AL AR
= (σ ave ) AL = (σ ave ) AR
(9.33 + 6.22) ×106 (16 + 10.67) ×106

=[ ](0.25 × 0.05) =[ ](0.25 × 0.05)
2 2
FL = 97 . 19 kN FR = 166 . 7 kN
14
250 mm
9.333 MPa 16 MPa
50 mm 6.222 MPa 35 kN•m 1´ 60 kN•m 10.67 MPa
P 100 mm 100 m 1´´ 100 m
NA
150 mm L R
1m
FL = 97.19 kN FR = 166.7 kN 6.22 MPa

1´
Fs = 166.7 - 97.19 = 69.48 kN
0.28 MPa
FL = 97.19 kN FR = 166.7 kN
τ = Fs/As 6.22 MPa
1´´
1m 0.28 MPa
Fs 69 . 48 × 10 3 N
τ = =
0.25 m As ( 0 . 25 m )(1 m )
= 278 kPa ⇐
15
Example 2
A steel wide-flange beam has the dimensions shown. Plot the shear-stress
distribution acting over the beam´s cross-sectional area.
250 mm
600 N 20 mm
200 N/m B
C 150 mm
20 mm 150 mm
20 mm
2m 2m
16
• Internal Shear • Section property
600 N
200 N/m
250 mm
20 mm
B 150 mm
400 N 600 N C
2m 2m NA
20 mm 150 mm
20 mm
V (N)
400
I = Σ ( I + Ad 2 )
+
x
= ( I + Ad 2 )web + 2 ( I + Ad )flang
2
-
-200
-600 = [(1/12)(20)(3003 ) + 0] +
600 N 2[(1/12)(250)(203) + (20x250)(1602)]
B´ τ B´
•B τ τB
NA = 301.3x106 mm4
τ max = τ C
C
17
250 mm I = 301.3x106 mm4
600 N τ B´= 6 . 37 kPa
20 mm B´
B 150 mm •B τ τ B = 79 . 7 kPa
C NA
τ max = 102 kPa
20 mm 150 mm C
20 mm
VQ
• Shear stress in beam: τ =
It
0.25 m ( 600 N)[( 0 . 16 m )( 0 . 25 m × 0 . 02 m )]
τ B' =
0.02 m ( 301 . 3 × 10 −6 m 4 ) (0.25 m)
B´ B
0.16 m
NA = 6 . 37 kPa ⇐
20
( 600 N)[( 0 . 16 m )( 0 . 25 m × 0 . 02 m )]
τB =
( 301 . 3 × 10 −6 m 4 ) (0.02 m)
= 79 . 7 kPa ⇐
0.25 m
0.02 m Qmax = [ (0.16)(0.25x0.02) + (0.075)(0.02x0.15)]
0.15 m NA 0.075 m 0.16 m = 1.025x10-3 m3
0.02 m
( 600 N)(1 . 025 × 10 −3 m 3 )
τ max = = 102 kPa ⇐
( 301 . 3 × 10 −6 m 4 )( 0 . 02 m ) 18
Example 3
The beam show is made from two boards. Plot the shear-stress distribution acting
over the beam’s cross-sectional area.
100 mm
600 N
200 N/m 20 mm
A C 100 mm
B
2m 2m
20 mm
19
• Internal loads • Section property
100 mm
600 N
200 N/m
y' 20 mm
NA
y 100 mm
400 N 600 N
2m 2m
20 mm
V (N)
∑ yA
y =
400 400 ∑ A
+ (50)(100× 20) + (110)(100× 20)
x =
- 2(100× 20)
-200
-600 = 80 mm
τńeck y ' = 120 − 80 = 40 mm
V = 600 N τneck
NA I = Σ ( I + Ad 2 )
τ τmax = [(1/12)(20)(1003 ) +(20x100)(80-50)2]
+ [(1/12)(100)(203) + (100x20)(40-10)2]
= 5.333x106 mm4 = 5.333x10-6 m4 20
100 mm
τńeck = 67 . 5 kPa
V = 600 N τneck = 338 kPa
20 mm
NA
τ τmax = 360 kPa
80 mm 100 mm
20 mm
I = 5.333x10-6 m4 VQ
• Shear stress in beam: τ =
It ( 600 N)[( 0 . 03 m )( 0 . 10 m × 0 . 02 m )]
0.10 m τ ' neck =
(5 . 333 × 10 −6 m 4 )( 0 . 10 m )
0.02 m
0.03 m = 67 . 5 kPa ⇐
NA
0.02 m ( 600 N)[( 0 . 03 m )( 0 . 10 m × 0 . 02 m )]
τ neck =
( 5 . 333 × 10 −6 m 4 )( 0 . 02 m )
= 338 kPa ⇐
NA ( 600 N)[( 0 . 04 m )( 0 . 08 m × 0 . 02 m )]
0.04 m τ max =
0.08 m ( 5 . 333 × 10 −6 )( 0 . 02 m )
= 360 kPa ⇐
0.02 m
21
Shear Flow (q) in Built-Up Members
t
F dx
dM
dF dF =
I ∫ ydA
A'
V Q
F + dF dF dM
q =
dx
=
Idx ∫ ydA
A'
VQ
q = = τt
I
22
(a) The shear flow is resisted at one surfaces.
A'
y'
NA
(b) The shear flow is resisted at two surfaces. (c) The shear flow is resisted at three surfaces.
A' A'
y'
NA y'
NA
23
Example 4
The beam show is made from two boards. Determine the maximum shear in nail
if diameter of nail is 3 mm and spacing is 200 mm.
100 mm
600 N
200 N/m 20 mm
A C 100 mm
B
2m 2m
20 mm
24
100 mm
600 N
200 N/m
y' 20 mm
NA
y 100 mm
400 N 600 N
2m 2m
20 mm
V (N)
∑ yA
y =
400 400 ∑ A
+ (50)(100× 20) + (110)(100× 20)
x =
- 2(100× 20)
-200
-600 = 80 mm
τńeck y ' = 120 − 80 = 40 mm
V = 600 N τneck
NA I = Σ ( I + Ad 2 )
τ τmax = [(1/12)(20)(1003 ) +(20x100)(80-50)2]
+ [(1/12)(100)(203) + (100x20)(40-10)2]
= 5.333x106 mm4 = 5.333x10-6 m4 25
100 mm 0.10 m
V = 600 N
20 mm 0.02 m
NA 0.03 m
NA
80 mm 100 mm 0.02 m
20 mm
I = 5.333x10-6 m4
VQ
• Shear stress in beam at neck: τ =
It
( 600 N)[( 0 . 03 m )( 0 . 10 m × 0 . 02 m )]
τ neck = −6
= 0 . 3375 MPa
( 5 . 333 × 10 m )( 0 . 02 m )
4
d = 3 mm (Fs)nail = (τ @ C (neck) )(Ashear)

s = 200 mm
= (0.3375 MPa)(0.02 m x0.2 m)
τneck = 0.3375 MPa = 1350 N

( Fs ) nail
τ nail =
20 mm 200 mm Anail
1350 N
20 mm = = 191 MPa ⇐
( π / 4 )( 0 . 003 m ) 2 26
Example 5
A box beam is to be constructed from four boards nailed together as shown.

If each nail can support a shear force of 200 N, determine the maximum spacing
s of nails at B and at C so that the beam will support the vertical force of 300 N.
300 N
C
30 mm
B
100 mm
30 mm
30 mm 30 mm
100 mm
27
C
30 mm
B
100 mm
30 mm
30 mm 30 mm
100 mm
• Section property
1 1
I =( bh 3)out − ( bh 3)in
12 12
= (1/12)(0.16)(0.163) - (1/12)(0.1)(0.13)
= 46.28x10-6 m4
28
C
300 N 30 mm
65 mm
B B´
100 mm
s 30 mm
V (N) 30 mm 30 mm
100 mm
300
x I = 46.28x10-6 m4
• Maximum spacing s of nails at B
VQB Vy ' A' (300)(0.065)(0.16 × 0.03)

τB = = = = 33.71 kPa
It It (46.28 ×10 −6 )(2)(0.03)
Fnail = τ B ( Ashear ) nail
(Ashear)nail 200 = 33.71(103 ) s (0.03)

s
s = 0.198 m
Use sB = 200 mm
Top view
0.03 m 29
C´ C
300 N 30 mm
65 mm
B
100 mm
s 30 mm
V (N) 30 mm 30 mm
100 mm
300
x I = 46.28x10-6 m4
• Maximum spacing s of nails at C
VQC Vy ' A' (300)(0.065)(0.10 × 0.03)

τB = = = −6
= 21.07 kPa
It It (46.28 × 10 )(2)(0.03)
Fnail = τ B A
s
τ = 21070 Pa 200 = 21.07(103 ) s(0.03)
0.03 m s = 0.316 m
Use sB = 300 mm
30
Example 6
Nails are used in a beam that can be constructed either as in Case I or as in Case
II. If the nails are spaced at 200 mm, determine the shear force in the nail for each
case so this type of failure will not occur.
300 N 15 mm
Case I 30 mm 100 mm
15 mm
s = 200 mm 90 mm
300 N 15 mm
Case II 30 mm 100 mm
15 mm
s = 200 mm
30 mm@90 mm
31
15 mm 15 mm
30 mm 100 mm 30 mm 100 mm
15 mm 15 mm
90 mm
30 mm@90 mm
• Section property for both case
1 1
I =( bh 3)out − 2 ( bh 3)in
15 mm 12 12
100 mm = (1/12)(0.09)(0.133) - 2(1/12)(0.03)(0.13)
15 mm = 11.48x10-6 m4
90 mm
32
Case I
P 15 mm
57.5 mm
NA 100 mm
15 mm
V (N) s = 200 mm I = 11.48x10-6 m4
30 mm@90 mm
300
• The largest vertical shear for case I
VQ 300 [ 0 . 0575 ( 0 . 09 × 0 . 015 )]

τ = = = 67 . 62 kPa
τneck = 67.62 kPa It −6
(11 . 48 × 10 )( 0 . 03 )
0.2 m
Fnail = τ A = ( 67 . 62 × 10 3 )( 0 . 03 × 0 . 2 ) = 406 N ⇐
0.03 m
33
Case II
P 15 mm
57.5 mm
NA 100 mm
15 mm
V (N) s = 200 mm I = 11.48x10-6 m4
30 mm@90 mm
300
• The largest vertical shear for case II
VQ 300 [0 . 0575 × 2 ( 0 . 03 × 0 . 015 )]

τ = = = 45 . 08 kPa
s = 0.2 m It −6
(11 . 48 × 10 ) × 2 ( 0 . 015 )
0.015 m τ = 45.08 kPa
Fnail = τ A = ( 45 . 08 × 10 3 )( 0 . 015 × 0 . 2) = 135 N ⇐
0.03 m
34
Analysis of Statically Determinate
Trusses
! Common Types of Trusses

! Classification of Coplanar Trusses
! The Method of Joints
! Zero-Force Members
! The Method of Sections
! Compound Trusses
! Complex Trusses
! Space Trusses
1
Common Types of Trusses
• Roof Trusses roof
purlins
top cord
knee brace
bottom
cord gusset plate
bay, 5-6 m typical
span, 18 - 30 m, typical
gusset plate
2
Howe truss Pratt truss
18 - 30 m 18 - 30 m
Howe truss Warren truss

flat roof flat roof
saw-tooth truss
skylight Fink truss
> 30 m
three-hinged arch
hangar, gymnasium 3
• Bridge Trusses
sway top cord

bracing
top lateral
bracing
portal
bracing
stringers deck
portal
end post bottom cord
panel
floor beam
4
trough Pratt truss Warren truss
deck Pratt truss parker truss

(pratt truss with curved chord)
Howe truss baltimore truss
K truss
5
Assumptions for Design
1. All members are connected at both ends by smooth frictionless pins.

2. All loads are applied at joints (member weight is negligible).
Notes: Centroids of all joint members coincide at the joint.
All members are straight.
All load conditions satisfy Hooke’s law.
6
Classification of Coplanar Trusses
• Simple Trusses
P C D C P C
P D
A B A B A B
new members
a d (new joint)
b c
7
• Compound Trusses
simple truss simple truss simple truss simple truss
Type 1 Type 2
secondary
simple truss secondary
simple truss
secondary secondary
simple truss simple truss
main simple truss
Type 3
8
• Complex Trusses
• Determinacy
b + r = 2j statically determinate
b + r > 2j statically indeterminate
In particular, the degree of indeterminacy is specified by the difference in the

numbers (b + r) - 2j.
9
• Stability
b + r < 2j unstable
b + r > 2j unstable if truss support reactions are concurrent or parallel
or if some of the components of the truss form a collapsible
mechanism
External Unstable
Unstable-parallel reactions Unstable-concurrent reactions
10
Internal Unstable
O
D A B E
8 + 3 = 11 < 2(6)
AD, BE, and CF are concurrent at point O
11
Example 3-1
Classify each of the trusses in the figure below as stable, unstable, statically
determinate, or statically indeterminate. The trusses are subjected to arbitrary
external loadings that are assumed to be known and can act anywhere on the
trusses.
12
SOLUTION
Externally stable, since the reactions are not concurrent or parallel. Since b = 19,
r = 3, j = 11, then b + r = 2j or 22 = 22. Therefore, the truss is statically determinate.
By inspection the truss is internally stable.
Externally stable. Since b = 15, r = 4, j = 9, then b + r > 2j or 19 > 18. The truss
is statically indeterminate to the first degree. By inspection the truss is internally
stable.
13
Externally stable. Since b = 9, r = 3, j = 6, then b + r = 2j or 12 = 12. The truss is
statically determinate. By inspection the truss is internally stable.
Externally stable. Since b = 12, r = 3, j = 8, then b + r < 2j or 15 < 16. The truss
is internally unstable.
14
The Method of Joints
B
500 N
2m
A 45o
Ax = 500 N C
Ay = 500 N 2m Cy = 500 N
Joint B + ΣF = 0:
x
y
500 - FBCsin45o = 0
B 500 N x FBC = 707 N (C)
45o FBC + ΣFy = 0:
FBA
- FBA + FBCcos45o = 0
FBA = 500 N (T)
15
B
500 N
2m
A 45o
Ax = 500 N C
Ay = 500 N 2m Cy = 500 N
Joint A
500 N + ΣF = 0:
x
500 - FAC = 0
FAC = 500 N (T)
500 N FAC
500 N
16
Zero-Force Members
B 0 C
P
0
0
0 E D
A Dx
Ey Dy
FCB C + ΣF = 0: F = 0
x CB
+ ΣFy = 0: FCD = 0
FCD
FAB + ΣFy = 0: FABsinθ = 0, FAB = 0

θ
A FAE + ΣF = 0: F + 0 = 0, FAE = 0
x AE
17
Example 3-4
Using the method of joints, indicate all the members of the truss shown in the
figure below that have zero force.
A B
C
H
D
G F E
18
SOLUTION A B
Ax
Ax C
H 0
Gx D
G F E
0 0
P
Joint D
y
FDC
+ ΣFy = 0: FDCsinθ = 0, FDC = 0
θ
FDE x
D + ΣF = 0: FDE + 0 = 0, FDE = 0
x
FEC
E Joint E
FEF 0 + ΣF = 0: FEF = 0
x
19
A B
Ax
0
Ax C
0 0
H
Gx D
G F E
0 0
y P
FHB Joint H
FHA
+ ΣF = 0:
y FHB = 0
H
FHF
FGA x
Joint G
Gx FGF + ΣFy = 0: FGA = 0

G
20
Example 3-5
• Determine all the member forces

• Identify zero-force members
5@3m = 15 m
1 kN
K J I H G
F
E
5m D
C
A B 2 kN
2 kN
2 kN
21
5@3m = 15 m
SOLUTION
Use method of joints 1 kN
Kx K J I H G
0 F
Ky E
5m D
C
Ax A B 2 kN
2 kN
2 kN
Ay
4 18 2(11)
r + b = 2j, • Determinate
• Stable
+ ΣMA = 0: K x (5) − 2(3) − 2(6) − 2(9) − 1(12) = 0
Kx = 7.6 kN,
+ ΣF = 0: − 7.6 + Ax = 0,
x Ax = 7.6 kN,
+ ΣFy = 0: Ay − 2 − 2 − 2 − 1 = 0, Ay = 7 kN,
22
5@3m = 15 m
1 kN
7.6 kN K J I H G 0
0 0 F
E
5m D
C
A B 2 kN
7.6 kN 2 kN
2 kN
7 kN
Use method of joint
• Joint F
y´ + ΣF y´ = 0: FFE sin θ = 0
FFG FFE = 0
F x´
θ
FFE + ΣF = 0:
x´
FFG = 0
23
5@3m = 15 m
1 kN
7.6 kN K J I H G
0 0 F
0 E
5m D
C
A B 2 kN
7.6 kN 2 kN
2 kN
7 kN
• Joint E
+ ΣF y´ = 0: FEG cosθ = 0
y´ FEG = 0
FEG
θ 0 x´ + ΣF = 0:
x´
-FED = 0
E
FED
24
5@3m = 15 m
1 kN
7.6 kN K J I H G 0
θ 0 F
0
E
5m D
2
C θ = tan −1 ( ) = 33.69 o
A B 2 kN 3
7.6 kN 2 kN
2 kN
7 kN
• Joint G
+ ΣF y´ = 0: FDG sin 33.69 o − 1 = 0
y´
FDG = 1.803 kN (C)
1 kN
+ ΣF = 0: − FHG + 1.803 cos 33.69 = 0
FHG 33.69
o
G x´
0 x´
FHG = 1.5 kN (T)
FDG 0
25
5@3m = 15 m
1 kN
7.6 kN K J I H G 0
0 0 F
0
0 E
5m D
C
A B 2 kN
7.6 kN 2 kN
2 kN
7 kN
• Joint H
+ ΣF y´ = 0: FHD = 0
y´
FHI H 1.5 kN + ΣF = 0:
x´ x´ − FHI + 1.5 = 0
FHI = 1.5 kN (T)

FHD
26
Use method of sections
3m 3m 3m
1 kN
FHI 33.69o
H G
I F
FDI
E
D 18.44o
FDC
2 kN
+ ΣMD = 0: FHI (2) − 1(3) = 0
FHI = 1.5 kN (T)
+ ΣMF = 0: − FDI sin 33.69(9) + 1(3) + 2(6) = 0
FDI = 3 kN (T)
+ ΣMI = 0: − FDC sin 18.44(9) − 1(6) − 2(3) = 0
FDC = -4.25 kN (C)

3 -4.25
Check : + ΣF y = 0: FDI sin 33.69 − FDC sin 18.44 − 2 − 1 = 0 O.K.
27
The Method of Sections
a Dy
B C D Dx
2m
A
G F E Ex
a
100 N
2m 2m 2m
+ ΣMG = 0:
B FBC
C 100(2) - FBC(2) = 0
FBC = 100 N (T)
FGC ΣFy = 0:
+
45o
A FGF -100 + FGCsin45o = 0
G FGC = 141.42 N (T)
100 N
2m
+ ΣMC = 0:
100(4) - FGF(2) = 0
FGF = 200 N (C)
28
Example 3-6
• Determine member force CD, ID, and IH
5@3m = 15 m
1 kN
K J I H G
F
E
5m D
C
A B 2 kN
2 kN
2 kN
29
SOLUTION
3m 3m 3m
Use method of sections 1 kN
FHI 33.69o
H G
+1.50E+00
I F
FDI
E -4.22E+00
D 18.44o
FDC
2 kN
3.00E+00
+ ΣMD = 0: FHI (2) − 1(3) = 0
FHI = 1.5 kN (T)
+ ΣMF = 0: − FDI sin 33.69(9) + 1(3) + 2(6) = 0
FDI = 3 kN (T)
+ ΣMI = 0: − FDC sin 18.44(9) − 1(6) − 2(3) = 0
FDC = -4.25 kN (C)

3 -4.25
Check : + ΣF y = 0: FDI sin 33.69 − FDC sin 18.44 − 2 − 1 = 0 O.K.
30
Example 3-7
Determine the force in members GF and GD of the truss shown in the figure
below. State whether the members are in tension or compression. The reactions at
the supports have been calculated.
G
H F
4.5 m
3m
A E
Ax = 0
B C D
Ay = 9 kN 6 kN 8 kN 2 kN Ey = 7 kN
3m 3m 3m 3m
31
G a
SOLUTION
H F
4.5 m
3m
A E
Ax = 0
B C a D
3m 3m 3m 3m
Section a-a
FFG
26.6o + ΣMD = 0:
FDG F
FFG sin26.6o(3.6) + 7(3) = 0,
56.3o
26.6o FFG = -17.83 kN (C)
FDC O
D E
+ ΣMO = 0:
2 kN Ey = 7 kN
3m 3m - 7(3) + 2(6) + FDG sin56.3o(6) = 0,
FDG = 1.80 kN (C)
32
Example 3-8
Determine the force in members BC and MC of the K-truss shown in the figure
below. State whether the members are in tension or compression. The reactions at
the supports have been calculated.
L K J I H
3m
M N O P
A 3m
0 G
B C D E F
6 kN 6 kN 8 kN 7 kN
13 kN
5m 5m 5m 5m 5m 5m
33
a
SOLUTION L K J I H
3m
M N O P
A 3m
0 G
B C D E F
a
6 kN 6 kN 8 kN 7 kN
13 kN
5m 5m 5m 5m 5m 5m
Section a-a
L
FLK
FLM + ΣML = 0:
6m
A FBM
FBC FBC(6) - 13(5) = 0,
B FBC = 10 kN (T)
6 kN
13 kN
5m
34
L b K J I H
3m
M N O P
A 3m
0 G
B C D E F
b
6 kN 6 kN 8 kN 7 kN
13 kN
5m 5m 5m 5m 5m 5m
FKL K J I H
FKM 3m
FCM N O P
3m
10 kN G
C D E F
31o
6 kN 8 kN 7 kN
5m 5m 5m 5m
+ ΣMK = 0: -FCMcos31o(6) - 10(6) - 8(5) + 7(20) = 0

FCM = 7.77 kN (T)
35
Compound Trusses
Procedure for Analysis
Step 1. Identify the simple trusses
Step 2. Obtain external loading
Step 3. Solve for simple trusses separately
36
Example 3-9
Indicate how to analyze the compound truss shown in the figure below. The
reactions at the supports have been calculated.
4m
H G 2m
I J K F
2m
A
Ay = 0 E
B C D
2m 2m 2m 2m
37
SOLUTION 4m
H a
G 2m
I J K F
2m
A
Ay = 0 E
B C D
a
2m 2m 2m 2m
FHG
H
+ ΣMC = 0:
I J
4 sin60o m
FJC -5(4) + 4(2) + FHG(4sin60o) = 0
A FHG = 3.46 kN (C)
B C
FBC
Ay = 5 kN 4 kN
2m 2m
38
4m
H G 2m
I J K F
2m
A
Ay = 0 E
B C D
2m 2m 2m 2m
H 3.46 kN
+ ΣMA = 0:
4 sin60o m I J
3.46(4sin60o) + FCKsin60o(4) - 4(2) - 2(4) = 0
FCK FCK = 1.16 kN (T)
A 60o
FCD
B C + ΣF = 0:
x
Ay = 5 kN 4 kN 2 kN -3.46 + 1.16cos60o + FCD = 0

2m 2m FCK = 2.88 kN (T)
39
4m
H G 2m
I J K F
2m
A
Ay = 0 E
B C D
2m 2m 2m 2m
H 3.46 kN Using the method of joints.
J Joint A : Determine FAB and FAI

4 sin60o m I
FCK = 1.16 Joint H : Determine FHI and FHJ
A 60o Joint I : Determine FIJ and FIB
2.88 kN
B C
Joint B : Determine FBC and FBJ
Ay = 5 kN 4 kN 2 kN Joint J : Determine FJC
2m 2m
40
Example 3-10
Indicate how to analyze the compound truss shown in the fugure below. The
reactions at the supports have been calculated.
C H
D G 4m
2m
45o 45o 45o F
Ax = 0 kN
A B E
Ay = 15 kN 15 kN 15 kN Fy = 15 kN
2m 2m 2m 2m 2m
41
C a H
SOLUTION
D G 4m
2m
45o a F
Ax = 0 kN 45o 45o
A B E
Ay = 15 kN 15 kN 15 kN Fy = 15 kN
2m 2m 2m 2m 2m
+ ΣMB = 0:
C -15(2) - FDG(2 sin45o) - FCEcos45o(4)
45o - FCEsin45o(2) = 0 -----(1)
FCE + ΣFy = 0:
4m FBH
D
2m FDG
15 - 15 + FBHsin45o - FCEsin45o = 0
2 sin 45o m FBH = FCE-----(2)
45o 45o + ΣF = 0:
A B x
Ay = 15 kN 15 kN FBHcos45o + FDG + FCEcos45o = 0 -----(3)

2m 2m
From eq.(1)-(3): FBH = FCE = -13.38 kN (C)
FDG = 18.92 kN (T)
42
C a H
D G 4m
2m
45o a F
Ax = 0 kN 45o 45o
A B E
Ay = 15 kN 15 kN 15 kN Fy = 15 kN
2m 2m 2m 2m 2m
C
From eq.(1)-(3): FBH = FCE = -13.38 kN (C)
45o
FCE FDG = 18.92 kN (T)
4m FBH
D
2m FDG Analysis of each connected simple truss
45o
can now be performed using the method of
45o
joints.
A B
Ay = 15 kN 15 kN Joint A : Determine FAB and FAD
2m 2m
Joint D : Determine FDC and FDB
Joint C : Determine FCB 43
Example 3-11
Indicate how to analyze the symmetrical compound truss shown in the figure
below. The reactions at the supports have been calculated.
E
3 kN 5o 3 kN
F D
5o 5o
G H
5o
45o 45o
Ax = 0 kN A C
B
Ay = 4.62 kN Fy = 4.62 kN
5 kN
6m 6m
44
E
3 kN 5o 3 kN
F D
5o 5o
G H
5o
45o 45o
Ax = 0 kN A C
B
Ay = 4.62 kN Fy = 4.62 kN
5 kN
6m 6m
FEC
FAE E
E
3 kN 1.5 kN 3 kN
F 1.5 kN D
G H
A C
1.5 kN FEC
FAE 1.5 kN
45
E
3 kN 5o 3 kN
F D
5o 5o
G H
5o
45o 45o
Ax = 0 kN A C
B
Ay = 4.62 kN Fy = 4.62 kN
5 kN
6m 6m
FAE
1.5 kN 1.5 kN 1.5 kN
45o E 45o 45o 45o
A FAB
4.62 kN
1.5 kN 1.5 kN + ΣFy = 0:
45o 45o
A 4.62 - 1.5sin45o - FAEsin45o = 0
B C
FAE = 5.03 kN (C)
4.62 kN 5 kN 4.62 kN + ΣF = 0:
x
1.5cos45o - 5.03cos45o + FAB = 0

FAB = 2.50 kN (T) 46
Complex Trusses E
P
F 3 9 2(6)
D
FAD r + b = 2j,
• Determinate
A C • Stable
B
E E
FÉC P fÉC P
=
F D F D
1
+ Xx
A C A 1 C
FÉC + x fÉC = 0
FÉC
B x= = FAD B
fÉC
Fi = Fí + x fí
47
Example 3-12
Determine the force in each member of the complex truss shown in the figure
below. Assume joints B, F, and D are on the same horizontal line. State whether
the members are in tension or compression.
C
20 kN
1m
F
0.25 m 45o 45o
B D
1m
A E
2.5 m
48
SOLUTION C
20 kN
1m
F
0.25 m 45o 45o
B D F'BD+ x f´BD = 0
1m F'BD
x=
A E f´BD
Fi = F'i + x fí
2.5 m
C C
=
20 kN
F F 1 kN
45o 45o 45o 45o
B D B D
A E
+ x A E
49
First determine reactions and next use the method of joint, start at join C, F, E, D, and B.
C C
20 kN 7
1m . 14 -1 7 0 -0
14 4.1 0. .70
4 - 7
F 1 kN
0.25 m 45o 45o 45o
F 45o
B D B D
1 m +10 -10 7 1 0.
0 -18 70
20 kN A
0
4 0 E
+ x -0.3
A
0 .7 0
9 -0.539
7
-0.3
21.5 -0.53 E
0
2.5 m
0
FBD + xf BD = 0 0
18 kN (20x2.25)/2.5 = 18 kN
C − 10 + x(1) = 0
20 kN x = 10
07 -2
1m 7. 10 1.2
1
F
0.25 m 45o 45o
B D
7 0 7 7. -21
1m 7 . 07
A -5.39
20 kN 16.15 E
18 kN 2.5 m 18 kN
50
Space Trusses
• Determinacy and Stability
b + r < 3j unstable truss

b + r = 3j statically determinate-check stability
b + r > 3j statically determinate-check stability
51
z z
y Fy y
x short link x
z
z
y
y
roller x Fz
x
z
z
slotted roller y
y constrained Fx
in a cylinder x Fz
x
z z
y y
Fx Fy
x ball-and -socket
x Fz 52
• x, y, z, Force Components.
Fz
l = x2 + y 2 + z 2
B F
Fy x y z
l
Fx z Fx = F ( ) Fy = F ( ) Fz = F ( )
A y l l l
x
y 2 2 2
x
F = Fx + Fy + Fz
• Zero-Force Members
Case 1 z Case 2 z
FD FC = 0
B
D FD D y
B
y x
C A FA A
x
FC B FB
FA = 0
FB
ΣFz = 0 , FD = 0 ΣFz = 0 , FB = 0
ΣFy = 0 , FD = 0 53
Example 3-13
Determine the force in each member of the space truss shown in the figure below.
The truss is supported by a ball-and-socket joint at A, a slotted roller joint at B,
and a cable at C.
C
z
D
2.67 kN
2.44 m 1.22 m
A E
1.22 m
2.44 m y
x
54
Cy C
SOLUTION z
By B
D
Bx 2.67 kN
2.44 m Ay
E
1.22 m
Ax Az
y
x 2.44 m
The truss is statically determinate since b + r = 3j or 9 + 6 = 3(5)
ΣMy = 0: -2.67(1.22) + Bx(2.44) = 0 Bx = 1.34 kN
ΣMz = 0: Cy = 0 kN
ΣMx = 0: By(2.44) - 2.67(2.44) = 0 By = 2.67 kN
ΣFx = 0: -Ax + 1.34 = 0 Ax = 1.34 kN
ΣFy = 0: Ay - 2.67 = 0 Ay = 2.67 kN
ΣFz = 0: Az - 2.67 = 0 Az = 2.67 kN 55
0 C
0
z
0 z
0
By B 0
0
D FDC
3.66
Bx m D
0 2.67 kN
0 y
0
2.44 m Ay 2.73 m
x
FDE
E
1.22 m
Ax Az Joint D.
y
x 2.44 m ΣFZ= 0: FDC = 0
z ΣFY = 0: FDE = 0
Joint C. ΣFx = 0: FDA = 0

0 C
0 y ΣFy = 0: FCE = 0
0 FCE ΣFz = 0: FCA = 0
x 0
ΣFx = 0: FCB = 0
56
0 0 C
z
0 z
By B 0
0
0 B
2.67 kN FBC
3.66 D
Bx m y
0 2.67 kN FBE
0 1.34 kN FBA
2.44 m Ay 2.73 m x
E
1.22 m
Ax Az
y
x 2.44 m
Joint B.
ΣFy = 0: - 2.67 + FBE(2.44/3.66) = 0 FBE = 4 kN (T)

ΣFx = 0: 1.34 - FBC -4(1.22/3.66) = 0 FBC = 0
ΣFz = 0: FBA - 4(2.44/3.66) = 0 FBA = 2.67 kN (C)
57
0 0 C
z z
0 FAC
By B 0
0
0 FAD
2.67 kN
3.66 D 45o
Bx m 2.67 kN FAE
0 2.67 kN 1
0 A 2
y
1.34 kN
2.44 m Ay 2.73 m 2.67 kN
E x
1.22 m
Ax Az
y
x 2.44 m
Joint A.
ΣFz = 0: 2.67 - 2.67 - FACsin45o = 0 FAC = 0, OK
2
ΣFy = 0: - FAE( ) + 2.67 = 0 FAE = 2.99 kN (C)
5
1
ΣFz = 0: - 1.34 + FAD + 2.99( 5 ) = 0 FAD = 0, OK
58
DISPLACEMENT MEDTHOD OF ANALYSIS:
MOMENT DISTRIBUTION
! Member Stiffness Factor (K)

! Distribution Factor (DF)
! Carry-Over Factor
! Distribution of Couple at Node
! Moment Distribution for Beams
! General Beams
! Symmetric Beams
! Moment Distribution for Frames: No Sidesway
! Moment Distribution for Frames: Sidesway
1
Member Stiffness Factor (K) & Carry-Over Factor (COF)
CB
P w
EI
A B C D
L1 /2 L1/2 L2 L3
Internal members and far-end member fixed at end support:

4 EI COF = 0.5 2 EI
kCC = k DC =
4 EI L L
K=
L 1
C D
COF = 0.5
B C
K(BC) = 4EI/L2, K(CD) = 4EI/L3

2
CB
P w
EI
A B C D
L1 /2 L1/2 L2 L3
Far-end member pinned or roller end support:

COF = 0
3EI
3EI k AA = 0
K= L
L 1
C D
K(AB) = 3EI/L1, K(BC) = 4EI/L2, K(CD) = 4EI/L3
3
Joint Stiffness Factor (K)
CB
P w
EI
A B C D
L1 /2 L1/2 L2 L3
K(AB) = 3EI/L1 K(BC) = 4EI/L2, K(CD) = 4EI/L3
Kjoint = KT = ΣKmember
4
Distribution Factor (DF)
CB
P w
EI
A B C D
L1 /2 L1/2 L2 L3
K
DF =
ΣK
Notes:
- far-end pined (DF = 1)
- far-end fixed (DF = 0)
A KAB/(K(AB) + K(BC) ) B KBC/(K(AB) + K(BC) ) C K(CD)/(K(BC) + K(CD) ) D
DF 1 DFBA) DFBC DFCB DFCD 0
K(BC)/(K(BC) + K(CD) )
5
Distribution of Couple at Node
CB
(EI)1 (EI)2 (EI)3

A B C D
L1 /2 L1/2 L2 L3
A B C D
DF 1 DFBA DFBC DFCA DFCD 0
CB
CO=0 CB(DFBC) CO=0.5
CB( DFBC)
CB(DFBC) B CB( DFBC)
6
50 kN•m
2EI 3EI 3EI

A B C D
4m 4m 8m 8m
L1= L2 = L3
A B C D
DF 1 0.333 0.667 0.5 0.5 0
50 kN•m
CO=0 CO=0.5
50(.667) 50(.667) 16.67
50(.333)
50(.333) B
7
Distribution of Fixed-End Moments
P w
(EI)1 M (EI)2 (EI)13

A F B C D
L1 /2 L1/2 L2 L3
L1= L2 = 8 m, L3 = 10 m
A B C D
DF 1 DFBA DFBC DFCB DFCD 0
MF MF B
MF
0 MF(DFBC) MF( DFBC) 0.5
0 MF(DFBC) B MF( DFBC)

8
P w
EI
A 1.5PL1/8=30 B wL22/12=16 C wL32/12=25 D

L1 /2 L1/2 L2 L3
L1= L2 = 8 m, L3 = 10 m
A B C D
DF 1 0.4 0.6 0.5 0.5 0
14
30 30 B 16 16
14
0 5.6 5.6 0.5 4.2
0 B 8.4 8.4
9
Moment Distribution for Beams
10
Example 1
The support B of the beam shown (E = 200 GPa, I = 50x106 mm4 ).

Use the moment distribution method to:
(b) Draw its quantitative shear and bending moment diagrams,and qualitative
deflected shape.
20 kN 3 kN/m
2EI 3EI
A B C
4m 4m 8m
11
20 kN 3 kN/m
2EI 3EI
30 16 16
A B C
CO 0.5 0 0.5 0
4m 4m 8m
K1 = 3(2EI)/8 K2 = 4(3EI)/8
K1/(K1+ K2) K2/(K1+ K2)
DF 1 0.333 0.667 0
[FEM]load -30 16 -16
Dist. 4.662 9.338

CO 4.669
Σ -25.34 25.34 -11.33
20 kN 24 kN
A B B C
25.34 kN•m 11.33 kN•m
6.83 kN 13.17 kN 13.75 kN 10.25 kN 12
Note : Using the Slope 20 kN 3 kN/m
Deflection
2EI 3EI
20+10 16 16
A B C
4m 4m 8m
3(2 EI )
M BA = θ B − 30 − − − (1)
8
4(3EI )
M BC = θ B + 16 − − − (2)
8
MBA MBC
+ ΣMB = 0: -MBA - MBC = 0
B
(0.75 + 1.5)EIθB - 30 + 16 = 0
θB = 6.22/EI
MBA = -25.33 kN•m,
MBC = 25.33 kN•m
2(3EI )
M CB = θ B − 16 = −11.33 kN • m
8 13
20 kN 3 kN/m
A C
11.33
B
6.83 kN
13.17 + 13.75 = 26.92 kN 10.25 kN
4m 4m 8m
13.75
6.83
V (kN)
+ + x (m)
- 4.58 m - -10.25
-13.17
27.32
6.13
M + +
(kN•m)
- - x (m)
-11.33
-25.33
Deflected
shape x (m)
14
Example 2
From the beam shown use the moment distribution method to:
(b) Draw its quantitative shear and bending moment diagrams,
and qualitative deflected shape.
2EI 3EI 3EI

A B C D
4m 4m 8m 8m
15
2EI 15
26.67 26.67 40 3EI
A 0.5 B 0.5 C 0.5 D
4m 4m 8m 8m
K1 = 3(2EI)/8 K2 = 4(3EI)/8 K3 = 3(3EI)/8
K1/(K1+ K2) K2/(K1+ K2) K2/(K2+ K3) K3/(K2+ K3)
DF 1 0.333 0.667 0.571 0.428 1

Joint couple -16.65 -33.35
50 kN•m
CO=0 CO=0.5
50(.667) 50(.667)
50(.333)
50(.333) B
16
2EI 15
26.67 26.67 40 3EI
A 0.5 B 0.5 C 0.5 D
4m 4m 8m 8m
K1 = 3(2EI)/8 K2 = 4(3EI)/8 K3 = 3(3EI)/8
K1/(K1+ K2) K2/(K1+ K2) K2/(K2+ K3) K3/(K2+ K3)
DF 1 0.333 0.667 0.571 0.429 1

Joint couple -16.65 -33.35
CO -16.675
FEM -15 26.667 -26.667 40
Dist. -3.885 -7.782 1.905 1.437
CO 0.953 -3.891
Dist. -0.317 -0.636 2.218 1.673
CO 1.109 -0.318
Dist. -0.369 -0.740 0.181 0.137
Σ -36.22 -13.78 -43.28 43.25
17
2EI 36.22
13.78 43.25 43.25 3EI
A B C D
4m 4m 8m 8m
10 kN
40 kN
36.22 kN•m
A B 43.25 kN•m
C D
Ay = 0.47 kN ByL = 9.53 kN CyR = 25.41 kN Dy = 14.59 kN
40 kN
13.78 kN•m 43.25 kN•m
B C
ByR = 12.87 kN CyL= 27.13 kN
18
A D
2EI B C 3EI
0.47 kN 14.59 kN
9.53+12.87=22.4 kN 27.13+25.41=52.54 kN
4m 4m 8m 8m
12.87 25.41 2.92 m

V (kN) 0.47
x (m)
2.57 m
-9.53 -14.59
30.32 -27.13 21.29
13.78
M(kN•m) 1.88
x (m)
-36.22
-43.25
Deflected x (m)
shape
19
Example 3
From the beam shown use the moment distribution method to:
qualitative deflected shape.
2EI 40 kN 50 kN•m 10 kN/m 40 kN
A D
EI
B C
3m 3m 9m 3m
20
120 kN•m 40 kN
2EI 40 kN 50 kN•m 10 kN/m
A D
30 30 101.25 EI
B C
0.5 0.5
3m 3m 9m 3m
K1 = 4(2EI)/6 K2 = 3(EI)/9
K1/(K1+ K2) K2/(K1+ K2)
DF 0 0.80 0.20 1
Joint couple 40 10 -120
CO 20 -60
FEM 30 -30 101.25
Dist.
Dist. -9 -2.25
CO -4.5
Σ 45.5 1 49 -120
21
2EI 40 kN 50 kN•m 10 kN/m 40 kN
1
A D
49 120 120
45.5 EI
B C
3m 3m 9m 3m
40 kN
40 kN
45.5 kN•m 1 kN•m
A B 120 kN•m
C D
Ay = 27.75 kN ByL = 12.25 kN CyR = 40 kN

90 kN
49 kN•m 120 kN•m
B C
ByR = 37.11 kN CyL = 52.89 kN
22
2EI 40 kN 50 kN•m 10 kN/m 40 kN
A D
EI
B C
27.75 kN
12.25+37.11 = 49.36 kN
52.89+40 = 92.89 kN
3m 3m 9m 3m
37.11 40
27.75
V (kN) + + +
- x (m)
-12.25 3.71 m -
37.75 -52.89
19.84
M(kN•m) + 1 + x (m)
- -
-
-45.5 -49
-120
Deflected x (m)
shape
23
Example 4
The support B of the beam shown (E = 200 GPa, I = 50x106 mm4 ) settles 10 mm.
Use the moment distribution method to:
20 kN 15 kN•m
12 kN•m 3 kN/m
2EI 3EI
A B C
4m 4m 8m
24
20 kN 15 kN•m
12 kN•m 3 kN/m
B
A C
2EI 30 16 3EI
0.5 4 m 16
4m 10 mm 8 m
0.5
6(2 EI )∆ 6(2 EI )∆ 6(3EI ) ∆
A − = 9.375 6(3EI ) ∆ = 28.125
L 2
2L 2 = 28.125 L2
L2
∆ [FEM]∆ ∆
B B
6(2 EI )∆ C
L2 K1 = 3(2EI)/8 K2 = 4(3EI)/8
K1/(K1+ K2) K2/(K1+ K2)
DF 1 0.333 0.667 0
Joint couple -12 5 10
CO -6 5
[FEM]load -30 16 -16
[FEM]∆ 9.375 -28.125 -28.125
Dist. 12.90 25.85

CO 12.92
Σ -12 -8.72 23.72 -26.20 25

Note : Using the 20 kN 18.75-9.375 15 kN•m
3 kN/m
slope deflection 12 kN•m (9.375 )∆
B (28.125)∆
A C
2EI 3EI 28.125
(20+10)load (16)load 16
4m 4m 10 mm 8m
15 kN•m
-12 MBA MBC
4(2 EI ) 2(2 EI )
M AB = θA + θ B + 20 − 18.75 − − − (1)
8 8
B
2(2 EI ) 4(2 EI )
M BA = θA + θ B − 20 + 18.75 − − − (2)
8 8 + ΣMB = 0: - MBA - MBC + 15 = 0
( 2) − (1) 3(2 EI )
: M BA = θ B − 30 + 9.375 − 12 / 2 − − − (2a)
2 8 (0.75 + 1.5)EIθB - 38.75 - 15 = 0
4(3EI ) θB = 23.9/EI
M BC = θ B + 16 − 28.125 − − − (3)
8
MBA = -8.7 kN•m,
2(3EI )
M CB = θ B − 16 − 28.125 − − − (4)
8 MBC = 23.72 kN•m
2(3EI )
M CB = θ B − 16 − 28.125
8
= −26.2 kN • m 26
20 kN 15 kN•m
12 kN•m 3 kN/m
2EI 8.725 23.7253EI 26.205

A B C
4m 4m 8m
20 kN 24 kN
12 kN•m
8.725 kN•m 26.205 kN•m
A B B C
23.725 kN•m
27
20 kN 15 kN•m
12 kN•m 3 kN/m
A C
2EI B 3EI 26.205
7.41 kN
12.59+11.69 = 24.28 kN 12.31 kN
4m 4m 8m
7.41 11.69
V (kN)
+ + x (m)
- 3.9 m - -12.31
-12.59
41.64
12
+
M
(kN•m) x (m)
-8.725 - -0.93 -
-23.725 -26.205
Deflected 10 mm θB = 23.9/EI
shape x (m)
28
Example 5
For the beam shown, support A settles 10 mm downward, use the moment
distribution method to
(a)Determine all the reactions at supports
(b)Draw its quantitative shear, bending moment diagrams, and qualitative
deflected shape.
Take E= 200 GPa, I = 50(106) mm4.
12 kN•m
6 kN/m
B
A
2EI C 1.5EI 10 mm
3m 3m
29
12 kN•m
4.5+(4.5/2) 6 kN/m
= 6.75
B
A
4.5 10 mm
2EI C 1.5EI
3m 0.5 3 m 0.5
100-(100/2) = 50 6(1.5 × 200 × 50)(0.01)

0.01 m
C 32
MF∆
A = 100 kN • m
K1 = 4(2EI)/3 K2 = 3(1.5EI)/3
K1/(K1+ K2) K2/(K1+ K2)
DF 0 0.64 0.36 1
Joint couple 12
CO 6
[FEM]load 6.75
[FEM]∆ 50
Dist. -40.16 -22.59

CO -20.08
Σ -20.08 -40.16 40.16 12 30

12 kN•m
6 kN/m
B
A
2EI C 1.5EI
3m 3m
ΣΜ -20.08 -10.16 40.16 12
20.08 kN•m 40.16 kN•m

B C
40.16 + 20.08
20.08 kN = 20.08 kN
3
18 kN
12 kN•m
6 kN/m
40.16 kN•m
C A
26.39 kN 8.39 kN
31
12 kN•m
6 kN/m
B
A
2EI C 1.5EI 10 mm
3m 3m
20.08 kN•m 40.16 kN•m
B C
20.08 kN 20.08 kN 12 kN•m
6 kN/m
40.16 kN•m
C A
26.39 kN 8.39 kN
V (kN) 26.39
+ 8.39
x (m)
-
M (kN•m) -20.08
20.08 12
x (m)
Deflected shape -40.16

x (m)
32
Example 6
For the beam shown, support A settles 10 mm downward, use the moment
distribution method to
(a)Determine all the reactions at supports
(b)Draw its quantitative shear, bending moment diagrams, and qualitative
deflected shape.
Take E= 200 GPa, I = 50(106) mm4.
12 kN•m
6 kN/m
B
A
2EI C 1.5EI 10 mm
3m 3m
33
• Overview 12 kN•m
6 kN/m
B
A
C 10 mm
2EI 1.5EI
3m 3m
12 kN•m
6 kN/m
B
A
10 mm
C
R
∆
B ×C
A
R´
R + R ' C = 0 − − − (1*)
34
• Artificial joint applied 12 kN•m
4.5+(4.5/2) 6 kN/m
= 6.75
B
A
4.5 10 mm
2EI C 1.5EI
3m 0.5 3 m 0.5
100-(100/2) = 50 6(1.5 × 200 × 50)(0.01)

0.01 m
C 32
MF∆
A = 100 kN • m
K1 = 4(2EI)/3 K2 = 3(1.5EI)/3
K1/(K1+ K2) K2/(K1+ K2)
DF 0 0.64 0.36 1
Joint couple 12
CO 6
[FEM]load 6.75
[FEM]∆ 50
Dist. -40.16 -22.59

CO -20.08
Σ -20.08 -40.16 40.16 12 35

12 kN•m
6 kN/m
B
A
2EI C 1.5EI
3m 3m
ΣΜ -20.08 -40.16 40.16 12
20.08 kN•m 40.16 kN•m

B C
40.16 + 20.08 18 kN
20.08 kN = 20.08 kN 12 kN•m
3 6 kN/m
40.16 kN•m
C A
26.39 kN 8.39 kN
40.16 kN•m
40.16 kN•m
20.08 C 26.39 kN + ↑ ΣFy = 0 : − 20.08 − 26.39 + R = 0

R
R = 46.47 kN 36
• Artificial joint removed
∆
B
A
C
2EI 0.5 1.5EI 0.5
3m R´ 3m
C C
75
B ∆ ∆ 6(1.5EI )( )
100 EI = 75
75-(75/2) A 32
6(2 EI ) ∆ C 75
= 100 → ∆ = = 37.5
32 EI
DF 0 0.64 0.36 1
[FEM]∆ -100 -100 +37.5
Dist. 40 22.5
CO 20
Σ -80 -60 60
80 kN•m 60 kN•m 60 kN•m

B C C A
46.67 kN 46.67 kN 20 kN 20 kN
C
46.67 20 kN + ↑ ΣFy = 0 : R' = 66.67 kN 37
R´
• Solve equation
Substitute R = 46.47 kN and R ' = 66.67 kN in (1*)
46.47 + 66.67C = 0
C = −0.6970
12 kN•m
6 kN/m
B
20.08 kN•m A
10 mm
20.08 kN C
R = 46.47 kN 8.39 kN
∆
B
80 kN•m A × C = −0.6970
46.67 kN 20 kN
R´ = 66.67 kN
12 kN•m
6 kN/m
35.68 kN•m B
A
2EI C 1.5EI
12.45 kN 5.55 kN 38
12 kN•m
6 kN/m
35.68 kN•m B
A
2EI C 1.5EI 10 mm
12.45 kN 5.55 kN
3m 3m
V (kN) 12.45 0.925 m

+
x (m)
-5.55
M (kN•m) 14.57 12
1.67 +
x (m)
-
-35.68
Deflected shape
x (m)
39
Symmetric Beam
• Symmetric Beam and Loading
P P
θ θ
A B C D
L´ L L´
real beam
V´B L L VĆ
M L
2 2 + ΣMC´ = 0: − VB ' ( L ) + ( L)( ) = 0
EI 2
B´ C´
ML
M VB ' = θ =
M 2 EI
L EI
EI
2 EI
conjugate beam M= θ
L
The stiffness factor for the center span is, therefore,
2 EI
K=
L
40
• Symmetric Beam with Antisymmetric Loading
P
θ
A D
B θ C
P
L´ L L´
real beam
1 M L M 1 M L 2L
( )( ) + ΣMC´ = 0: − VB ' ( L) + ( )( )( ) = 0
2 EI 2 EI 2 EI 2 3
V´B 2 ML
L VB ' = θ =
B´ 3 6 EI
C´
6 EI
1 M L VĆ M= θ
M ( )( ) L
2 EI 2
EI The stiffness factor for the center span is, therefore,
conjugate beam
6 EI
K=
L 41
Example 5a
Determine all the reactions at supports for the beam below. EI is constant.
15 kN/m
A D
B C
4m 6m 4m
42
15 kN/m
A D
wL2/15 = 16 B wL2/12 = 45 C wL2/15 = 16
4m 6m 4m
3EI 3EI 2 EI 2 EI
K ( AB ) = = , K ( BC ) = =
L 4 L 6
K ( AB ) K ( AB ) (3EI / 4)
( DF ) AB = = 1,( DF ) BA = = = 0.692,
K ( AB ) K ( AB ) + K ( BC ) (3EI / 4) + ( 2 EI / 6)
K ( BC ) (2 EI / 6)
( DF ) BC = = = 0.308
K ( AB ) + K ( BC ) (3EI / 4) + (2 EI / 6)
DF 1.0 0.692 0.308
[FEM]load 0 -16 +45
Dist. -20.07 -8.93

ΣΜ -36.07 +36.07
30 kN 30 kN
8 90 kN 8
36.07 kN•m 36.07 kN•m
3 3
A B B C C D
4m 3m 3m 4m
0.98 kN 29.02 kN 29.02 kN 0.98 kN 43
45 kN 45 kN
30 kN 30 kN
8 90 kN 8
36.07 kN•m 36.07 kN•m
3 3
A B B C C D
4m 3m 3m 4m
0.98 kN 29.02 kN 29.02 kN 0.98 kN
45 kN 45 kN
15 kN/m
A D
B 74.02 kN C 74.02 kN
0.98 kN 0.98 kN
4m 6m 4m
45
29.02
V 0.98
(kN) x (m)
-0.98
-29.02 -45
31.42
M +
(kN•m) x (m)
- -
-36.07 -36.07
Deflected
shape 44
Example 5b
Determine all the reactions at supports for the beam below. EI is constant.
15 kN/m
A C D
B
15 kN/m
4m 3m 3m 4m
45
Fixed End Moment 15 kN/m
A C D
wL2/15 = 16 B 11wL2/192 5wL2/192
= 30.938 = 14.063
5wL2/192 11wL2/192
= 14.063 = 30.938 wL2/15 = 16
A C D
B
15 kN/m
15 kN/m
16.875 16
A C D
16 B 16.875
15 kN/m
46
15 kN/m
16.875 16
A C D
16 B 16.875
15 kN/m
4m 3m 3m 4m
3EI 3EI 6 EI 6 EI
K ( AB ) = = = 0.75EI , K ( BC ) = = = EI
L 4 L 6
0.75 1
( DF ) AB = 1, ( DF ) BA = = 0.429, ( DF ) BC = = 0.571
0.75 + 1 0.75 + 1
DF 1.0 0.429 0.571
[FEM]load 0 -16 16.875
Dist. -0.375 -0.50

ΣΜ -16.375 16.375
8
30 kN
8 45 kN 3
16.375 kN•m 16.375 kN•m 4m
3
A B B C C D
4m
5.91 kN 24.09 kN 27.96 kN 5.91 kN
27.96 kN 45 kN 24.09 kN 30 kN 47
8
30 kN
8 45 kN 3
16.375 kN•m 16.375 kN•m 4m
3
A B B C C D
4m
5.91 kN 24.09 kN 27.96 kN 5.91 kN
27.96 kN 45 kN 24.09 kN 30 kN
15 kN/m
A C D
B
15 kN/m
5.91 kN 52.05 kN 52.05 kN 5.91 kN
27.96 27.96
V 5.91 5.91
(kN) x (m)
-24.09 -24.09
M 16.375
(kN•m) x (m)
-16.375
Deflected shape
48
Moment Distribution Frames: No Sidesway
49
Example 6
(a) Determine all the reactions at supports
40 kN•m
48 kN 8 kN/m
B C
A
2.5EI 2.5EI
4m
3EI
5m D 5m
50
40 kN•m
48 kN 8 kN/m
B C
A
2.5EI 45 25 2.5EI
0.5 0.5
4m
KAB = KBC = 3(2.5EI)/5 = 1.5 EI 3EI 0.5
KBD = 4(3EI)/4 = 3EI

5m D 5m
A B D C
Member AB BA BC BD DB CB
DF 1 0.25 0.25 0.5 0 1
Joint load -10 -10 -20
CO -10
FEM -45 25
Dist. 5 5 10
CO 5
Σ 0 -50 20 -10 -5 0 51
40 kN•m
48 kN 8 kN/m
B C
A
20
2.5EI 50 2.5EI
14 kN 10 16 kN
3EI
5 Member AB BA BC BD DB CB
D Σ 0 -50 20 -10 -5 0
40 kN•m
58 kN 34 24 3.75
50 20
48 kN 3.75 40 kN
A B 0 50 kN•m 58
10 B C 3.75
58 20 3.75
14 kN 34 kN 10 kN•m 16 kN
24 kN
3.75 kN
5
3.75 kN
58
52
40 kN•m
48 kN 8 kN/m
B C
A
2.5EI 20 2.5EI
14 kN 50 16 kN
3EI 10 4m
5
D
5m 5m
58 kN
35
16
10
20
50 Moment diagram Deflected shape
5
53
Moment Distribution for Frames: Sidesway
54
Single Frames
P P
∆ ∆
C C R´
B C B R B
x C1
A D A D A D
Artificial joint applied Artificial joint removed

(no sidesway) (sidesway)
0 = R + C1R´
55
Multistory Frames ∆2 P3
P2
P4
P1 ∆1
P3
∆´´ ∆´´
P2 R2´´
R2 R2´
∆´ ∆´
P4
x C1 x C2
P1 R1´
R1 R1´´
0 =R2 + C1R2´ + C2R2´´
0 =R1 + C1R1´ + C2R2´´

56
Example 7
EI is constant.
16 kN
1m 4m
B C
5m
A D
57
• Overview
16 kN 16 kN
1m 4m C C R´
B C B R B
5m 5m = + x C1
A D A D A D
artificial joint applied artificial joint removed

(no sidesway) ( sidesway)
R + C1R´ = 0 ---------(1)
58
• Artificial joint applied (no sidesway)
Fixed end moment:
16 kN
b=1m a=4m C
B R
Pa2b/L2 Pb2a/L2
= 10.24 = 2.56
A D
Equilibrium condition :
+ ΣF = 0: A + D + R = 0
x x x
59
16 kN
1m 4m C
R A B C D
B
0.5 DF 0 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50
10.24 2.56 0
FEM 10.24 -2.56
5m 5m Dist. -5.12 -5.12 1.28 1.28
0.5 0.5
CO -2.56 0.64 -2.56 0.64
A D Dist. -0.32 -0.32 1.28 1.28
CO -0.16 0.64 -0.16 0.64
5.78 kN•m Dist. -0.32 -0.32 0.08 0.08
2.72 kN•m
CO -0.16 0.04 -0.16 0.04
Dist. -0.02 -0.02 0.08 0.08
B C Σ -2.88 -5.78 5.78 -2.72 2.72 1.32
5m 5m Equilibrium condition :
+ ΣF = 0: 1.73 - 0.81 + R = 0
x
A Ax = 1.73 kN D
Dx = 0.81 kN R = - 0.92 kN
2.88 kN•m 1.32 kN•m

60
• Artificial joint removed ( sidesway)
Fixed end moment:

Since both B and C happen to be displaced the same amount ∆, and AB and DC
have the same E, I, and L so we will assume fixed-end moment to be 100 kN•m.
∆ ∆
B 5m C
100 kN•m R´
100 kN•m
5m 5m
100 kN•m 100 kN•m
A
D
+ ΣF = 0: A + D + R´ = 0
x x x
61
∆ ∆
B 5m C
R´ A B C D
0.5 0.50 0.50
100 kN•m 100 kN•m DF 0 0.50 0.50 0
FEM 100 100 100 100
5m 5m Dist. -50 -50 -50 -50
0.5 0.5
100 kN•m 100 kN•m CO -25.0 -25.0 -25.0 -25.0
A Dist. 12.5 12.5 12.5 12.5
D
CO 6.5 6.5 6.5 6.5
Dist. -3.125 -3.125 -3.125 -3.125
60 kN•m 60 kN•m CO -1.56 -1.56 -1.56 -1.56
Dist. 0.78 0.78 0.78 0.78
CO 0.39 0.39 0.39 0.39
B C
Dist. -0.195 -0.195 -0.195 -0.195
Σ 80 60 -60 -60 60 80
5m 5m
Equilibrium condition: + ΣFx = 0:

A Ax = 28 kN D
Dx = 28 kN -28 - 28 + R´ = 0
80 kN•m 80 kN•m R´ = 56 kN
62
Substitute R = -0.92 and R´= 56 in (1) :
R + C1R´ = 0
-0.92 + C1(56) = 0
0.92
C1 =
56
16 kN 16 kN
B C C R´ 1m 4m C
R B B
5.78 2.72 60 60 4.79 3.71
2.72 60 60 3.71
5.78 4.79
+ x C1 = 5m 5m
2.88 80 80 1.57 2.63
1.32
1.73 kN 0.81 28 28 1.27 kN
A D A D A D 1.27
63
8.22
16 kN
3.71
1m 4m C
B 4.79
4.79 3.71 3.71
4.79
4.79 3.71
5m 5m
1.57 2.63
1.27 kN 1.27 kN 1.57 2.63

A D 2.99 kN Bending moment
13.01 kN diagram (kN•m)
∆ ∆
Deflected shape 64
Example 8
20 kN/m 3m
B pin
C
3EI
3m 2EI
4EI 4m
A
D
65
• Overview
20 kN/m
B 3m, 3EI B C B C
C
R R´
3 m , 2EI
4m , 4EI
= + x C1
A A A
D D D

R + C1R´ = 0 ----------(1)
66
20 kN/m A B C D
B 3m , 3EI C R 0.471 0.529
DF 0 1.00 1.00 0
0.5
15 FEM 15.00 -15.00
0.5 Dist. 7.065 7.935
0.5
CO 3.533
3 m , 2EI 4m, 4EI
15 Σ 18.53 -7.94 7.94
A
D 7.94 kN•m
KBA = 4(2EI)/3 = 2.667EI

B C + ΣF = 0:
x
KBC = 3(3EI)/3 = 3EI
60 - 33.53 - 0 + R = 0
60
KCD = 3(4EI)/4 = 3EI 3m 4m
R = - 26.47 kN
A Ax = 33.53 kN D Dx = 0
18.53 kN•m 0
67
• Artificial joint removed ( sidesway)
• Fixed end moment

∆ ∆ ∆ ∆
B 3m, 3EI C B 3m, 3EI C
R´ R´
100 kN•m
6(2EI∆)/(3) 2 6(4EI)∆/(4) 2 100 kN•m
3 m, 2EI
100 kN•m 4m, 4EI 3 m, 2EI 4m, 4EI
6(2EI∆)/(3) 2 100 kN•m
3(4EI∆)/(4) 2 3(4EI)(75/EI)/(4) 2
A A = 56.25 kN•m
D D
Assign a value of (FEM)AB = (FEM)BA = 100 kN•m
6(2 EI ) ∆
2
= 100
3
∆AB = 75/EI
68
∆ ∆
A B C D
B 3m C R´
0.5 DF 0 0.471 0.529 1.00 1.00 0
100
FEM 100 100 56.25
0.5
Dist. -47.1 -52.9 0
0.5
3m 4m CO -28.55
100
Σ 76.45 52.9 -52.9 56.25
56.25
A
D
52.9. kN•m
+ ΣF = 0:
C x
B -43.12 - 14.06 + R´ = 0
3m 4m R´ = 57.18 kN
A Ax = 43.12kN
D 14.06 kN
76.45 kN•m
56.25 kN•m 69
Substitute R = -26.37 and R´= 57.18 in (1) :
R + C1R´ = 0
-26.47 + C1(57.18) = 0
26.47
C1 =
57.18
20 kN/m
B B 52.9 kN•m B
C C 3m
R C
7.94 kN•m R´ 16.55 kN•m
7.94 kN•m 52.9
= 3m
+ 76.45 kN•m
x C1 4m
18.53 kN•m 53.92 kN•m
33.53 kN 43.12 kN 53.49 kN

A A 56.25
0 A 26.04 kN•m
5.52 kN6.51 kN
0
D D 14.06 D
5.52 kN
70
20 kN/m
16.55
B 3m 16.55
C B C
16.55 kN•m
3m
53.92 kN•m 4m
53.92
53.49 kN
A 26.04 kN•m A
5.52 kN6.51 kN 26.04
Moment diagram
∆ ∆ D
D
5.52 kN
B C
A
Deflected shape
71
D
Example 8
EI is constant.
10 kN B
C
4m
A D
4m 3m
72
• Overview
10 kN B
C
4m
A D
4m 3m
R + C1R´ = 0 ---------(1)
=
10 kN B C B C
R R´
+ x C1
A D A D
73
10 kN B C
R
0 0
A D
Equilibrium condition : + ΣF = 0:
x
10 + R = 0
R = - 10 kN
74
• Artificial joint removed (sidesway)
• Fixed end moment 6EI∆BC/(4) 2

B
R´
6EI∆AB/(4) 2
C 3EI∆CD/(5) 2
100 kN•m 100 kN•m
6EI∆CD/(5) 2 4 m
6EI∆AB/(4) 2
A D
4m 3m
Assign a value of (FEM)AB = (FEM)BA = 100 kN•m : 6 EI∆ AB = 100

42
∆AB = 266.667/EI
∆ CD ∆BC
B∆ C´
R´
∆ ∆CD = ∆ / cos 36.87° = 1.25 ∆ = 1.25(266.667/EI)
B´ C = 333.334/EI
36.87° C´
4m ∆CD
∆BC = ∆ tan 36.87° = 0.75 ∆
36.87° = 0.75(266.667/EI)
A D C ∆AB = ∆ = 200/EI
4m 3m
75
∆BC= 200/EI, ∆CD = 333.334/EI
6EI∆BC/(4) 2 = 6(200)/42 = 75 kN•m

B
R´
100 kN•m
C 3EI∆CD/(5) 2 = 3(333.334)/52 = 40 kN•m
100 kN•m
A D
+ ΣF = 0: A + D + R´ = 0
x x x
76
75 A B C D
B 75
R´ DF 0 0.50 0.50 0.625 0.375 1
0.5 C
100 FEM 100 100 -75 -75 40
40
4 m Dist. -12.5 -12.5 21.875 13.125
0.5 0.5
100 CO -6.25 10.938 -6.25
A D Dist. -5.469 -5.469 3.906 2.344
4m 3m CO -2.735 1.953 -2.735
Dist. -0.977 -0.977 1.709 1.026
KBA = 4EI/4 = EI, KBC = 4EI/4 = EI,
KCD = 3EI/5 = 0.6EI Σ 91.02 81.05 -81.05 -56.48 56.48
34.38 kN 34.38 kN
81.05 81.05 B C 56.48
B 56.48 C
34.38 kN 34.38 kN
+ ΣF = 0: 39.91 kN
A 43.02 kN x D
91.02 -43.02 - 39.91 + R´ = 0
34.38 kN R´ = 82.93 kN 34.38 kN
77
Substitute R = -10 kN and R´= 82.93 kN in (1) : -10 + C1(82.93) = 0
R + C1R´ = 0 ---------(1) C1 = 10/82.93
81.05
10 kN B C B C
R R´
81.05 56.48
x C1= 10/82.93
+ 56.48
0 0 91.02 39.91 kN
A 0 D A 43.02 kN D
0
=
34.38 kN
0 34.38 kN
9.77
10 kN B
C
9.77 6.81
6.81 4m
10.98 4.81 kN
A 5.19 kN
D
4.15 kN 4.15 kN
4m 3m
78
9.77
10 kN B
C
9.77 6.81
6.81 4m
10.98
A 5.19 kN 4.81 kN
D
4.15 kN 4.15 kN
4m 3m
9.77
B B
9.77 C C
6.81
A 10.98 A
D D
Bending moment diagram Deflected shape

(kN•m)
79
Example 9
(b) Draw its quantitative shear and bending moment diagrams,and
EI is constant.
40 kN
20 kN B
C
3EI
3m
4EI
4EI 4m
A
D
2m 3m 2m
80
40 kN
• Overview
20 kN B
C
3EI
3m
4EI
4EI 4m
A
D
2m 3m 2m
R + C1R´ = 0 ----------(1)
40 kN
=
20 kN B C B C
R R´
+ x C1
(no sidesway) (no sidesway)
A A
D D
2m 3m 2m 2m 3m 2m
81
Fixed end moments:
40 kN
PL/8 = 15
B C
20 kN R
15+(15/2)
= 22.5 kN•m
A
D
2m 3m 2m
+ ΣF = 0: A + D + R = 0
x x x
82
A B C D
40 kN
20 kN B C DF 0 0.60 0.40 1.00 1.00 0
R
22.5 FEM 22.5
15
0.5 Dist. -13.5 -9.0
0.5 0.5 CO -6.75
Σ -6.75 -13.5 13.5

A
D
2m 3m 2m KBA = 4(4EI)/3.6 = 4.444EI, KBC = 3(3EI)/3 = 3EI,
24.5 kN 15.5 kN
13.5 kN•m
C + ΣF = 0:
B x
40 kN 23.08 + 20 -7.75 + R´ = 0
13.5 B C R´ = - 35.33 kN
A 7.75 kN
23.08 kN
24.5 kN 15.5 kN D
6.75 kN•m 0
24.5 kN 15.5 kN
83
• Artificial joint removed (sidesway)
Fixed end moments: 3m

B C
R´
m
3EI
06
4. 4
3.6
72
m
4EI
4EI
A
D
3(3EI)∆BC/(3) 2 6(3EI)∆BC/(3) 2
100 kN•m
R´
6(4EI)∆AB/(3.606) 2 B C
6(4EI)∆CD/(4.47) 2
100 kN•m
6(4EI)∆AB/(3.61) 2
3(4EI)∆CD/(4.472) 2
A
D
Assign a value of (FEM)AB = (FEM)BA = 100 kN•m : 6(4 EI ) ∆ AB = 100, ∆AB = 54.18/EI
3.612 84
CC´ ∆ = ∆ABcos 33.69° = 45.08/EI
B BB´ C C´
R´ C´
B´ ∆ CD
.69 o C ∆ tan 26.57 = 22.54/EI
26.57°
26.57°
33
B∆ 33.69o
AB
=5 ∆ tan 33.69 = 30.05/EI
4.3
A /E I
D
B´
∆ BC = B' C ' = 22.54 / EI + 30.05 / EI = 52.59 / EI
∆CD = ∆/cos 26.57°= 50.4/EI
3(3EI)∆BC/(3) 2 = 3(3EI)(52.59/EI) /(3) 2 = 52.59 kN•m

R´
100 kN•m B C
100 kN•m
3(4EI)∆CD/(4.472) 2
A = 3(4EI)(50.4/EI)/(4.472) 2
D
= 30.24 kN•m
85
A B C D
3EI
B 52.59 C DF 0 0.60 0.40 1.00 1.00 0
R´
100 0.5 FEM 100 100 -52.59 30.24
3m Dist. -28.45 -18.96
100 0.5 0.5 4m CO -14.223
4EI Σ 85.78 71.55 -71.55
4EI 30.24
A 30.24
D
2m 3m 2m
23.85 kN 23.85 kN
71.55 kN•m + ΣF = 0:
x
C
B -68.34 - 19.49 + R´ = 0
71.55 B C R´ = 87.83 kN
A 68.34 kN 23.85 23.85 19.49 kN

D
85.78kN•m 30.24 kN•m
23.85 kN
23.85 kN
86
Substitute R = -35.33 and R´= 87.83 in (1) : -35.33 + C1(87.83) = 0
40 kN C1 = 35.33/87.83
20 kN B C B C
35.33 kN 90.59 kN
13.5 kN•m 71.55 kN•m

+85.78 kN•m x C1
6.75 kN•m
23.08 kN 68.34 kN
0 30.24 kN•m
A 24.5 kN A 23.85 kN
7.75 kN 19.485 kN
D D
15.5 kN 23.85 kN
=
40 kN
20 kN B
C
15.28 kN•m
27.76 kN•m
4.41 kN
12.16 kN•m
A 14.91 kN
15.59 kN
D
25.09 kN 87
40 kN
20 kN B
C
15.28 kN•m
27.76 kN•m
4.41 kN
12.16 kN•m
A 14.91 kN
15.59 kN
D
37.65 25.09 kN
15.28
C C
B B
A 27.76 A
12.16 Deflected shape
Bending moment diagram D D
88
ANALYSIS OF STATICALLY INDETERMINATE
STRUCTURES BY THE FORCE METHOD
! Force Method of Analysis: Beams
! Maxwell’s Theorem of Reciprocal Displacements;
Betti’s Law
! Force Method of Analysis: Frames
! Force Method of Analysis: Trusses
! Force Method of Analysis: General
! Composite Structures
1
Force Method of Analysis : Beams
1 Degree of freedom
• Compatibility of displacement • Compatibility of slope

P P
M1 1 2 M1 1 2
A C B A C B
R1 R2 R1 R2
L L
P P
=
=
A C B
∆´2
θ ´1
+
+
1 α11
f22 × R2 × M1
1
∆´2 + f22 R2 = ∆2 = 0 θ ´1 + α11M1 = θ 1= 0 2
2 Degree of freedom P
1 2
A B C D
Ax
Ay R1 R2 Dy
P
A B C D
∆´1 ∆´2
+ f21
A f11 D
xR
R11
1 +
f12
A f22 D
xR
R22
1
∆´1 + f11 R1 + f12 R2 = ∆1 = 0
∆´2 + f21 R1 + f22 R2 3
= ∆2 = 0
Maxwell’s Theorem of Reciprocal Displacements; Betti’s Law
f21 1 2
1
A B
f11 f21
m2 M 1 mm
1 • f 21 = ∫ dx = ∫ 2 1 dx
L
EI L
EI
m1
m2 m1
f 21 = ∫ dx
L
EI
1
A B
f22
f12
m2
4
f12 1 2 m2 m1
f 21 = ∫ dx
1 L
EI
A B m1M 2 mm
1 • f12 = ∫ dx = ∫ 1 2 dx
f22 L
EI L
EI
f12 m1m2
f12 = ∫ dx
m2 L
EI
f 21 = f12
Maxwell’s Theorem:
1
A B f ij = f ji
f11 f21
m1
5
f11, f22
1 2
1
A B m1M 1 mm
1 • f11 = ∫ dx = ∫ 1 1 dx
f11 f21 L
EI L
EI
m2 M 2 mm
1 • f 22 = ∫ dx = ∫ 2 2 dx
L
EI L
EI
m1
In general,
1 mi m j
A B 1 • f ij = f = ∫ dx
L
EI
f22
f12 m j mi
1 • f ji = f ji = ∫ dx
L
EI
m2
6
1 2
P1
A D
d11 = f11 P1 d21 = f21 P1
P2
A D
d12 = f12 P2 d22 = f22 P2
7
Force Method of Analysis: General
Compatibility Eq.
1 2
w
∆´1 + f11R1 + f12R2 = ∆1 = 0
∆´2 + f21R1 + f22R2 = ∆2 = 0
0
∆´1 ∆1
=
f11 f12 R1
w + = 0
∆´2 f12 f22 R
2
∆2
∆´1 ∆´2
f11 f12 R1 ∆´1
=-
+
f12 f22 R
2
∆´2
f11 f21
xR1 General form:
1
f11 f12 f1n R1 ∆´1
+
f21 f22 f2n R2 ∆´2

.. .
f12 .. . = - ..
f22 .
xR2 fn1 fn2 fnn Rn ∆ń
8
1
Example 9-1
50 kN
C B
A
6m 6m
9
SOLUTION Use compatibility of displacement for find reaction
MA
B
A C
RA 6m 6m
RB
=
50 kN
∆´B
fBB x R
RBB
Compatibility equation : ∆ ' B + f BB RB = 0 -----(1)

10
1
• Use formulation for ∆´B and fBB
50 kN
A 6m C 6m B ∆Ć
6θĆ ∆´B
θĆ
∆´B = ∆Ć+ (6 m)θĆ
P(6) 3 P ( 6) 2 50(6)3 (50)(6) 2 9000

∆'B = + ( 6) = + (6) = ,↓
3EI 2 EI 3EI 2 EI EI
fBB
B
A C
PL3 (1)(12) 3 576 1

f BB = = = ,↑
3EI 3EI EI
11
• Substitute ∆´B and fBB in Eq. (1): ∆ 'B + f BB RB = 0
9000
∆'B = ,↓
EI
9000 576 576
+ ↑: − +( ) RB = 0 f BB = ,↑
EI EI EI
RB = 15.63 kN,
50 kN
6m 6m
MA B
A C
15.63 kN
RA
Equilibrium equation :
+ ΣMA = 0: M A − 50(6) + 15.63(12) = 0, MA = 112.4 kN, +
+ ΣFy = 0: + RA − 50 + 15.63 = 0, Ra = 34.37 kN,
12
50 kN
112.4 kN•m 6m 6m
B
A C
15.63 kN
34.37 kN
34.37
V
(kN) x (m)
-15.63 -15.63
93.78
M
(kN•m) x (m)
3.28 6 12
-112.44
13
Or use compatibility of slope to obtain reaction
MA 6m 6m
C B
A
=
RA RB
50 kN
A
C B
θ Á
1
+
fAA
A xM
MAA
C B
θ ' A + f AA M A =θ A= 0 -----(2)
14
• Use the table on the inside front cover for θ´B and fBB
50 kN
A
C B
θ Á
PL2
θ A'=
16 EI
1 fAA
A
C B
L
f CC =
3EI
Substitute the values in equation: θ ' A + f AA M A =θ A= 0

PL2 L
+: − + MA =0
16 EI 3EI
3PL 3(50)(12)
MA = = = 112.5 kN•m, +
16 16
15
50 kN
x1 x2
12RB - 300 = MA
C B
A
50 - RB = RA 6m 6m
RB
M 12RB - 300 M2 = RBx2

diagram
M1 = (12RB - 300) + (50 - RB)x1
x (m)
L
∂M M
∆B = 0 = ∫ ( ) dx
0
∂RB EI
6 6
1 1
EI ∫0 EI ∫0
0= (12 − x1 )(12 R B − 300 + 50 x1 − R x
B 1 ) dx1 + x2 ( RB x2 ) dx2
2 2 3 3 3
900 x1 24 x1 50 x1 x1 6 x 6
0 = (144 RB x1 − 3600 x1 + − RB − + RB ) 0 + 2 RB
2 2 3 3 3 0
RB =15.63 kN, 16
Use conjugate beam for find the displacement
50 kN
112 kN•m 6m C 6m
Real Beam
B
A
∆C
15.6 kN
34.4 kN 93.6
M
(kN•m) x (m)
3.28 6 12
93.6/EI
-112
Conjugate Beam
-112/EI 223/(EI)
281/(EI)
MĆ
281 223 776
M 'C = ( 2) − (6 ) = −
EI EI EI
776 VĆ 2 m
∆ C = M 'C = − ,↓ 4m 223/(EI)
17
EI
Use double integration to obtain the displacement
50 kN
112 kN•m 6m C 6m
Real Beam
B
A
∆C
15.6 kN
34.4 kN 93.6
M
(kN•m) x (m)
3.28 6 12
d 2υ
EI 2 = −112 + 34.4 x1
-112 dx
dυ x12
EI = −112 x1 + 34.4 + C1
dx 2
2
x1 x13
EIυ = −112.4 + 34.4 + C1 x1 + C2
2 6
1 62 63 778
∆C = (−112( ) + 34.4( ) + 0 + 0) = − ,↓
EI 2 6 EI
18
Example 9-2
curve for the beam shown below.The support at B settles 5 mm.
Take E = 200 GPa, I = 60(106) mm4.
16 kN
B C
A
∆B = 5 mm
2m 2m 4m
19
SOLUTION Use compatibility of displacement to obain reaction
B C
A
∆B = 5 mm
2m 2m 4m
16 kN
=
∆´B
+
fBB
× RB
1 kN
∆ B = −0.005m = ∆ 'B + f BB RB -----(1)

20
• Use conjugate beam method for ∆´B
16 kN
Real A B
C
beam
∆´B
12 kN 4 kN
2m 2m 4m
24
M´ 16
diagram
24
24 72 16 32
EI
Conjugate EI EI EI EI
beam M´´B
40
V´´B
4 2 40 4 2 EI
56 2m 4m 4
3 3 EI 3 3
EI
32 4 40
+ ΣMB = 0: − M ' ' B + ( )− (4) = 0
EI 3 EI
117.33
∆' B = M ' ' B = − ,↓ 21
EI
• Use conjugate beam method for fBB
fBB
Real A C
beam B
1 kN
0.5 kN 0.5 kN
4m 4m
4 2
4
m´ 3 3
m´´B
diagram
-2 vB´B 4 4
Conjugate −
EI EI
beam + ΣMB = 0:
4 4 4
4 2 4 4 − mB ' '− ( )+ (4) = 0
4 − − − EI 3 EI
EI EI EI EI 10.67
EI
f BB = mB ' ' = ,↑
EI
22
• Substitute ∆´B and fBB in Eq. (1): ∆ B = −0.005 m = ∆ ' B + f BB RB
117.33 10.67 117.33

+ ↑: − 0.005 = − + RB ∆'B = M ' 'B = − ,↓
EI EI EI
10.67
(−0.005) EI = −117.33 + 10.67 RB f BB = mB ' ' = ,↑
EI
(−0.005)(200 × 60) = −117.33 + 10.67 RB
RB = 5.37 kN,
16 kN
+
xRB = 5.37
1 kN
12 kN 4 kN 0.5 kN 0.5 kN
=
16 kN
B C
A
RA = 9.31 kN 5.37 kN RC = 1.32 kN 23

16 kN
B C
A
∆B = 5 mm
RA = 9.31 kN 5.37 kN RC = 1.32 kN
2m 2m 4m
9.31
V
diagram
-1.32
-6.69
18.62
M
diagram 5.24
Deflected
Curve
∆B = 5 mm 24
16 kN
RA = 12 - 0.5RB RB RC = 4 - 0.5RB
2m 2m 4m
16 kN
=
12 4
+
0.5RB RB 0.5RB 25
16 kN
x1 x2 x3
RA = 12 - 0.5RB RB RC = 4 - 0.5RB
x1 2m 2m 4m
x3
M1 = (12 - 0.5RB)x1 (4 - 0.5RB)x3 = M3
V1 M2 = 0.5x2RB + 16 - 2RB + 4 x2 V3
12 - 0.5RB 4 - 0.5RB
V2
RB 4 - 0.5RB
L
∂M i M i x2 4m
∆ B = −0.005 = ∫ ( ) dx
0
∂RB EI
2 2
1 1
EI ∫0 EI ∫0
− 0.005 = ( − 0 . 5 x1 )(12 x1 − 0.5 x R
1 B ) dx1 + (0.5 x2 − 2)(0.5 x2 RB + 16 − 2 RB + 4 x2 )dx2
4
1
+
EI 0 ∫ (−0.5 x3 )(4 x3 − 0.5 x3 RB )dx3
26
− 0.005 EI = −117.34 + 10.66 RB , RB = 5.38 kN,
Example 9-3
5 kN/m
A B
4m 4m
27
5 kN/m
A B
θA=0 θB=0
4m 4m
=
5 kN/m
θÁ θ´B
+
1 kN•m
×MA
αAA αBA
+
1 kN•m × M
B
αAB
αBB
θ A = 0 = θ ' A +α AA M A + α AB M B -----(1)
28
θ B = 0 = θ 'B +α BA M A + α BB M B -----(2)
• Use formulation: θÁ, θ´B, αAA, αBA, αBB, αAB,
5 kN/m
θÁ θ´B
3wL3 3(5)(8) 3 60
θ 'A = = =
128 EI 128EI EI
7 wL3 7(5)(8) 3 46.67
θ 'B = = =
1 kN•m 384 EI 384 EI EI 1 kN•m
αAA αBA αAB

αBB
M o L 1(8) 2.67 M o L 1(8) 2.67

α AA = = = α BB = = =
M o L 1(8) 1.33 M o L 1(8) 1.33
α BA = = = α AB = = =
Note : Maxwell’s theorem of reciprocal displacement is αAB = αBA 29

• Substitute θÁ, θ´B, αAA, αBA, αBB, αAB, in Eq. (1) and (2) 60
θ 'A =
EI
5 kN/m
2.67
A B
α AA =
θA=0 θB=0 EI
4m 4m
1.33
α AB =
EI
=
θ A = 0 = θ ' A +α AA M A + α AB M B -----(1) 46.67
θ 'B =
EI
θ B = 0 = θ 'B +α BA M A + α BB M B -----(2)
1.33
α BA =
60 2.67 1.33 EI
+ 0= +( )M A + ( )M B 2.67
EI EI EI α BB =
EI
46.67 1.33 2.67
+ 0= +( )M A + ( )M B
EI EI EI
Solving these equations simultaneously, we haave
MA = -18.31 kN•m, +
MB = -8.36 kN•m, +
30
MA = -18.31 kN•m, +
MB = -8.36 kN•m, +
5 kN/m
18.31 kN•m A B 8.36 kN•m
RA 4m 4m RB
+ ΣMA = 0: 18.31 − 20( 2) + RB (8) − 8.36 = 0, RB = 3.76 kN,

3.76
+ ΣFy = 0: + R A − 20 + RB = 0, Ra = 16.24 kN,
31
5 kN/m
18.31 kN•m A B 8.36 kN•m
16.24 kN 4m 4m 3.76 kN
16.24
V
diagram
3.25 m
-3.76
M
8.08 6.67
diagram
-8.36
-18.31
Deflected
Curve
32
Force Method of Analysis : Frames
fCC × C x
B ∆ĆH
C 1 kN
Cx
Cy
w w
= +
A Ax
Ay
∆ CH = 0 = ∆'CH + f CC C x
33
Example 9-4
curve for the Frame shown below.EI is constant.
B 6m C
2 kN/m
6m
34
fCC × C x
B 6m ∆ĆH
C 1 kN
Cx
Cy
2 kN/m
2 kN/m
6m
= +
A Ax
Ay
∆ CH = 0 = ∆'CH + f CC C x -----(1)
35
• Use Castigliano’s method for ∆ĆH
∆ĆH x2 M´2 = (6 + P)x2
B 6m
C P P
2 kN/m
V´2 x2
3m
2 kN/m
Cy 6+P 6+P
6m 12 kN M´1 = (12 + P)x1- x12
3m
x1 V´1
Ax -12 - P
2x1 x1
A
-12 - P
Ay -6 - P
-6 - P
6 0 6 0
L
∂M 'i M 'i 1 1
∫ ∫
2
∆ 'CH = ∫( ) dx = ( x1 ) (12 x1 + x1 P − x1 )dx1 + ( x2 )(6 x2 + x2 P) dx2
∂P EI EI 0 EI 0
0
6 6
1 1
∫ ∫
2 3 2
= (12 x1 − x1 ) dx1 + ( 6 x 2 ) dx2
EI 0 EI 0
3 4 3
1 12 x1 x1 6 1 6 x2 6
972
= ( − )0+ ( ) = ,→
EI 3 4 EI 3 0
EI 36
• Use Castigliano’s method for fCC
fCC m´2 = x2P
x2
B 6m
C P P
1 kN
v´2 x2
Cy P P
6m m´1 = x1P
x1 v´1
Ax -P
A x1
-P
Ay -P
-P
6 1 6 1
L
∂m' m' 1 1
f CC = ∫ ( i ) i dx =
∂P EI
∫
EI 0
( x1 )( x1 P)dx1 + ∫
EI 0
( x2 )( x2 P )dx2
0
3 3
1 x1 6 1 x2 6
144
= ( ) + ( ) = ,→
EI 3 0 EI 3 0
EI
37
• Substitute ∆ĆH and fCC in Eq. (1) ∆ CH = 0 = ∆'CH + f CC C x -----(1)
972
972 144 ∆ CH = ,→
+: 0= + Cx EI
EI EI 144
f cc = ,→
EI
Cx = -6.75 kN,
1 kN B C 6.75 kN
2 kN/m
2 kN/m
6 kN 1 kN 0.75 kN
+ × C x = −6.75kN =
12 kN 1 kN 5.25 kN
A
6 kN 1 kN 0.75 kN
38
x2
M2 = (6-Cx)x2
B 6m C Cx
Cx
V2 x2
2 kN/m
6 - Cx 6 - Cx
6m
M1 = (12 - Cx)x1- x12
x1
A 12 - Cx V1
2x1 x1
6 - Cx
L 12 - Cx
∂U i ∂M i M i
= ∫( ) dx = ∆ CH = 0
∂C x 0 ∂C x EI
6 - Cx
6 6
1 1
EI ∫0 EI ∫0
2
0= ( − x1 )(12 x1 − C x
x 1 − x1 ) dx1 + (− x2 )(6 x2 − C x x2 )dx2
3 3 4 3 3
12 x1 C x x1 x1 6 6x C x 6
0 = (− + + ) 0 + (− 2 + x 2
3 3 4 3 3 0
0 = -972 + 144Cx , Cx = 6.75 kN, 39

B 6m C B C
6.75 kN - 0.75 - 0.75
- 6.75
2 kN/m
0.75 kN
6m V, (kN)
2.63 m
5.25 kN 5.25 A
A
0.75 kN
B C B -4.5 C
1.33 m
-4.5
Deflected curve 6.90 M, (kN•m)
A A
40
Force Method of Analysis : Truss (Externally indeterminate)
E D
A Ax Cx ∆'CH + f CC C x = ∆ CH = 0
B C
Ay Cy
P
=
E D E D
+
A A C 1
x Cx
B C B
P ∆Ć fCC 41
Truss (Internally indeterminate)
P
D 3
6 C
1 2
5
A 4 B
∆'6 + f 66 F6 = ∆ 6 = 0
= P
D D
C f66 C
∆´6
+ 1
xF6
A B A B
42
Example 9-5
Determine the reaction at support A, C, E and all the member forces. Take E
= 200 GPa and A = 500. mm2 .
E 40 kN
4m D
C
A B
5m 5m
43
RE
E 40 kN
4 m Ay D
Ax C
A B
5m 5m
RC
=
40 kN
× Cy
fCC
+
∆Ć
1 kN
Compatibility equation : ∆ C = 0 = ∆'C + f CC RC -----(1)
44
• Use unit load method for ∆Ć and fcc
5.39
m
20 Σ níNíLi
53.85 5.39 ∆Ć =
m AiEi
E 40 kN
50 +53
.85 (53.85)(-2.69)(5.38)
D =
4 m 20 kN (200x106)(500x10-6)
85 0
-53. 0 =- 7.81 mm,
C
50 A 0 B 0 ∆Ć
Σ nińíLi
5m 5m fCC =
AiEi
N í (kN)
1 2(-2.69)2(5.385)
53.85 =
E
2.5 -2.6 (200x106)(500x10-6)
9
D 2(2.5)2(5)
0 -2.6 fCC +
0 9
0 (200x106)(500x10-6)
2.5 A +2.5 B +2.5 C = 1.41 mm,

1 kN
ní (kN) 45
• Substitute ∆Ćv and fCC in Eq. (1): ∆ C = 0 = ∆'C + f CC RC ∆ 'C = 7.81 mm, ↓
+ ↑: −7.81 + 1.41RC = 0 f CC = 1.41 mm, ↑

RC = 5.54 kN , ↑
20 1
53.85 53.85
E 40 kN E
+53 -2.6
50 .85 9
2.5 xRC = 5.54 kN
D
+
20 kN D
0 -2.6
53.85 0 0 9
- 0 0
C C
50 A 0 B 0 A +2.5 B +2.5
2.5
N í (kN) 1 kN
ní (kN)
=
38.93 kN 14.46 kN
E 40 kN
+38
36.15 kN .95
D -1
20 kN 53.85 4.90
- 0 21.8o
36.15 kN
C
A +13.85 B +13.85
5.54 kN 46
N i (kN)
5.39
m
-2.7 RC + 53.85 = RE 5.39
E -2.7 R 40 kN m
C +5
3.85
D
4m 5 -2.7
. 8 RC
-53
0 21.8o
Ax = -2.5RC +50 = Ax C
A 2.5RC B 2.5RC
RC
Ay = 20
5m 5m
Castigliano’s Theorem of Least Work :
∂N i N i Li
∆ CV = 0 = ∑ ( )
∂RC AE
1
0= [(−2.7)(−2.7 RC + 53.85)(5.39) + ( −2.7)(−2.7 RC )(5.39) + 0 + 0 + 2[(2.5)(2.5 RC )(5)]]
AE
0 = 39.3RC − 783.68 + 39.3RC + 62.5 RC
RC = 5.55 kN, 47
Example 9-6
Determine the force in all member of the truss shown :

(a) If the horizontal force P = 6 kN is applied at joint C.
(b) If the turnbuckle on member AC is used to shorten the member by
1 mm.
(c) If (a) and (b) are both accounted.
Each bar has a cross-sectional area of 500 mm2 and E = 200 GPa.
D C
2m
A B
3m
48
SOLUTION Part (a) : If the horizontal force P = 6 kN is applied at joint C.
6 kN
D 1
6 C
3 4 2m
5
A 2 B
3m
3m
=
D C 6 kN D C
∆´6 1 E´
1
E E´
2m + E f66 ×F6
A B A B
Compatibility equation : ∆´6 + f66 F6 = 0 ----------(1)

49
Note : AE + E ' C = L
• Use unit load method for ∆´6 and f66
3m
D +6 C 6 kN D -0.832 C 3
∆´6 1 6 1
1 3.
+4 E E´ 0 -0.555 3.6 2
+6 2 m -0.555 1 2
1
-7.
A 2 1 B -0.832 3
6 0
A B
4 0 Li (m)
4 0
-14.98 2.08
n'i N 'i Li
1 ∆ '6 = ∑
0 6
3. Ai Ei
-4.44 -2 0 0.616 3.6 0.616
6. 0 1 1
3 = [−4.44 − 26.03 − 2(14.98)]
-14.98 2.08 AE
− 60.43
=
níN íLi (kN2•m) ní2Li (kN2•m) AE
2
n' L 1 12.61
f 66 = ∑ i i = [2(0.616) + 2(2.08) + 2(3.61)] =
Ai Ei AE AE 50
• Substitute ∆´6 and f66 in Eq. (1)
60.43 12.61
− + ( F6 ) = 0
AE AE
F6 = 4.80 kN, (T)
3m
+6 6 kN D -0.832 C
∆´6 1
+4 E E´ 0 1
+6 -7.
2m + -0.555 1
-0.555 x F6 = 4.80 kN
2 1 -0.832
6 0 A B
4 0
4 = 0
+2 6 kN
D
. 80 C
+4 -
+1.34 2.4 -2.66
1
A +2 B
6
Ni (kN) 4 51
4
Part (b) : If the turnbuckle on member AC is used to shorten the member by 1 mm.
12.61 12.61
f 66 = = = 1.26(10-4) m = 0.126 mm
AE (500)(200)
1 mm
F6 = (1 kN ) = 7.94 kN
0.126 mm
D -0.832 C -6.61
D
1 . 94 C
1 +7 7
-0.555 -0.555 -4.41 .94 -4.41
1
0 A -0.832 B x F6 = 7.94 kN = 6
-6.61 B
ní (kN) A Ni (kN)
0 4
0 4
52
Part (c) : If the horizontal force P = 6 kN is applied at joint C and the turnbuckle
on member AC is used to shorten the member by 1 mm are both accounted.
+2 6 kN -6.61
D D
. 80 C . 94 C
+4 - +7 7
+1.34 2.4 -2.66 -4.41 .94 -4.41
+
1
A +2 -6.61
6 B 0 B
(Ni)load (kN) A (Ni)short (kN)
4 0
4 0
=
-4.61 6 kN
D
. 74 C
1 2
-3.07 5.5 -7.07
3
-4.61 B
6
A
(Ni)total (kN) 4
4
53
Or use compatibility equation :
∆´6 + f66 F6 = ∆´6 = 0.001
60.43 12.61
− + ( F6 ) = 0.001
AE AE
0.001AE + 60.43 0.001(500)(200) + 60.43
F6 = = = 12.72 kN, (T)
12.61 12.61
+6 6 kN D -0.832 C
1 1
∆´6 1
0
+4 -7
. 21 + -0.555 f66 -0.555
x F6 = 12.72 kN
6 +6 A -0.832
0 B
=
4 0
4 0
-4.58
D 6 kN
2 C
.7
12 5.5
-3.06 -7.06
1
-4.58 B
6
A
(Ni)total (kN) 4
54
4
Composite Structures
Example 9-7
Find all reaction and the tensile force in the steel support cable. Consider both
bending and axial deformation.
Steel cable
Ac = 2(10-4) m2 C
Ec = 200(103) kN/m2
2m
A
B
Ab = 0.06 m2
5 kN
Ib = 5(10-4) m4
Eb = 9.65(103) kN/m2
6m
55
SOLUTION
C RC = T
m
6.32
2m
A 18.43o
MB
x B Bx
5 kN 6m By
0.316T
T By Castigliano’s Theorem of Least Work ;
M = 0.316Tx - 5x ∂
∆C = 0 = (U ib + U in )
N = -0.949T ∂T
0.949T L
∂M M
L
∂N N
V ∆C = 0 = ∫ ( ) dx + ∫ ( ) dx
0
∂ T EI 0
∂T AE
5 kN
6 6 6.32
1 1 1
Eb I b ∫0 Ab Eb ∫0 ∫ (1)(T )dx
0= ( 0 . 316 x )( 0 . 316 xT − 5 x ) dx + ( − 0 . 949 )( −0 . 949T ) dx +
Ac Ec 0
1 0.316 2 x 3 (0.316 × 5) x 3 6 1 6
1 6.32
0= [( T) − ]0+ (0.949 xT ) 0 +
2
( xT )
Eb I b 3 3 Ab Eb Ac Ec 0
0 = (1.49T - 23.58) + 9.33(10-3)T + 0.158T ; T = 14.23 kN, (tension) # 56

4.5 kN
C RC = T = 14.23 kN
m
6.32 13.5 kN
2m
A 18.43o
MB
x B Bx
5 kN 6m By
+ ΣF = 0: Bx = Rc cos θ = 13.5 kN,

x
+ ΣFy = 0: By = 5 - Rc sin θ = 0.5 kN,
+ ΣMB = 0: MB = 13.5(2) - 5(6) = -3 kN•m, +
57
DEFLECTIONS: GEOMETRIC METHODS
! Deflection Diagrams and the Elastic Curve
! Elastic-Beam Theory
! Moment-Area Method
! Conjugate Beam Method
1
Deflection Diagrams and the Elastic Curve
θ
θ
∆=0 θ
roller or rocker
θ fixed-connected joint
∆=0
pin θ1
θ2
∆=0
θ=0
fixed support
pin-connected joint 2
fixed-connected joint
3
fixed-connected joint
4
P
-M
5
P
inflection point
+M
-M
6
P
-M
7
inflection point
inflection point
8
P
inflection point
9
P1
B C D
A
P2
M
+M
x
-M
inflection point
10
P1
P2
+M
x
-M
inflection point
11
Elastic-Beam Theory
ν
P
w
M
x
dx
x θ
O´
∆θ
∆s = ∆x ∆s´
M M
y ∆x y ∆x
Before
After
deformation
deformation
12
• Moment-curvature relationship
O´
∆θ
y ∆s´ ∆θ
∆s = ∆x
∆x
y ∆x
∆x ≈ ∆s = (∆θ ) ρ ∆x' = ( ∆θ ) y
Before After
deformation deformation
Curvature
M 1
= ------(8-1)
EI ρ Radius of
Curvature
13
O´
∆θ
dx = ρdθ
ρ
1
dθ = dx
ρ
y ∆s´ ∆θ M
∆s = ∆x θ =∫ dx ------(8-2)
∆x EI
y ∆x
∆x ≈ ∆s = (∆θ ) ρ
Before After
14
If we chose the υ axis positive upward, and if we can express the curvature (1/ρ) in
terms of x and , we can then determine the elastic curve for the beam.
1 d 2υ / dx 2
=
ρ [1 + (dυ / dx) 2 ]3 / 2
Therefore,
M d 2υ / dx 2
=
EI [1 + (dυ / dx) 2 ]3 / 2
dυ 2
( ) ≈0
dx
d 2υ M
2
= ------(8-3)*
dx EI
* Small deflection theory
15
The Double Integration Method
P
w
A D
B C
x1
x2
x3
d 2υ M
2
= ------(8-3)
dx EI
16
• Sign Convention
ν O'
+w +ρ elastic curve
+ρ
+M ds +dθ
+M
+dυ +θ
+V +V +υ
x
+x +dx
17
• Boundary condition • Continuity Conditions
υ1,υ2
θ P
a b
B
∆=0 A C
roller or rocker υ
θ
x1
θ x2
∆=0
pin
at point B, x1 = x2 = a,
θ1 (a ) = θ 2 (a )
∆=0 υ1 ( a) = υ 2 (a )
θ=0
fixed support
18
integration Constants
P
d 2υ M
PL
2
=
dx EI
P
Slope (θ) dυ M V L
= ∫ dx = ( I1 ) + C1
dx EI
x
Deflection (∆) υ = ∫ (I 1 + c1 )dx = I 2 + C2
M
EI x
I1
dυ
dx
C1
x
I2
υ C2
x
19
• Cantilever Beam Moment-curvature relationship
P
PL x
A B d 2υ M
2
=
dx EI
P d 2υ 1
L = ( − PL + Px)
V P P dx 2
EI
dυ 1 Px 2
+ Px x = (− PLx + ) + C1 − − − (1)
dx EI 2
M 1 PLx 2 Px 3
x υ= (− + ) + C1 x + C2 − − − (2)
EI 2 6
-PL + Px Boundary Condition
dυ -PL
C1 = 0 dυ
dx • ( ) x =0 = 0
x dx
PL2 0 0 0
− dυ 1 Px 2
2 EI = (− PLx + ) + C1 − −− > C1 =0
υ dx EI 2
C2 = 0 x
• (υ ) x =0 = 0
0 0
PL3 0 1 0
− PLx 2 Px 3
3EI υ= (− + ) + C1 x + C2 − > C2 = 0
EI 2 6 20
• Simply Support Moment-curvature relationship
P
x d 2υ M
A B 2
=
dx EI
P/2 L/2 L/2 P/2 d 2υ 1 Px
2
= ( )
V P/2 dx EI 2
x dυ 1 Px 2
= ( ) + C1 − − − (1)
-P/2 dx EI 4
P
M x PL/4 1 Px 3
2 υ= ( ) + C1 x + C2 − − − (2)
x EI 12
Boundary Condition
dυ
dx x • (υ ) x =0 = 0
0 0
2 2
1 Px 3 0
C1 1 Px PL
( − ) υ= ( ) + C1 x + C2− −− > C2 =0
EI 4 16 EI 12
υ C =0
2
x dυ
• ( ) x =L / 2 = 0
PL3 dx
−
0 L/2
1 Px 3 PxL2 48EI dυ 1 Px 2 PL2
( − ) = ( ) + C1 − −− > C1 = −
EI 12 16 dx EI 4 16 EI 21
x w
B d 2υ M
A 2
=
dx EI
wL/2 L wL/2 d 2υ 1 wx 2 wLx
wx wx 2 wLx 2
= (− + )
M= − + dx EI 2 2
A 2 2
dυ 1 wx 3 wLx 2
= (− + ) + C1 − − − (1)
dx EI 6 4
wL/2 V
x 1 wx 4 wLx 3
V wL/2 υ= (− + ) + C1 x + C2 − − − (2)
EI 24 12
x Boundary Condition
2
wx wLx
M 2 − wL/2
2 wL2/4 • (υ ) x =0 = 0
x 0 0 0
dυ 1 wx 4 wLx 3 0
dx x υ= (− + ) + C1 x + C2 − −− > C2 = 0
EI 24 12
C1 • υ x =L = 0
υ C2 = 0 0
x wL3
1 wx 4
wLx 3
− > C1 = −
5wL4 υ= (− + ) + C1 x 24 EI
− EI 24 12 22
384 EI
Example 8-1
The beam shown is subjected to a load P at its end. Determine the equation of the
elastic curve and the slope and displacement at C. EI is constant.
B C
A
2a a
23
x1 x2
P • Double Integration of x1
B C d 2υ1 M x1 Px1
A 2
= = −
dx1 EI 2 EI
2a a dυ1 Mx 2
P/2 = ∫ ( 1 )dx = − Px1 + C − − − (1)
3P/2 dx1 EI 4 EI
1
V P P
M x1
+ x υ1 = ∫ ( ∫ ) dx)dx
P - EI
− P
2 − Px
3
2 υ1 = − 1 + C1 x1 + C2 − − − ( 2)
M 12 EI
x Boundary conditions
-
P
M x1 = − x1 M x2 = − Pa + Px2 υ1 = 0; C2 = 0
2 − Pa x1 = 0
Pa 2
υ1 x1 = 2 a = 0; C1 =
3EI
24
x1 x2
θB B C d 2υ 2 M x 2 Pa Px2
A 2
= = − +
θB dx2 EI EI EI
2a a dυ 2 M x2 2
P/2 = ∫( )dx = − Pax Px
2
+ 2
+ C3 − −(3)
3P/2 dx2 EI EI 2 EI
V P P
M x2
+ x υ2 = ∫ (∫ dx)dx
P - EI
− P
2 − 2 3
2 Pax2 Px
M υ2 = − + 2 + C3 x2 + C4 − − − ( 4)
2 EI 6 EI
-
P
M x1 = − x1 M x2 = − Pa + Px2 υ2 = 0; C4 = 0
2 − Pa x2 = 0
dυ1 dυ 2 Pa 2
• Deflection and Slope at C x1 = 2 a = 2 x2 = 0 ; C3 = −
dx1 dx2 3EI
Pa 3 Pa 3 2 Pa 3 − Pa 3
υC = υ 2 x2 = a =− + − =
2 EI 6 EI 3EI EI
dυ Pa 2 Pa 2 2 Pa 2 7 Pa 2
θC = 2 x2 = a =− + − =−
dx2 EI 2 EI 3EI 6 EI 25
x1 x2
P
• Conclusion
θA B C
A
Pa 2 2a a θC
dυ1
2
Px1 P/2
=− + C1 3EI 3P/2
dx1 4 EI P
V P
Pa 2
0 + x
Px
3 3 EI P -
υ1 = − 1 + C1 x1 + C2 − P
2 −
12 EI 2
2 Pa 2 M
− x
dυ 2
2
Pax2 Px2
=− + + C3 3EI -
dx2 EI 2 EI P
M x1 = − x1 M x2 = − Pa + Px2
2 Pa 2 2 − Pa
−
3EI 0
θ C1 = θA
2 3
Pax2 Px2 − Px1
2
υ2 = − + + C3 x2 + C4 θ x1 = θ A +
2 EI 6 EI 4 EI x
y C3 = θB 7 Pa 2
=−
θC 6 EI
x
− Pa 3
C2 = 0 = ∆A C4 = 0 = ∆B ∆C = EI 26
Example 8-2
The cantilevered beam shown is subjected to a vertical load P at its end.

Determine the equation of the elastic curve. EI is constant.
A B C
L L
27
P • Moment-curvature relationship
PL
B d 2υ M
=
A Cubic Straight line C dx 2
EI
P
L L d 2υ 1
= ( − PL + Px)
V dx 2
EI
P P dυ 1 Px 2
+ = (− PLx + ) + C1
x dx EI 2
M
x1 1 PLx 2 Px 3
υ= (− + ) + C1 x + C2
x EI 2 6
-
Boundary condition :
-PL -PL+ P(x1) = Mx dυ
• ( ) x =0 = 0 − −− > C1 = 0
dx
PL A
Mx • (υ ) x =0 = 0 − −− > C2 = 0
P Vx dυ 1 Px 2
x1 = (− PLx + ) − − − (1)
dx EI 2
1 PLx 2 Px 3
υ= (− + ) − − − (2)
EI 2 6
28
P
PL dυ 1 Px 2
B = (− PLx + ) − − − (1)
dx EI 2
A θB C 1 PLx 2 Px 3
P
L L υ= (− + ) − − − (2)
EI 2 6
• Elastic Curve Equation ; x : 0 - L
1 PL3 PL3 PL3

(υ ) x = L = (− + )= − ,↓ ∆B
EI 2 6 3EI
dυ 1 PL2 PL2
( ) x=L = ( − PL +
2
)=− θB
dx EI 2 2 EI
• Elastic Curve Equation ; x : L - 2L
υ BC = υ B + θ B ( x − L)
PL3 PL2
= (− )+( )( x − L)
3EI 2 EI 29
P
• Conclusion PL
A B C
P
L L
dυ PL 2
( ) x=L = −
dx 2 EI V P
3
PL -
(υ ) x = L = − x
3EI
PL3 PL2 M
(υ ) x:L −2 L = (− )+( )( x − L) x
3EI 2 EI -
-PL
dυ
( )
dx x
-
PL2 PL2
Parabola − Horizontal −
υ 2 EI 2 EI
x
-
Cubic PL3 5PL3
− −
3EI Straight line 6 EI 30
Example 8-3
The simply supported beam shown is subjected to the concentrated force P.

Determine the maximum deflection of the beam. EI is constant.
A B
C
2a a
31
P
x1 x2
A B • Segment AC
C
P/3 2a a 2P/3 d 2υ1 M 1 1 P
2
= = ( x1 )
dx1 EI EI 3
V
P/3 dυ1 1 P 2
x = ( x1 ) + C1 − − − (1)
dx1 EI 6
P -2P/3 1 P 3
M 1 = x1 2Pa/3 M = 2 P a − 2 P x υ1 = ( x1 ) + C1 x1 + C2 − − − ( 2)
M 3 2 2 EI 18
3 3
x
• Segment AC
d 2υ 2 M 2 1 2 Pa 2 P
2
= = ( − x2 )
dx2 EI EI 3 3
dυ 2 1 2 Pa 2P 2
= ( x2 − x2 ) + C 3 − − − (3)
dx2 EI 3 6
1 2 Pa 2 2 P 3
υ2 = ( x2 − x 2 ) + C 3 x2 + C 4 − − − (4)
EI 6 18
32
P
x1 x2
A B
C
P/3 2a θC θC a 2P/3
dυ1 1 P 2 dυ 2 1 2P 2P 2
= ( x1 ) + C1 − − − (1) = ( ax2 − x2 ) + C3 − − − (3)
dx1 EI 6 dx2 EI 3 6
1 P 3 1 2P 2P 3
υ1 = ( x1 ) + C1 x1 + C2 − − − (2) υ2 = (
2
ax2 − x2 ) + C3 x2 + C4 − − − (4)
EI 18 EI 6 18
• (υ1 ) x1 =0 = 0 ; 0 = 0 + 0 + C2 − − − (1*)
1 2P 3 2P 3
• (υ 2 ) x2 =a = 0 ; 0= ( a − a ) + C3 a + C4 − − − (2*)
EI 6 18
1 P
• (υ1 ) x1 = 2 a = (υ 2 ) x2 =0 ; ( ( 2a ) 3 ) + C1 (2a) + 0 = 0 − 0 + 0 + C4 − − − (3*)
EI 18
dυ1 dυ 2 1 P
• = ; ( (2a) 2 ) + C1 = 0 − 0 + C3 − − − (4*)
dx1 x1 = 2 a
dx2 x2 = 0 EI 6
Solving for (1*) to (4*) :

4 Pa 2 2 Pa 2 4 Pa 3
C1 = − C2 = 0 C3 = C4 = −
9 EI 9 EI 9 EI 33
P
x1 x2
A B
C
P/3 2a a 2P/3
• Elastic Curve Equation

dυ1 1 P 2 4 Pa 2 dυ 2 1 2 Pa 2 P 2 2 Pa 2
= ( x1 − ) = ( x2 − x2 + )
dx1 EI 6 9 dx2 EI 3 6 9
1 P 3 4 Pa 2 1 2P 2 P 3 2 Pa 2 4 Pa 3
υ1 = ( x1 − x1 ) υ2 = (
2
ax2 − x2 + x2 − )
EI 18 9 EI 6 18 9 9
• Maximum Deflection
0
dυ1 dυ1 1 P 2 4 Pa 2
• = 0; = ( x1 − )
dx1 υ dx1 EI 6 9
max
x1 = 1.633a
1 P 4 Pa 2 Pa 3
υ max x1 =1.633 a
= [ (1.633a) −
3
(1.633a)] = −0.484
EI 18 9 EI
34
• Summary P
x1 x2
A B
C
P/3 2a a 2P/3
V
P/3
x
P -2P/3
M 1 = x1 P/3(2a) M = 2 P a − 2 P x
M 3 2 2
3 3
EI x
2 Pa 2
dυ C3 =
1.633a 9 EI
dx x
4 Pa 2
C1 = −
9 EI
υ C2 = 0
x
3
Pa 4 Pa 3
υ max = −0.484 C4 = −
EI 9 EI 35
Example 8-4
From the beam shown determine the slope at supports , the maximum
deflection of the beam and the deflection at C. Take E = 10 GPa and
INA = 15(106) mm4.
1 kN/m
A
B C
3m 1m
36
1 kN/m
A θBR
B C • Boundary condition
θBL
1.333 kN 2.667 kN
3m 1m 1) Deflection at support is zero
x1 x2 (a) υ1| x1= 0 = 0
V (kN)
(b) υ1| x1= 3 = 0
1.333 1
+ + x (c) υ2| x = 0 = 0
- 2
1.333 m -1.667
2) The left of slope and the right of
M (kN•m) slope at B are equivalent
0.888 dυ1 dυ2
+ (d) =
dx1 x1=3 dx2 x2=0
- x
-0.5
37
Segment AB E = 10 GPa and INA = 15(106) mm4.
x1
1 kN/m 1 kN/m Mx1
A A
B C + ΣMx1 = 0:
Vx1
2.667 kN 1.333 kN 2
0.0058 rad 4 x 1x
1.333 kN 3m 1m x1 M x1 = 1 − 1
3 2
x1 x2
• Moment Curvature • The Slope at A

d 2υ
2
1 4 x1 1x1
2
= ( − ) from (1) : at x1 = 0 ,
dx1 EI 3 2
0 0
dυ1
2 3
1 2 x1 x dυ 1 2 x1 x
2 3
= ( − ) + C1
1
− − − (1) θ A = ( 1 ) x1 =0 = ( − 1 ) + C1
dx1 EI 3 6 dx1 EI 3 6
3 4
1 2 x1 x1
υ1 = ( − ) + C1 x1 + C2 − − − ( 2) 7
EI 9 24 θ A = C1 = −
8 EI
• Boundary Condition
7
(a) υ1 x =0 = 0 : C2 = 0 θA = −
1 8(10 × 10 6 kPa )(15 × 10 −6 m 4 )
7 = −0.005833 rad
(b) υ1 x =3 = 0 : C1 = − 38
1
8 EI
E = 10 GPa and INA = 15(106) mm4.
1 kN/m
dυ1
2 3
1 2 x1 x 7
= ( − 1 )− − − − (1)
A dx1 EI 3 6 8 EI
υmax B C 3 4
1.333 kN θ= 0 1 2 x1 x1 7
2.667 kN υ1 = ( − )− x1 − − − (2)
3m 1m EI 9 24 8 EI
x1 x2
• The Maximum Displacement
dυ1 dυ
υ max when = 0; substute 1 = 0 in (1)
dx1 dx1
2 3
1 2 x1 x1 7
0= ( − ) −
(10 ×10 + 6 )(15 × 10 −6 ) 3 6 8[(10 × 10 + 6 )(15 × 10 − 6 )]
x1 = 1.427 m
Substitute x1 = 1.427 m, E = 10x106 kPa and I = 15(10-6) m4 in (2)
υmax = -5.171 mm
39
Segment BC
x2
1 kN/m 1 kN/m Mx2
0.5 kN•m
A 0.0042 rad
B C Vx2
1.333 kN 2.667 kN 1 kN
3m 1m x2
2
x1 x2 −1 x
+ ΣMx2 = 0: M x2 = + x2 − 2
2 2
• Moment Curvature • Boundary Condition
d 2υ 2 1 −1 x2
2 (c ) υ 2 x2 = 0
= 0 : C4 = 0
2
= ( + x 2 − )
dx2 EI 2 2 dυ1 dυ 2
=
dx1 x1 =3
dx2 x2 = 0
dυ 2
2 3
1 − x2 x2 x
= ( + − 2 ) + C3 3 3 0 0 0
dx2 EI 2 2 6 2 3 2 3
1 2 x1 x 7 1 − x2 x2 x
( − 1 )− = ( + − 2 ) + C3
1 − x2
2
x x
3 4 EI 3 6 8 EI EI 2 2 6
υ2 = ( + 2 − 2 ) + C3 x 2 + C 4 5
EI 4 6 24 C3 =
8EI
dυ 5
θ B = ( 2 ) x 2 = 0 = C3 = = 0.004167 rad
dx2 8(10 ×15) 40
1 kN/m
2 3 4
1 − x2 x x 5
υ2 = ( + 2 − 2 )+ x2
A 3.33 mm EI 4 6 24 8 EI
B C
3m 1m
x1 x2
• Displacement at C
1 1 1
2 3 4 1
1 − x2 x2 x2 5
υ C = υ 2 x2 =1 = ( + − )+ x2
EI 4 6 24 8 EI
3 5 12
=− + =
24 EI 8 EI 24 EI
12
υC = = 3.333 mm , ↑
24(10 × 15)
41
x1 x2
• Conclusion 1 kN/m
A θBR
θBL B C
1.333 kN 2.667 kN
3m 1m
V (kN) 1.333 1
+ + x
-
1.333 m -1.667
M (kN•m) 0.888
+
- x
-0.5 θ = C = 0.004167 rad
1.427 m B 3
θ (rad)
x
θ A = C1 = −0.005833 rad
∆ (mm) υC = 3.33 mm
x
C2 = 0 C4 = 0
υmax = -5.171 mm inflection point 42
Moment - Area Theorems
• The angle between the tangents
Theorem 1: θB/A = The area under the M/EI diagram between B and A
w
d 2υ
M = EI 2 θ If slope is small
dx
A dx B
d dυ dθ
M = EI ( ) = EI
dx dx dx
M
dθ = dx
B EI
A
tangent B θB/A tangent A MB
θB/ A = ∫ dx
M A EI
M/EI
EI
θB/A
A B x
dx
43
• The vertical deviation
Theorem 2: tA/B = The moment area under the M/EI diagram between B and A, this
moment is computed about A.
w w
A B A B
A B
A B
tangent B tangent A
tangent A tB/A
tangent B tA/B
M/EI M/EI
x A B x
A B xB
xA
B M M
t A/ B = xA ∫
B
A EI
dx t B / A = xB ∫ dx
A EI
44
General form
w dt = xdθ
M
dt = x dx
A B EI
x + dx M
t=∫ x dx
x dx x EI
Q M
tP / Q = ∫ x dx
A B
P EI
P Q
M
= xP ∫ dx
xdθ=dt dθ EI
M x
M/EI t A/ x = ∫ dx
A EI
M
= xA ∫ dx
P Q x EI
xP
45
Example 8-5
The beam shown is subjected to a load P at its end. Determine the slope and
displacement at C. EI is constant.
B C
A υC
2a a
46
SOLUTION
g e nt A
tan
tB / A 3
θA = θC/A tB/A tB / A tC/A
2a P 2
C
A
∆C
2a B a θC
tan
ge n
tC
M
diagram
- EI
− Pa
tB / A
θC = θC / A −θ A = θC / A − ----------(1)
2a
3
∆ C = tC / A − t B / A ----------(2)
2
47
M B
1 Pa − Pa 2 M C
1 Pa − Pa 2
( ) = (2a )(− ) = ( ) = (a )(− ) =
EI A
2 EI EI B EI B
2 EI 2 EI
2a a M
A C diagram
- EI
x CBC
x BAB − Pa
tB / A 2a 1 2
θC = θC / A −θ A = θC / A − -----(1) a a
2a 3 3 3
3 5
∆ C = tC / A − t B / A -----(2) x CAB = a
2 3
M C
M B
M C
− Pa 2 − Pa 2 3Pa 2
θC / A =( ) =( ) +( ) = + =−
EI A
EI A
EI B
EI 2 EI 2 EI
M B Pa 2 2a 2 Pa 3
tB / A = ( ) • x B = (−
AB
)( ) = −
EI A EI 3 3EI
3Pa 2 1 2 Pa 3 7 Pa 2
• θC = − − (− )=−
2 EI 2a 3EI 6 EI
M B M C
Pa 2 5a Pa 2 2a 2 Pa 3
tC / A = ( ) • x CAB + ( ) • xC
BC
= (− )( ) + ( − )( ) = −
EI A EI B
EI 3 2 EI 3 EI
2 Pa 3 3 2 Pa 2 Pa 3
• ∆C = − − (− )=− ,↓
EI 2 3EI EI 48
Example 8-6
Determine the slope and deflection at points B and C of the beam shown in the
figure. Take E = 200 GPa and I = 250(106) mm4
9 kN
A B C
4.5 m
9m
49
SOLUTION 9 kN
A B C
81 kN•m
4.5 m
9 kN
9m
M /EI
4.5 m 9m
x (m)
-40.5/EI
-81/EI
B
C
50
M /EI 4.5 m M /EI 9 m
B C C
A x (m) A x (m)
-40.5/EI
-81/EI -81/EI
θB/A A
A θC/A tangent A
tangent A
θB B
B tangent B θC
C
C
tangent C
θB = θB/A = the area under the M/EI diagram θC = θC/A = the area under the M/EI diagram
between point A and B between point A and C
1 40.5 81 1 81
=− ( + )(4.5) = (− )(9)
2 EI EI 2 EI
273.38 364.50
=− kN • m 2 =− kN • m 2
EI EI
273.38 kN • m 2 364.5 kN • m 2
=− =−
kN kN
(200 ×10 6 2 )(250 × 10 −6 m 4 ) ( 200 × 10 6 2 )(250 × 10 −6 m 4 )
m m
θB = -0.00547 rad θC = -0.00729 rad 51
M /EI 4.5
81 40.5 182.25
−( − )(4.5) = − 2 B C
EI EI EI
A x (m)
1 81 40.5 91.125
− (4.5)( − )=−
2 EI EI EI -40.5/EI
2
-81/EI 4.5
3
4.5 m
A ∆B = tB/A
tangent A
B tangent B
C
∆B = tB/A = the moment of the M/EI diagram between A and B computed about point B.
182.25 4.5 91.125 2

= (− kN • m 2 )( m) + ( − kN • m 2 )( 4.5 m)
EI 2 EI 3
683.44 kN • m 3
683.44 kN • m 3 =−
=− kN
EI (200 ×106 2 )(250 ×10 −6 m 4 )
m
∆B = -0.01367 m = -13.67 mm 52
M /EI 9m
C
A x (m)
1 81 − 364.5
(− )(9) =
2 EI EI
2
-81/EI 9
3
A
tangent A
B ∆C = tC/A
C
tangent C
∆C = tC/A = the moment of the M/EI diagram between A and C computed about point C.
364.5 2
= (− kN • m 2 )( 9 m)
EI 3
2187 kN • m 3
2187 kN • m 3
=−
=− kN
EI (200 ×106 2 )(250 ×10 −6 m 4 )
m
∆C = -0.04374 m = -43.74 mm
53
Example 8-7
Determine the slope and deflection at points B and C of the beam shown in the
figure. Values for the moment of inertia of each segment are indicated in the
figure.
Take E = 200 GPa.
A B C
500 N•m
IAB = 8(106) mm4 IBC = 4(106) mm4
4m 3m
54
SOLUTION
500 N•m
A B C
500 N•m
IAB = 8(106) mm4 IBC = 4(106) mm4
4m 3m
IAB = 2IBC
θB = θB/A = the area under the M/EI diagram
M /EIBC
between A and B
500
250
EI BC 250 N • m
EI BC =( )(4 m)
EI BC
x (m)
250 1000
( )(4) = 100
EI BC EI BC = N • m2
EI BC
θB=θB/A C tangent B
A θB/A B 100 N • m 2
=
tangent A N
(200 ×109 2 )(4 ×10 −6 m 4 )
m
θB = 0.00125 rad
55
A B C
500 N•m
IAB = 8(106) mm4 IBC = 4(106) mm4
4m 3m
IAB = 2IBC
θC = θC/A = the area under the M/EI diagram
M /EIBC
500 between A and C
250
EI BC
EI BC 100 N • m 2 1500 N • m 2
= +
EI BC EI BC
x (m)
250 1000 500 1500
( )( 4 ) =
EI BC EI BC ( )(3) = 2500 N • m 2
EI BC EI BC
=
EI BC
C tangent C 2500 N • m 2
A B =
θC = θC/A N
( 200 × 109 2 )(4 × 10 −6 m 4 )
θC/A tangent A m
θC = 0.00313 rad
56
A B C
500 N•m
IAB = 8(106) mm4 IBC = 4(106) mm4
4m 3m
IAB = 2IBC
∆B = tB/A = the moment of the M/EI diagram
M /EIBC
500 between A and B computed about
250 (
250
)( 4 ) =
1000 point B.
EI BC EI BC EI BC
EI BC
• 1000 N • m 2
x (m) = ( 2 m)
2m EI BC
2000
= N • m3
EI BC
C tangent B
A B 2000 N • m 3
tangent A =
∆B = tB/A N
( 200 × 109 2 )(4 ×10 − 6 m 4 )
m
∆B = 0.0025 m = 2.5 mm
57
A B C
500 N•m
IAB = 8(106) mm4 IBC = 4(106) mm4
4m 3m
IAB = 2IBC
∆C = tC/A = the moment of the M/EI diagram
M /EIBC
500 between A and C computed about
500 1500
250 ( )(3) = point C.
EI BC EI BC EI BC
EI BC
• • 1000 N • m 2 1500 N • m 2
x (m) = (5 m) + (1.5 m)
250 1000 1.5 m EI BC EI BC
( )( 4 ) =
EI BC EI BC
5m 7250
= N • m3
EI BC
tangent C
C 7250 N • m 3
A B =
tangent A N
( 200 × 109 2 )(4 ×10 − 6 m 4 )
∆C = tC/A m
∆C = 0.00906 m = 9.06 mm
58
Example 8-8
Determine the slope and deflection at points C of the beam shown in the figure.
Take E = 200 GPa and I = 60(106) mm4
20 kN
A B
C D
3m 3m 6m
59
SOLUTION
• Elastic Curve
20 kN
3m 3m 6m
tangent B
A B
A B ∆C ∆'
C D D
tC/A tangent C
10 3m 3m 6m 10 kN C
tB/ A
M /EI 10(6)=60 /EI ∆' t B / A tangent A

=
x (m) 3 12
3 1
∆' = tB / A = tB / A
12 4
A θC = θD/C B ∆ C = ∆'−tC / A
D
horizontal
C tangent D 1
θD/C ∆ C = t B / A − tC / A − − − −(2)
tangent C 4
θC = θD/C --------(1)
60
• Moment-Area Theorem
M /EI 60 /EI 1 30 60 135 6m 6m
( + )(3) =
2 EI EI EI
30 /EI
x (m) M /EI
A
B 1 60 180
(6)( ) = 60 /EI 1 60 180
C D 2 EI EI
(6)( ) =
3m 3m 6m 2 EI EI
A x (m)
θD/C = the area under the M/EI diagram C D B
2
between C and D 6=4
3
1
6+ 6 =8
135 kN • m 2
3
θ D/C =
EI
tB/A = the moment of the M/EI diagram
M /EI 60 /EI between A and B computed about point B.
30 /EI
A x (m)
180 kN • m 2 180 kN • m 2
C D B tB / A =( )](4 m) + ( )](8 m)
EI EI
1m
2160
tC/A = the moment of the M/EI diagram tB / A = kN • m 3
between A and C computed about point C. EI
1 30 kN • m 45
tC / A = [ (3 m)( )](1 m) = kN • m 3
2 EI EI 61
Substitute θD/C in (1): Substitute tB/A and tC/A in (2) :
1
135 kN • m 2 ∆ C = t B / A − tC / A
θC = θ D/C = 4
EI
1 2160 45
= ( )−
135 kN • m 2 4 EI EI
=
kN
(200 × 10 6 2 )(60 × 10 −6 m 4 ) 495
m =
EI
495
θC = 0.01125 rad =
(200)(60)
∆C = 0.04125 m = 41.25 mm,
∆C = 41.25 mm
A B
C
θC = 0.01125 rad tangent C
62
Example 8-9
Take E = 200 GPa and I = 6(106) mm4
5 kN•m
A B
C
4m 4m
63
SOLUTION • Elastic Curve
5 kN•m
tangent B
A B
A B
∆ ' C∆C
C tangent C
tC/A
4m 4m tB/A
M /EI tangent A
4m 4m
5 /EI
x (m) ∆' t B / A
=
tangent B 4 8
A θA B
θC
C 1
tangent C ∆' = t B / A
θC/A 2
tB/A
tB / A tangent A ∆ C = ∆'−tC / A
θA =
8
θC = θA - θC/A 1
So; ∆ C = t B / A − tC / A − − − −(2)
2
tB / A
So; θ C = −θC / A (1)
8
64
• Moment-Area Theorem
M /EI 1 5 20
M /EI 1 5 2.5 5
( )(8)( ) = (4)( − )=
5 /EI 2 EI EI 5 /EI 2 EI EI EI
2.5 /EI
B
x (m) x (m)
A 2 A 2 2 C 2.5 10
B
8 4 ( 4) =
3 3 EI EI
8m 4m
tB/A = the moment of the M/EI diagram θC/A = the area under the M/EI diagram
between A and B computed about between A and C
point B.
10 5 15 kN • m 2
θC / A = + =
20 kN • m 2 2 EI EI EI
tB / A = ( × 8 m)
EI 3 tC/A = the moment of the M/EI diagram
between A and C computed about point C.
106.667 kN • m 3
= 10 kN • m 2 5 kN • m 2 2
EI tB / A = ( 2 m) + ( 4 m)
EI EI 3
33.333 kN • m 3
=
EI
65
Substitute tB/A and θC/A in (1) : Substitute tB/A and tC/A in (2) :
tB / A 1
θC = −θC / A ∆ C = t B / A − tC / A
8 2
1 106.667 15 1 106.667 kN • m 3 33.333 kN • m 3

θC = ( )−( ) = ( )−
8 EI EI 2 EI EI
1.667 kN • m 2 20 kN • m 3
=− =
EI EI
1.667 kN • m 2 20 kN • m 3
=− =
kN kN
(200 × 10 6 2 )(6 × 10 −6 m 4 ) (200 × 10 6 2 )(6 × 10 −6 m 4 )
m m
= -0.0014 rad ∆C = 0.01667 m = 16.67 mm,
∆C = 16.67 mm
A B
θC= 0.0014 rad
tangent C
C 66
Example 8-10
Take E = 200 GPa and I = 250(106) mm4
1 kN/m
B
A
C
8m 8m
67
SOLUTION • Elastic Curve
tangent A
1 kN/m
tangent B
B ∆´
A C tB/A tC/A
A
4 kN 12 kN ∆C
8m 8m B
C
8m 8m tangent C
M /EI B C
A x (m)
∆' t B / A
-32/EI =
tangent C tangent A 16 8
tA/C ∆' = 2t B / A
A
B ∆ C = tC / A − ∆ '
C
∆C θC
∆ C = tC / A − 2 t B / A − − − ( 2)
t A/ C + ∆C
θC = − − − (1)
16
68
1 32 85.333
• Moment-Area Theorem 1 32 85.333
(8)(− ) = − (8)(− ) = −
3 EI EI 3 EI EI
M /EI B C M /EI B C
8m 8m 8m 8m
A x (m) A x (m)
1 − 32 128 1 − 32 128
(8)( )=− (8)( )=−
2 EI EI 3 2 EI EI
-32/EI 8 -32/EI
4 2
8
8 3
8 1
3 8+ 8
4
tC/A = the moment of the M/EI diagram tA/C = the moment of the M/EI diagram
between A and C computed about between A and C computed about
point C. point A.
− 85.333 3 − 128 1 − 128 2 − 85.33 1
tC / A = ( )( 8) + ( )(8 + 8) t A/C = ( )( 8) + ( )(8 + 8)
EI 4 EI 3 EI 3 EI 4
− 1877.37 kN • m 3 − 1536 kN • m 3
= =
EI EI
− 128 1 Note
tB / A =( )( 8) b 1
EI 3 A = bh
3
h
− 341.33 kN • m 3 3
= x x= b
EI 4 69
Substitute tC/A and θB/A in (2) : Substitute tA/C and ∆C in (1) :
∆ C = tC / A − 2t B / A 1
θC = ( t A/ C + ∆C )
16 m
1877.37 341.33
= − 2( ) 1 1536 kN • m 3 1194.71 kN • m 3
EI EI θC = ( + )
16 m EI EI
1194.71 kN • m 3 170.67 kN • m 2
= =
EI EI
1194.71 kN • m 3 170.67 kN • m 2
= =
kN kN
(200 × 106 2 )(250 × 10 −6 m 4 ) (200 × 106 2 )(250 × 10 −6 m 4 )
m m
∆C = 0.02389 m = 23.89 mm, θC = 0.00341 rad
A
∆C= -23.89 mm
B
C θC = 0.00341 rad
tangent C 70
Example 8-11
(a) Determine the deflection and slopes at point B.

(b) Draw shear, bending moment diagrams and deflected curve.
E = 200 GPa
I = 200(106) mm4
10 kN•m 20 kN
Hinge
A
I B 2I C
4m 3m 3m
71
10 kN•m 20 kN
Hinge
A
I B 2I C
4m 3m 3m
10 kN•m 2.5 kN
0
20 kN
2.5 kN 0 75 kN•m
2.5 kN 22.5 kN
V (kN) - x (m)
-2.5 -2.5 -
-22.5 -22.5
10
M (kN•m) + x (m)
-7.5 -
-75 72
Moment-Area Method
20 kN
10 kN•m Hinge
A
I B 2I C
4m 3m 3m
10
M (kN•m) + x (m)
-7.5 -
10
M
diagram EI + -75
EI x (m)
− 3.75 -
EI − 37.5
R EI
n g e nt B
t a θC/B tangent C = horizontal
Deflected Curve
∆B = tB/C
θBR = θC/B
θBL tangent B
tB / C + tB / A tB/A L
θA = θB/A
4 θA
tB / C + tB / A tang
θ BL = θ A − θ B / A = −θ B / A ent
A
4 73
4m 3m 3m
− 5 . 25 − 11.25
10
M EI
diagram EI + B EI C
EI x (m)
A 20 − 3.75 - − 50.625
EI
2 m EI EI
2 − 37.5
4 4.5 m
3 EI
5m
− 5.625 − 11.25 − 50.265 67.5 67.5

θ BR = θ B / C = + + = = = 0.00168 rad
EI EI EI EI ( 200)(200)
− 5.625 − 11.25 − 50.265 315 315
∆ B = tB / C = (2) + (4.5) + (5) = = = 7.875 mm
EI EI EI EI ( 200)(200)
315 20 2
tB / C + tB / A + ( )( 4) 72.08
θ BL = −θ B/ A =( EI EI 3 ) − 20 = 72.08 =
( 200)(200) = 0.0018 rad
4 4 EI EI
∆B = 7.875 mm
A B C
θBR = 0.00168 rad
θBL = 0.0018 rad 74
Conjugate-Beam Method
dV d 2M
= −w 2
= −w
dx dx
dθ M d 2υ M
= =
dx EI dx 2 EI
Or integrating,
V = − ∫ wdx M = ∫ [− ∫ wdx ]dx
M M
θ = ∫( ) dx υ = ∫ [∫ ( ) dx]dx
EI EI
75
Theorem 1: The slope at a point in the real beam is numerically equal to
the shear at the corresponding point in the conjugate beam.
Theorem 2: The displacement of a point in the real beam is numerically

equal to the moment at the corresponding point in the conjugate beam.
A B
L
real beam
M/EI
A' B'
L
conjugate beam
76
• Conjugate - Beam Supports
Real Beam Conjugate Beam
1) θ V
external pin pin
∆=0 M=0
2) θ V
external roller roller
∆=0 M=0
3) θ V
internal pin hinge
∆=0 M=0
4) θ V
internal roller hinge
∆=0 M=0
5) θ V
hinge internal roller
∆ M
6) θ = 0 V =0
fixed free
∆=0 M=0
7) θ V
free fixed
∆ M 77
hinge
hinge
hinge
hinge
78
Example 8-10
B C
A υC
2a a
79
SOLUTION θ
P
θ ∆=0
∆=0 B C
A Real Beam
EI θ
2a a ∆
M
diagram
EI
Pa 2 Pa 2
Pa
EI − 2 EI
EI Pa 3
V´ Hinge EI
M´ = 0 Conjugate Beam
V´ V´
2
Pa 2 M´ = 0 M´ 7 Pa
Pa 2 3EI 6 EI
3EI
V´
θ diagram
2 Pa 2
− 7 Pa 2
3EI −
6 EI
M´
Pa 3
− ∆ diagram 80
3EI
Conjugate Beam 2
a
3
1 a
( 2a )
3
2a V´B
B B C MĆ
A N´B = 0 0 = N´B
V´B
Pa 2 Pa 2 RĆ
RÁ Pa
EI − 2 EI
EI
Member AB: Member BC:
Pa 2 1 2 Pa 2 Pa 2
+ ΣMB = 0: ( 2a ) − R ' A ( 2 a ) = 0 + ΣFy = 0: − − + R 'C = 0
EI 3 3EI 2 EI
Pa 2 7 Pa 2
R' A = R'C =
3EI 6 EI
Pa 2 Pa 2 Pa 2 2 2 Pa 2
+ ΣFy = 0: − − V 'B = 0 + ΣMC = 0: − M 'C + ( a) + (a ) = 0
3EI EI 2 EI 3 3EI
2 Pa 2 Pa 3
V 'B = − M 'C =
3EI EI 81
Example 8-11
Use the conjugate beam method for

Determine the slope and deflection at points B of the beam shown in the figure.
Take E = 200 GPa and I = 250(106) mm4.
10 kN
A B
3m 3m
82
SOLUTION

10 kN 225
30 kN•m 3m 3m
EI
A B B
A
3m 3m 30
− 45
10 kN EI 45
− EI
EI 5m
V 10 10
(kN) 10(3) = 30 V´
x (m) (kN•m2)
x (m)
-
M
-45/EI -45/EI
(kN•m)
x (m)
- M´
(kN•m3)
-30 x (m)
∆Β -225/EI
Deflected Curve θΒ 83
B
Conjugate Beam
225
3m 3m
EI
B
A 45
θ B = V 'B = −
EI
30
− 45
EI 45 45kN • m 2
− EI =−
EI 5m kN
(200 ×106 2 )(250 ×10 −6 m 4 )
V´ m
(kN•m2) θB = -0.0009 rad
x (m)
-
-45/EI -45/EI 225
M´ ∆ B = M 'B = −
EI
(kN•m3)
x (m) 225kN • m 3
=−
kN
(200 ×10 6 2 )(250 × 10 −6 m 4 )
m
-225/EI
Real Beam ∆B = -0.0045 m = -4.5 mm
∆B = 4.5 mm
θB = 0.0009 rad
B 84
Example 8-12
Use the conjugate beam method for

Determine the maximum deflection , the slope and deflection at points C of the
beam shown in the figure. Take E = 200 GPa and I = 60(106) mm4.
8 kN
A B
C
9m 3m
85
SOLUTION

27
8 kN 81
18/EI EI
EI
A B A B
C C
9m 3m 45 9m 3m 63
2 kN 6 kN EI EI
6m
10 m
M 18
(kN•m) 63/EI
x (m)
V´ 36/EI
(kN•m2) x +
x (m)
-
B V´ = θ = 0
A
∆C -45/EI
θC M´
(kN•m3)
x (m)
∆ = ∆max 86
• maximum deflection • slope and deflection at point C
x2 x 18 2x 81
( )( ) = 18/EI M´
EI 9 EI EI EI C
A M´ A
x C VĆ
9m
45 x V´ = 0 45
EI 3 EI 3m
45 x 2 45 81
+ ΣFy = 0: − + =0 + ΣFy = 0: − + − V 'C = 0
EI EI EI EI
x = 6.71 m 36
V 'C =
+ ΣMx = 6.71 = 0: EI
Note : VĆ is the same value from previously
(6.71) 2 6.71 45 obtained V´ diagram.
M '− ( )+ (6.71) = 0
EI 3 EI + ΣMC = 0:
201.246 81 45
M '= − M 'C − (3) + (9) = 0
EI EI EI
201.246 162
∆ max = M ' = − M 'C = −
EI EI 87
201.25 201.25 kN • m3
∆ max = M '= − =−
EI kN
(200 ×106 2 )(60 ×10 −6 m 4 )
m
∆max = -0.01677 m = -16.77 mm
81 81 kN • m 2
θ C = V 'C = =
EI (200 ×106 kN )(60 ×10 −6 m 4 )
m2
θC = 0.003 rad
162 162 kN • m 3
∆ C = M 'C = − =−
EI kN
(200 ×106 2 )(60 ×10 −6 m 4 )
m
∆C = -0.0135 m = -13.35 mm
∆C = 13.35 mm B
A
∆max = 16.77 mm C θC = 0.003 rad

88
Example 8-13
Take E = 200 GPa and I = 250(106) mm4
1 kN/m
B
A
C
8m 8m
89
SOLUTION
1 kN/m
B
A C Real beam
4 kN 12 kN
8m 8m
M B C
A x (m)
-32
B
A C Conjugate beam
-32/EI
8m 8m
90
Bý 85.33/EI
B 8m MĆ
A B´x B
Ax
Ay C
-32/EI VĆ
128/EI -32/EI
8m (3/4)(8) = 6 m
1 32 85.33
(8)( ) =
3 EI EI
+ ΣMA = 0:
+ ΣFy = 0:
128 2 170.67
8B' y − ( 8) = 0 V 'C = θ C = −
EI 3 EI
85.33 170.67
B' y = = = −0.00341 rad
EI (200)(250)
+ ΣMC = 0:
85.33 85.33
+ M 'C + (8) + (6) = 0
EI EI
1194.62 1194.62
M 'C = ∆ C = − =− = −0.024 m
EI (200)(250)
91
1 kN/m
B
A C Real beam
8m 8m
A
∆C= 24 mm
B
C θC = 0.00341 rad
tangent C
92
Example 8-14
(a) Determine the deflection and slopes at point B.

(b) Draw shear, bending moment diagrams and deflected curve.
E = 200 GPa
I = 200(106) mm4
10 kN•m 20 kN
Hinge
A
I B 2I C
4m 3m 3m
93
SOLUTION
10 kN•m 20 kN
Hinge
A
I B 2I C
4m 3m 3m
10 kN•m 2.5 kN
0
20 kN
2.5 kN 0 75 kN•m
2.5 kN 22.5 kN
V (kN) - x (m)
-2.5 -2.5 -
-22.5 -22.5
10
M (kN•m) + x (m)
-7.5 -
-75
Deflected Curve
94
10 kN•m 20 kN
Hinge
A Real Beam
I B 2I C
4m 3m 3m
10
M (kN•m) + x (m)
-7.5 -
10
M -75
diagram EI +
EI x (m)
− 3.75 -
EI − 37.5
10 EI
EI
Conjugate Beam
− 3.75
EI − 37.5
EI 95
20
(EI)
B C
A Conjugate Beam
92.08 139.58
(EI) (EI) -5.625
-11.25
(EI) -50.625
(EI)
(EI)
4m 3m 3m
67.5
0.00168 = = θ BR 61.875
(200)(200) 67.5 EI
V´ EI +
(kN•m2)
-
− 72.08 − 72.08
= θ BL = = -0.0018 rad.
EI ( 200)(200)
− 92.08
M´ EI θBR = 0.00168 rad
(kN•m3)
θBL = 0.0018 rad
96
• Slope before support B • Slope after support B
20 20
(EI) (EI)
M´B M´B
B B
A A
V´BL 139.58 V´BR
92.08 92.08
(EI)
(EI) (EI)
92.08 20 92.08 20 139.58
+ ΣFy = 0: − + − V ' BL = 0 + ΣFy = 0:− + + − V ' BR = 0
EI EI EI EI EI
72.08 67.5
V ' BL = − V 'BR =
EI EI
72.08 67.5
θ BL = V ' BL = − = −0.0018 rad θ BR = V 'BR = = 0.00168 rad
(200)(200) (200)(200)
A B C
θBR = 0.00168 rad
θBL = 0.0018 rad 97
20
• Deflection at point B
(EI)
M´B
B + ΣMB = 0:
A
V´BR 20 92.08
M 'B − (2.667) + ( 4) = 0
92.08 139.58 EI EI
(EI) (EI) 315
M 'B = −
EI
4m
315 315
2.667 m M 'B = − =− = −7.88 mm
EI ( 200)(200)
∆B = 7.88 mm
A B C
98
Example 8-15
The girder in the figure below is made from a continuous beam and reinforced at
its center with cover plates where its moment of inertia is larger. The 3 -m end
segments have a moment of inertia of I = 60(106) mm4, and the center portion has
a moment of inertia of I´ = 120(106) mm4. Determine the slope and deflection at
point C, the maximum deflection. Take E = 200 GPa.
6 kN 8 kN 6 kN
C D E
A B
I = 120(106) mm4.
I = 60(106) mm4. I = 60(106) mm4.
3m 1.5 1.5 3m
99
SOLUTION Conjugate Beam
Real Beam
6 kN 8 kN 6 kN 30 15 18 15 30
EI EI EI EI EI
C D E
A B A B
I = 120(106) mm4. C D E
I = 60(106) mm4. I = 60(106) mm4.
10 kN 1.5 1.5 10 kN 1.5 1.5
3m 3m 3m 3m
2.25 2.25
V 10 10
4 EI EI
(kN) +30 +6
-6 x (m) 22.5 22.5
-4 -30 45 45
-10 EI EI EI
-10 EI
36 A B
M 30 30 C D E
(kN•m) + 69.75 69.75
x (m)
EI EI
Deflected curve
B
A
100
2.25 2.25
• Slope and deflection at point C
EI EI
45 22.5 22.5 1m
45
EI EI EI
EI 45
A B EI
MĆ
C D E
69.75 69.75 A
C
EI EI 69.75 VĆ
3m 1.5 1.5 3m
EI
3m
24.75
69.75
V´ EI 45 69.75
EI + ΣMC = 0: M 'C − (1) + (3) = 0
(kN•m2) + EI EI
x (m)
-
− 69.75 164.25 164.25
− 24.75 ∆ C = M 'C = − =− = -13.69 mm
EI EI (200)(60)
EI
M´ − 24.75 − 24.75
∆C= 13.69 mm θ C = V 'C = = = -0.002063 rad
(kN•m3) EI ( 200)(200)
x (m)
θC=0.002063 rad
101
2.25 2.25 2.25
• Maximum deflection
EI EI EI
22.5 22.5 45 22.5
45 45
EI EI EI EI
EI EI M´D
A B A
C D E C D
69.75 69.75 69.75 V´D = 0
EI EI EI 0.5 m
3m 1.5 1.5 3m 0.75 m
2.5 m
24.75 4.5 m
69.75 + ΣMD = 0:
V´ EI
(kN•m2) EI 2.25 22.5
+ M 'D − (0.5) − (0.75)
x (m) EI EI
- V´ = 0
− 69.75 − 24.75 45 69.75
− (2.5) + ( 4.5) = 0
EI EI EI EI
183.375
M´ M 'D = −
EI
(kN•m3)
x (m) 183.375
∆ max = ∆ D = M 'D = − = -15.3 mm
(200)(60)
∆ = ∆max = 15.3 mm 102
Maximum Influence at a Point Due to a Series of Concentrated Loads
F3
F2
F1
x1 x2
A
B
C
a b
VC (b/L)
(-a/L)
ab/L
MC
x
120
F3
F2
F1
x1 x2
A
B
C
a b
VC (b/L) V2 '
V3'
x
(-a/L)
ab/L M
MC 2'
M 3'
x
(VCR )' = F1 (b / L) + F2 (V2 ' ) + F3 (V3' )
(VCL )' = F1 (−a / L) + F2 (V2 ' ) + F3 (V3' )
M ' = F1 (ab / L) + F2 ( M 2 ' ) + F3 ( M 3' )
121
F3
F2
F1
x1 x2
A
B
C
a b
VC (b/L)
V3''
x
V1'' (-a/L)
M 1'' ab/L
MC M 3 ''
x
(VCR )' ' = F1V1'' + F2 (b / L) + F3 (V3'' )
(VCL )' ' = F1V1'' + F2 (−a / L) + F3 (V3'' )
M ' ' = F1M 1'' + F2 (ab / L) + F3 ( M 3'' )
122
F3
F2
F1
x1 x2
A
B
C
a b
VC (b/L)
x
V2 '''
(-a/L)
ab/L
MC M 2 '''
x
(VCR )' ' ' = F2V2 '' + F3 (b / L)
(VCL )' ' ' = F2V2 ''' + F3 (−a / L)
M ' ' ' = F2 M 2 ''' + F3 (ab / L)
123
• Shear 6 kN
4 kN
1 kN
1m 3m
A
B
C
2m 6m
0.75
VC
x
-0.25
124
Case 1
6 kN
4 kN
1 kN
1m 3m
A
B
C
2m 6m
0.75
0.625
VC
0.25
x
-0.25
(VC)1 = 1(0.75) + 4(0.625) + 6(0.25) = 4.75 kN
125
Case 2
6 kN
4 kN
1 kN
1m 3m
A
B
C
2m 6m
0.75
VC 0.375
x
-0.125 -0.25
(VC)1 = 1(0.75) + 4(0.625) + 6(0.25) = 4.75 kN
(VC)2 = 1(-0.125) + 4(0.75) + 6(0.375) = 5.125 kN

∆V1-2 = 5.125 - 4.75 = 0.375 kN
126
Case 3
6 kN
4 kN
1 kN
1m 3m
A
B
C
2m 6m
0.75
VC
x
-0.25
(VC)2 = 1(-0.125) + 4(0.75) + 6(0.375) = 5.125 kN
(VC)3 = 6(0.75) = 4.5 kN

∆V2-3 = 4.5 - 5.125 = - 0.625 kN
(VC)max = (VC)2 = 5.125 kN
127
The critical position of the loads can be determined in a more direct manner by finding
the change in shear, ∆V, which occurs when the load are moved from Case 1 to Case 2,
then from Case 2 to Case 3, and so on.If the slope of the influence line is s, then
(y2 - y1) = s(x2 - x1), and therefore
∆V = Ps (x2 - x1)
----------(6-1)
Sloping Line
If the load moves past a point where there is a discontinuity or “jump” in the influence
line, as point C, then the change in shear is simply
∆V = P (y2 - y1)
----------(6-2)
Jump
128
6 kN
4 kN
1 kN
1m 3m
A
B
C
2m 6m
0.75
s = 1/8
VC
x
-0.25
(VC)1 = 1(0.75) + 4(0.625) + 6(0.25) = 4.75 kN
∆V1-2 = 1(-0.25 - 0.75) + 1(1/8)(1) + 4(1/8)(1) + 6(1/8)(1) = 0.375 kN
(VC)2 = (VC)1 + ∆V1-2 = 4.75 + 0.375 = 5.125 kN
129
6 kN
4 kN
1 kN
1m 3m
A
B
C
2m 6m
0.75
s = 1/8
VC
x
-0.25
∆V2-3 = 1(1/8)(1) + 4(-0.25-0.75) + 4(1/8)(2) + 6(1/8)(3) = -0.625 kN
(VC)3 = (VC)2 + ∆V2-3 = 5.125 -0.625 = 4.5 kN
130
6 kN
4 kN
• Moment 1 kN
1m 3m
A
B
C
2m 6m
MC (2)(6)/8 = 1.5
131
6 kN
Case 1 4 kN
1 kN
1m 3m
A
B
C
2m 6m
MC 1.5 1.25
0.5
x
(MC)1 = 1(1.5) + 4(1.25) + 6(0.5) = 9.5 kN•m
132
6 kN
Case 2 4 kN
1 kN
1m 3m
A
B
C
2m 6m
MC 1.5
0.75 0.75
x
(MC)1 = 1(1.5) + 4(1.25) + 6(0.5) = 9.5 kN•m
(MC)2 = 1(0.75) + 4(1.5) + 6(0.75) = 11.25 kN•m

∆M1-2 = 11.25 - 9.5 = 1.75 kN•m
133
6 kN
Case 3 4 kN
1 kN
1m 3m
A
B
C
2m 6m
MC 1.5
(MC)3 = 6(1.5) = 9 kN•m

∆M2-3 = 9 - 11.25 = -2.25 kN•m
(MC)max = (MC)2 = 11.25 kN•m
134
We can also use the foregoing methods to determine the critical position of a series of
concentrated forces so that they create the largest internal moment at a specific point in
a structure. Of course, it is first necessary to draw the influence line for the moment at
the point and determine the slopes s of its line segments. For a horizontal movement
(x2 - x1) of a concentrated force P, the change in moment, ∆M, is equivalent to the
magnitude of the force times the change in the influence-line ordinate under the load,
that is
∆M = Ps (x2 - x1)
----------(6-3)
Sloping Line
135
6 kN
4 kN
1 kN
1m 3m
A
B
C
2m 6m
MC 1.5
(MC)1 = 1(1.5) + 4(1.25) + 6(0.5) = 9.5 kN•m

1.5 1.5
∆M 1− 2 = −1( )(1) + ( 4 + 6)( )(1) = 1.75 kN • m
2 6
( M C ) 2 = ( M C )1 + ∆M 1−2 = 9.5 + 1.75 = 11.25 kN • m
136
6 kN
4 kN
1 kN
1m 3m
A
B
C
2m 6m
MC 1.5
(MC)2 = 11.25 kN•m
1.5 1.5 1 .5
∆M 2 −3 = −1( )(1) + 4( )(2) + 6( )(3) = −2.25 kN • m
2 2 6
( M C )3 = ( M C ) 2 + ∆M 2−3 = 11.25 − 2.25 = 9 kN • m
137
Example 6-9
Determine the maximum shear created at point B in the beam shown in the figure
below due to the wheel loads of the moving truck.
9 kN 15 kN 10 kN
4 kN
A B
C
4m 4m 1m 2m 2m
138
SOLUTION
9 kN 15 kN 10 kN
Case 1
4 kN
1m 2m 2m
A B
C
4m 4m
VB 0.5
0.375
0.125
x
-0.5
VBR = 4(0.5) + 9(0.375) + 15(0.125) = 7.25 kN
VBL = 4(-0.5) + 9(0.375) + 15(0.125) = 3.25 kN
139
Case 2
9 kN 15 kN 10 kN
4 kN
1m 2m 2m
A B
C
4m 4m
VB 0.5
0.25
-0.375 -0.5
VBR = 4(-0.375) + 9(0.5) + 15(0.25) + 10(0) = 6.75 kN
VBL = 4(-0.375) + 9(-0.5) + 15(0.25) + 10(0) = -2.25 kN
140
Case 3
9 kN 15 kN 10 kN
4 kN
1m 2m 2m
A B
C
4m 4m
VB 0.5
0.25
x
-0.125
-0.25 -0.5
VBR = 4(-0.125) + 9(-0.25) + 15(0.5) + 10(0.25) = 7.25 kN
VBL = 4(-0.125) + 9(-0.25) + 15(-0.5) + 10(0.25) = -7.75 kN
141
Case 4
9 kN 15 kN 10 kN
4 kN
1m 2m 2m
A B
C
4m 4m
VB 0.5
-0.25
-0.5
VBR = 9(0) + 15(-0.25) + 10(0.5) = 1.25 kN
VBL = 9(0) + 15(-0.25) + 10(-0.5) = -8.75 kN
The maximum shear created at point B is -8.75 kN

142
Example 6-10
Determine the maximum positive moment and negative moment created at point
B in the beam shown in the figure below due to the wheel loads of the crane.
8 kN
4 kN 3 kN
3m 2m B
A C
2m 3m 2m
143
SOLUTION
• Positive moment 8 kN
4 kN 3 kN
3m 2m
A B C
CASE I 2m 3m 2m
MB 2(3)/5 = 1.2
x
-0.8
MB = 3(1.2) + 8(0) = 3.6 kN•m
144
8 kN
4 kN 3 kN
3m 2m
A B C
CASE II 2m 3m 2m
MB 1.2
0.4
x
-0.8
MB = 8(1.2) + 3(0.4) = 10.8 kN•m
145
8 kN
4 kN 3 kN
3m 2m
A B C
CASE III 2m 3m 2m
MB 1.2
x
-0.8
MB = 4(1.2) + 8(0) + 3(-0.8) = 2.4 kN•m
The maximum positive moment created at point B is 10.8 kN•m

146
• Negative moment 8 kN
4 kN 3 kN
3m 2m
A B C
CASE I
2m 3m 2m
MB 1.2
0.4
x
-0.8
MB = 8(-0.8) + 4(0.4) = -4.8 kN•m
147
8 kN
4 kN 3 kN
3m 2m
A B C
CASE II
2m 3m 2m
MB 1.2
x
-0.8
MB = 4(-0.8) = -3.2 kN•m
The maximum negative moment created at point B is - 4.8 kN•m
148
Absolute Maximum Shear and Moment
FR
F1 F2 CL F3
x x'− x
A B
2
x'
d1 d2
Ay By
L/2 L/2
1 L
ΣM B = 0 : Ay = ( FR )[ − ( x '− x)]
L 2
149
F1
d1
L
M2 ΣM 2 = 0 : M 2 = Ay ( − x) − F1d1
A 2
2 1 L L
(L/2 - x) V2 = ( FR )[ − ( x '− x)]( − x) − F1d1
L 2 2
1 L FR L FR x ' FR x 2 FR xx '
Ay = ( FR )[ − ( x '− x)] M2 = − − + − F1d1
L 2 4 2 L L
FR
For maximum M2 we require
F1 F2 CL F3
x x'− x
dM 2 2F x F x '
=− R + R =0
A B dx L L
2 x'
x' x=
d1 d2 2
Ay By
L/2 L/2
L
150
FR
CL F1 F2 F3
x x2 − x
x1 x2
A B
L/2 L/2 x1 + x
151
CL
FR FR
F1 F2 b F3 F1 F2 b F3
x x
2 2
x1 x2 x1 x2
A B
b
L b
a b
ab / L = M 2 ''
M 1'' M 3 ''
M
x
M S 1 = F1M 1'' + F2 M 2 '' + F3 M 3''
152
CL
FR
F1 F2 a F
3 x2 − x
2
x1 x2
A B
La
a b
ab / L = M 3'''
M 2 '''
M 1'''
M
x
M S 2 = F1M 1''' + F2 M 2 ''' + F3 M 3'''
The absolute maximum moment is comparison by MS1 and MS2.

153
Example 6-11
Determine the absolute maximum moment on the simply supported beam cased
by the wheel loads.
1200 kg 400 kg
A
B
8m
30 m
154
1600 kg
CL
b
1200 kg 400 kg
3m 3m
A
B
b
15 m 15 m 6m
x=2m
ΣM@1200 kg = 0 :
1600 x = 1200(0) + 400(8)
x=2m
155
CL
a 1600 kg
1200 kg 1m 400 kg
1m
A
B
1
6m Or using equilibrium conditions:
2m
a
Global: + ΣMB = 0:
14 m 16 m 1600(14) − Ay (30) = 0
Ay = 746.67 kg
(14)(16)/30 = 7.47
14 m M1
3.74 A
M1200 1
x
V1
Ay = 746.7 kg
MS = (1200)(7.47) + (400)(3.74)
+ ΣM1 = 0:
= 10 460 kg•m M1= 10 460 kg•m
156
CL
1600 kg
b
1200 kg 400 kg
3m 3m
A
B
b
2m 6m
18 m 12 m
(18)(12)/30 = 7.2
4
M400 x
MS = (1200)(4) + (400)(7.2) = 7680 kg•m
By comparison, Mmax = 10 460 kg•m

157
Example 6-12
Determine the absolute maximum moment and maximum shear on the simply
supported beam cased by the wheel loads.
4.6 T 8.2T 8.2T
A
B
20 m 4.2 m 1.2 m
158
Absolute maximum moment FR=21 T
4.6 T 8.2T 8.2T
A
B
20 m 4.2 m 1.2 m
x
4.2 − x = 0.45
ΣM@ 4.6 T = 0 :
21x = 4.6(0) + 8.2(4.2) + 8.2(5.4)
x = 3.75 m
159
CL
FR=21 T
4.6 T 8.2T 8.2T
A
B
4.2 m 1.2 m
1.875 m
10 m 10 m
a = 8.125 m b = 11.875 m
4.82
3.12
2.63
M4.6T
x
MS = (4.6)(4.82) + (8.2)(3.12) + (8.2)(2.63) = 69.32 T•m
160
FR=21 T
CL
4.6 T 8.2T 8.2T
A
B
2
4.2 m 1.2 m Or using equilibrium conditions:
Global: + ΣMB = 0:
0.225 m 21(10.225) − Ay (20) = 0
10 m 10 m Ay = 10.74 T
4.6 T
a = 10.225 m b = 9.775 m 4.2 m M2
A
5 2
4.39 10.225 m V2
2.95
M8.2T Ay = 10.74 T
x
MS = (4.6)(2.95) + (8.2)(5) + (8.2)(4.39) = 90.57 T•m + ΣM2 = 0:
By comparison, Mmax = 90.57 T•m M2= 90.50 T•m
161
Absolute maximum shear
4.6 T 8.2T 8.2T
A 4.2 m B1.2 m
20 m
0.94 1
0.73
VB
x
(Vmax)1 = 4.6(0.73) + 8.2(0.94) + 8.2(1.0) = 19.27 T
162
4.6 T 8.2T 8.2T
A 4.2 m 1.2 m B
20 m
1
0.79 0.73
VA
x
(Vmax)2 = 4.6(1) + 8.2(0.79) + 8.2(0.73) = 17.06 T
163
4.6 T 8.2T 8.2T
4.2 m A 1.2 m B
20 m
1 0.94
VA
x
(Vmax)3 = 8.2(1.0) + 8.2(0.94) = 15.91 T
By comparison, Vmax = 19.27 T

164
Example 6-13
Determine the absolute maximum moment on the simply supported beam cased
by the wheel loads.
9 kN 15 kN 10 kN
4 kN
A
B
8m 1m 2m 2m
165
FR=38 kN
SOLUTION 9 kN 15 kN 10 kN
4 kN 1.74 m
0.26 m
A
B
8m 1m 2m 2m
ΣM@ 4 kN = 0 :
38 x = 4(0) + 9(1) + 15(3) + 10(5)
x = 2.74 m
166
CL
FR=38 kN
9 kN 15 kN 10 kN
4 kN
0.87 0.87
A
B
1m 2m 2m
4m 4m
a = 3.13 m b = 4.87 m
M9 kN (3.13)(4.87)/8 = 1.91
1.30
1.13
0.34
x
MS = 4(1.30) + 9(1.91) + 15(1.13) + 10(0.34) = 42.74 kN•m
167
CL
9 kN F 15 kN 10 kN
R
4 kN 0.13 m
0.13 m
A
B
3
Or using equilibrium conditions:
1m 2m 2m
Global: + ΣMA = 0:
4m 4m − 38(3.87) + B y (8) = 0
By = 18.38 kN
a = 4.13 m b = 3.87 m
15 kN 10 kN
M15 kN (4.13)(3.87)/8 = 2.0
1.03 M3 2m
0.55 0.97 B
x 3 3.87 m
V3
MS = 4(0.55) + 9(1.03) + 15(2.0) + 10(0.97) = 51.17 kN•m + ΣM3 = 0: 18.38 kN
-M3 -10(2) + 18.38(3.87) = 0

By comparison, Mmax = 51.17 kN•m
M3= 51.13 kN•m
168
INFLUENCE LINES FOR STATICALLY
DETERMINATE STRUCTURES
! Influence Lines for Beams
! Influence Lines for Floor Girders
! Influence Lines for Trusses
! Maximum Influence at a Point Due to a Series
of Concentrated Loads
! Absolute Maximum Shear and Moment
1
Influence Line
Unit moving load
A
B
2
Example 6-1
Construct the influence line for

a) reaction at A and B
b) shear at point C
c) bending moment at point C
d) shear before and after support B
e) moment at point B
of the beam in the figure below.
C
A
B
4m 4m 4m
3
SOLUTION
• Reaction at A
1
x C
A
Ay By
8m 4m
x Ay
0 1 1
+ ΣMB = 0: − Ay (8) + 1(8 − x ) = 0, Ay = 1− x
4 0.5 8
8 0
Ay
12 -0.5
1
0.5
8m 12 m
x
4m
-0.5
4
• Reaction at B
1
x C
A
Ay By
8m 4m
x By
0 0
1
4 0.5 + ΣMA = 0: B y (8) − 1x = 0, By = x
8
8 1
12 1.5 By 1.5
1
0.5
x
4m 8m 12 m
5
• Shear at C
0≤ x<4 4 < x ≤ 12
1
x C
A
Ay By
4m 4m 4m
1
x C 1
+ ΣFy = 0: 1 − x − 1 − VC = 0
0≤ x≤4 A MC 8
1 1
Ay = 1− x VC = − x
8 VC 8
4m
x C
1
4 < x ≤ 12 A MC + ΣFy = 0: 1 − x − VC = 0
1 8
Ay = 1− x 1
8 VC VC = 1− x
4m 8
6
0≤ x<4 4 < x ≤ 12 x VC
1 1 0 0
VC = − x
x C 8 4- -0.5
A 4+ 0.5
1
VC = 1− x 8 0
8
Ay By
4m 4m 4m 12 -0.5
1
VC VC = 1− x
8
0.5
4m 8m 12 m
x
-0.5 -0.5
1
VC = − x
8
7
• Bending moment at C
0≤ x<4 4 < x ≤ 12
1
x C
A
Ay By
4m 4m 4m
1
x C
1
0≤ x≤4 A MC + ΣMC = 0: M C + 1(4 − x) − (1 − x )(4) = 0
1 8
Ay = 1− x 1
8 VC MC = x
4m 2
x C
1
4 < x ≤ 12 A MC + ΣMC = 0: M C − (1 − x)( 4) = 0
1 8
Ay = 1− x 1
8 VC MC = 4 − x
4m 2
8
0≤ x<4 4 < x ≤ 12
x MC
1
1 0 0
x MC = x
C 2 4 2
A
1 8 0
MC = 4 − x
Ay By 2 12 -2
4m 4m 4m
1
MC = x 1
2 MC = 4 − x
MC 2
2
8m 12 m
x
4m
-2
9
• Reaction at A
1
x C
A
Ay By
8m 4m
1
+ ΣMB = 0: − Ay (8) + 1(8 − x ) = 0, Ay = 1− x
8
Ay
1
0.5
8m 12 m
x
4m
-0.5
10
• Reaction at B
1
x C
A
Ay By
8m 4m
Ay
+ ΣFy = 0: Ay + B y − 1 = 0
1
0.5 B y = 1 − Ay
8m 12 m
x
4m
-0.5
By B y = 1 − Ay 1.5
1
0.5
x
4m 8m 12 m
11
• Shear at C
0≤ x<4 4 < x ≤ 12
1
x C
A
Ay By
4m 4m 4m
1
x C
+ ΣFy = 0: Ay − 1 − VC = 0
0≤ x≤4 A MC
1 VC = Ay − 1
Ay = 1− x VC
8
4m
x C
4 < x ≤ 12 A MC + ΣFy = 0: Ay − VC = 0
1
Ay = 1− x
8 VC VC = Ay
4m
12
C
A
B
4m 4m 4m
Ay
1
0.5
8m 12 m
x
4m
VC = Ay − 1 VC = Ay -0.5
VC
0.5
4m 8m 12 m
x
-0.5 -0.5
13
• Bending moment at C
0≤ x<4 4 < x ≤ 12
1
x C
A
Ay By
4m 4m 4m
1
x C
0≤ x≤4 A MC + ΣMC = 0: Ay (4) + 1( 4 − x ) + M C = 0
1
Ay = 1− x VC M C = 4 Ay − (4 − x)
8
4m
x C
4 < x ≤ 12 A MC + ΣMC = 0: − Ay (4) + M C = 0
1
Ay = 1− x M C = 4 Ay
8 VC
4m
14
C
A
B
4m 4m 4m
Ay
1
0.5
8m 12 m
x
4m
M C = 4 Ay − (4 − x) M C = 4 Ay -0.5
MC
2
8m 12 m
x
4m
-2 15
• Shear before support B 1
x
C
A
Ay By
4m 4m 4m
1
x MB MB
8m 8m
Ay VB -
Ay VB-
VB- = Ay-1 VB- = Ay
Ay 1
0.5 8m 12 m
x
VB- 4m
-0.5
x
-0.5 -1.0 -0.5

16
• Shear after support B 1
x
C
A
Ay By
4m 4m 4m
1
MB MB
4m 4m
VB+ VB+
VB+ = 0 VB+ = 1
Ay 1
0.5 8m 12 m
x
4m
-0.5
VB+ 1
x
17
• Moment at support B 1
x
C
A
Ay By
4m 4m 4m
1
x MB MB
8m 8m
Ay VB -
Ay VB-
MB = 8Ay-(8-x) MB = 8Ay
Ay 1
0.5 8m 12 m
x
MB 4m
-0.5
x
1
-4
18
Influence Line for Beam
• Reaction P=1
C
A B
x'
P=1 δy 1
δ y' sB = =
δy = 1 L L
C
A B
Ay By
Ay (1) − 1(δ y ' ) + B y (0) = 0
Ay = δ y '
19
P=1
C
A B
x'
P=1
δ y' δy = 1
C
A B
δy 1
sA = =
Ay L L By
Ay (0) − 1(δ y ' ) + B y (1) = 0
By = δ y '
20
- Pinned Support
A C B
a b
B
A
RA
RA 1
b
L
x
21
- Fixed Support
A B
a b
A B
RA
RA 1 1
22
P=1
• Shear
A C B
a b
VC P=1
1
δ y' sB =
δy=1 δyR L
A B
δyL
Ay 1 By
sA =
L VC
Ay (0) + VC (δ yL ) + VC (δ yR ) − 1(δ y ' ) + B y (0) = 0
VC (δ yL + δ yR ) = δ y '
slopes : s A = sB
δy=1
VC = δ y '
23
- Pinned Support
A C B
a b
L
VC
A B
VC 1
VC 1 Slope s B =
L
b
1 L
x
-a
1 L
Slope s A =
L -1
Slope at A = Slope at B
24
- Fixed Support
A B
a b
VB
A B
VB
VB 1 1
25
• Bending Moment
P=1
A C B
a b
L
φ = θ A +θ B = 1
P=1
h MC MC δ y'
A B
h h
Ay
θA = θB =
a b By
Ay (0) + M C (θ A ) + M C (θ B ) + 1(δ y ' ) + B y (0) = 0 h h

( + ) =1
1 a b
M C (θ A + θ B ) = δ y '
h( a + b) ab
= 1, h=
ab ( a + b)
M C = δ y'
26
- Pinned Support
A C B
a b
Hinge
A B
MC MC
MC
a b
φC = θA + θB = 1
ab
a+b
x
b
θA = a
L θA =
L
27
- Fixed Support
A B
a b
A B
MC MC
MB
x
1
-b
28
• General Shear
C D E B F G H
A
L/4 L/4 L/4 L/4 L/4 L/4 L/4
L
VC
3/4
1
x
VD -1/4 2/4
1 x
VE -2/4
1/4
x
1
VBL
-3/4
x
-1 29
C D E B F G H
A
L/4 L/4 L/4 L/4 L/4 L/4 L/4
VBL L
-1
VBR 1
x
VF 1
VG 1
x
30
• General Bending Moment
C D E B F G H
A
L/4 L/4 L/4 L/4 L/4 L/4 L/4
L
MC 3L/16 φ = sA + sB = 1
x
θA = 3/4 θB = 1/4
MD 4L/16
φ = sA + sB = 1
x
θA = 1/2 θB = 1/2
ME 3L/16
φ = θA + θB = 1
x
θA = 1/4 θB = 3/4
31
C D E B F G H
A
L/4 L/4 L/4 L/4 L/4 L/4 L/4
L
MB
x
1
3L/4
MF
x
1
2L/4
MG
x
1
L/4
32
Example 6-2

- the reaction at A, C and E
- the shear at D
- the moment at D
- shear before and after support C
- moment at point C
A B Hinge D
C E
2m 2m 2m 4m
33
SOLUTION
B C D E
A
2m 2m 2m 4m
RA
RA 1
34
B C D E
A
2m 2m 2m 4m
RC
8/6
1
RC 4/6
35
A B D
C
E
2m 2m 2m 4m
RE
1
RE 2/6
-2/6
36
VD
A B D
C E
VD
2m 2m 2m 4m
1 4/6
2/6
=
VD 1
x
sE = 1/6
=
sC = 1/6 -1
-2/6
• sE = sC
37
Or using equilibrium conditions: 1
A B Hinge D
C E
2m 2m 2m 4m
1
VD x
4m VD
MD 4m
MD
RE RE
VD = -RE VD = 1 -RE
1
RE 2/6
-2/6
4/6
VD 2/6
x
-2/6
38
A B MD MD
C E
2m 2m 2m 4m
(2)(4)/6 = 1.33
4
2 φD = θC+θE = 1
MD
θC = 4/6 2/6 = θE
x
-1.33
39
Or using equilibrium conditions: 1
A B Hinge D
C E
2m 2m 2m 4m
1
VD x
4m VD
MD 4m
MD
RE RE
MD = 4RE MD = -(4-x)+4RE
1
RE 2/6
-2/6
8/6
MD
-8/6
40
VCL
A
C E
B D
VCL
2m 2m 2m 4m
VCL
x
-1 -1
41
A B 1 D
C E
2m 2m 2m 4m
1 MB MB
RA VCL RA VCL
VCL = RA - 1 VCL = RA
RA 1
VCL
x
-1 -1
42
VCR
A
C E
B D
VCR
2m 2m 2m 4m
1
0.667
VCR 0.333
x
43
A B 1 D
C E
2m 2m 2m 4m
1
MC MC
VCR VCR
VCR = -RE RE VCR = 1 -RE RE
1
RE 2/6=0.33
-2/6 = -0.333
1
0.667
VCR 0.333
x
44
A B MC C MC D E
2m 2m 2m 4m
MC
x
1
-2
45
A B 1 D
C E
2m 2m 2m 4m
1
x'
MC MC
6m 6m
VCR VCR
MC = 6RE RE M C = 6 RA − x' RE
1
RE 2/6=0.33
-2/6 = -0.333
MC
x
1
-2
46
Example 6-3

- the reaction at A and C
- shear at D, E and F
- the moment at D, E and F
Hinge
A D B E C F
2m 2m 2m 2m 2m 2m
47
SOLUTION
D B E C F
A
RA 2m 2m 2m 2m 2m 2m
1 1
RA
0.5
x
-0.5
-1
48
A D B E F
C
RC
2m 2m 2m 2m 2m 2m
2
1.5
1
0.5
RC x
49
VD
A B E C F
D
VD
2m 2m 2m 2m 2m 2m
VD 1 1
=
0.5
x
=
-0.5 -1
50
VE
A D B E C F
VE
2m 2m 2m 2m 2m 2m
0.5
VE
=
1
x
=
-0.5 -0.5
-1
51
VF
A D B E C F
VF
2m 2m 2m 2m 2m 2m
=
VF
52
A D B E C F
MD MD
2m 2m 2m 2m 2m 2m
2
MD
1
x
θD = 1
-1
-2
53
A D B ME ME C
E F
2m 2m 2m 2m 2m 2m
(2)(2)/4 = 1
ME φE = 1
x
θB = 0.5 θC = 0.5
-1
-2
54
A D B C ME ME
E F
2m 2m 2m 2m 2m 2m
MF
x
θF = 1
-2
55
Example 6-4
Determine the maximum reaction at support B, the maximum shear at point C and
the maximum positive moment that can be developed
at point C on the beam shown due to
- a single concentrate live load of 8000 N
- a uniform live load of 3000 N/m
- a beam weight (dead load) of 1000 N/m
A C B
4m 4m 4m
56
SOLUTION 8000 N
3000 N/m
1000 N/m
A
C B
4m 4m 4m
RB
1.5
1
0.5
0.5(12)(1.5) = 9
x
(RB)max = (1000)(9) + (3000)(9) + (8000)(1.5)
= 48000 N = 48 kN
57
8000 N
3000 N/m 3000 N/m
1000 N/m
A
C B
4m 4m 4m
VC
0.5
0.5(4)(0.5) = 1
x
0.5(4)(-0.5) = -1 0.5(4)(-0.5) = -1
-0.5 -0.5
(VC)max = (1000)(-2+1) + (3000)(-2) + (8000)(-0.5)
= -11000 N = 11 kN
58
8000 N 3000 N/m
1000 N/m
A
C B
4m 4m 4m
MC
2
+(1/2)(8)(2) = 8
x
(1/2)(4)(2) = 4
-2
(MC)max positive = (8000)(2) + (3000)(8) + (8-4)(1000)
= 44000 N•m = 44 kN•m
59
INFLUENCE LINES FOR STATICALLY
INDETERMINATE BEAMS
! Comparison Between Indeterminate and

Determinate
! Influence line for Statically Indeterminate
Beams
! Qualitative Influence Lines for Frames
1
Comparison between Indeterminate and Determinate
Indeterminate Determinate
1 D B E C 1 D B E C
A RA A RA
2
Indeterminate Determinate
1 D B E C 1 D B E C
RA A RA
A
1 D B E C 1 D B E C
A VD A VD
1
1
D B E C D B E C
A ME A ME
3
Influence Lines for Reaction
Redundant R1 applied
1 4 2 j 3
1
= f1 j + f11 R1 = ∆1 = 0
1
R1 = − f1 j ( )
∆´1 = f1j f11
1
f j1
R1 = ( )
fjj f11
+
f11
×R1
1
fj1 4
Redundant R2 applied
1 4 2 j 3
1
Compatibility equation.
∆ '2 + f 22 R2 = ∆ 2 = 0
f 2 j + f 22 R2 = ∆ 2 = 0
=
1 1
R2 = − f 2 j ( )
f 22
f2j fjj f j2
+
R2 = ( )
f22 f 22
fj2
×R2
1
5
Influence Lines for Shear
1 4 2 j 3
1
VE = ( ) f j4
f 44
1
1
f44
fj4
1
6
Influence Lines for Bending Moment
1 4 2 j 3
1 1
1
ME = ( ) f j4
α 44
α44
1 1
fj4
7
Using Equilibrium Condition for Shear and Bending Moment
• Influence line of Reaction
1 4 2 j 3
f 41
f11 f11 f j1
=1 R1 = ( )
f11 R1 f11
1 f j1
f 22 f11
f 42 =1 f j2
f 22 f 22
f 22
f j2
R2 R2 = ( )
f 22
1
f 33
=1
f 33
f j3
R3 R3 = ( )
f j3 f 33
f 43 1
f 33 8
f 33
• Influence line of Shear • Unit load to the left of 4
x 1
1
1 4 2 j 3 1 M4
R1 V4
R1 R2 R3 + ↑ ΣFy = 0; R1 − 1 − V4 = 0
V4 = R1 - 1
R1
• Unit load to the right of 4
1
1 M4
V4 = R1 R1 V4
4 1
V4 + ↑ ΣFy = 0; R1 − V4 = 0
1
V4 = R1 9
1 V4 = R1 - 1
• Influence line of Bending moment
l • Unit load to the left of 4
x 1
1
1 4 2 j 3 1 M4
l
R1 V4
R1 R2 R3 + Σ M4 = 0: M4 - 1 (l-x) - l R1 = 0
l1 l2
M4 = - l + x + l R1
R1 • Unit load to right of 4

1
1 M4
l
M4 = - l + x + l R1 R1 V4
1 4 1 1
+ Σ M4 = 0: M4 - l R1 = 0
M4
M4 = l R1
M4 = lR1 10
Qualitative Influence Lines for Frames
I
1
Influence Line of VI
11
Maximum positive shear Maximum negative shear
1 1
Influence Line of MI
Maximum positive moment Maximum negative moment 12

Influence Line for MOF
MA A D G
Ay Dy Gy
15 m 15 m
1.0
Gy
1.0
Dy
1.0
Ay
13
A D H G
15 m 15 m
MA
1
1
MH
14
G
A B C D E
1.0
RA
1.0
RB
MB
1
MG
15
G
A B C D E
1 VG
1 VF
1 VH
16
Example 1
Draw the influence line for

- the vertical reaction at A and B
- shear at C
- bending moment at A and C
EI is constant . Plot numerical values every 2 m.
A C D B
2m 2m 2m
17
• Influence line of RB
A C D B
2m 2m 2m
f DB
f AB f CB f BB
f BB =1
f BB f BB f BB
18
• Find fxB by conjugate beam
A C D B
6 kN•m Real Beam
1 1
2m 2m 2m
6 18 x
EI EI
72
EI Conjugate Beam
18
EI
x x2
EI 2 EI x
x3 72 18 x 72
+ − = M´x
6 EI EI EI EI
V´x x 2x
3 3 18
EI
19
x
A C D B x3 72 18 x
f xB = M 'x = + −
6 EI EI EI
2m 2m 2m Point x (m) fxB fxB / fBB
72
B 0 1
EI
72/EI
10.67/EI 37.33/EI 37.33
0 fBB D 2 0.518
EI
fxB
1
10.67
C 4 0.148
EI
37.33 /72 = 0.518
10.67 /72 = 0.148 f BB 72 A 6 0 0
= =1
0 f BB 72
1 Influence line of RB
20
Influence line of RA
A C D B
2m 2m 2m
1 kN f CA
f DA
f AA
f AA f AA
=1
f AA
21
• Find fxA by conjugate beam
1 kN
A C D B
6 kN•m Real Beam
1 kN
2m 2m 2m
x
72 Conjugate Beam
M 'A =
EI
18
B' y =
EI
18
6
EI
EI
x 2x
3
18 x x 3 3
− = M´x
EI 6 EI
V´x x 18
B' y =
x x2 EI
EI 2 EI
22
x
18 x x 3
A C D B f xA = M 'x = −
EI 6 EI
2m 2m 2m Point x (m) fxA fxA / fAA
B 0 0 0
72/EI 61.33 /EI

1 kN 34.67
34.67 /EI D 2 0.482
fAA EI
fxA
61.33
C 4 0.852
EI
72 /72 = 1.0 72
61.33 /72=0.852 A 6 EI 1.0
1 kN 34.67 /72 = 0.482
f AA
=1
f AA
23
Alternate Method: Use equilibrium conditions for the influence line of RA
x 1
MA A C D B
+ ↑ ΣFy = 0;
RA 2m 2m 2m RB RA + RB − 1 = 0
RB = 1 − RA
RB
1
.518
0.148
RB
1
RA = 1- RB
1.0
0.852
1 kN
0.482
RA
24
Using equilibrium conditions for the influence line of VC
1 x • Unit load to the left of C

MA A C D B MC
VC RB
RA 2m 2m 2m RB
+ ↑ ΣFy = 0;
1 + RB + VC = 0
0.518
0.148 VC = - RB
RB
• Unit load to the left of C
1
1 x
MC
0.852
VC RB
0.482
1 + ↑ ΣFy = 0;
VC
+ VC − 1 + RB = 0
-0.148
VC = 1 - RB 25
Using equilibrium conditions for the influence line of MA
1 x
MA A C D B
+ ΣM A = 0;
− M A − 1(6 − x) + 6 RB = 0
RA 2m 2m 2m RB
M A = −6 + x + 6 RB
1
0.518
0.148
RB
1
MA
-1.112 -0.892
1 26
Using equilibrium conditions for the influence line of MC
1 x • Unit load to the left of C

MA A C D B
MC
VC 4m RB
RA 2m 2m 2m RB
+ ΣM C = 0;
− M C + 4 RB = 0
1
0.518 MC = 4RB
0.148
RB
• Unit load to the left of C
1
1 x
MC
0.592 1 4m
VC RB
C
0.074
+ ΣM C = 0;
MC
− M C − 1(4 − x) + 4 RB = 0
MC = -4 + x + 4RB 27
Example 2
Draw the influence line and plot numerical values every 2 m for
- the vertical reaction at supports A, B and C
- Shear at G and E
- Bending moment at G and E
EI is constant.
A G B D E F C
2@2=4 m 4@2 = 8 m
28
A G B D E F C
2@2=4 m 4@2 = 8 m
f AA
=1
f AA
1 f DA f EA f FA
f AA f AA f AA
29
A B D E F C
Real beam
1 0.5
1.5
4m 2m 6m
4 /EI
Conjugate beam
4/EI
0
5.33
10.67
EI
EI
4/EI
64/EI
0
64
10.67 f AA = M ' A =
EI
18.67/EI EI 30
4/EI
x2 x1
64/EI
Conjugate beam
4m 8m
18.67 5.33
EI 2
x1 EI
x1
2 EI 4 EI x1
3
x1 5.33 x1
− = M´ x1
12 EI EI
V´ x1
x1 2 x1 5.33
x2
2
3 3 EI
2 EI
64 x2 x2
EI EI
3
x 64 18.67
M´ x2 = 2 + −
6 EI EI EI
18.67 2 x2 x2 V´ x2
EI 3 3
31
x3 5.33x
x2 x1 f xA = M ' x1 = − , for B to C
12 EI EI
3
x2 18.67 x2 64
A G B D E F C f xA = M 'x 2 = − + , for A to B
6 EI EI EI

C 0 0 0
64
28
EI 10
EI F −
fAA 2 EI -0.1562
fxA
16
1 − 14 − 10 E 4 − -0.25
− 16 EI
EI EI EI
14
D 6 − -0.2188
EI
f AA Influence line of RA B 8 0 0
=1
f AA
0.438 28
G 10 0.4375
EI
1 -0.219 -0.25 -0.156 64
A 1
12 EI 32
Using equilibrium conditions for the influence line of RB
1 x
+ ΣM C = 0;
A G B D E F C − 8 RB + x − 12 RA = 0
x 12
RB = − RA
RA RB RC 8 8
4m 2m 6m
Point x (m) RA RB
C 0 0 0
1
F 2 -0.1562 0.485
0.438
RA E 4 -0.25 0.875
1 -0.219 -0.25 -0.156
D 6 -0.2188 1.078
B 0 1
8
1.078 0.875 0.4375 0.5939
0.59 1 0.485 G 10
RB A 1 0
12
1 33
Using equilibrium conditions for the influence line of RC
1 x
+ ΣM B = 0;
A G B D E F C 4 RA − 1( x − 8) − 8 RC = 0
x
RA RB RC RC = 0.5 RA − +1
8
4m 2m 6m Point x (m) RA RC
C 0 0 1
1 F 2 -0.1562 0.6719
0.438 -0.25
E 4 0.375
RA
1 -0.219 -0.25 -0.156 D 6 -0.2188 0.1406
B 8 0 0
1 G 10 0.4375 -0.0312
0.672
0.141 0.375 1
RC A 0
12
-0.0312 1
34
• Check ΣFy = 0
1 x
A G B D E F C + ↑ ΣFy = 0;
RA + RB + RC = 1
RA RB RC
Point RA RB RC ΣR
4m 2m 6m
1 C 0 0 1 1
0.438 -0.1562 0.485 1
F 0.6719
RA
1 -0.219 -0.25 -0.156 E -0.25 0.875 0.375 1
1.08 D -0.2188 1.078 0.1406 1

1 0.875
0.59 0.49 B 0 1 0 1
RB
G 0.4375 0.5939 -0.0312 1
1
1 A 1 0 0 1
0.672
0.141 0.375
RC
35
-0.0312 1
Using equilibrium conditions for the influence line of VG
1 • Unit load to the left of G

x
x 1
A G B D E F C
A MG
VG
RA
4m 2m 6m
+ ↑ ΣFy = 0; RA − 1 − VG = 0
1
0.438 VG = RA - 1
RA
1 -0.219 -0.25 -0.156
• Unit load to the right of G
0.438 A MG
VG
VG RA
1
-0.562 -0.219 -0.25 -0.156
VG = RA
36
Using equilibrium conditions for the influence line of VE
1 • Unit load to the left of E

x
A G B D E F C ME
VE RC
+ ↑ ΣFy = 0; RC + VE = 0
4m 2m 6m
VE = - RC
1
0.672 • Unit load to the right of E
0.141 0.375
RC
1 x
-0.0312 1
ME
0.625 VE RC
0.328
0.0312 1
VE + ↑ ΣFy = 0; VE − 1 + RC = 0
-0.141
-0.375 VE = 1 - RC
37
Using equilibrium conditions for the influence line of MG
1 • Unit load to the left of G

x
x 1
A G B D E F C
A MG
2m
RA VG
4m 2m 6m
+ ΣM G = 0;
M G + 1(2 − x) − 2 RA = 0
1
MG = -2 + x + 2RA
0.438
RA • Unit load to the right of G
1 -0.219 -0.25 -0.156
A MG
2m
0.876 RA VG
1
+ ΣM G = 0;
MG
M G − 2 RA = 0
-0.438 -0.5 -0.312
MG = 2RA
38
Using equilibrium conditions for the influence line of ME
1
• Unit load to the left of E
x
A G B D E F C 4m
ME
VE RC
4m 2m 6m + ΣME = 0;
ME = 4RC
1
0.672
0.375 • Unit load to the right of E
0.141
RC 1 x
-0.0312 1
ME
1.5 VE 4m RC
1
0.564 0.688 + ΣM E = 0;
ME − M E − 1(4 − x) + 4 RC = 0
-0.125
ME = - 4 + x+ 4RC
39
Example 3
For the beam shown

(a) Draw quantitative influence lines for the reaction at supports A and B, and
bending moment at B.
(b) Determine all the reactions at supports, and also draw its quantitative shear,
bending moment diagrams, and qualitative deflected curve for
- Only 10 kN downward at 6 m from A
- Both 10 kN downward at 6 m from A and 20 kN downward at 4 m
from A
20 kN 10 kN
2EI 3EI
A B
C
4m 2m 2m
40
2EI 3EI
A B
C
4m 2m 2m
fAA
fDA fCA fEA
fAA /fAA
fDA /f fCA /fAA
AA fEA /f
AA
41
1
3EI 8 kN•m
2EI
A B
Real Beam
1 C
4m 2m 2m 1 kN
1 1
V (kN) +
x (m)
8
4
M +
x (m)
(kN•m)
2.67
2EI 1.33EI
EI
60.44/EI
12/EI fAA = MÁ = 60.44/EI Conjugate Beam 42

• Quantitative influence line of RA
2.67
2EI 1.33EI
EI
60.44/EI
A C B
12/EI Conjugate Beam
60.44/EI
37.11/EI
17.77/EI 4.88/EI 0
fxA
1
0.614
0.294
0.081 0
RA = fxA/fAA
43
Using equilibrium conditions for the influence line of RB and MB
x 1 MB
A B
RA 4m 2m 2m RB
1
0.614
0.294 0.081 0
RA
0.919 1
0.706
0.386
0
RB = 1 - RA
MB = 8RA - (8-x)(1)
0 0
-1.352
-1.088 -1.648 44
Using equilibrium conditions for the influence line of VB
x 1
A B
RA 4m 2m 2m VB = RA - 1
1
0.614
0.294 0.081 0
RA
0
VB = RA -1
-0.386
-0.706 -1
-0.919
45
Using equilibrium conditions for the influence line of VC and MC
x 1 C MB
A B
RA 4m 2m 2m RB
1
0.614
0.294
0.081 0
RA
VC = RA - 1 VC = RA
0.294
1 0.081 0
VC
-0.386 -0.706
MC = 4RA - (4-x)(1) MC = 4RA

1.176
0.456 0.324
MC 46
The quantitative shear and bending moment diagram and qualitative deflected curve
10 kN
MB= 13.53 kN•m
A B
10(0.081)=0.81 kN 4m 2m 2m RB=9.19 kN
1
0.614
0.294 0.081 0
RA
V (kN) 0.81 0.81
-9.19
MA (kN•m) 4.86
+
-
-13.53 47
The quantitative shear and bending moment diagram and qualitative deflected curve
20 kN 10 kN
MB=46.48 kN•m
A B
20(.294) +1(0.081) 4m 2m 2m RB=23.31 kN

= 6.69 kN
1
0.614
0.294 0.081 0
RA
V (kN) 6.69 6.69
-
-13.31 -23.31 -23.31
MA (kN•m) 26.76
0.14
+
-
-46.48 48
APPENDIX
•Muller-Breslau for the influence line of reaction, shear and moment
•Influence lines for MDOF beams
Example 1
Draw the influence line for

- the vertical reaction at B
A C D B
2m 2m 2m
49
A C D B
2m 2m 2m
1 kN f CA
f AA f DA
f AA f AA
=1
f AA
50
1 kN
A C D B
6 kN•m Real Beam
1 kN
2m 2m 2m
x
72 Conjugate Beam
M 'A =
EI
18
B' y =
EI
18
6 /EI
EI
x 2x
3
18 x x 3 3
− = M´x
EI 6 EI
V´x x 18
B' y =
x x2 EI
EI 2 EI
51
x
18 x x 3
A C D B f xA = M 'x = −
EI 6 EI
B 0 0 0
72/EI 61.33 /EI

1 kN 34.67
34.67 /EI D 2 0.482
fAA EI
fxA
61.33
C 4 EI
0.852
72/72 = 1.0 72
61.33 /72=0.852 A 6 EI 1.0
1 kN 34.67 /72 = 0.482
f AA
=1
f AA
52
• Influence line of RB
A C D B
2m 2m 2m
f DB
f AB f CB f BB f BB
f BB =1
f BB f BB
53
• Find fxB by conjugate beam
A C D B
6 kN•m Real Beam
1 1
2m 2m 2m
6 18 x
EI EI 72
EI
Conjugate Beam
18
EI
x2
x
2 EI
EI x
x3 72 18 x 72
+ − = M´x
6 EI EI EI EI
V´x x 2x
3 3 18
EI
54
x
A C D B x3 72 18 x
f xB = M 'x = + −
6 EI EI EI
2m 2m 2m Point x (m) fxB fxB / fBB
B 0 72 1
EI
72/EI
10.67/EI 37.33/EI 37.33
0 fBB D 2 0.518
EI
fxB
1
C 4 10.67 0.148
EI
37.33 /72 = 0.518 72 /72 = 1
10.67 /72 = 0.148 fBB A 6 0 0
=1
0 fBB
1 Influence line of RB
55
Example 2
For the beam shown

(a) Draw the influence line for the shear at D for the beam
(b) Draw the influence line for the bending moment at D for the beam
EI is constant.Plot numerical values every 2 m.
A D B E C
2m 2m 2m 2m
56
The influence line for the shear at D
1 kN
A D B E C
D
1 kN
2m 2m 2m 2m
f DD
=1
f DD
1 kN
VD
D f ED
f DD
1 kN
57
• Using conjugate beam for find fxD
1 kN
A D B E C
1 kN
2m 2m 2m 2m
2 kN•m
1 kN 1 kN
1 kN
2 kN•m
2k 1 kN
1 kN 1 kN 58
2 kN
1 kN
A D B E C Real beam
1 kN 2kN 1 kN
1 kN
2m 2m 2m 2m
V( kN) 1
x (m)
-1
4
M
(kN •m)
x (m)
4/EI
Conjugate beam
M´D 59
• Determine M´D at D
4/EI
A C Conjugate beam
M´D D B E
2m 2m 2m 2m
8/EI
4/EI 8
m
3
0
16 8
3EI 3EI
8/EI
8
m 4/EI
3
16
128/3EI
3EI
40
3EI 60
4/EI
A Conjugate beam
C
40 D B E
128/3EI 8
3EI 3EI
2m 2m 2m 2m
2/EI
2/EI
2 2 40 76
M´DL =( )( ) − ( )(2) = −
EI 3 3EI 3EI
40 2 V´DL
3EI 3
2/EI
128/3EI 2 2 128 40 52
M´DR = ( )( ) + −( )(2) =
EI 3 3EI 3EI 3EI 2/EI
40 2 V´DR 2/EI
3EI 3
4 2 2 8
− = ( )( ) − ( )(2) = MÉ
EI EI 3 3EI 2 8
VÉ
3 3EI 61
4/EI
A Conjugate beam
C
D B E
40 128/3EI 8
3EI 3EI
2m 2m 2m 2m
2 8
V´ 3EI 3EI
x (m) θ
16
−
40 34 3EI
− −
3EI 3EI
52
3EI
128/3EI = M´D = fDD
x (m) ∆
fxD = M ´
4
−
76 EI
−
3EI
52
0.406 =
128 Influence line of VD = fxD/fDD
4 /(128/3) = -0.094 62
76 /128 = -0.594
The influence line for the bending moment at D
αDD
A D B E C
1 kN •m 1 kN •m
2m 2m 2m 2m
f DD
α DD
MD
f ED
α DD
63
• Using conjugate beam for find fxD
A D B E C
1 kN •m 1 kN •m
2m 2m 2m 2m
1 kN•m
0.5 kN
0.5 kN
0.5 kN
1 kN•m
1k 0.5 kN
0.5 kN 1 kN 0.5 kN 64
1 kN •m 1 kN •m
A D B E C Real beam
0.5 kN 1 kN 0.5 kN
2m 2m 2m 2m
V (kN) 0.5
x (m)
1
2
M
(kN •m)
x (m)
2/EI
Conjugate beam
65
2/EI
Conjugate beam
2m 2m 2m 2m
4/EI
2/EI 8
m
3
0
8 4
3EI 3EI
4/EI
8
m 2/EI
3
32 8
4
3EI 3EI
3EI 66
2/EI
Conjugate beam
4 32 4
EI 3EI 3EI
2m 2m 2m 2m
1/EI
1/EI
1 2 4 26
M´D = ( )( ) + ( )(2) =
EI 3 EI 3EI
4 2 V´D
EI 3
1/EI
1/EI
2 1 2 4
− = ( )( ) − ( )(2) = MÉ
EI EI 3 3EI 2 4
VÉ 3 EI
3
67
2/EI
Conjugate beam
4 4
32
EI 3EI
3EI
2m 2m 2m 2m
5
4
EI 1 4
EI
αDD = 32/3EI 3EI 3EI θ
V´ x (m)
8
17 −
− 3EI
3EI
26/3EI
fxD = M ´
x (m) ∆
-2/EI
26
= 0.813
32 θDL = 5/(32/3) = 0.469 rad.
f xD θDR = -17/32 = -0.531 rad.
Influence line of MD
α xD
θD = 0.469 + 0.531 = 1 rad -2 /(32/3) = -0.188 68
Example 3
Draw the influence line for the reactions at supports for the beam shown in the
figure below. EI is constant.
A B C D E F G
5m 5m 5m 5m 5m 5m
69
Influence line for RD
A B C D E F G
5m 5m 5m 5m 5m 5m
fCD fDD fED

fBD fFD
fXD
1
f CD f DD
f BD = 1 f ED f FD
f DD f DD f DD
f DD f DD fXD/fDD = Influence
line for RD
1
70
• Use the consistency deformation method
A G
3@5 =15 m 3@5 =15 m
1
=
∆´G
+
fGG x RG
∆´G + fGGRG = 0 ------(1) 1

- Use conjugate beam for find ∆´G and fGG
15 30
A Real beam G A Real beam G
15 m 15 m 30 m
1 1 1 450 1
112.5 15 EI
15 2812.5 9000
EI ∆'C = M 'C = EI f 'GG = M ' 'G =
EI EI EI
Conjugate beam Conjugate beam

15 + (2/3)(15) 112.5/EI 450 71
20 m
EI
Substitute ∆´G and fGG in (1) :
2812.5 9000
+ RG = 0
EI EI
RG = −0.3125 kN , ↓
5.625
A G
0.6875 1 0.3125
=
15
1 1
+
30
x RG = -0.3125 kN
1 1
72
• Use the conjugate beam for find fXD
5.625 fCD fDD fED
fBD fFD
A G Real beam
3@5 =15 m 3@5 =15 m
0.6875 23.01 1 0.3125
5.625 EI
6.818 m x2
EI
A G Conjugate beam
8.182 m
2 − 4.688 35.16 28.13
0.6875 x1 x1 EI
15. 98 EI EI
2 EI 5.625 x1 − 0.6875 x12
EI x2
5.625 EI V´2
(5.625-0.6875x1)/EI M´2 G
EI
A 5 .625 x − 0 .6875 x
2
x 0 .3125 x
2
x2
x1 M´ =
1
1 1
( 1
) − 2
( ) 0.3125x2 28.13
EI 2 2 3 2
V´1 2
.6875 x1 2 x1 0 . 3125 x EI
+ ( ) 28 .13 2
2 EI 3 + x2 = M ' x 2 2 EI
EI
x1 = 5 m -----> fBD = M´1= 56/EI x2 = 5 m -----> fFD = M´2= 134.1/EI
x1 = 10 m -----> fCD = M´1= 166.7/EI x2 = 10 m -----> fED = M´2= 229.1/EI
x1 = 15 m -----> fDD = M´1= 246.1/EI x2 = 15 m -----> fDD = M´2= 246.1/EI 73

• Influence Line for RD
166.7
246.1
229.2
56 EI 134.1
EI EI
EI EI
fXD
1
246.1
166.7 229.2 134.1
56 246.1
246.1 246.1 246.1
246.1
fXD/fDD
1
0.228 0.677 1.0 0.931

0.545
Influence Line for RD
74
Influence line for RG
A B C D E F G
5m 5m 5m 5m 5m 5m
fFG fGG
fEG
fXG
fBG fCG
1
f GG
f EG f FG =1
f GG
f GG f GG
fXG/fGG
f BG f CG
1
f GG f GG
75
• Use consistency deformations
fXG
1
3@5 =15 m 3@5 =15 m
=
∆´D
+
1
fDD
X RD
1
∆´D + fDDRD = 0 ------(2)
- Use conjugate beam for find ∆´D and fDD
30 15
A Real beam G A Real beam G
30 m 15 m 15 m
1 450 1 1 1
30 9000 112.5
EI 15
EI EI EI
EI
Conjugate beam Conjugate beam
450/EI 15 + (2/3)(15) 76
20 m
112.5
9000 112.5
1.5 EI 15
EI EI
M´ EI EI
M´´
15 m
V´ 450/EI
V´´
112.5 15 9000 450 2812.5 112.5 2 1125
∆'D = M ' = ( )+ − (15) = f DD = M ' ' = ( × 15) =
EI 3 EI EI EI EI 3 EI
2812.5 1125
Substitute ∆´D and fDD in (2) : + RD = 0, RD = −2.5kN = 2.5kN , ↓
EI EI
7.5
2.5 1
1.5
30
=
1 1
+
15
x RD = -2.5 kN
1 77
1
• Use the conjugate beam for find fXG
fFG fGG
7.5 fEG
Real beam
fBG fCG 2.5
1.5 3@5 =15 m 1
3@5 =15 m
112.5
75
EI
EI 15 fGG = M´G = 1968.56/EI
EI
A G Conjugate beam
10 m
− 7.5 168.75/EI
EI 15 + (10/3) = 18.33 m
18.75
EI 25 + (2/3)(5) = 28.33 m
5m 18.75 2 62.5
A M´1 = f BG = − ( × 5) = −
EI 3 EI
V´1 18.75
− 7.5
EI 18.75 EI
6.67 m
EI A 18.75 125.06
M´2 = f CG = − (6.67) = −
− 7.5 EI EI
− 18.75 V´2 78
EI
EI
x2
2 fGG = M´G = 1968.56/EI
2 x
x3 x3 1968.56 168.75
( )+ − x3 =M´ G
2 3 EI EI
x
V´2
168.75/EI
x = 5 m -----> fFG = M´= 1145.64/EI
x = 10 m -----> fEG = M´ = 447.73/EI 1968.56

447.73 1145 . 64
EI
EI EI
fXG
− 62.5 − 125 1
EI EI
1145.64 1968.56
447.73
1968.56 1968.56
1968.56
fXG/fGG
− 62.5 − 125
1
1968.56 1968.56
1.0
0.227 0.582
-0.032 -0.064 79
Using equilibrium condition for the influence line for Ay
x 1
MA A B C D E F G
5m 5m 5m 5m 5m 5m
Ay RD RG
+ ↑ ΣFy = 0 : RA = 1 − RD − RC
1 1
Unit load
0.228 0.678 1.0 0.929

0.542
Influence Line for RD
1.0
0.227 0.582
-0.032 -0.064
1.0 0.804 0.386
Influence line for Ay 80
-0.156 -0.124
Using equilibrium condition for the influence line for MA
x 1
MA A B C D E F G
5m 5m 5m 5m 5m 5m
Ay RD RG
+ ΣM A = 0 : 1x − 15RD − 30 RC
20 25 30
5 10 15
1x
0.228 0.678 1.0 0.929

0.542
RD x 15
1.0
0.227 0.582
RG x 30
-0.032 -0.064
2.54
1.75
Influence line for MA 81
-0.745 -0.59
INTERNAL LOADINGS DEVELOPED IN
STRUCTURAL MEMBERS
! Internal Loadings at a Specified Point
! Shear and Moment Functions
! Shear and Moment Diagrams for Beams
! Shear and Moment Diagrams for a Frames
! Moment Diagrams Constructed by the
Method of Superposition
! Deflected Shapes
1
Internal Loadings at a Specified Point
• Sign Convention
V
M M
N N
N N
V
M M
V
Positive Sign Convention
2
Shear and Moment Functions
P
w
A D
B C
x1
x2
x3
3
Shear and Moment Diagrams for a Beam
F1 F2 F3
w = w(x)
A . . . . D
M1 B C M2
x
∆x
w(x)∆x
+ ΣFy = 0:
w(x)
V − w( x) ∆x − (V + ∆V ) = 0
ε∆x ∆V = − w( x)∆x
V
M O . M + ∆M
+ ΣMO = 0:
− V∆x − M + w( x) ∆xε (∆x) + ( M + ∆M ) = 0
V + ∆V
∆x
∆M = V∆x − w( x)ε (∆x) 2
4
∆V = − w( x)∆x
∆M = V∆x − w( x)ε ( ∆x) 2
Dividing by ∆x and taking the limit as ∆x 0, these equation become
dV
= − w(x)
dx ----------(4-1)
Slope of Shear Diagram = -Intensity of Distributed Load
dM
=V
dx ----------(4-2)
Slope of Moment Diagram = Shear
Equations (4-1) and (4-2) can be “integrated” from one point to another between
concentrated forces or couples, in which case
∆V = − ∫ w( x)dx
Change in Shear = -Area under Distributed Loading Diagram ----------(4-3)
and
∆M = ∫ V ( x)dx
Change in Moment = Area under Shear Diagram ----------(4-4)
5
F
V V
M´
M M + ∆M M
O
. M + ∆M
V + ∆V V + ∆V
∆x ∆x
+ ΣFy = 0: ∆V = − F
Thus, when F acts downward on the beam, ∆V is negative so that the shear diagram shows
a “jump” downward. Likewise, if F acts upward, the jump (∆V) is upward.
+ ΣMO = 0: ∆M = M '
In this case, if an external couple moment M´ is applied clockwise, ∆M is positive, so that the
moment diagram jumps upward, and when M acts counterclockwise, the jump (∆M) must be
downward.
6
P 0
ML MR Slope = VR
MR
0 Slope = VL
VL
VR ML
VL VR
0
ML MR 0
M´ ML
0 MR
Slope = VR
VL
w0 -wo Slope = VL MR
ML MR VR ML
VL VR Slope = -w1 Slope = VR

w2 VL
w1 Slope = -w2 Slope = VL
ML MR
VR ML
MR
VL VR Slope = w1 Slope = VR
VL
w1 w2 M Slope = -w2 Slope = VL
MR
ML R ML
VR
VL VR 7
Shear and Moment Diagrams for a Frame
P1 P1
C
B Cx
Cy
P2 P2
P1 Ay
By By
MB Bx Bx Cx
B MB MB
By Bx Cy
Bx By
MB
P2
Ay 8
MB
By By
Bx MB Bx Cx
P2 = Bx MB
P2 P2
Cy
By By = Cy
Ay
MB
B MB C
MB
A
9
Moment Diagrams Constructed by the Method of Superposition
Most loading on beams in structural analysis will be a combination of the loadings shown in
the figure below:
P
Mo
L L
M M
x
Mo
x
-PL
wo
wo
L L
M M
x x
− wo L2 Parabolic curve − wo L2 Cubic curve

2 6 10
5 kN/m M (kN•m)
20 kN•m 20 kN•m 70
x (m)
12 m -20
=
=
M (kN•m) 90
5 kN/m
x (m)
12 m
+
M (kN•m)
20 kN•m +
x (m)
12 m -20
+
M (kN•m) +
20 kN•m x (m)
-20
12 m 11
Deflected Curve
+M +M
-M -M
positive moment, negative moment,

concave upward concave downward
P1 P1
P2 P2
M M
x x
inflection point
inflection point
12
Example 4-1
Determine the internal shear and moment acting in the cantilever beam shown in
the figure at sections passing through points C and D.
5 kN 5 kN 5 kN 5 kN 5 kN
1m 1m 1m 1m 1m
20 kN•m
A C B
D
13
SOLUTION
5 kN 5 kN 5 kN
MC
1m 1m 1m
0 = NC 20 kN•m
VC B
C
+ ΣFy = 0: VC -5 - 5 - 5 = 0, VC = 15 kN
+ ΣMC = 0: -MC -5(1) - 5(2) - 5(3) -20 = 0, MC = -50 kN
5 kN 5 kN 5 kN 5 kN
MD
1m 1m 1m
0 = ND 20 kN•m
VD B
D
+ ΣFy = 0: VD -5 - 5 - 5 -5 = 0, VD = 20 kN
+ ΣMD = 0: -MD -5(1) - 5(2) - 5(3) -20 = 0, MD = -50 kN
14
Example 4-2
Determine the internal shear and moment acting at a section passing through
point C in the beam shown in the figure.
20 kN/m
A B
C
3m
9m
15
SOLUTION
(1/2)(9)(20) = 90 kN
(2/3)9 = 6 m 20 kN/m
A
0 = Ax B
C
30 kN = Ay By = 60 kN
9m
+ ΣMA = 0: By(9) - 90(6), By = 60 kN
+ ΣFy = 0: Ay - 90 + 60 = 0 Ay = 30 kN
1m
10 kN
3
( 20)
+ ΣFy = 0:
9
MC -VC - 10 + 30 = 0, VC = 20 kN
NC = 0 + ΣMC = 0:
C V = 20 kN
30 kN C
MC + 10(1) - 30(3) = 0, MC = 80 kN•m
3m
16
Example 4-3
The 40 kN force in the figure is supported by the floor panel DE, which in turn is
simply supported at its ends by floor beams. These beams transmit their loads to
the sumply supported girder AB. Determine the internal shear and moment acting
at point C in the girder.
40 kN
2m 2m 0.6 m 1.4 m 2m
A B
2.5 m C
17
40 kN
SOLUTION
2m 2m 0.6 m 1.4 m 2m
A B
C 40 kN
2.5 m
0.6 m 1.4 m
28 kN 12 kN
28 kN 12 kN
4m
C 6m
17 kN 23 kN
8m 18
28 kN 12 kN
2.5 m
C
17 kN 23 kN
2.5 m MC
NC = 0
C
17 kN VC
+ ΣFy = 0:
-VC + 17 = 0, VC = 17 kN
+ ΣMC = 0:
MC - 17(2.5) = 0, MC = 42.5 kN•m
19
Example 4-4
Determine the shear and moment in the beam shown in the figure as a function of
x.
10 kN/m
9m
20
SOLUTION (1/2)(9)(10) = 45 kN
10 kN/m
270 kN•m
(2/3)(9) = 6 m
45 kN
9m
1 x x2
( )( x)( 10) = 5
2 9 9 x
10 + ΣFy = 0:
9
45 kN M 5x 2
−V − + 45 = 0
N =0 9
5x2
270 kN•m x V =− + 45
3 V 9
x + ΣMx = 0:
5x2 x
M+ ( ) − 45 x + 270 = 0
9 3
5x 2 x
M =− ( ) + 45 x − 270
9 3
21
Example 4-5
x1, x3, x3, and x4.
265 kN
60 kN/m
135 kN•m
4m
6m
x1 x3
x2 x4
22
SOLUTION
265 kN
60 kN/m
3420 kN•m 1350 kN•m

4m
505 kN
6m
60x1
+ ΣFy = 0: 505 - 60x1 - V = 0
3420 kN•m V = 505 - 60x1
x
505 kN x1 V M + ΣMx1 = 0: M + 60 x1 ( 1 ) − 505 x1 + 3420 = 0
2
2
M = −30 x1 + 505 x1 − 3420
240
3420 kN•m + ΣFy = 0: 505 -240 - V = 0

2m x2 -2 V = 265 kN
505 kN
x2 V M
+ ΣMx2 = 0: M + 240( x2 − 2) − 505 x2 + 3420 = 0
M = 265 x2 − 2940
23
265 kN
60 kN/m
3420 kN•m 1350 kN•m

4m
505 kN
6m
240 kN/m
M
3420 kN•m
2m 2m x3
505 kN V
+ ΣFy = 0: 505 - 240 - V = 0

V = 265 kN
+ ΣMx3 = 0: M + 240( x3 + 2) − 505( x3 + 4) + 3420 = 0
M = 265 x3 − 1880
24
265 kN
60 kN/m
3420 kN•m 1350 kN•m

4m
505 kN
6m
265 kN
V
M
1350 kN•m
x4
+ ΣFy = 0: V - 265 = 0
V = 265 kN
+ ΣMx3 = 0: − M − 265 x4 − 1350 = 0
M = −265 x4 − 1350
25
Example 4-6
x.
30 kN/m
10 kN/m
26
90 kN 90 kN
20 kN/m
10 kN/m
4.5 m
6m
9m
75 kN 105 kN
1 x + ΣFy = 0:
(20)( ) x
10x 2 9 20 x kN / m 1 x
75 − 10 x − [ ( 20)( ) x] − V = 0
9 2 9
10 kN/m
V = 75 − 10 x − 1.11x 2
x M + ΣMx = 0:
3 V x 1 x x
x x − 75 x + (10 x)( ) + [ (20)( ) x]( ) + M = 0
2 2 9 3
75 kN 2 2
M = 75 x − 5 x 2 − 0.37 x 3
27
Example 4-7
Draw the shear and moment diagrams for the beam shown in the figure.
20 kN/m
9m
28
SOLUTION
x
(1/2)(9)(20) = 90 kN
3
(2/3)9 = 6 m 20 kN/m 1 x
( )( x )(20 )
2 9
x
(20 )
9 M
30 kN 60 kN
9m
30 kN V=0
V (kN) x
30
V=0 + ΣFy = 0:
+
x 1 x
x = 5.20 m 30 − ( )( x)(20 ) = 0
- 2 9
x = 5.20 m
60 + ΣMx = 0:
M (kN•m) 104 1 5.2 5.2
M + [( )(5.2)(20 )]( ) − 30(5.2) = 0
2 9 3
+ M = 104 kN•m
x 29
Example 4-8
Draw the shear and moment diagrams for each of the beam shown in the figure.
P wo
L L
wo
MO
L L
30
SOLUTION
P Mo
Mo
0 0
PL P 0
L L
V P V
+
x x
M M Mo
+
x x
-
-PL
31
wo
wo
0 0
wo L2 wo L2 (wo L)/2
wo L L L
6
2
V wo L V (wo L)/2
+ +
x x
M x M x
- -
-wo L2 -wo L2
2 6
32
Example 4-9
Draw the shear and moment diagrams for the beam shown in the figure.
3 kN
5 kN•m
A B
C D
3m 1.5 m 1.5 m
33
3 kN
SOLUTION
5 kN•m
A B
C D
0.667 kN 2.33 kN
3m 1.5 m 1.5 m
0.857 m
0.667
V (N) + x (m)
-
-2.33
3.50
2.00
M (kN•m) + +
- x (m)
-1.50
34
Example 4-10
Draw the shear and moment diagrams for the compound beam shown in the
figure. Assume the supports at A is fix C is roller and B is pin connections.
8 kN 30 kN•m
hinge
B C
A
12 m 12 m 15 m
35
SOLUTION 8 kN 30 kN•m
hinge
B C
A
12 m 12 m 15 m
30 kN•m
0 = Bx
By = 2 kN
Cy = 2 kN
MA = 48 kN•m 8 kN
By = 2 kN
Bx = 0
Ax = 0
Ay = 6 kN
36
8 kN
30 kN•m
48 kN•m
B C
A
12 m 12 m 15 m
6 kN 2 kN
6 6
V (kN)
x (m)
-2 -2
24
8m + x (m)
M (kN•m)
-
-
-30
-48
37
Example 4-11
Draw the shear and moment diagrams for the compound beam shown in the
figure. Assume the supports at A and C are rollers and B and D are pin
connections.
60 kN • m 2 kN/m 5 kN 3 kN/m
Hinge
A
B C D
10 m 6m 4m 6m 6m
38
SOLUTION
60 kN • m 2 kN/m 5 kN
3 kN/m
Hinge
A
B C D
10 m 6m 4m 6m 6m
20 kN
60 kN • m By = 16 kN
Bx = 0 kN
4m 4m
Ay = 4 kN
5 kN 9 kN 9 kN
Dx = 0 kN
0 = Bx
Cy = 45 kN Dy = -6 kN
By = 16 kN
39
60 kN • m 2 kN/m 5 kN 3 kN/m
Hinge
A
B C D
4 kN 10 m 6m 4m 6m 6m 6 kN
45 kN
24
15
4 2m 6
V (kN) x (m)
-16 -21
64 -21
60
+
M
x (m)
(kN • m)
-
-96
-180 40
Example 4-12
Draw the shear and moment diagrams for the frame shown . Assume A, C and D
are pinned and B is a fixed joint.
15 kN
4m 4m
3 kN/m
B C
12 m
60 kN•m
A
D
41
Find the Reaction
15 kN 15 kN
4m 4m
3 kN/m 4m 4m
Cx = 5 kN
B C B
Cy = 42 kN
Cy = 42 kN
36 kN
12 m
Cx = 5 kN
60 kN•m
A Ax = 41 kN
D
Ay = -27 kN
60 kN•m
Dx = 5 kN
Dy = 42 kN 42
Member AB
By = 27 kN
MB = 276 kN•m
x (m) x (m)
Bx = 5 kN 5
B 276
3 kN/m
12 m
A
Ax=41 kN 41 V (kN) M (kN•m)
Ay= 27 kN
43
Member BC
By = 27 kN 15 kN
MB = 276 kN•m
276 kN•m
4m 4m
Bx = 5 kN 5 kN 5 kN
B B C
27 kN 42 kN
3 kN/m
12 m
V (kN)
x (m)
- -
-27
-42 -42
A
41 kN
27 kN 276
168
M
(kN•m)
x (m)
44
Member CD
42 kN
x (m) x (m)
-5 5 kN
C
12 m
60 kN•m
60
5 kN
-5 D
M (kN•m) V (kN)
42 kN
45
Bending moment diagram of frame
276
B C 168
+
B
276 C
A D -
A 60 D
46
Example 4-13
Draw the moment diagram for the frame shown . Assume A is pin, C is a roller,
and B is a fixed joint.
80 kN
B C
40 kN/m
3m
2m
A 4m 4m
47
80 kN
B
120 kN 82.5 kN = Cy 3m
2m
120 kN = Ax 36.87o 1.5 m
4m 4m
Ay = 2.5 kN
+ ΣMA = 0;
- (120)(1.5) - (80)(6) + 8Cy = 0
Cy = 82.5 kN, ↑
+ ΣFx = 0;
-Ax + 120 = 0; Ax = 120 kN , ←
+ ΣFy = 0;
- Ay - 80 + 82.5 = 0; Ay = 2.5 kN , ↓
48
36.87o 80 kN
By´ cos 36.87 By =2.5 kN 170 kN•m = MB
By´ sin 36.87 2m 2m C
B MB =170 kN•m 0 kN = Bx
Bx = 0 kN B
170 kN•m= MB´
2.5 kN = By
1.5 kN = Bx´ 82.5 kN
By´ = 2 kN
Bxćos 36.87
Member BC
36.87o
Bx´sin 36.87 + ΣMB = 0:
-MB -80(2) + 82.5(4) = 0, MB = 170 kN•m
2 kN= By´ MB´ =170 kN•m + ΣFy = 0: -By - 80 + 82.5 = 0, By = 2.5 kN , ↓
B Bx´ =1.5 kN
Joint B
1.5 m 120 kN
+ ΣF = 0;
x
120 kN 1.5 m
36.87o -Bxćos 36.87 + By´sin 36.87 + 0 = 0 -----(1)
A
2.5 kN + ΣFy = 0;
-Bx´sin 36.87 - Byćos 36.87 + 2.5 = 0 -----(2)
From eq. (1) and (2): Bx´ = 1.5 kN By´ = 2 kN

49
1.5 kN
7o
.8
170 kN•m
36
in
2 kN
0s
B
120 kN 12
/m
36.87o
kN
1.5 kN
.4
120 kN
4
=1
170 kN•m
5m
5
7/
36.87o o 2 kN
.8
13
36
.
53 2.5 kN sin
0
12
x (m)
4.86m - -2
170
97.5 kN
70 kN 170.1
70 +
x (m)
V (kN)
M (kN•m) 50
80 kN 80 kN
40 kN/m B C 170 kN•m C

B
2.5 kN
82.5 kN
A
V (kN) - x (m)
170 170 165 -2.5 -
-82.5
+
+ C
B 170 165
M (kN•m) M (kN•m) x (m)

A
51
Example 4-14
Draw the moment diagrams for the beam shown at the top of the figure below
using the method of superposition. Consider the beam to be cantilevered from the
support at B.
5 kN/m
20 kN•m
2m 6m
52
SOLUTION
5 kN/m M (kN•m)
20 kN•m 4.84
x (m)
2m 6m -20
=
8.33 kN 6.67 kN M (kN•m)
=
20 kN•m x (m)
-20 -20
+ + 49.98
M (kN•m)
x (m)
6m
8.33 kN
+ 5 kN/m M (kN•m)
+
x (m)
6m -30 53
Example 4-16
Draw the moment diagram for the frame shown . Assume B is pin, C is a roller,
and A is a fixed supports.
2 kN/m
A
Hinge
B 10 kN
4m
2m
C
5m 3m
54
SOLUTION 2 kN/m
A
Hinge
B 10 kN
4m
2m
C
5m 3m
2 kN/m By = 3.33 kN
Ax
0 B 0 0
Bx Bx
A 5m B
41.65 kN•m = MA 10 kN
Ay =13.33 kN By =3.33 kN
4m
2m
C
Cy = 6.67 kN
3m
55
2 kN/m
Ax
0 B 0
Bx
A 5m
41.65 kN•m = MA Ay =13.33 kN By = 3.33 kN
V (kN) 13.33
1
+ (5)(13.33 + 3.33) = 41.65 3.33
2
x
M
(kN•m )
x
-
41.65
56
By = 3.33 kN
θ
3
θ = tan ( ) = 36.87 o
−1
Bx
4
0 B
2/
10 kN
θ
sin
θ=
4m
3.3
2.66 kN
2m
3
2 kN
m
C
V (kN) θ
8k
Cy = 6.67 kN
6 kN
N
2 3m
M
+ 4 kN
(kN•m ) 2
5.34 kN
-4
-
x
+ 6.67 -4
57
13.33
+ 3.33
2
+ -
2
+ 6.67
Shear Diagram
V(kN) -4 41.65
- Moment Diagram
V(kN•m)
-4
Deflected Curve
58
Example 4-17
Draw the moment diagram for the gable frame shown . Assume C is a hinge, and
A and B are pin supports.
Hinge 15 kN 4 m
2.5 kN/m
8m
10 m
A
B
10 m 10 m
59
C
Hinge 15 kN 4 m
20 kN
10 m
4m
Ax
A Bx
B
Ay
By
10 m 10 m
+ ΣMA = 0:
− 20(4) + 15(8) − Bx ( 2) + B y (20) = 0 ----------(1)
60
C
Cx
15 kN 4 m
Cy
10 m
B Bx
By
10 m
− 20(4) + 15(8) − Bx ( 2) + B y (20) = 0 ----------(1)

Member CB :
+ ΣMC = 0: − 15( 4) − Bx (14) + B y (10) = 0 ----------(2)
From (1) and (2) we have Bx = -6.15 kN,

By = -2.62 kN,
61
C C
Cx 8.85 kN Cx
4m E 15 kN 4m
D
Cy = 2.62 kN Cy = 2.62 kN
4m
20 kN
10 m
4m
Ax = 11.15 kN
A 6.15 kN
B
Ay = 2.62 kN
2.62 kN
62
C
Cx = 8.85 kN
4m
D
Cy = 2.62 kN
4m
20 kN
4m
Ax = 11.15 kN
A
Ay = 2.62 kN
MD Shear Diagram Moment Diagram

2.5 kN/m
Dy V(kN) V(kN•m)
Dx 9.20
D - -8.85
4m
20 kN 24.86 +
4m + 4.46 m
Ax = 11.15 kN 11.15
A 1
Ay = 2.62 kN
+ (11.15)(4.46) = 24.86
2 11.15 − 2.5 x = 0
x = 4.46 m
63
θ = 21.80 o y´ C x´
θC = 8.85 kN
x Cy´ = 8.85 sin θ - 2.62 cos θ = 0.85 kN
4m θ
D θ Cy = 2.62 kN
4m
20 kN
4m C Cx´ ´
Ax = 11.15 kN 7m
Dy´ 0. 7
A D1 Cy´ = 0.85 kN
Ay = 2.62 kN Dx´
MD
x
)
V (k N -0.8
5
-
5
-0.8 0.85(10.77) = 9.20
x
N•m
) 9.20
M(k +
64
x´
θ
C θ = 21.80 o
8.85 kN = Cx
Cy´ = 8.85 sin θ + 2.62 cos θ = 5.72 y´ θ 4m
θ
15 kN
2.62 kN = Cy
E
Cx´
C 10 10 m
.77
m
5.72 kN = Cy´ Ex´
ME 6.15 kN
E B
V (k Ey´
N)
5.72 2.62 kN
+ 5.72
5.72
(10.
77) x
= 61
.5
M(k
N•m 61.5
)
x
65
C
8.85 kN = Cx
15 kN 4m
2.62 kN = Cy
E
10 m
6.15 kN
B
2.62 kN
Moment Diagram Shear Diagram

ME
V(kN•m) V(kN)
Ey
61.5 6.15 Ex
E
+
- 10 m
6.15(10) = 61.5
6.15 6.15 kN
B
2.62 kN = By 66
C
8.85 kN = Cx
15 kN 4m
2.62 kN = Cy
E
10 m
6.15 kN
B
2.62 kN
Moment Diagram Shear Diagram

ME
V(kN•m) V(kN)
Ey
61.5 6.15 Ex
E
+
- 10 m
6.15(10) = 61.5
6.15 kN
B
6.15 2.62 kN = By 67
5.72
0.85 + 5.72
-
8.85 6.15
0.85 -
Shear Diagram
V(kN) +
+
11.15
6.15 Deflected curve
61.5
9.20 +
+
9.20
61.5
Moment Diagram +
24.86 +
M(kN•m)
68
Comment : C Cx´ = 9.19 kN Cx´ = 7.2 kN
C 10.
0.85 kN = Dy´ D 0. 77m 77 m
1 Ex´= 7.2 kN
Cy´ = 0.85 kN ME = 61.5
Dx´= 9.19 kN Cy´ = 5.72 kN E
MD = 9.2 kN•m Ey´ = 5.72 kN
61.5 kN•m = ME Ey´ = 5.72 kN

9.19 kN = Dx´ MD = 9.2 kN•m
Ex´ = 7.2 kN
D 15 kN
Dy´= 0.85 kN E
2.62 kN = Dy
Dx = 8.85 kN Ex = 6.15 kN
2.62 kN = Ey
9.2 kN = MD ME = 61.5
MD = 9.2 kN 61.5 kN•m = ME
Dy = 2.62 kN Ey = 2.62 kN
Dx = 8.85 kN 6.15 kN = Ex
D E
4m
20 kN
10 m
4m
Ax = 11.15 kN 6.15 kN
A B
Ay = 2.62 kN 2.62 kN = By 69
θ = 21.80 o
θ 61.5 kN•m = ME
θ Ey´ = 5.72 kN
9.19 kN = Dx´ MD = 9.2 kN•m θ
Ex´ = 7.2 kN
D
Dy´= 0.85 kN 15 kN
E
8.85 kN= Dx Dy = 2.62 kN θ Ex = 6.15 kN
2.62 kN = Ey
9.2 kN = MD ME = 61.5
Check for equilibrium :

+ ΣF = 0: OK.
Joint D x 8.85 − 9.19 cos 21.8 + 0.85 sin 21.8 = 0
+ ΣFy = 0: 2.62 + 0.85 cos 21.8 − 9.19 sin 21.8 = 0 OK.
+ ΣMD = 0: − 9 .2 + 9 .2 = 0 OK.
+ ΣF = 0: OK.
Joint E x 7.2 cos 21.8 + 5.72 sin 21.8 − 15 + 6.15 = 0
+ ΣFy = 0: − 7.2 sin 21.8 + 5.72 cos 21.8 + 2.62 = 0 OK.
+ ΣME = 0: − 61.5 + 61.5 = 0 OK. 70

BEAM ANALYSIS USING THE STIFFNESS
METHOD
! Development: The Slope-Deflection
Equations
! Stiffness Matrix
! General Procedures
! Internal Hinges
! Temperature Effects
! Force & Displacement Transformation
! Skew Roller Support
1
Slope – Deflection Equations
i P j k
w
Cj
settlement = ∆j
i P j
Mij w Mji
θi
ψ θj
2
• Degrees of Freedom
M
θΑ
A B 1 DOF: θΑ
L
P
θΑ
B 2 DOF: θΑ , θΒ
A C
θΒ
3
• Stiffness Definition
kAA 1 kBA
A B
L
4 EI
k AA =
L
2 EI
k BA =
L
4
kAB kBB
A 1 B
L
4 EI
k BB =
L
2 EI
k AB =
L
5
• Fixed-End Forces
Fixed-End Forces: Loads
P
PL L/2 L/2 PL
8 8
L
P P
2 2
w
wL2 wL2
12 12
L
wL wL
2 2
6
• General Case j k
i P
w
Cj
settlement = ∆j
i P j
Mij w Mji
θi
ψ θj
7
i P j
Mij w
Mji
θi
L settlement = ∆j
ψ θj
4 EI 2 EI 2 EI 4 EI
θi + θj = M Mji = θi + θj
L L ij
L L
θj
θi
+
(MFij)∆ (MFji)∆
settlement = ∆j
+
P
w
(MFij)Load (MFji)Load
4 EI 2 EI 2 EI 4 EI
M ij = ( )θ i + ( )θ j + ( M F ij ) ∆ + ( M F ij ) Load , M ji = ( )θ i + ( )θ j + ( M F ji ) ∆ + ( M F ji ) Load 8
L L L L
• Equilibrium Equations
i P j k
w
Cj
Mji Cj M
jk
Mji Mjk
+ ΣM j = 0 : − M ji − M jk + C j = 0
9
• Stiffness Coefficients
Mij i j Mji
L
θj
θi
4 EI
kii = 2 EI
L k ji = ×θ i
L
1
+
2 EI
kij = 4 EI
L k jj = ×θ j
L
1
10
• Matrix Formulation
4 EI 2 EI
M ij = ( )θ i + ( )θ j + ( M F ij )
L L
2 EI 4 EI
M ji = ( )θ i + ( )θ j + ( M F ji )
L L
 M ij  (4 EI / L) ( 2 EI / L) θ iI   M ij F 
M  =   θ  +  M F 
 ji   ( 2 EI / L ) ( 4 EI / L )   j   ji 
 kii kij 
[k ] = 
k ji k jj 
Stiffness Matrix
11
i P j
Mij w
Mji
θi [ M ] = [ K ][θ ] + [ FEM ]
L
θj ∆j ([ M ] − [ FEM ]) = [ K ][θ ]
ψ
[θ ] = [ K ]−1[ M ] − [ FEM ]
Mij Mji
θj
θi
Fixed-end moment
+ Stiffness matrix matrix
(MFij)∆ (MFji)∆
[D] = [K]-1([Q] - [FEM])
+
P Displacement Force matrix
(MFij)Load w (MFji)Load matrix
12
• Stiffness Coefficients Derivation
Mi θi Mj
Real beam
i j
L
Mi + M j Mi + M j
L L
L/3 M jL Mj
2 EI EI
Conjugate beam
Mi
EI MiL
θι 2 EI
MiL L M j L 2L From (1) and (2);

+ ΣM 'i = 0 : − ( )( ) + ( )( ) = 0
2 EI 3 2 EI 3 4 EI
Mi = ( )θ i
M i = 2 M j − − − (1) L
2 EI
MiL M L Mj =( )θ i
+ ↑ ΣFy = 0 : θ i − ( ) + ( j ) = 0 − − − (2) L
2 EI 2 EI 13
• Derivation of Fixed-End Moment
Point load
P Real beam Conjugate beam
A B
A L B
M M
M EI EI
M
EI ML
M 2 EI
M
ML EI
2 EI 2
P PL2 PL PL
16 EI 4 EI 16 EI
ML ML 2 PL2 PL
+ ↑ ΣFy = 0 : − − + = 0, M =
2 EI 2 EI 16 EI 8 14
P
PL PL
8 L 8
P P
P/2
2 2
P/2
PL/8
-PL/8 -PL/8
-
-PL/8 -PL/16
-
-PL/16
-PL/8
PL/4 − PL − PL PL PL
+ + =
+ 16 16 4 8
15
Uniform load
w Real beam Conjugate beam

A B
A L B
M M
M EI EI
M
EI ML
M 2 EI
M
ML EI
2 EI
wL3 wL2 wL3
w 24 EI 8 EI 24 EI
ML ML 2 wL3 wL2
+ ↑ ΣFy = 0 : − − + = 0, M =
2 EI 2 EI 24 EI 12 16
Settlements
M
Mi = Mj Real beam Mj Conjugate beam EI
L
A B
Mi + M j ∆ ∆
M
L Mi + M j
M EI
L
M
EI ML
ML
2 EI M
2 EI
M EI
ML L ML 2 L
+ ΣM B = 0 : − ∆ − ( )( ) + ( )( ) = 0,
2 EI 3 2 EI 3
6 EI∆
M= 17
L2
• Typical Problem CB P2
P1 w
A C
B
L1 L2
wL2
PL P PL w wL2
12
8 8 12
L L
0
4 EI 2 EI PL
M AB = θA + θB + 0 + 1 1
L1 L1 8
0 EI
2 EI 4 PL
M BA = θA + θB + 0 − 1 1
L1 L1 8
0 2
4 EI 2 EI P2 L2 wL2
M BC = θB + θC + 0 + +
L2 L2 8 12
0 2
2 EI 4 EI − P2 L2 wL2
M CB = θB + θC + 0 + −
L2 L2 8 12
18
CB P2
P1 w
A C
B
L1 L2
MBA CB M
BC
2 EI 4 EI PL
M BA = θA + θB + 0 − 1 1
L1 L1 8
2
4 EI 2 EI P L wL
M BC = θB + θC + 0 + 2 2 + 2
L2 L2 8 12
+ ΣM B = 0 : C B − M BA − M BC = 0 → Solve for θ B
19
CB P2
P1 w
MBA
MAB
A C M
CB
B MBC
L1 L2
Substitute θB in MAB, MBA, MBC, MCB
0
4 EI 2 EI PL
M AB = θA + θB + 0 + 1 1
L1 L1 8
0 EI
2 EI 4 PL
M BA = θA + θB + 0 − 1 1
L1 L1 8
0 2
4 EI 2 EI P2 L2 wL2
M BC = θB + θC + 0 + +
L2 L2 8 12
0 2
2 EI 4 EI − P2 L2 wL2
M CB = θB + θC + 0 + −
L2 L2 8 12
20
CB P2
P1 w
MBA
MAB
MCB
A MBC C
Ay B Cy
L1 L2
By = ByL + ByR
B C
P1 P2
MBA MCB
MAB A B MBC
Ay ByL ByR Cy
L1 L2
21
Stiffness Matrix
• Node and Member Identification
• Global and Member Coordinates
•Known degrees of freedom D4, D5, D6, D7, D8 and D9

• Unknown degrees of freedom D1, D2 and D3
6 9
5 2 3 8
2EI EI
2 7
14 1 21 3
22
Beam-Member Stiffness Matrix
i j
1 4
3 6
E, I, A, L
2 5
k41 k14
k11 = AE/L AE/L AE/L AE/L = k44
d1 = 1 d4 = 1
1 2 3 4 5 6
1 AE/L - AE/L
2 0 0
3 0 0
[k] =
4 -AE/L AE/L
5 0 0
6 0 0
23
i j
1 4
3 6
6EI/L2 = k32 E, I, A, L
2 5 6EI/L2 = k65
k62 = 6EI/L2 6EI/L2 = k35
d2 = 1 d5 = 1
12EI/L3 = k52 12EI/L3 = k25

k22 = 12EI/L3 12EI/L3 = k55
1 2 3 4 5 6
1 AE/L 0 - AE/L 0
2 0 12EI/L3 0 - 12EI/L3
3 0 6EI/L2 0 - 6EI/L2
[k] =
4 -AE/L 0 AE/L 0
5 0 -12EI/L3 0 12EI/L3
6 0 6EI/L2 0 - 6EI/L2
24
i j
1 4
3 6
E, I, A, L
2 5
k33 = 4EI/L 4EI/L = k66
d3 = 1 2EI/L = k63 2EI/L = k36
d6 = 1
k23 = 6EI/L2 6EI/L2 = k53 k26 = 6EI/L2 6EI/L2 = k56
1 2 3 4 5 6
1 AE/L 0 0 - AE/L 0 0
2 0 12EI/L3 6EI/L2 0 - 12EI/L3 6EI/L2
3 0 6EI/L2 4EI/L 0 - 6EI/L2 2EI/L

[k] =
4 -AE/L 0 0 AE/L 0 0
5 0 -12EI/L3 -6EI/L2 0 12EI/L3 -6EI/L2
6 0 6EI/L2 2EI/L 0 - 6EI/L2 4EI/L

25
• Member Equilibrium Equations
i j
Fxi Fxj
Mi Mj
E, I, A, L
Fyi Fyj
=
AE/L AE/L x δ AE/L AE/L
i x δj
1 1
+
+
6EI/L2
6EI/L2
6EI/L2 6EI/L2
1 1
x ∆i x ∆j
12EI/L3 12EI/L3
12EI/L3 12EI/L3
+
+
4EI/L 2EI/L 4EI/L

1 2EI/L
x θi x θj
1
6EI/L2 6EI/L2 6EI/L2 6EI/L2
+
FFyi FFyj
FFxi FFxj
MFi MFj 26
Fxi = ( AE / L)δ i + (0) ∆i (0)θ i + (−AE / L)δ j + (0) ∆j + (0)θ j + FxiF
Fyi = (0)δ i + (12EI / L3 ) ∆i (6EI / L2 )θ i (0)δ j (−12EI / L3 ) ∆j (6EI / L2 )θ j FyiF
Mxi = (0)δ i (6EI / L2 ) ∆i (4EI / L)θ i (0)δ j (−6EI / L2 ) ∆j (2EI / L)θ j MiF
Fxj = (−AE / L)δ i (0) ∆i (0)θ i ( AE / L)δ j (0) ∆j (0)θ j FxiF
Fyj = (0)δ i (−12EI / L3 ) ∆i (−6EI / L2 )θ i (0)δ j (0) ∆j (−6EI / L2 )θ j FyjF
Mj = (0)δ i (6EI / L2 ) ∆i (2EI / L)θ i (0)δ j (−6EI / L2 ) ∆j (4EI / L)θ j MjF
Fxi  − AE/ L  δ i   Fxi 

F
 AE/ L 0 0 0 0
      
Fyj   0 12 EI / L3
6EI/ L2 0 − 12 EI/ L3 6EI/ L2   ∆i   FyiF 
Mi   0 6EI/ L2 4 EI/ L 0 − 6EI/ L2 2EI/ L  θ i  MiF 
 =    +  F 
Fxj  − AE/ L 0 0 AE/ L 0 0  δ j   Fxj 
Fyj   0 − 12 EI/ L3 − 6EI/ L2 0 12 EI/ L3 − 6EI/ L2   ∆ j   FyiF 
      F 
M j   0 6EI/ L2 2EI/ L 0 − 6EI/ L2 4 EI/ L  θ j  M j 
Stiffness matrix Fixed-end force matrix
[q] = [k][d] + [qF]
End-force matrix Displacement matrix 27

6x6 Stiffness Matrix
δi ∆i θi δj ∆j θj
Ni  AE/ L 0 0 − AE/ L 0 0 
Vi  0 12 EI / L3
6EI/ L2 0 − 12 EI/ L3 6EI/ L2 

Mi  0 6EI/ L2 4 EI/ L 0 − 6EI/ L2 2EI/ L 
[k ]6×6 =  
Nj − AE/ L 0 0 AE/ L 0 0 
Vj  0 − 12 EI/ L3 − 6EI/ L2 0 12 EI/ L3 − 6EI/ L2 
 
Mj  0 6EI/ L2 2EI/ L 0 − 6EI/ L2 4EI/ L 
∆i θi ∆j θj
Vi  12 EI/ L3 6EI/ L2 − 12 EI/ L3 6EI/ L2 
 
Mi  6EI/ L2 4 EI/ L − 6EI/ L2 2EI/ L 
[k ]4×4 =
Vj − 12 EI/ L3 − 6EI/ L2 12 EI/ L3 − 6EI/ L2 
 
Mj  6EI/ L
2
2EI/ L − 6EI/ L2 4 EI/ L 
28
θi θj
Mi 4 EI / L 2EI / L 
[k ]2×2 =  
Mj 2EI / L 4 EI / L
Comment:
- When use 4x4 stiffness matrix, specify settlement.
- When use 2x2 stiffness matrix, fixed-end forces must be included.
29
General Procedures: Application of the Stiffness Method for Beam Analysis
P P2y
w
M1 M2
2 4 6
Global 1
1 3
2
2
1 3 5
2´ 4´ 2´ 4´
Local
1 2
1´ 3´ 1´ 3´
30
P P2y
w
M1 M2
2 4 6
Global 1 3
1 2
2
1 3 5
2 4 4 6
Member
1 2
1 3 3 5
2´ 4´ 2´ 4´
Local
1 2
1´ 3´ 1´ 3´
31
P P2y
w
M1 M2
2 4 6
Global 1 3
1 2
2
1 3 5
2´ 4´ 2´ 4´
Local
1 2
1´ 3´ 1´ 3´
P
w
(q´F 2)1
(q´F1)2
(q´F4 )2
[FEF] 1
(q´F4)1
2
(q´F1 )1 (q´F3)1 (q´F2)2 (q´F3 )2
32
2 4 6
Global 1 3
1 2
2
1 3 5
2´ 4´
Local
1
1´ 3´
[q] = [T]T[q´]
1´ 2´ 3´ 4´
q1  1 1 0 0 0 q1' 
q  0 q 
 2 = 2  1 0 0  2' 
q3  3 0 0 1 0 q3' 
     
 q4  1 4 0 0 0 1  q4 ' 
[k] = [T]T[q´] [T]
33
2 4 6
Global 1 3
1 2
2
1 3 5
2´ 4´
Local 2
1´ 3´
[q] = [T]T[q´]
1´ 2´ 3´ 4´
q3  3 1 0 0 0 q1' 
q  0 q 
 4 = 4  1 0 0  2' 
q5  5 0 0 1 0 q3' 
     
q6  2 6 0 0 0 1  q4 ' 
[k] = [T]T[q´] [T]
34
2 4 6
1 3
1 2
2
1 3 5
Stiffness Matrix:
1 2 3 4
1
1 2 3 4 5 6
2
[k]1 = 3
1
Member 1
2
4 3
[K] = 4
Node 2
3 4 5 6
5
3 Member 2
6
4
[k]2 = 5
6
35
2 4 6
1 3
1 2
2
Joint Load 1 3 Du=Dunknown 5
Qk QFA
2 3 4 1 5 6
M
Q 2 1z 2   D2  Q 2F 
 -P2y   D   F 
Q 3  3  KAA KAB   3  Q 3 
Q 4 M3z 4   D 4  Q 4F 
 =    0 +  F 
Q
 1  1   D1  Q1 
Q 5  5   D5 0  Q F 
  KBA KBB   0   5F 
 6 
Q 6   D6  Q 6 
Reaction
Dk = Dknown QFB
Qu
[Q k ] = [K AA ][Du ] + [Q AF ]
[Du ] = [K AA ]−1 + ([Qk ] − [QAF ])
Member Force : [q ] = [k ][d ] + q F [ ]
36
Global: 2 4 6
1 3
1 2
2
1 P 3 5
w
(qF2)1 (qF 4)2
(q´F6 )2
[FEF] 1 (qF4)1
2
(qF1 )1 (qF3)1 (qF3)2 (q´F5 )2
1 2 3 4 5 6
Q1  1   D1 0  Q1F 
 M  Member 1     F 
Q 2 1 2 D
 2   Q 
  2
Q 3 -P2y 3   D3  Q 3 = (q 3 ) 1 + (q 3 ) 2 
F F F
 M =  Node 2  
D
+  F
Q = (q F
) + (q F
)

Q 4 2 4    4   4 4 1 4 2
Q 5  5   D5 0  Q 5F 
   Member 2   0  F

 6 
Q 6   D6   Q 6 
2 3 4
 Q2 = M 1  2  D2  Q 2F 
Q = − P    D   F 
 3 2y  = 3
 Q4 = M 2 
   3  + Q 3 
4  Node 2  D4  Q 4F 
37
2 4 6
1 3
1 2
2
1 3 5
2 3 4
D2  2    Q2 = M 1  Q2F  
      − Q F  
D
  3 = 3
  Q
 3 = − P2y   3 
D4  4  Node 2    Q = M  Q F  
 4 2   4 
38
2 4 6
1 3
1 2
2
1 3 5
P
qF2
1
qF4
qF1 [FEF] qF3
Member 1:
1 2 3 4
q 1  1    d1 = 0  q 1F 
  2     F
q 2  =  k1  d 2 = D 2  + q 2 
q 3  3   d 3 = D3  q 3F 
      F
q 4  4   d 4 = D4  q 4 
39
2 4 6
1 3
1 2
2
1 3 5
w
qF6
qF4 2
qF3 qF5
[FEM]
Member 2:
1 2 3 4
 q3  1    d 3 = D3  q3F 
q  2   d = D   F
k1
 4 =    4 4  + q4 
q5  3    d5 = 0  q5F 
       F
q6  4    6d = 0  q6 
40
Example 1
For the beam shown, use the stiffness method to:

(a) Determine the deflection and rotation at B.
(b) Determine all the reactions at supports.
(c) Draw the quantitative shear and bending moment diagrams.
10 kN
1 kN/m
C
A B
1.5 m
9m 3m
41
10 kN
1 kN/m
C
A B
1.5 m
9m 3m
3 2 1
Global 1 2
3 1
2 2
Members
1 2
10 kN
1 kN/m
1.5 m 1.5 m
[FEF]
9m 1 2
wL2/12 = 6.75 wL2/12 = 6.75 PL/8 = 3.75 PL/8 = 3.75
42
3 2 1
1 2
9m 3m
Stiffness Matrix:
θi θj
Mi 4 EI / L 2EI / L 
[k ]2×2 =  
Mj 2EI / L 4 EI / L
3 2 2 1
4/9 2/9 3 4/3 2/3 2
[k]1= EI [k]2 = EI
2/9 4/9 2 2/3 4/3 1
2 1
(4/9)+(4/3) 2/3 2
[K] = EI
2/3 4/3 1
43
3 2 10 kN 1
1 kN/m
A C
6.75 6.75 3.75
B
9m 1.5 m 1.5 m
Equilibrium equations: MCB = 0

MBA + MBC = 0
Global Equilibrium: [Q] = [K][D] + [QF]
2 1
2 MBA + MBC = 0 2 (4/9)+(4/3) 2/3 θB -6.75 + 3.75 = -3
= EI +
1 MCB = 0 1 2/3 4/3 θC -3.75
θB 0.779/EI
=
θC 2.423/EI
44
3
2
1
1 kN/m
[FEF]
9m 1
wL2/12 = 6.75 wL2/12 = 6.75
Substitute θB and θC in the member matrix,
Member 1 : [q]1 = [k]1[d]1 + [qF]1
3 2 0
3 MAB 4/9 2/9 θA 6.75 6.92
= EI + =
2 MBA 2/9 4/9 θB= 0.779/EI -6.75 -6.40
1 kN/m
6.92 kN•m 6.40 kN•m
9m 1
4.56 kN 4.44 kN
45
10 kN
2 1
1.5 m 1.5 m
2 2
PL/8 = 3.75 PL/8 = 3.75
[FEF]
Substitute θB and θC in the member matrix,
Member 2 : [q]2 = [k]2[d]2 + [qF]2
2 1
2 MBC 4/3 2/3 θB = 0.779/EI 3.75 6.40
= EI + =
1 MCB 2/3 4/3 θC = 2.423/EI -3.75 0
10 kN
6.40 kN•m
2
7.13 kN 2.87 kN
46
10 kN
1 kN/m
6.92 6.40
6.40
4.56 kN 4.44 kN 7.13 kN 2.87 kN
1 kN/m θB = +0.779/EI 10 kN
θC = +2.423/EI
6.92 kN•m
A C
4.56 kN B 11.57 kN 2.87 kN
9m 1.5 m 1.5 m
7.13
4.56
V (kN)
x (m)
4.56 m
-4.44 -2.87
3.48 4.32
M
(kN•m) x (m)
-6.92 -6.40 47
Example 2

20 kN
9kN/m 40 kN•m
2EI EI
A B C
4m 4m
48
2 4 6
1 2EI 3 EI 5
1 2
1 2 3
Use 4x4 stiffness matrix,

∆i θi ∆j θj 3 4
Vi  12 EI/ L3 6EI/ L 2
− 12 EI/ L3
6EI/ L  2
Mi   3 0.5625 -0.375
− 6EI/ L2 [K] = EI
2
6 EI / L 4 EI/ L 2EI/ L 
[k ] = 
Vj  4 -0.375 3
− 12 EI/ L3 − 6EI/ L 2
12 EI/ L3 − 6EI/ L2 
Mj  6EI/ L2 2EI/ L − 6EI/ L2 4 EI/ L 


[k]1 [k]2
1 2 3 4 3 4 5 6
1 0.375EI 0.75EI - 0.375EI 0.75EI 3 0.1875EI 0.375EI - 0.1875EI 0.375EI
2 0.75EI 2EI -0.75EI EI 4 0.375EI EI -0.375EI 0.5EI
3 -0.375EI -0.75EI 0.375EI -0.75EI 5 -0.1875EI -0.375EI 0.1875EI -0.375EI
4 0.75EI EI -0.75EI 2EI 6 0.375EI 0.5EI -0.375EI EI
49
20 kN
9kN/m 40 kN•m
12 kN•m 12 kN•m
18 kN 18 kN
4m 4m
2 4 6
1 3 5
2EI EI
1 2
1 2 3
[Q] = [K][D] + [QF]
Global:
3 4
3 Q3 = -20 3 0.5625 -0.375 D3 18 3

= EI 4 -0.375 3 D4 +
4 Q4 = 40 -12 4
D3 -61.09/EI
=
D4 9.697/EI
50
2 4
9 kN/m
1 3 12 kN•m 12 kN•m
2EI
A B
1 1 2 1
18 kN [qF]1 18 kN
Member 1:
[q]1 = [k]1[d]1 + [qF]1
1 2 3 4
q1 1 12(2EI)/430.75EI - 0.375EI 0.75EI d1 = 0 18 48.18
q2 2 0.75EI 2EI -0.75EI EI d2 = 0 12 67.51
q3L -0.375EI -0.75EI 0.375EI -0.75EI d3 = -61.09/EI 18 -12.18
3
q4L 4 0.75EI EI -0.75EI 2EI d4 = 9.697/EI -12 53.21
9 kN/m 53.21 kN•m
A B
1
67.51 kN•m
48.18 kN [q]1 12.18 kN
51
4 6
3 5
EI
2
2 3
Member 2:
[q]2 = [k]2[d]2 + [qF]2
3 4 5 6
q3R 3 0.1875EI 0.375EI - 0.1875EI 0.375EI d3 =-61.09/EI 0 -7.818
q4R 4 0.375EI EI -0.375EI 0.5EI d4 = 9.697/EI 0 -13.21
q5 5 -0.1875EI -0.375EI 0.1875EI -0.375EI d5 = 0 0 7.818
q6 6 0.375EI 0.5EI -0.375EI EI d6 = 0 0 -18.06
13.21 kN•m 18.06 kN•m

B C
2
7.82 kN [q]2 7.82 kN
52
9 kN/m 53.21 kN•m
13.21 kN•m 18.06 kN•m
A B B C
1 2
67.51 kN•m
48.18 kN [q]1 12.18 kN 7.82 kN [q]2 7.82 kN
20 kN
9kN/m 40 kN•m
D3 = ∆B = -61.09/EI 18.06 kN•m
67.51 kN•m
48.18 kN 4m D4 = θB = +9.697/EI 4 m 7.818 kN

48.18
V (kN) + 12.18
x (m)
-
-7.818 -7.818
53.21
M
(kN•m) + 13.21
x (m)
-
- -18.08
-67.51
53
Example 3

20 kN 10 kN
9kN/m 40 kN•m
2EI EI
A B C
4m 2m 2m
54
20 kN 10 kN
9kN/m 40 kN•m
A C
2EI B EI
4m 2m 2m
2 4 6
1 3 5
Global 2
1 1 2 3
10 kN
9 kN/m 5 kN•m
12 kN•m 5 kN•m
12 kN•m
[FEF] 1 2
18 kN 18 kN
5 kN 5 kN
∆i θi ∆j θj
Vi  12 EI/ L3 6EI/ L2 − 12 EI/ L3 6EI/ L2 
Mi  
6 EI / L2
4 EI/ L − 6EI/ L2 2EI/ L 
[k ]4×4 = 
Vj 
− 12 EI/ L3 − 6EI/ L2 12 EI/ L3 − 6EI/ L2 
Mj  6EI/ L2 2EI/ L − 6EI/ L2 4 EI/ L 

 55
2 4 6
1 3 5
1 2
1 2 3
4m 2m 2m
1 2 3 4
1 12(2EI)/43 0.75EI - 0.375EI 0.75EI
2 0.75EI 2EI -0.75EI EI
[k]1 = -0.375EI -0.75EI 0.375EI -0.75EI
3 4 6
3
3 0.5625 -0.375 0.375
4 0.75EI EI -0.75EI 2EI/L
[K] = EI 4 -0.375 3 0.5
3 4 5 6 6 0.375 0.5 1
3 0.1875EI 0.375EI - 0.1875EI 0.375EI

4 0.375EI EI -0.375EI 0.5EI
[k]2 = 5 -0.1875EI -0.375EI 0.1875EI -0.375EI
6 0.375EI 0.5EI -0.375EI EI
56
20 kN 10 kN
9kN/m 40 kN•m
A C
2 B4 6
1 3 5
1 2
1 2 3
10 kN
9 kN/m 5 kN•m
12 kN•m 5 kN•m
12 kN•m
[FEF] 1 2
18 kN 18 kN
5 kN 5 kN
Global: [Q] = [K][D] + [QF]
3 4 6
VBL+VBR = -20 3 0.5625 -0.375 0.375 ∆B 18 + 5 = 23
MBA+MBC = 40 = EI 4 -0.375 3 0.5 θB + -12 + 5 = -7
MCB = 0 6 0.375 0.5 1 θC -5
∆B -116.593/EI
θB = -7.667/EI
θC 52.556/EI 57
2 4
9 kN/m
1 3 12 kN•m
12 kN•m
1 1
1 2 18 kN 18 kN
[FEF]
Member 1: [q]1 = [k]1[d]1 + [qF]1
1 2 3 4
VA 1 0.375EI 0.75EI - 0.375EI 0.75EI 0 18 55.97
MAB 2 0.75EI 2EI -0.75EI EI 0 12 91.78
VBL
= -0.375EI -0.75EI 0.375EI -0.75EI ∆B =-116.593/EI
+ 18
= -19.97
3
MBA 4 0.75EI EI -0.75EI 2EI/L θB =-7.667/EI -12 60.11
9kN/m
91.78 kN•m 60.11 kN•m

4m 1
55.97 kN 19.97 kN
58
4 6 10 kN
5 kN•m
3 5 5 kN•m
3
2 2 2
5 kN [FEM] 5 kN
Member 2: [q]1 = [k]1[d]1 + [qF]1
3 4 5 6
VBR 3 0.1875EI 0.375EI - 0.1875EI 0.375EI ∆B =-116.593/EI 5 -0.0278
MBC 4 0.375EI EI -0.375EI 0.5EI θB =-7.667/EI 5 -20.11
VC
= 5 -0.1875EI -0.375EI 0.1875EI -0.375EI 0 + 5 = 10.03
MCB 6 0.375EI 0.5EI -0.375EI EI θC =52.556/EI -5 0
10 kN
20.11 kN•m 2m 2m
2
0.0278 kN 10.03 kN
59
9kN/m 20.11 kN•m 10 kN
91.78 kN•m 2m 2m
4m 1 2
60.11 kN•m 0.0278 kN 10.03 kN
55.97 kN 19.97 kN
20 kN 10 kN
9kN/m 40 kN•m θC = 52.556/EI
91.78 kN•m
55.97 kN 10.03 kN
θB = -7.667/EI ∆B = -116.593/EI
55.97 4m 2m 2m
19.97
V (kN) +
x (m)
-
-0.0278
60.11 -10.03 -10.03
20.11
M +
(kN•m) x (m)
-
-91.78 60
Example 4
For the beam shown:

(a) Use the stiffness method to determine all the reactions at supports.
(b) Draw the quantitative free-body diagram of member.
(c) Draw the quantitative shear diagram, bending moment diagram
Take I = 200(106) mm4 and E = 200 GPa and support B settlement 10 mm.
40 kN
6 kN/m
B
A C
2EI EI
∆B = -10 mm
8m 4m 4m
61
1 2 3
2EI EI
1 2
θi θj
Use 2x2 stiffness matrix: Mi 4 EI / L 2EI / L 
[k ]2×2 =  
Mj 2EI / L 4 EI / L
1 2 2 3
1 8 4 2 4 2
EI EI
[k]1 = 8 [k]2 = 8
2 4 8 3 2 4
2 3
2 12 2
EI
[K] = 8
3 2 4
62
40 kN 1 2 3
6 kN/m
B C
A 2EI EI 1 2
∆B = -10 mm
8m 4m 4m
40 kN
6 kN/m
[FEM]load
1 32 kN•m 2 40 kN•m
wL2/12 = 32 kN•m PL/8 = 40 kN•m
2 37.5 kN•m
1 75 kN•m
[FEM]∆ 10 mm
10 mm
6(EI)∆/L2 = 37.5 kN•m
6(2EI)∆/L2 = 75 kN•m
Global: [Q] = [K][D] +2[QF] 3
Q2 = 0 2 12 2 D2 -32 + 40 + 75 -37.5 = 45.5

EI
=
8
+
Q3 = 0 3 2 4 D3 -40 - 37.5 = -77.5
D2 -61.27/EI rad
=
D3 185.64/EI rad
63
1 2 6 kN/m
[FEM]load
2EI
1 32 kN•m
1 wL2/12 = 32 kN•m
1 75 kN•m
[FEM]∆ 10 mm
6(2EI)∆/L2 = 75 kN•m
Member 1: [q]1 = [k]1[d]1 + [qF]1
1 2
q1 1 8 4 d1 = 0 32 + 75 = 107 76.37 kN•m

EI
= + =
q2 8 d2 = -61.27/EI -32 + 75 = 43 -18.27 kN•m
2 4 8
6 kN/m
76.37 kN•m 18.27 kN•m
8m 1
31.26 kN 16.74 kN
64
2 3 40 kN
[FEM]load
2 2
PL/8 = 40 kN•m 40 kN•m
[FEM]∆
2 37.5 kN•m
10 mm
6(EI)D/L2 = 37.5 kN•m
Member 2: [q]2 = [k]2[d]2 + [qF]2
2 3
q2 2 4 2 d2 = -61.27/EI 40 - 37.5 = 2.5 18.27 kN•m

EI
= + =
q3 8 d3 = 185.64/EI -40 - 37.5 = -77.5 0 kN•m
3 2 4
40 kN
18.27 kN•m
2
22.28 kN 17.72 kN
65
2 6
4
2EI EI
1 2
1
3 5
Alternate method: Use 4x4 stiffness matrix
[k]1 [k]2
1 2 3 4 3 4 5 6
1 12(2)/82 3 12/82
1.5 -0.375 1.5 0.75 -0.1875 0.75
EI 2 1.5 8 -1.5 4 EI
4 0.75 4 -0.75 2
= =
8 3 8 5
-0.375 -1.5 0.375 -1.5 -0.1875 -0.75 0.1875 -0.75
4 1.5 4 -1.5 8 6 0.75 2 -0.75 4
1 2 3 4 5 6
1 0.375 1.5 -0.375 1.5 0 0
2 1.5 8 -1.5 4 0 0
EI 3 -0.375 -1.5 0.5625 -0.75 -0.1875 0.75
[K] =
8 4 1.5 4 -0.75 12 -0.75 2
5 0 0 -0.1875 -0.75 0.1875 -0.75
6 0 0 0.75 2 -0.75 4 66
40 kN 2
6 kN/m 4 6
B C
A 2EI EI 1 2
∆B = -10 mm 1
3 5
8m 4m 4m
40 kN
6 kN/m 40 kN•m
32 kN•m 40 kN•m
32 kN•m
[FEF] 1 2
24 kN 24 kN 20 kN 20 kN
4 6 5
Q4 = 0 EI 4 12 2 D4 200 × 200 4 -0.75 D = -0.01 8
= +( ) 5 +
Q6= 0 8 6 2 4 D6 8 6 -0.75 -40
4 6
Q4 = 0 EI 4 12 2 D4 (200x200/8)(-0.75)(-0.01) = 37.5 8
Q6= 0
=
8 6 2 4 D6
+ (200x200/8)(0.75)(-0.01) = -37.5
+ -40
D4 -61.27/EI = -1.532x10-3 rad

D6
= 185.64/EI = 4.641x10-3 rad 67
2
4
6 kN/m
32 kN•m
1 ∆B = -10 mm 32 kN•m
1 [FEF]load 1
3
24 kN 24 kN
Member 1: [q]1 = [k]1[d]1 + [qF]1
1 2 3 4
q1 1 12(2)/82
1.5 -0.375 1.5 d1 = 0 24
q2 2 1.5 8 -1.5 4 d2 = 0 32
(200x200)
q3 = 8 3 -0.375 -1.5 0.375 -1.5 d3 = -0.01
+ 24
q4 4 1.5 4 -1.5 8 d4 = -1.532x10-3 -32
q1 31.26 kN
6 kN/m
q2 76.37 kN•m 18.27 kN•m
76.37 kN•m
q3 = 16.74 kN 8m 1
q4 -18.27 kN•m 16.74 kN
31.26 kN
68
6 40 kN
4 40 kN•m
40 kN•m
-10 mm = ∆B [FEF]
2 2
3 5 20 kN 20 kN
Member 2:
3 4 5 6
q3 3 12/82
0.75 -0.1875 0.75 d3 = -0.01 20
q4 4 0.75 4 -0.75 2 d4 = -1.532x10-3 40
(200x200)
q5
= 8 5 +
-0.1875 -0.75 0.1875 -0.75 d5 = 0 20
q6 6 0.75 2 -0.75 4 d6 = 4.641x10-3 -40
q3 40 kN
22.28 kN
18.27 kN•m
q4 18.27 kN•m
q5 = 17.72 kN 2
q6 22.28 kN 17.72 kN
0 kN•m
69
40 kN
6 kN/m
76.37 kN•m B C
A 2EI EI
∆B = -10 mm
31.26 kN 16.74 + 22.28 kN 17.72 kN
8m 4m 4m
31.26
V (kN) 22.28
+ +
- - x (m)
5.21 m -16.74
-17.72
70.85
M 5.06 +
(kN•m) - x (m)
- -18.27
-76.37
∆B = -10 mm D6 = θC = 4.641x10-3 rad
Deflected
Curve
d4 = θB = -1.532x10-3 rad
70
Example 5
For the beam shown:

(c) Draw the quantitative shear diagram, bending moment diagram
Take I = 200(106) mm4 and E = 200 GPa and support C settlement 10 mm.
4 kN
0.6 kN/m 20 kN•m
B
A C
2EI EI
∆C = -10 mm
8m 4m 4m
71
2 6
4
2EI EI
1 2
1 -10 mm
3 5
•Member stiffness matrix [k]4x4
[k]1 [k]2
1 2 3 4 3 4 5 6
1 12(2)/82 3 12/82
1.5 -0.375 1.5 0.75 -0.1875 0.75
EI 2 1.5 8 -1.5 4 4 0.75 4 -0.75 2
= EI
8 3 = 5
-0.375 -1.5 0.375 -1.5 8 -0.1875 -0.75 0.1875 -0.75
4 1.5 4 -1.5 8 6 0.75 2 -0.75 4
• Global: [Q] = [K][D] + [QF]
3 4 6 5
Q3 3 0.5625 -0.75 0.75 D3 3 -0.1875 QF3
EI 4 200 × 200
Q4 = -0.75 12 2 D4 +( ) 4 -0.75 D5 = -0.01 + QF4
8 8
Q6 6 0.75 2 4 D6 6 -0.75 QF6
72
4 kN 2
0.6 kN/m 20 kN•m 4 6
B 2EI EI
C 2
A 2EI EI 1
10 mm 1
3 5
8m 4m 4m
4 kN
0.6 kN/m 4 kN•m
3.2 kN•m 4 kN•m
3.2 kN•m
[FEF] 1 2
2.4 kN 2.4 kN 2 kN 2 kN
3 4 6
Q3 = 0 3 0.5625 -0.75 0.75 D3 9.375 2.4+2 = 4.4
Q4 = 0 EI 4 -0.75 12 2 D4 + 37.5 + -3.2+4 = 0.8
=
Q6 = 20 8 D6 37.5 -4.0
6 0.75 2 4
D3 -377.30/EI = -9.433x10-3 m
D4 = -61.53/EI = -1.538x10-3 rad
D6 +74.50/EI = +1.863x10-3 rad
73
2
4
0.6 kN/m
3.2 kN•m
1 3.2 kN•m
1 [FEF]load 1
3 8m
2.4 kN 2.4 kN
Member 1: [q]1 = [k]1[d]1 + [qF]1
1 2 3 4
q1 1 12(2)/82
1.5 -0.375 1.5 d1 = 0 2.4
q2 2 1.5 8 -1.5 4 d2 = 0 3.2
200× 200
=
q3 8 3 -0.375 -1.5 0.375 -1.5 d3 = -9.433x10-3
+ 2.4
q4 4 1.5 4 -1.5 8 d4 = -1.538x10-3 -3.2
q1 8.55 kN
0.6 kN/m
q2 43.19 kN•m 6.03 kN•m
43.19 kN•m
q3 = -3.75 kN 8m 1
q4 6.03 kN•m 3.75 kN
8.55 kN
74
6 4 kN
4 4 kN•m
4 kN•m
[FEF]
2 8m 2
10 mm
3 5 2 kN 2 kN
Member 2:
3 4 5 6
q3 3 12/82
0.75 -0.1875 0.75 d3 = -9.433x10-3 2
q4 4 0.75 4 -0.75 2 d4 = -1.538x10-3 4
200× 200
=
q5 8 5 -0.1875 -0.75 0.1875 -0.75 d5 = -0.01
+ 2
q6 6 0.75 2 -0.75 4 d6 = 1.863x10-3 -4
q3 4 kN
3.75 kN
6.0 kN•m
q4 -6.0 kN•m 20 kN•m
q5 = 0.25 kN 2
q6 3.75 kN 0.25 kN
20.0 kN•m
75
4 kN
0.6 kN/m 20 kN•m
B
C
A 2EI EI
10 mm
8m 4m 4m
0.6 kN/m 4 kN
43.19 kN•m 6.03 kN•m
20 kN•m
6.0 kN•m 2
8m 1
8.55 kN 3.75 kN 3.75 kN 0.25 kN
8.55
3.75
V (kN) +
-0.25 x (m)
21 20
M 6
+
(kN•m) - x (m)
-43.19 D3 = -9.433 mm D5 = -10 mm

Deflected
Curve
D4 = -1.538x10-3 rad D6 = +1.863x10-3 rad
76
Internal Hinges
Example 6

(a) Determine all the reactions at supports.
(b) Draw the quantitative shear and bending moment diagrams
E = 200 GPa, I = 50x10-6 m4.
30 kN
9kN/m
Hinge
2EI EI
A C
B
4m 2m 2m
77
3 4
2
2EI EI
A C
1 2
1
4m B 2m 2m
θi θj
Use 2x2 stiffness matrix, Mi 4 EI / L 2EI / L 
[k ]2×2 =  
Mj  2EI / L 4 EI / L 
3 1 2 4
3 2EI EI 2 1EI 0.5EI

[k]1 = [k]2 =
1 EI 2EI 4 0.5EI 1EI
1 2
1 2.0 0.0
[K] = EI
2 0.0 1.0
78
30 kN
9kN/m
Hinge
3 4
2
A C
1 2
1 30 kN
B
12 kN•m 9kN/m 12 kN•m 15 kN•m 15 kN•m
B C
[FEF]
A 1 B 2
Global matrix:
1 2
0.0 1 2.0 0.0 D1 -12
= EI +
0.0 2 0.0 1.0 D2 15
D1 0.0006 rad
D2 = -0.0015 rad
79
3
12 kN•m 9kN/m 12 kN•m
1
A [FEF]
1 1
A B
B
Member 1:
3 1
q3 3 2EI EI d3 = 0.0 12 18
= + =
q1 1 EI 2EI d1 = 0.0006 -12 0.0
9 kN/m
A B
18 kN•m 1
22.5 kN 13.5 kN
80
4
15 kN•m 30 kN 15 kN•m
B B C
C
2
2 2
Member 2:
2 4
q2 2 1EI 0.5EI d2 = -0.0015 15 0.0

= + =
q4 4 0.5EI 1EI d4 = 0.0 -15 -22.5
30 kN
B C
22.5 kN•m
9.37 kN 20.63 kN
81
30 kN
9 kN/m
B C
A 13.5 kN 22.5 kN•m
B 9.37 kN
18 kN•m 20.63 kN
22.5 kN 13.5 kN 22.87 kN 9.37 kN
30 kN
9kN/m
Hinge
EI
2EI
θBL= 0.0006 rad θBR= -0.0015 rad
A C
B
4m 2m 2m
22.5
9.37
V (kN) + x (m)
2.5 m
-13.5
-20.63
18.75
10.13
M + +
(kN•m) -
- - x (m)
-18
-22.5 82
Example 7

E = 200 GPa, I = 50x10-6 m4.
20 kN
9kN/m
2EI EI
Hinge
A B C
4m 4m
83
5 7
1 3
4 2EI EI 6
1 2
A 2 B C
4 5 1 2
4 0.375EI 0.75EI - 0.375EI 0.75EI
5 0.75EI 2EI -0.75EI EI
[k]1 = 1 -0.375EI -0.75EI 0.375EI -0.75EI 1 2 3
2 0.75EI EI -0.75EI 2EI/L
1 0.5625 -0.75 0.375
[K] = EI 2 -0.75 2.0 0

3 0.375 0.0 1.0
1 3 6 7
1 0.1875EI 0.375EI - 0.1875EI 0.375EI
3 0.375EI EI -0.375EI 0.5EI
[k]2 = 6 -0.1875EI -0.375EI 0.1875EI -0.375EI
7 0.375EI 0.5EI -0.375EI EI
84
9kN/m 20 kN
B
A C
5 7
1 3
4 2EI EI 6
1 2
A 2 B C
9kN/m
12 kN•m 12 kN•m
A 1 B
18 kN [FEM] 18 kN
Global:
1 2 3
Q1 = -20 1 0.5625 -0.75 0.375 D1 18
Q2 = 0.0 = EI 2 -0.75 2.0 0 D2 + -12
Q3 = 0.0 3 0.375 0.0 1.0 D3 0.0
D1 -0.02382 m
D2 = -0.008333 rad
D3 0.008933 rad
85
5 9kN/m
1
4 2EI 2 12 kN•m 12 kN•m
1 A 1 B
A B 18 kN [FEF] 18 kN
Member 1:
4 5 1 2
q4 4 0.375EI 0.75EI - 0.375EI 0.75EI d4 = 0.0 18 44.83
q5 5 0.75EI 2EI -0.75EI EI d5 = 0.0 12 107.32
= + =
q1 1 -0.375EI -0.75EI 0.375EI -0.75EI d1 = -0.02382 18 -8.83
q2 2 0.75EI EI -0.75EI 2EI/L d2 = -0.00833 -12 0.0
107.32 kN•m 9kN/m
A B
1
8.83 kN
44.83 kN
86
7
1
EI 6
2
B 3 C
Member 2:
1 3 6 7
q1 1 0.1875EI 0.375EI - 0.1875EI 0.375EI d1 = -0.02382 0 -11.16
q3 3 0.375EI EI -0.375EI 0.5EI d3 = 0.008933 0 0.0
q6
=6 -0.1875EI -0.375EI 0.1875EI -0.375EI d6= 0.0
+ 0
=
11.16
q7 7 0.375EI 0.5EI -0.375EI EI d7= 0.0 0 -44.66
B C
44.66 kN•m
2
11.16 kN
11.16 kN
87
20 kN
9kN/m
A
θBL= -0.008333 rad B θBR= 0.008933 rad C
4m 4m
107.32 kN•m 9kN/m

B C
A B 44.66 kN•m
1 2
44.83 kN 8.83 kN 11.16 kN
11.16 kN
44.83
V (kN) + 8.83 x (m)

-
-11.16 -11.16
M
(kN•m)
x (m)
-
- -44.66
-107.32 88
Example 8

40 kN•m at the end of member AB. E = 200 GPa, I = 50x10-6 m4.
30 kN
9kN/m
Hinge
A C
2EI 40 kN•m EI
B
4m 2m 2m
89
3 4
2
2EI EI
A C
1 2
1
4m B 2m 2m
θi θj
Use 2x2 stiffness matrix:
Mi 4 EI / L 2EI / L 
[k ]2×2 =  
Mj  2 EI / L 4 EI / L 
3 1 2 4
3 2EI EI 2 1EI 0.5EI

[k]1 = [k]2 =
1 EI 2EI 4 0.5EI 1EI
1 2
1 2.0 0.0
[K] = EI
2 0.0 1.0
90
30 kN
9kN/m
Hinge
A C
2EI 40 kN•m EI
3 B 4
2
A C
1 2
1 30 kN
B
12 kN•m 9kN/m 12 kN•m 15 kN•m 15 kN•m
B C
[FEM]
A 1 B 2
Global matrix:
1 2
Q1 = 40 1 2.0 0.0 D1 -12
= EI +
Q2 = 0.0 2 0.0 1.0 D2 15
D1 0.0026 rad
D2 = -0.0015 rad
91
3
12 kN•m 9kN/m 12 kN•m
1
A [FEF]
1 1
A B
B
Member 1:
3 1
q3 3 2EI EI d3 = 0.0 12 38
= + =
q1 1 EI 2EI d1 = 0.0026 -12 40
9 kN/m
A B 40 kN•m
38 kN•m
37.5 kN 1.5 kN
92
4
15 kN•m 30 kN 15 kN•m
B B C
C
2
2 2
Member 2:
2 4
q2 2 1EI 0.5EI d2 = -0.0015 15 0.0

= + =
q4 4 0.5EI 1EI d4 = 0.0 -15 -22.5
30 kN
B C
22.5 kN•m
9.37 kN 20.63 kN
93
1.5 kN
30 kN
9 kN/m
B C
A B 40 kN•m 9.37 kN 22.5 kN•m
38 kN•m 20.63 kN
37.5 kN 1.5 kN 7.87 kN 9.37 kN
30 kN
9kN/m 40 kN•m
Hinge
A C
θBR=- 0.0015 rad
θBL= 0.0026 B
rad
4m 2m 2m
37.5
1.5 9.37
V (kN) + x (m)
-20.63
M 40 18.75
(kN•m) + + x (m)
- - -
-22.5 94
-38
Example 9

40 kN•m at the end of member AB. E = 200 GPa, I = 50x10-6 m4
20 kN
9kN/m
2EI EI
40 kN•m Hinge
A B C
4m 4m
95
20 kN
9kN/m
2EI EI
40 kN•m Hinge
A B C
4m 4m
5 7
1 3
4 6
A 2 C
1
2 B
9 kN/m
12 kN•m
12 kN•m
[FEM] 1
18 kN 18 kN ∆i θi ∆j θj
Vi  12 EI/ L3 6EI/ L2 − 12 EI/ L3 6EI/ L2 
Mi  
 6EI/ L
2
4 EI/ L − 6EI/ L2 2EI/ L 
[k ]4×4 = Vj 
− 12 EI/ L3 − 6EI/ L2 12 EI/ L3 − 6EI/ L2 
Mj  6EI/ L2 2EI/ L − 6EI/ L2 4 EI/ L 


96
5 7
1 3
4 2EI EI 6
A 2 C
1
2 B
4 5 1 2
4 0.375EI 0.75EI - 0.375EI 0.75EI
5 0.75EI 2EI -0.75EI EI
[k]1 = 1 -0.375EI -0.75EI 0.375EI -0.75EI
1 2 3
2 0.75EI EI -0.75EI 2EI
1 0.5625 -0.75 0.375
[K] = EI 2 -0.75 2.0 0

3 0.375 0.0 1.0
1 3 6 7
1 0.1875EI 0.375EI - 0.1875EI 0.375EI
3 0.375EI EI -0.375EI 0.5EI
[k]2 = 6 -0.1875EI -0.375EI 0.1875EI -0.375EI
7 0.375EI 0.5EI -0.375EI EI
97
9kN/m 20 kN
EI
5 40 kN•m 7
1 3
4 2EI EI 6
A 2 C
1 2 B
9 kN/m
12 kN•m
12 kN•m
[FEF] 1
18 kN 18 kN
Global: 1 2 3
Q1 = -20 1 0.5625 -0.75 0.375 D1 18
Q2 = 40 = EI 2 -0.75 2.0 0 D2 + -12
Q3 = 0.0 3 0.375 0.0 1.0 D3 0.0
D1 -0.01316 m
D2 = -0.002333 rad
D3 0.0049333 rad
98
5
1 9 kN/m
4 2 12 kN•m
2EI 12 kN•m
1 [FEF] 1
18 kN 18 kN
Member 1: [q]1 = [k]1[d]1 + [qF]1
4 5 1 2
q4 4 0.375EI 0.75EI - 0.375EI 0.75EI d4 = 0.0 18 49.85
q5 5 0.75EI 2EI -0.75EI EI d5 = 0.0 12 87.37
= + =
q1 1 -0.375EI -0.75EI 0.375EI -0.75EI d1 = -0.01316 18 -13.85
q2 2 0.75EI EI -0.75EI 2EI d2 = -0.002333 -12 40
87.37 kN•m 2EI 40 kN•m

1
49.85 kN 13.85 kN
[q]1
99
7
1
EI 6
2 C
B 3
Member 2: [q]2 = [k]2[d]2 + [qF]2
1 3 6 7
q1 1 0.1875EI 0.375EI - 0.1875EI 0.375EI d1 = -0.01316 0 -6.18
q3 3 0.375EI EI -0.375EI 0.5EI d3 = 0.004933 0 0.0
q6
=6 -0.1875EI -0.375EI 0.1875EI -0.375EI d6= 0.0
+ 0
=
6.18
q7 7 0.375EI 0.5EI -0.375EI EI d7= 0.0 0 -24.69
24.69 kN•m
2 6.18 kN
6.18 kN
[q]2
100
20 kN
9kN/m 40 kN•m
2EI EI
A θBL= -0.002333 rad θBR = 0.004933 rad C
4m B 4m
A B B C
40 kN•m 24.69 kN•m
87.37 kN•m 49.85 kN 13.85 kN 6.18 kN 6.18 kN
49.85
V (kN) + 13.85 x (m)

-
-6.18 -6.18
M 40
(kN•m) +
- x (m)
- -24.69
-87.37 101
Temperature Effects
• Fixed-End Forces (FEF)

- Axial
- Bending
• Curvature
102
Tb − Tt ∆T
tan β = =( )
• Thermal Fixed-End Forces (FEF) d d
T Room temp = TR TR Tt β
t
FAF Tm> TR FBF ct Tt + Tb

d NA Tm =
cb 2
M AF Tb > Tt M F
Tl
A B B Tb - Tt
σaxial σaxial TR Tm
A B (∆T ) axial = Tm − TR
∆T
σy ( ∆T y ) = y ( )
Tt d
y y β
A B Tb
(∆T ) bending = Tb − Tt
103
- Axial
σaxial σaxial
Tt TR Tm
Tm> TR
FAF FBF
A Tb > Tt B (∆T ) axial = Tm − TR
FAF = ∫ σ axial dA
A
= ∫ Eε axial dA
= ∫ Eα (∆T ) axial dA
= Eα (∆T ) axial ∫ dA
= EAα (∆T ) axial

F
( Faxial ) A = α (Tm − TR ) AE
104
- Bending
∆T
σy (∆Ty ) = y ( )
Tt d
y y β
M AF M BF Tb
A B
(∆T ) bending = Tb − Tt
M = ∫ yσ y dA
F
A
A
= ∫ yEε dA
= ∫ yEα (∆Ty ) dA
∆T
= ∫ yEαy ( ) dA
d
∆T
= Eα ( ) ∫ y 2 dA
d
Tl − Tu
F
( Fbending )A = α( ) EI
d
105
• Elastic Curve: Bending O´
dθ
ρ
(dx ) = ρ ( dθ )
y ( dθ ) 1 dθ
=( )
ρ dx
ds = dx y ds´ dθ
y dx dx
Before After
106
• Bending Temperature Tl > Tu
Tt
Tb
O dx
dθ ∆T = Tb - Tt
Tt + Tb Tt Tt
Tm = Tu dθ ∆T
2 ∆T y
y ct β= y d
M M d
cb
Tl > Tu Tb Tb
∆T
(dθ ) y = αy ( ) dx
d
∆T
(dθ ) = α ( )dx
d
dθ 1 ∆T M
( ) = = α( ) =
dx ρ d EI
107
Example 10

Room temp = 32.5oC, α = 12x10-6 /oC, E = 200 GPa, I = 50x10-6 m4.
T2 = 40oC
182 mm
2EI EI
A T1 = 25oC C
B
4m 4m
108
T2 = 40oC
182 mm
2EI EI
A T1 = 25oC C
B
4m 4m
2 3
1
1 2
Mean temperature = (40+25)/2 = 32.5

Room temp = 32.5oC
19.78 kN•m a(∆T /d)EI = 19.78 kN•m
+7.5 C
o
FEM
-7.5 oC
∆T 40 − 25
F
Fbending =α( )(2 EI ) = (12 × 10 −6 )( )(2 × 200 × 50) = 19.78 kN • m
d 0.182
109
2 3
1
19.78 kN•m 19.78 kN•m
182 mm A C
1 2EI 2 EI
B
4m 4m
Element 1: [q] = [k][d] + [qF]

2 1
M2 2 2 1 q2 -1.978
M1
= EI
1 1 2 q1
+ 1.978
(10-3) EI
Element 2:
1 3
M1 1 1 0.5 q1 0
M3
= EI
3 0.5 1 q3
+ 0
0
[M1] = 3EIθ1 + (1.978x10-3)EI
θ1 = -0.659x10-3 rad
110
2 3
1
19.78 kN•m 19.78 kN•m
182 mm A C
1 2EI 2 EI
B
4m 4m
Element 1:
2 1
M2 2 2 1 q2 = 0 -19.78 -26.37 kN•m
M1
= EI
1 1 2 q1 = -0.659x10-3
+ 19.78 = 6.59 kN•m
Element 2:
1 3
M1 1 1 0.5 q1 = -0.659x10-3 0 -6.59 kN•m
M3
= EI
3 0.5 1 q3 = 0
+ 0
= -3.30 kN•m
26.37 kN•m 6.59 kN•m 6.59 kN•m 3.3 kN•m

A B B C
4.95 kN 4.95 kN 2.47 kN 2.47 kN 111
26.37 kN•m +7.5 oC
A -7.5 oC B C
2.47 kN 3.3 kN•m
4.95 kN 2.47 kN
4m 4m
V (kN)
x (m)
- -
-2.47
-4.95
26.37
M 6.59
+
(kN•m)
- x (m)
-3.30
Deflected θB = -0.659x10-3 rad

curve x (m)
112
Example 11

Room temp = 28 oC, a = 12x10-6 /oC, E = 200 GPa, I = 50x10-6 m4,
A = 20(10-3) m2
T2 = 40oC
182 mm
2EI, 2AE EI, AE
A T1 = 25oC C
B
4m 4m
113
6 9
5 T2 = 40oC 3 8
2
A
1 2 EI 7
4 2EI 1
T1 = 25oC C
B
4m 4m
Element 1:
(2 AE ) 2(20 ×10 −3 m 2 )(200 ×106 kN / m 2 )

= = 2(106 ) kN / m
L ( 4 m)
4(2 EI ) 4 × 2(200 ×106 kN / m 2 )(50 ×10 −6 m 4 )

= = 20(103 ) kN • m
L ( 4 m)
2(2 EI ) 2 × 2(200 ×106 kN / m 2 )(50 ×10 −6 m 4 )

= = 10(103 ) kN • m
L ( 4 m)
6(2 EI ) 6 × 2(200 ×106 kN / m 2 )(50 ×10 −6 m 4 )

2
= 2
= 7. 5(10 3
) kN
L ( 4 m)
12(2 EI ) 12 × 2(200 ×106 kN / m 2 )(50 ×10 −6 m 4 )

3
= 3
= 3.75(10 3
) kN / m
L ( 4 m)
114
T2 = 40oC
182 mm
2EI, 2AE EI, AE
A T1 = 25oC C
B
4m 4m
Fixed-end forces due to temperatures
∆T 40 − 25
F
Fbending =α( )(2 EI ) = (12 × 10 −6 )( )(2 × 200 × 50) = 19.78 kN • m
d 0.182
Mean temperature(Tm) = (40+25)/2 = 32.5 oC ,

TR = 28 oC
F
Faxial = α (∆T ) AE = (12 × 10 −6 )(32.5 − 28)(2 × 20 × 10 − 3 m 2 )(200 × 10 6 kN / m 2 ) = 432 kN
19.78 kN•m 19.78 kN•m

+12 oC
432 kN 432 kN
A -3 oC
B
115
6 9
5 T2 = 40oC 3 8
2
182 mm 2
1 2EI, 2AE 1 EI, AE 7
4 T1 = 25oC
A B C
4m 4m
Element 1: FEM
19.78 kN•m 19.78 kN•m
+12 oC
432 kN 432 kN
A -3 oC
B
[q] = [k][d] + [qF]
4 5 6 1 2 3
q4 4 2x106 0.00 0.00 - 2x106 0.00 0.00 0 432
q5 5 0.00 3750 7500 0.00 -3750 7500 0 0.00
q6 6 0.00 7500 20x103 0.00 -7500 10x103 0 -19.78
= +
q1 1 -2x106 0.00 0.00 2x106 0.00 0.00 d1 -432
q2 2 0.00 -3750 -7500 0.00 3750 -7500 d2 0.00
q3
3 0.00 7500 10x103 0.00 -7500 20x103 d3 19.78
116
6 9
5 T2 = 40oC 3 8
2
182 mm 2
1 2EI, 2AE 1 EI, AE 7
4 T1 = 25oC
A B C
4m 4m
Element 2:
[q] = [k][d] + [qF]
1 2 3 7 8 9
q1 1 1x106 0.00 0.00 - 1x106 0.00 0.00 d1 0
q2 2 0.00 1875 3750 0.00 -1875 3750 d2 0
q3 3 0.00 3750 10x103 0.00 -3750 5x103 d3 0
= +
q7 7 -1x106 0.00 0.00 1x106 0.00 0.00 0 0
q8 8 0.00 -1875 -3750 0.00 1875 -3750 0 0
q9
9 0.00 3750 5x103 0.00 -3750 10x103 0 0
117
6 9
5 T2 = 40oC 3 8
2
182 mm 2
1 2EI, 2AE 1 EI, AE 7
4 T1 = 25oC
A B C
4m 4m
Global:
1 2 3
Q1 = 0.0 1 3x106 0.0 0.0 D1 -432
Q2 = 0.0 = 2 0.0 5625 -3750 D2 + 0.0
Q3 = 0.0 3 0.0 -3750 30x103 D3 19.78
D1 0.000144 m
D2 = -0.0004795 m
D3 -719.3x10-6 rad
118
Element 1:
4 5 6 1 2 3
q4 4 2x106 0.00 0.00 - 2x106 0.00 0.00 0 432
q5 5 0.00 3750 7500 0.00 -3750 7500 0 0.00
q6 6 0.00 7500 20x103 0.00 -7500 10x103 0 -19.78
= +
q1 1 -2x106 0.00 0.00 2x106 0.00 0.00 d1 = 144x10-6 -432
q2 2 0.00 -3750 -7500 0.00 3750 -7500 d2 = -479.5x10-6 0.00
q3
3 0.00 7500 10x103 0.00 -7500 20x103 d3 = -719.3x10-6 19.78
6
q4 144.0 kN 3
5 2
q5 -3.60 kN
A 4 B 1
q6 -23.38 kN•m
=
q1 -144.0 kN 23.38 kN•m 9 kN•m
q2 3.60 kN
q3 144 kN 144 kN
9.00 kN•m A B
3.60 kN 3.60 kN
119
Element 2:
1 2 3 7 8 9
q1 1 1x106 0.00 0.00 - 1x106 0.00 0.00 d1 = 144x10-6 0
q2 2 0.00 1875 3750 0.00 -1875 3750 d2 = -479.5x10-6 0
q3 3 0.00 37500 10x103 0.00 -3750 5x103 d3 = -719.3x10-6 0
= +
q7 7 -1x106 0.00 0.00 1x106 0.00 0.00 0 0
q8 8 0.00 -1875 -3750 0.00 1875 -3750 0 0
q9
9 0.00 3750 5x103 0.00 -3750 10x103 0 0
3
q1 144 kN 9
2 8
q2 -3.6 kN
B 1 C 7
q3 -9 kN•m
=
q7 -144 kN 9 kN•m 5.39 kN•m
q8 3.6 kN
q9 144 kN 144 kN
-5.39 kN•m B C
3.60 kN 3.60 kN
120
Isolate axial part from the system
T2 = 40oC
RA RC
2EI EI
A T1 = 25oC B C
4m 4m
RA
RA = RC
+
Compatibility equation: dC/A = 0
R A (4) RA ( 4)
+ + 12 × 10 −6 (32.5 − 28)(4) = 0
2 AE AE
RA = 144 kN
RC = -144 kN
121
T2 = 40oC
2EI EI
A T1 = 25oC B C
4m 4m
23.38 kN•m 9 kN•m 9 kN•m 5.39 kN•m
144 kN 144 kN 144 kN 144 kN

A B B C
3.60 kN 3.60 kN 3.60 kN 3.60 kN
V (kN)
x (m)
-
-3.6
23.38
M 8.98
+
(kN•m) x (m)
-
-5.39
D2 = -0.0004795 mm D3 = -719.3x10-6 rad
Deflected
curve x (m)
122
Skew Roller Support
- Force Transformation
- Displacement Transformation
- Stiffness Matrix
123
• Displacement and Force Transformation Matrices
x´
y´ 5´
6´ 4´
j
2´ m
3´ 1´
i
y
6
5
4
j
3 θy m
θx
2
1 x
i
124
Force Transformation
6´ λx λy
x´
q4 = q4' cos θ x − q5' cos θ y
θy
5´ 4´ q5 = q4' cos θ y − q5' cos θ x
y´
j θx
θy q6 = q6'
2´ θx
x j − xi q 4  λx − λy 0 q4' 
λx =
3´ 1´ L q  =  λy λx 0  q 
i y j − yi  5  5' 
λy = q 6   0 0 1  q6' 
L
q 1   λ x − λy 0 0 0 0  q 1' 
y     
6
q 2   λy λx 0 0 0 0  q 2' 
5 q 3   0 0 1 0 0 0  q 3' 
 =  
4 q 4   0 0 0 λx − λy 0  q 4' 
j
q 5   0 0 0 λy λx 0  q 5' 
3 m     
q 6   0 0 0 0 0 1  q 6' 
2
1
i x [q ] = [T ]T [q ']
125
Displacement Transformation
y λx λy
6 x´
d ' 4 = d 4 cos θ x + d 5 cos θ y
5 5´ s θx
co d' 5 = −d 4 cos θ y + d 5 cos θ x
4 d4
j 6´ θx4´ d4 d '6 = d 6
j θy
s θy
θy c o
θx d4 d 4'   λx λy 0 d 4 
d  = − λy λx 0  d 
 5'   5
x d 6'   0 0 1  d 6 
y s θx
co d 1'   λ x λy 0 0 0 0  d 1 
θx d     
0  d 2 
5
d5 d 2'  − λy λx 0 0 0
θy θy d 3'   0 0 1 0 0 0  d 3 
cos  =  
d 5 d 4'   0 0 0 λx λy 0  d 4 
θy d 5'   0 0 0 − λy λx 0  d 5 
    
θx d 6'   0 0 0 0 0 1  d 6 
x [d '] = [T ][d ]
126
[q ] = [T ]T [q ']
[ ]
= [T ] ([k' ][d' ] + q 'F )
T
= [T ] [k' ][d' ] + [T ] [q ' ]

T T F
[q ] = [T ] [k' ][T ][d ] + [T ] [q' ] = [k ][d ] + [q ]

T T F F
Therefore, [k ] = [T ]T [k '][T ]
[q ] = [T ] [q ' ]
F T F
[q ] = [T ]T [q ']
[d '] = [T ][d ]
[k ] = [T ]T [k '][T ]
127
Stiffness matrix
6* 3´ 6´
2* 5* 5´
3* 1 2´
4´
1* θi 4* θj 1´
i j i j
λix = cos θi λjx = cos θj

λiy = sin θi λjy = sin θj
[q*] = [T]T[q´]
1 2 3 4 5 6
q 1*  1*  λix − λiy 0 0 0 0 q 1' 
q  2* λ λix 0 0 0 0  q 
 2*   iy  2' 
q 3*  3* 0 0 1 0 0 0 q 3' 
  =    
q 4 *  4* 0 0 0 λ jx − λ jy 0 q 4' 
q 5*  5* 0 0 0 λ jy λ jx 0 q 5' 
     
q 6 *  6*  0 0 0 0 0 1  q 6' 
[ T ]T
128
1 2 3 4 5 6
1  λix λiy 0 0 0 0
2 − λ 0 
 iy λix 0 0 0
3  0 0 1 0 0 0
[T ] =  
4  0 0 0 λ jx λ jy 0
5  0 0 0 − λ jy λ jx 0
 
6  0 0 0 0 0 1 
1 2 3 4 5 6
1  AE/ L 0 0 − AE/ L 0 0 
 
2  0 12 EI / L3
6EI/ L2 0 − 12 EI/ L3 6EI/ L2 
3  0 6EI/ L2 4 EI/ L 0 − 6EI/ L2 2EI/ L 
[k '] =  
4 − AE/ L 0 0 AE/ L 0 0 
5  0 − 12 EI/ L3 − 6EI/ L2 0 12 EI/ L3 − 6EI/ L2
 
6  0 6EI/ L2 2EI/ L 0 − 6EI/ L2 4 EI/ L 
129
[ k ] = [ T ]T[ k´ ][T] =
Ui Vi Mi Uj Vj Mj
AE 12EI AE 12EI 6EI AE 12EI AE 12EI 6EI

Ui ( λix2 + λiy2 ) ( - ) λixλiy - λiy -( λixλjx + λiyλjy ) -( λixλjy - λiyλjx ) - λiy
L L3 L L3 L2 L L3 L L3 L2

Vi ( - ) λixλiy ( λiy2 + λix2 ) λix -( λiyλjx - λixλjy ) -( λiyλjy + λixλjx ) λix
6EI 6EI 4EI 6EI 6EI 2EI

Mi - λiy λix λjy - λjx
L2 L2 L L2 L2 L

Uj -( λixλjx + λiy λjy) -( λiyλjx - λixλjy) λjy ( λjx2 + λjy2 ) ( - ) λjxλjy λjy

Vj - ( λixλjy- λiyλjx ) -( λiyλjy + λix λjx ) - λjx ( - ) λjxλjy ( L λjy2 + λjx2 ) - λjx
L L3 L L3 L2 L L3 L3 L2

Mj - λiy λix λjy - λjx
L2 L2 L L2 L2 L
130
Example 12
For the beam shown:

(c) Draw the quantitative bending moment diagrams
Take I = 200(106) mm4, A = 6(103) mm2, and E = 200 GPa for all members.
Include axial deformation in the stiffness matrix.
40 kN
4m 4m 22.02 o
131
40 kN
4m 4m 22.02o
6 3´ 6´
5 2* 2´ 5´
Global 1 3* Local 1
1* x´
i 4 j 22.02 o i 1´ j 4´
λix = cos 0o = 1, x*
λiy = cos 90o = 0 λjx = cos 22.02o = 0.9271,
λjy = cos 67.98o = 0.3749
40 kN
40 kN•m
40 kN•m [ q´F ]
[FEF] 20sin22.02=7.5
20cos22.02=18.54 20 kN
20 kN
132
• Transformation matrix
6 3´ 6´
5 2* 2´ 5´
Global 1 3* Local 1
1* x´
4 i 1´ j 4´
λix = cos 0o = 1, x * λix − λiy 0 0 0 0
λjx = cos 22.02o = 0.9271, λ
λiy = cos 90o = 0
 iy λix 0 0 0 0
λjy = cos 67.98o = 0.3749
0 0 1 0 0 0
[T ]T = 
0 0 0 λ jx − λ jy 0
0 0 0 λ jy λ jx 0
Member 1: [ q ] = [ T ]T[q´]  
 0 0 0 0 0 1
1´ 2´ 3´ 4´ 5´ 6´
q 4  4 1 0 0 0 0 0  q 1' 
  0  
q5  5  1 0 0 0 0  q 2' 
q 6  6 0 0 1 0 0 0  q 3' 
  =   
q 1*  1* 0 0 0 0 . 9271 − 0 . 3749 0  q 4' 
q 2*  2* 0 0 0 0 . 3749 0 . 9271 0  q 5' 
    
q 3*  3* 0 0 0 0 0 1  q 6' 
133
3´ 6´
• Local stiffness matrix
2´ 5´
Local 1
i 1´ j 4´
Ni  AE/ L 0 0 − AE/ L 0 0 
Vi  0 12 EI / L3
6EI/ L2 0 − 12 EI/ L3

6EI/ L2 

Mi  0 6EI/ L2 4 EI/ L 0 − 6EI/ L2 2EI/ L 
[k ]6×6 =  
Nj − AE/ L 0 0 AE/ L 0 0 
Vj  0 − 12 EI/ L3 − 6EI/ L2 0 12 EI/ L3 − 6EI/ L2
 
Mj  0 6EI/ L2 2EI/ L 0 − 6EI/ L2 4EI/ L 
1´ 2´ 3´ 4´ 5´ 6´
1´ 150.0 0.000 0.000 -150.0 0.000 0.000
2´ 0.000 0.9375 3.750 0.000 -0.9375 3.750
3´ 0.000 3.750 20.00 0.000 -3.750 10.00
[k´]1 = 103 4´ -150.0 0.000 0.000 150.0 0.000 0.000
5´ 0.000 -0.9375 -3.750 0.000 0.9375 -3.750
6´ 0.000 3.750 10.00 0.000 -3.750 20.00 134
6 3´ 6´
5 2* 2´ 5´
Global 1 3* Local 1
1* x´
4 i 1´ j 4´
Stiffness matrix [k´]: x*
1´ 2´ 3´ 4´ 5´ 6´
1´ 150.0 0.000 0.000 -150.0 0.000 0.000
2´ 0.000 0.9375 3.750 0.000 -0.9375 3.750
3´ 0.000 3.750 20.00 0.000 -3.750 10.00
[k´]1 = 103 4´ -150.0 0.000 0.000 150.0 0.000 0.000
5´ 0.000 -0.9375 -3.750 0.000 0.9375 -3.750
6´ 0.000 3.750 10.00 0.000 -3.750 20.00
Stiffness matrix [k*]: [ k* ] = [ T ]T[ k´ ][T]
4 5 6 1* 2* 3*
4 150.0 0.000 0.000 -139.0 -56.25 0.000
5 0.000 0.9375 3.750 0.351 -0.869 3.750
6 0.000 3.750 20.00 1.406 -3.750 10.00
[k*]1 = 103 1* -139.0 0.351 1.406 129.0 51.82 1.406
2* -56.25 -0.869 -3.750 51.82 21.90 -3.476
135
3* 0.000 3.750 10.00 1.406 -3.476 20.00
6
40 kN 5 2*
1 3*
1* x´
4
4m 4m 22.02 o x*
40 kN
40 kN•m
40 kN•m [ q´F ]
20sin22.02=7.5
Global Equilibrium: 20cos22.02=18.54 20 kN
20 kN
[Q] = [K][D] + [QF]
1* 3*
Q1 = 0.0 1* 129 1.406 D1* -7.5
Q3 = 0.0 = 103 3* 1.406 20.0 D3* + -40
D1* 36.37x10-6 m
=
D3* 0.002 rad
136
6
40 kN 5 2*
1 3*
1* x´
4
40 kN
4m 4m 22.02 o 40 kN•m x*
40 kN•m
7.5
Member Force : [q] = [k*][D] + [qF] 20 kN 18.54
4 5 6 1* 2* 3*
q4 4 150.0 0.000 0.000 -139.0 -56.25 0.000 0 0 -5.06
q5 5 0.000 0.9375 3.750 0.351 -0.869 3.750 0 20 27.5
q6 6 0.000 3.750 20.00 1.406 -3.750 10.00 0 40.0 60
q1* = 103
1* -139.0 0.351 1.406 129.0 51.82 1.406 36.4x10-6 + -7.54
= 0
q2* 2* -56.25 -0.869 -3.750 51.82 21.90 -3.476 0 18.54 13.48
q3* 2x10-3
3 0.000 3.750 10.00 1.406 -3.476 20.00
* -40.0 0
60 kN•m 40 kN
5.06 kN
27.5 kN 13.48 kN 137
40 kN
40 kN
60.05 kN•m
4m 4m 5.05 kN
22.02 o 27.51 kN 13.47 kN
50.04
+
-
-60.05
Bending moment diagram

(kN•m)
0.002 rad
Deflected shape
138
Example 13
For the beam shown:

Take I = 200(106) mm4, A = 6(103) mm2, and E = 200 GPa for all members.
40 kN
6 kN/m
2EI, 2AE EI, AE

22.02o
8m 4m 4m
139
40 kN
6 kN/m
2EI, 2AE EI, AE

22.02 o
8m 4m 4m AE (0.006 m 2 )(200 ×106 kN / m 2 )
=
L (8 m)
= 150 ×103 kN • m
6 3
5 2 4 EI 4(200 ×106 kN / m 2 )(0.0002 m 4 )
8* =
9* L (8 m)
1 1 2 7* = 20 ×103 kN • m
4
Global 2 EI
= 10 ×103 kN • m
L
3´ 6´
3´ 6´ 6 EI 6(200 ×106 kN / m 2 )(0.0002 m 4 )
2´ 5´ 5´ =
2´ 2
L (8 m) 2
1´ 1 4´ 1´ 2 4´ = 3.75 ×103 kN
Local 12 EI 12(200 ×106 kN / m 2 )(0.0002 m 4 )
=
L2 (8 m) 3
= 0.9375 ×103 kN / m 140
6 3
5 2 8*
9*
1 1 2 7*
4
Global
Local : Member 1
6 3 3´ 6´
5 2 2´ 5´
[ q] [ q´]
4 1 1 1´ 1 4´
[q] = [q´]
Thus, [k] = [k´]
4 5 6 1 2 3
4 150.0 0.000 0.000 -150.0 0.000 0.000
5 0.000 0.9375 3.750 0.000 -0.9375 3.750
6 0.000 3.750 20.00 0.000 -3.750 10.00
[k]1 = [k´]1 = 2x103 1 -150.0 0.000 0.000 150.0 0.000 0.000
2 0.000 -0.9375 -3.750 0.000 0.9375 -3.750
3 0.000 3.750 10.00 0.000 -3.750 20.00
141
6 3
5 2 8*
9*
1 1 2 7*
3 4
2 3´ 6´
[ q* ] 8* [ q´ ] 5´
9* 2´
7* x´
1 2 1´ 2 4´
λix = cos 0o = 1, x*
λiy = cos 90o = 0 λjx = cos 22.02o = 0.9271,
λjy = cos 67.98o = 0.3749
Member 2: Use transformation matrix, [q*] = [T]T[q´]
1´ 2´ 3´ 4´ 5´ 6´
q1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 q1´
q2 2 0 1 0 0 0 0 q2´
q3 3 0 0 1 0 0 0 q3´
q7*
= 7* 0 0 0 0.9271 -0.3749 0 q4´
q8* 8* 0 0 0 0.3749 0.9271 0 q5´
q9* 9* 0 0 0 0 0 1 q6´
142
3 3´ 6´
2 8* 5´
[ q* ] 9* 2´ [ q´ ]
7* x´
1 2 1´ 2 4´
x*
Stiffness matrix [k´]:
1´ 2´ 3´ 4´ 5´ 6´
1´ 150.0 0.000 0.000 -150.0 0.000 0.000
2´ 0.000 0.9375 3.750 0.000 -0.9375 3.750
3´ 0.000 3.750 20.00 0.000 -3.750 10.00
[k´]2 = 103 4´ -150.0 0.000 0.000 150.0 0.000 0.000
5´ 0.000 -0.9375 -3.750 0.000 0.9375 -3.750
6´ 0.000 3.750 10.00 0.000 -3.750 20.00
Stiffness matrix [k*]: [k*] = [T]T[k´][T]
1 2 3 7* 8* 9*
1 150.0 0.000 0.000 -139.0 -56.25 0.000
2 0.000 0.9375 3.750 0.351 -0.869 3.750
3 0.000 3.750 20.00 1.406 -3.477 10.00
[k*]2 = 103 7* -139.0 0.351 1.406 129.0 51.82 1.406
8* -56.25 -0.869 -3.477 51.82 21.90 -3.476
143
9* 0.000 3.750 10.00 1.406 -3.476 20.00
6 3
5 2 8*
9*
1 1 2 7*
4
4 5 6 1 2 3
4 150.0 0.000 0.000 -150.0 0.000 0.000
5 0.000 0.9375 3.750 0.000 -0.9375 3.750
6 0.000 3.750 20.00 0.000 -3.750 10.00
[k]1= 2x103 1 -150.0 0.000 0.000 150.0 0.000 0.000
2 0.000 -0.9375 -3.750 0.000 0.9375 -3.750
3 0.000 3.750 10.00 0.000 -3.750 20.00
1 2 3 7* 8* 9*
1 150.0 0.000 0.000 -139.0 -56.25 0.000
2 0.000 0.9375 3.750 0.351 -0.869 3.750
3 0.000 3.750 20.00 1.406 -3.477 10.00
[k*]2 = 103 7* -139.0 0.351 1.406 129.0 51.82 1.406
8* -56.25 -0.869 -3.477 51.82 21.90 -3.476
9* 0.000 3.750 10.00 1.406 -3.476 20.00
144
6 3
40 kN 9*
6 kN/m 5 2 8*
1 1 2 7*
4
40 kN
6 kN/m 40 kN•m
32 kN•m 40 kN•m
32 kN•m
1
7.5
24 kN 24 kN 20 kN 18.54
Global: 1 3 7* 9*
0 1 450 0 -139 0 D1 0
0 3 0 60 1.406 10 D3 -32 + 40 = 8
0 = 103 7* +
-139 1.406 129 1.406 D7* -7.5
0 9* 0 10 1.406 20 D9* -40
D1 18.15x10-6 m
D3 -509.84x10-6 rad
D7* = 58.73x10-6 m
D9* 0.00225 rad
145
6 3
5 2 6 kN/m
32 kN•m
32 kN•m
4 1 1 1
24 kN 24 kN
Member 1: [ q ] = [k ][d] + [qF]
4 5 6 1 2 3
q4 4 150.0 0.000 0.000 -150.0 0.000 0.000 0 0
q5 5 0.000 0.9375 3.750 0.000 -0.9375 3.750 0 24
q6 6 0.000 3.750 20.00 0.000 -3.750 10.00 0 32
q1 = 2x103 0.000 d1=18.15x10-6
+ 0
1 -150.0 0.000 0.000 150.0 0.000
q2 2 0.000 -0.9375 -3.750 0.000 0.9375 -3.750 0 24
q3
3 0.000 3.750 10.00 0.000 -3.750 20.00 d3=-509.84 -32
x10-6
q4 -5.45 kN
q5 20.18 kN 6 kN/m
21.80 kN•m 52.39 kN•m
q6 21.80 kN•m
= 5.45 kN 5.45 kN
q1 5.45 kN
q2 27.82 kN 20.18 kN 27.82 kN
q3 -52.39 kN•m 146
40 kN
2 3 8* 40 kN•m
9* 40 kN•m [ q´F ]
7* x´
20sin22.02=7.5
1 2 2
x* 20cos22.02=18.54 20 kN
20 kN
Member 2: [ q ] = [k ][d] + [qF]
1 2 3 7* 8* 9*
q1 1 150.0 0.000 0.000 -139.0 -56.25 0.000 18.15x10-6 0
q2 2 0.000 0.9375 3.750 0.351 -0.869 3.750 0 20
q3 3 0.000 3.750 20.00 1.406 -3.750 10.00 -509.84x10-6 40
q7* = 103 7* -139.0 0.351 1.406 129.0 58.73x10-6
+ -7.5
51.82 1.406
q8* 8* -56.25 -0.869 -3.750 51.82 21.90 -3.476 0 18.54
q9* 0.00225 -40
9* 0.000 3.750 10.00 1.406 -3.476 20.00
q1 -5.45 kN 40 kN
52.39 kN•m
q2 26.55 kN
q3 52.39 kN•m
q7*
= 0 kN 5.45 kN
q8* 14.51 kN 14.51 kN
26.55 kN
q9*
0 kN•m 147
40 kN
6 kN/m 52.39 kN•m
21.80 kN•m 52.39 kN•m
5.45 kN 5.45 kN
5.45 kN 14.51 kN
20.18 kN 27.82 kN 14.51cos 22.02o
26.55 kN
=13.45 kN
40 kN
21.80 kN•m 6 kN/m
5.45 kN
54.37 kN 22.02o
20.18 kN
8m 4m 4 m 14.51 kN
20.18 26.55
V (kN) +
+ x (m)
3.36 m - -
-27.82 -13.45
53.81
M 12.14 +
(kN•m) - x (m)
-
-21.8
-52.39 148
FRAME ANALYSIS USING THE STIFFNESS
METHOD
! Simple Frames
! Frame-Member Stiffness Matrix
! Displacement and Force Transformation Matrices
! Frame-Member Global Stiffness Matrix
! Special Frames
! Frame-Member Global Stiffness Matrix
1
Simple Frames
2
Frame-Member Stiffness Matrix = 1 AE/L
d 1´
y´ 6EI/L2
6´ x´ AE/L
5´ 4´ 1
6EI/L2 d 2´ =
j
3´ 12EI/L3
m
2´ 12EI/L3
1´ 2EI/L
i = 1
4EI/L d 3´
6EI/L2
[k´]
6EI/L2
AE/L
1´ 2´ 3´ 4´ 5´ 6´ 1
=
d 4´
1´ AE/L 0 0 - AE/L 0 0 6EI/L2
2´ 0 12EI/L3 6EI/L2 0 - 12EI/L3 6EI/L2 AE/L 1
6EI/L2 d 5´ =
3´ 0 6EI/L2 4EI/L 0 - 6EI/L2 2EI/L 12EI/L3
4´ -AE/L 0 0 AE/L 0 0 12EI/L3
4EI/L
5´ 0 -12EI/L3 -6EI/L2 0 12EI/L3 -6EI/L2 = 1
2EI/L d 6´
6´ 0 6EI/L2 2EI/L 0 - 6EI/L2 4EI/L 6EI/L2
6EI/L2 3
Displacement and Force Transformation Matrices
x´
y´ 5´
6´ 4´
j
2´ m
3´ 1´
i
y
6
5
4
j
3 θy m
θx
2
1 x
i
4
Force Transformation λx λy
6´ x´ q4 = q4´ cos θx - q5´ cos θy
θy q5 = q4´ cos θy + q5´ cos θx
5´ 4´
y´ q6 = q6´
j θx
θy
2´ q 4   λ x − λy 0 q 4' 
θx q  =  λ
x j − xi  5  y λx 0  q 
 5' 
λx =
3´ 1´ L q 6   0 0 1  q 6' 
i y j − yi
λy =
L
q 1   λ x − λy 0 0 0 0 q 1' 
q   q 
 2   λy λx 0 0 0 0   2' 
y
6 q 3   0 0 1 0 0 0 q 3' 
 =   
5 q 4   0 0 0 λx − λy 0 q 4' 
4 q 5   0 0 0 λy λx 0 q 5' 
j      
q 6   0 0 0 0 0 1  q 6' 
3 m
2
1 [q ] = [T ]T [q ']
i x
5
[q] = [T]T[q´]
= [T]T ( [k´][d´] + [q´F] )
= [T]T [k´][d´] + [T]T [q´F]
[q] = [T]T [k´][T][d] + [T]T [q´F] = [k][d] + [qF]
Therefore, [k] = [T]T [k´][T]
[qF] = [T]T [q´F]
[q] = [T]T[q´]
[d´] = [T][d]
[k] = [T]T [k´][T]
6
Frame Member Global Stiffness Matrix
[q] = [T]T[q´]= [T]T ( [k´][d´] + [q´F] ) = [T]T[k´][d´] + [T]T[q´F] = [T]T [k´][T][d] + [T]T [q´F]
[k] [qF]
[ k ] = [ T ]T[ k´ ][T] =
Ui Vi Mi Uj Vj Mj



L2 L2 L L2 L2 L


L L3 L L3 L2 L L3 L3 L2

L2 L2 L L2 L2 L
7
Example 1
For the frame shown, use the stiffness method to:

E = 200 GPa, I = 60(106) mm4, A = 600 mm2
6m
A 5 kN
B
6m
8
6m
5 kN
A
B kN
(600 × 10 −6 m 2 )(200 × 10 6 )
AE 2
m = 20000 kN/m
=
L 6m
6m
kN −6
12(200 × 10 6 )(60 × 10 m 4
)
12 EI m 2
C 3
= 3
= 666.667 kN/m
L (6m)
Global : kN
6(200 × 10 6 )(60 × 10 −6 m 4 )
6EI m 2
= = 2000 kN
6 5 2 3 L2 (6m) 2
A 1 kN
4 1 4(200 × 10 6 )(60 × 10 −6 m 4 )
B 4 EI m 2
= = 8000 kN • m
L 6m
2
kN
2(200 × 10 6 )(60 × 10 −6 m 4 )
2EI m 2
9 = = 4000 kN • m
8 L 6m
C
7
9
Using Transformation Matrix:
Global : Local :
5 2´ 3´ 5´ 6´
6 2 3
4´
A 1 A 1´ 1
4 1 B
B
1´ 3´
2
2´
2
8 9
C
7 6´
5´
• Member Stiffness Matrix
δi ∆i θi δj ∆j 4´ θ
j
Ni  AE/L 0 0 − AE/L 0 0 
Vi  0 12 EI /L3
6 EI/L2 0 − 12 EI/L3 6 EI/L2 
 
Mi  0 6 EI/L2 4 EI/L 0 − 6 EI/L2 2 EI/L 
[k'] =  
Nj − AE/L 0 0 AE/L 0 0 
Vj  0 − 12 EI/L3 − 6 EI/L2 0 12 EI/L3 − 6 EI/L2 
 
Mj  0 6 EI/L2 2 EI/L 0 − 6 EI/L2 4 EI/L  10
Stiffness Matrix: Member 1
Local :
6 5 3 2´ 3´ 5´ 6´
2
A 1 4´
4 1 A 1´ 1 B
B
2
Global: [q] = [q´]
8 9 -> [k]1 = [k´]1

C
7
4 6 5 1 2 3
4 20000 0 0 -20000 0 0
6 0 666.667 2000 0 -666.667 2000
5 0 2000 8000 0 -2000 4000
[k]1 =
1 -20000 0 0 20000 0 0
2 0 -666.667 -2000 0 666.667 -2000

3 0 2000 4000 0 -2000 8000
11
Stiffness Matrix: Member 2
6 5 2 3
1´ 3´
A 1 λix = cos (-90o) = 0
4 1
B 2´ λiy = sin (-90o) = -1
2
90o
2
Global: Local:
6´
9 λjx = cos (-90o) = 0
8 5´ λjy = sin (-90o) = -1
C
7
4´
[q]2 = [ T ]T[ q´]2
1´ 2´ 3´ 4´ 5´ 6´
q1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 q1´
q2 2 -1 0 0 0 0 0 q2´
q3 3 0 0 1 0 0 0 q3´
q7 = 7 0 0 0 0 1 0 q4´
q8 8 0 0 0 -1 0 0 q5´
q9 9 0 0 0 0 0 1 q6´
[T]T
12
1´ 2´ 3´ 4´ 5´ 6´
1´ 20000 0 0 -20000 0 0
2´ 0 666.667 2000 0 -666.667 2000
3´ 0 2000 8000 0 -2000 4000
[k´]2 =
4´ -20000 0 0 20000 0 0
5´ 0 -666.667 -2000 0 666.667 -2000

6´ 0 2000 4000 0 -2000 8000
[k]2 = [ T ]T[ k´ ]2[ T ]

1 2 3 7 8 9
1 666.667 0 2000 -666.667 0 2000
2 0 20000 0 0 -20000 0
3 2000 0 8000 -2000 0 4000
[k]2 = -666.667 0 -2000 666.667 0 -2000
7
8 0 -20000 0 0 20000 0
9 2000 0 4000 -2000 0 8000
13
Global Stiffness Matrix:
[k]1
5 3 4 6 5 1 2 3
6 2
4 20000 0 0 -20000 0 0
A 1
4 1
B 6 0 666.667 2000 0 -666.667 2000
5 0 2000 8000 0 -2000 4000
2
Global: 1 -20000 0 0 20000 0 0
8 9 2 0 -666.667 -2000 0 666.667 -2000

C
7 3 0 2000 4000 0 -2000 8000
[k]2
[K] 1 2 3 7 8 9
4 5 1 2 3 1 666.667 0 2000 666.667 0 2000
4 20000 0 -20000 0 0
2 0 20000 0 0 -20000 0
5 0 8000 0 -2000 4000
3 2000 0 8000 -2000 0 4000
1 -20000 0 20666.667 0 2000
7 -666.667 0 -2000 666.667 0 -2000
2 0 -2000 0 20666.667 -2000 8 0 -20000 0 0 20000 0
3 0 4000 2000 -2000 16000 9 2000 0 4000 2000 0 8000 14
6m 6 5 2 3
5 kN
A A 1
1
B 4 1
B
2
6m
8 9
C [Q] = [K][D] + [QF] C
Global: 7
4 5 1 2 3
Q4 = 0 4 20000 0 -20000 0 0 D4 0
Q5 = 0 5 0 8000 0 -2000 4000 D5 0
Q1 = 5 1 -20000 0 20666.667 0 2000 D1 + 0
=
Q2 = 0 2 0 -2000 0 20666.667 -2000 D2 0
Q3 = 0 3 0 4000 2000 -2000 16000 D3 0
D4 0.01316 m
D5 9.199(10-4) rad
D1 = 0.01316 m
D2 -9.355(10-5) m
D3 -1.887(10-3) rad 15
6m Member 1
5 kN
A 6 5 2 3
1
B 1
A 4 1 B
2
6m
1.87 kN 1.87 kN 11.22 kN•m
C A 1 B
[q]1 = [k]1[d]1 + [qF]1
4 6 5 1 2 3
q4 4 20000 0 0 -20000 0 0 D4 = 0.01316 0
q6 6 0 666.667 2000 0 -666.667 2000 D6 = 0 -1.87
q5 5 0 2000 8000 0 -2000 4000 D5 = 9.199(10-4) 0
q1 1 -20000 0 0 20000 0 0 D1 = 0.01316 0
q2 2 0 -666.667 -2000 0 666.667 -2000 D2 = -9.355(10-5) 1.87
q3 3 0 2000 4000 0 -2000 8000 D3 = -1.887(10-3) -11.22

16
6m Member 2
5 kN
A 3 11.22 kN•m
1
B 2 1.87 kN
1 5 kN
2
6m
2
8 9 18.77 kN•m
C
7 5 kN
[q]2 = [k]2[d]2 + [qF]2 1.87 kN
1 2 3 7 8 9
q1 1 666.667 0 2000 -666.667 0 2000 D1 = 0.01316 5
q2 2 0 20000 0 0 -20000 0 D2 = -9.355(10-5) -1.87
q3 3 2000 0 8000 -2000 0 4000 D3 = -1.887(10-3) 11.22
q7 7 -666.667 0 -2000 666.667 0 -2000 D7 = 0 -5
q8 8 0 -20000 0 0 20000 0 D8 = 0 1.87
q9 9 2000 0 4000 -2000 0 8000 D9 = 0 18.77

17
1.87 kN 11.22 kN•m
1.87 kN 5 kN
A
A 1 B B
1.87 kN
1.87 kN 11.22 kN•m
6m
5 kN
2
18.77 kN•m
C
18.77 kN•m 5 kN
6m
5 kN 1.87 kN
1.87 kN
11.22 B B
A - A - 5
-1.87
-11.22
Bending moment Shear diagram +

diagram
+
C 18.77 C 5
18
D4=13.16 mm D1=13.16 mm
D5=0.00092 rad D3=-0.00189 rad
11.22 B
A A -
B
-11.22
D3=-0.00189 rad
Deflected shape Bending moment

diagram
+
C C 18.77
6 5 2 3
A 1
D4 0.01316 m 4 1
B
D5 9.199(10-4) rad
D1 = 0.01316 m
2
Global :
D2 -9.355(10-5) m
8 9
D3 -1.887(10-3) rad C
7
19
Example 2

(a) Determine the deflection and rotation at B
(b) Determine all the reactions at supports
E = 200 GPa, I = 60(106) mm4, A = 600 mm2 for each member.
3 kN/m
B C
4.5 m
A
6m 6m
20
3 kN/m 3 9
2 8
Global
1 2 7
4.5 m 6
1
5
4
6m 6m
2 3 8 9
2 3
Members
1 2 7
1
6 1
5
4 3 kN/m
9 kN•m 9 kN•m
[FEM]
2
9 kN 9 kN
21
3 kN/m
AE (600 ×10 −6 m 2 )(200 ×106 kN / m 2 )
=
m L 7.5 m
4.5 m 7. 5 = 16000 kN / m
12 EI 12(200 ×106 kN / m 2 )(60 ×10 −6 m 4 )

=
6m 6m L3 (7.5 m) 3
= 341.33 kN / m
Member 1: 6 EI 6( 200 × 10 6 kN / m 2 )(60 × 10 −6 m 4 )

2
=
L (7.5 m) 2
2 3 = 1280 kN
θy 1 4 EI 4(200 × 106 kN / m 2 )(60 ×10 −6 m 4 )

1 =
6 L 7.5 m
θx
5 = 6400 kN • m
4
2 EI 2(200 × 106 kN / m 2 )(60 ×10 −6 m 4 )
=
λx = cos θx = 6/7.5 = 0.8 L 7.5 m
= 3200 kN • m
λy = cos θy = 4.5/7.5 = 0.6
22
Member m: Mj
λx = cos θx Vj
λy = cos θy θy Uj
Mi m
[ km ] = [ T ]T[ k´ ][T ] = θx
Vi
Ui Vi Mi Uj Ui Vj Mj



L2 L2 L L2 L2 L


L L3 L L3 L2 L L3 L3 L2

L2 L2 L L2 L2 L
23
3 kN/m
Member 1: 2 3
m θy 1
4.5 m 7. 5 6 1
θx
5
6m 6m 4
λx = cos θx = 6/7.5 = 0.8

λy = cos θy = 4.5/7.5 = 0.6
4 5 6 1 2 3
4 10362.879 7516.162 -768 -10362.879 -7516.162 -768
5 7516.162 5978.451 1024 -7516.162 -5978.451 1024
6 -768 1024 6400 768 -1024 3200
[k1] = 1 -10362.879 -7516.162 768 10362.879 7516.162 768
2 -7516.162 -5978.451 -1024 7516.162 5978.451 -1024
3 -768 1024 3200 768 -1024 6400
24
3 kN/m
AE (600 × 10 −6 m 2 )(200 × 106 kN / m 2 )
=
m L 6m
4.5 m 7. 5 = 20000 kN / m
12 EI 12(200 ×10 6 kN / m 2 )(60 × 10 −6 m 4 )

=
6m 6m L3 (6 m) 3
= 666.667 kN / m
Member 2: 6 EI 6( 200 × 10 6 kN / m 2 )(60 × 10 −6 m 4 )

2
=
L (6 m) 2
2 3 8 9
= 2000 kN
1 2 7 4 EI 4(200 × 106 kN / m 2 )(60 ×10 −6 m 4 )
=
λx = cos 0o = 1.0, λy = cos 90o = 0 L 6m
= 8000 kN • m
2 EI 2(200 × 106 kN / m 2 )(60 ×10 −6 m 4 )

=
L 6m
= 4000 kN • m
25
3 9 1 2 3 7 8 9
2 8
1 AE/L 0 0 - AE/L 0 0
1 2 7
2 0 12EI/L3 6EI/L2 0 - 12EI/L3 6EI/L2
3 0 6EI/L2 4EI/L 0 - 6EI/L2 2EI/L

[k2] =
7 -AE/L 0 0 AE/L 0 0
8 0 -12EI/L3 -6EI/L2 0 12EI/L3 -6EI/L2
9 0 6EI/L2 2EI/L 0 - 6EI/L2 4EI/L
1 2 3 7 8 9
1 20000 0 0 - 20000 0 0
2 0 666.667 2000 0 - 666.667 2000
3 0 2000 8000 0 - 2000 4000

[k2] =
7 -20000 0 0 20000 0 0
8 0 -666.667 -2000 0 666.667 -2000
9 0 2000 4000 0 - 2000 8000

26
4 5 6 1 2 3
4 10362.879 7516.162 -768 -10362.879 -7516.162 -768
5 7516.162 5978.451 1024 -7516.162 -5978.451 1024
6 -768 1024 6400 768 -1024 3200
[k1] = 1 -10362.879 -7516.162 768 10362.879 7516.162 768
2 -7516.162 -5978.451 -1024 7516.162 5978.451 -1024
3 -768 1024 3200 768 -1024 6400
1 2 3 7 8 9
1 20000 0 0 - 20000 0 0
2 0 666.667 2000 0 - 666.667 2000
3 0 2000 8000 0 - 2000 4000

[k2] =
7 -20000 0 0 20000 0 0
8 0 -666.667 -2000 0 666.667 -2000
9 0 2000 4000 0 - 2000 8000

27
3 kN/m
2 3 8 9
9 kN•m
1 2 7
7. 5m 9 kN 9 kN
4.5 m
6 1
5
6m 6m 4
Global:
1 2 3
0
Q1 1 30362.9 7516.16 768 D1 0
0
Q2 = 2 7516.16 6645.12 976 D2 + 9
0
Q3 3 768 976 14400 D3 9
D1 4.575(10-4) m
D2 = -1.794(10-3) m
D3 -5.278(10-4) rad
28
Member 1:
1.19 kN•m 11.37 kN
2 3 6.75 kN 1.19 kN•m
9.15 kN
θy 1
6 1 0.50 kN•m 0.09 kN
θx 1 0.50 kN•m 1
5 6.75 kN
4 9.15 kN 0.09 kN
11.37 kN
λx = cos θx = 6/7.5 = 0.8
λy = cos θy = 4.5/7.5 = 0.6
4 5 6 1 2 3
q4 0 0 9.15
4
q5 0 0 6.75
5
q6 0 0 0.50
= 6 k1 + =
q1 D1 = 4.575(10-4) 0 -9.15
1
q2 D2 = -1.794(10-3) 0 -6.75
q3 2
D3 = -5.278(10-4) 0 -1.19
3
29
Member 2:
2 3 8 9
1.19 kN•m 3 kN/m
2 14.70 kN•m
1 7
9.15 kN 2 9.15 kN
3 kN/m
6.75 kN 11.25 kN
9 kN•m 9 kN•m
2
9 kN [FEM] 9 kN
1 2 3 7 8 9
q1 1 D1 = 4.575(10-4) 0 9.15
q2 2 D2 = -1.794(10-3) 9 6.75
q3 3 k2 D3 = -5.278(10-4) 9 1.19
q7
= 0
+ 0 =
7 -9.15
q8 8 0 9 11.25
q9
9 0 -9 -14.70
30
1.19 kN•m 3 kN/m
1.19 kN•m 14.70 kN•m
6.75 kN
9.15 kN 9.15 kN 2 9.15 kN
0.50 kN•m 6.75 kN 11.25 kN
1
6.75 kN
9.15 kN
3 kN/m
14.70 kN•m
9.15 kN
0.50 kN•m 11.25 kN
All Reactions
9.15 kN
6.75 kN
31
11.37 kN 1.19 kN•m 3 kN/m
14.70 kN•m
1.19 kN•m
9.15 kN 2 9.15 kN
0.09 kN 6.75 kN 11.25 kN
1
6.75
0.50 kN•m
0.09 kN +
11.37 kN
-0.09 -
D1 4.575(10-4) m
D2 = -1.794(10-3) m -11.25
Shear diagram
D3 -5.278(10-4) rad -0.09 (kN)
D1 = 0.46 mm
D2 = -1.79 mm
-1.19
D3 =-5.278(10-4) rad
-14.70
Deflected shape Bending-moment diagram
0.5
(kN•m)
32
Example 3

E = 200 GPa, I = 60(106) mm4, A = 600 mm2 for each member.
20 kN•m 10 kN
15 kN C
B
N/m
4.5 m 3k
A 6m 3m 3m
33
20 kN•m 10 kN 3 9
Global 2 8
15 kN C
B θy = 53.13 1 2 7
N/m 6
1
4.5 m 3k θx =36.87
5
λx = cos θx = 6/7.5 = 0.8
A 4 λy = cos θy = 4.5/7.5 = 0.6
6m 3m 3m
2 3 8 9
2 3
Members
1 2 7
1
6 1
5
14.06 kN•m 10 kN
4 7.5 kN•m 7.5 kN•m
6.75 kN
11.25 kN 2
N/m
[FEM] 3k 1 9 kN 5 kN
5 kN
wL2/12 = 14.06 kN•m
11.25(0.6) = 6.75 kN
11.25(0.8) = 9 kN wL/2 = 11.25 kN 34
20 kN•m 10 kN
2 3 8 9
15 kN C
B 1 2 7
N/m
3k 1
5 6
A 4
14.06 kN•m 10 kN
Global: 7.5 kN•m 7.5 kN•m
6.75 kN
11.25 kN 2
N/m
3k 1 9 kN 5 kN 5 kN
[FEM]
14.06 kN•m
11.25(0.6) = 6.75 kN
9 kN 11.25 kN
1 2 3
Q1 = 15 1 30362.9 7516.16 768 D1 -6.75
Q2 = 0 = 2 7516.16 6645.2 976 D2 + 9+5
Q3 = 20 3 768 976 14400 D3 -14.06 + 7.5
35
2 3 8 9
1 2 7
6 1
5
D1 1.751(10-3) m
D2 = -4.388(10-3) m
D3 2.049(10-3) rad
36
Member 1:
14.06 kN•m
2 3
[FEM] 6.75 kN
θy 1 11.25 kN
N/m
1
6 θx 3k 1 9 kN
5
14.06 kN•m
11.25(0.6) = 6.75 kN
4
9 kN 11.25 kN
λx = cos 36.87o =
0.8,
λy = cos 53.13o = 0.6
4 5 6 1 2 3
q4 0 -6.75 6.51
4
q5 0 9 24.17
5
q6 0 14.06 26.46
=
6 k1 +
q1 1 D1 = 1.751(10-3) -6.75 = -20.01
q2 2 D2 = -4.388(10-3) 9 -6.17
q3
3 D3 = 2.049(10-3) -14.06 4.89
37
2 3
q4 6.51
θy = 53.13o 1
1 q5 24.17
6 θx = 36.87o
5 q6 26.46
=
4 q1 -20.01
q2 -6.17
q3
4.89
6.17 kN 4.89 kN•m 4.89 kN•m 19.71 kN
20.01 kN
/ m 7.07 kN
/m N
N 3k
3k m 1
26.46 kN•m 7. 5m 26.46 kN•m 7. 5
6.51 kN 15.43 kN
19.71 kN
24.17 kN
38
Member 2:
2 3 8 9
15.12 kN•m 10 kN
2 8.08 kN•m
1 7
10 kN 35.02 kN 2 35.02 kN
7.5 kN•m 7.5 kN•m
6.17 kN 3.83 kN
2
5 kN 5 kN
[FEM]
1 2 3 7 8 9
q1 1 D1 = 1.751(10-3) 0 35.02
q2 2 D2 = -4.388(10-3) 5 6.17
q3 3 k2 D3 = 2.049(10-3) 7.5 15.12
q7
= 0
+ 0 =
7 -35.02
q8 8 0 5 3.83
q9
9 0 -7.5 -8.08
39
6.17 kN 4.89 kN•m 15.12 kN•m 10 kN
8.08 kN•m
20.01 kN
35.02 kN 2 35.02 kN
N/m
3k 6.17 kN 3.83 kN
26.46 kN•m 7. 5m
6.51 kN
24.17 kN
20 kN•m 10 kN
8.08 kN•m
15 kN C
B 35.02 kN
N/m
3.83 kN
3k
26.46 kN•m
A 6.51 kN
24.17 kN 6 m 3m 3m
40
4.89 kN•m 19.71 kN 15.12 kN•m 10 kN
8.08 kN•m
35.02 kN 2 35.02 kN
N /m
7.07 kN
3k 6.17 kN 3.83 kN
1m
26.46 kN•m 7.5
6.17
15.43 kN
19.71 kN
-7.07 -3.83
D1 1.751(10-3) m
15.43 Shear diagram
D2 = -4.388(10-3) m
(kN)
D3 2.049(10-3) rad
D1 =1.75 mm
4.89
D2 = -4.39 mm
-15.12 -8.08
D3 = 2.05(10-3) rad
Deflected shape Bending-moment

diagram (kN•m)
-26.46 41
Special Frames
42
Stiffness matrix
6* 3´ 6´
2* 5* 5´
3* 1 2´
4´
1* θi 4* θj 1´
i j i j
λix = cos θi λjx = cos θj

λiy = sin θi λjy = sin θj
[ q* ] = [ T ]T[ q´ ]
1´ 2´ 3´ 4´ 5´ 6´
q 1*  1*  λix − λiy 0 0 0 0 q 1' 
q  λ q 
  2* 2*  iy λix 0 0 0 0   2' 
q 3*  3*  0 0 1 0 0 0 q 3' 
 =    
q
 4*  4* 0 0 0 λ jx − λ jy 0 q 4' 
q 5*  5*  0 0 0 λ jy λ jx 0 q 5' 
     
q 6 *  6*  0 0 0 0 0 1  q 6' 
[ T ]T
43
1* 2* 3* 4* 5* 6*
1´  λix λiy 0 0 0 0
− λ 0 
2´  iy λix 0 0 0
 0 0 1 0 0 0
[T ] = 3´  
4´  0 0 0 λ jx λ jy 0
5´  0 0 0 − λ jy λ jx 0
 
6´  0 0 0 0 0 1 
• Member Stiffness Matrix
1´ 2´ 3´ 4´ 5´ 6´
1´  AE/L 0 0 − AE/L 0 0 
2´  0 12 EI / L3
6 EI/L2 0 − 12 EI/L3 6 EI/L2 

3´  0 6 EI/L2 4 EI/L 0 − 6 EI/L2 2 EI/L 
[k'] =  
4´ − AE/L 0 0 AE/L 0 0 
5´  0 − 12 EI/L3 − 6 EI/L2 0 12 EI/L3 − 6 EI/L2 
 
6´  0 6 EI/L2 2 EI/L 0 − 6 EI/L2 4 EI/L 
44
[ k ] = [ T ]T[ k´ ][T] =
Ui Vi Mi Uj Vj Mj



L2 L2 L L2 L2 L


L L3 L L3 L2 L L3 L3 L2

L2 L2 L L2 L2 L
45
Example 4
For the beam shown:

(c) Draw the quantitative bending moment diagrams and qualitative
deflected shape.
Take I = 200(106) mm4 , A = 6(103) mm2, and E = 200 GPa for all members.
40 kN 20 kN
200 kN•m
6 kN
/m
3m 22.02 o
4m 4m 7.416 m
46
40 kN 20 kN
200 kN•m
6 kN
/m
3m 22.02 o
4m 4m 7.416 m
3* 6
2* 5
Global 4
1* 1
9
22.02 o 2 8
7
3´
6´ 3´
2´ 5´ 2´
Local 4´
1´ 1 1´
6´
5´
2
4´
47
Ni  AE/L 0 0 − AE/ L 0 0 
Vi  0 12 EI / L3
6EI/ L2 0 − 12 EI/ L3 6EI/ L2 

Mi  0 6EI/ L2 4 EI/ L 0 − 6EI/ L2 2EI/ L 
[k'] =  
Nj − AE/ L 0 0 AE/ L 0 0 
Vj  0 − 12 EI/ L3 − 6EI/ L2 0 12 EI/ L3 − 6EI/ L2
 
Mj  0 6EI/ L2 2EI/ L 0 − 6EI/ L2 4 EI/ L 
AE (0.006 m 2 )(200 ×106 kN / m 2 )

= = 150 ×103 kN / m
L 8m
4 EI 4(200 ×106 kN / m 2 )(0.0002 m 4 )
= = 20 ×103 kN • m
L 8m
2 EI
= 10 × 103 kN • m
L
6 EI 6(200 × 106 kN / m 2 )(0.0002 m 4 )
2
= 2
= 3.75 × 103 kN
L (8 m)
12 EI 12(200 × 10 6 kN / m 2 )(0.0002 m 4 )
3
= 3
= 0.9375 × 103 kN / m
L (8 m)
48
3´
6´ 3´
2´ 5´ 2´
8m
1 4´ 1´
1´
8m 6´
5´
2
Local
4´
Ni 150000 0 0 - 150000 0 0
Vi 0 937.5 3750 0 - 937.5 3750
Mi 0 3750 20000 0 - 3750 10000
[ k´]1 = [ k´]2 =
Nj -150000 0 0 150000 0 0
Vj 0 -937.5 -3750 0 937.5 -3750
Mj 0 3750 10000 0 - 3750 20000
49
Member 1:
3* 6 3´ 6´
2* 5 5´
2´ Local
1
Global 4 4´
1 * θi =22.02
o 1
1´
θj = 0o
40 kN
λix = cos (22.02o) = 0.927, λjx = cos (0o) = 1,
λiy = sin (22.02o) = 0.375 λjy = sin (0o) = 0 40 kN•m 40 kN•m
1
[ q* ] = [ T ]T[ q´ ] 20 kN [FEM] 20 kN
1´ 2´ 3´ 4´ 5´ 6´
q*1 1* 0.927 - 0.375 0 0 0 0 q1´
q*2 2* 0.375 0.927 0 0 0 0 q2´
q*3 3* 0 0 1 0 0 0 q3´
= 4* 0 0 0 1 0 0
q4 q4´
q5 5* 0 0 0 0 1 0 q5´
q6 6* 0 0 0 0 0 1 q6´
[ T ]1T
50
3* 6 3´ 6´
2* 5 5´
2´ Local
1
Global 4 4´
1 * θi =22.02
o 1
1´
θj = 0o
[ k* ]1 = [ T ]1T[ k´ ]1[ T ]1
1* 2* 3* 4 5 6
1* 129.046 51.811 -1.406 -139.058 0.351 -1.406
2* 51.811 21.892 3.476 -56.240 -0.869 3.476
3* -1.406 3.476 20.00 0 -3.75 10.00
[ k * ]1 = 103
4 -139.058 -56.240 0.00 150 0 0
5 0.351 -0.869 -3.75 0 0.938 -3.75
6 -1.406 3.476 10.00 0 -3.75 20
51
40 kN
3* 6
2* 5 40 kN•m 40 kN•m
1
Global 4
1 * θi =22.02
o 1
θj = 0o
20 kN [FEM] 20 kN
[ qF* ] = [ T ]T[ qF´]
0 -7.50 1*
40 kN
20 18.54 2* 40 kN•m 40 kN•m
40 40 3*
[ qF*] = [ T ]1 T
= 7.5 1
0 0 4 18.54
20 kN
20 20 5
-40 -40 6
52
3´
Member 2 2´
6 λix = λjx = cos (-22.02o) = 0.927, 1´
5 λiy = λjy = sin (-22.02o) = -0.375 6´
4 5´
22.02o 2
9 [ q´]
2 8 4´
32 k 6 kN
7 N•m /m
[q] 22.02o
24 k
N 2
[ q´F]
24 k
N
32 k
[q]=[T ]T[ q´ ] N•m
1´ 2´ 3´ 4´ 5´ 6´
q4 4 0.927 0.375 0 0 0 0 q1´
q5 5 -0.375 0.927 0 0 0 0 q2´
q6 6 0 0 1 0 0 0 q3´
= 7 0 0 0 0.927 0.375 0
q7 q4´
q8 8 0 0 0 -0.375 0.927 0 q5´
q9 9 0 0 0 0 0 1 q6´
[ T ]2T
53
6 3´
5 2´
4 1´
22.02o 6´
9 5´
2 8 2
7 [ q´ ]
[q] 22.02o 4´
[ k ]2 = [ T ]2T[ k´]2[ T ]2
4 5 6 7 8 9
4 129.046 -51.811 1.406 -129.046 51.811 1.406
5 -51.811 21.892 3.476 51.811 -21.892 3.476
6 1.406 3.476 20 -1.406 -3.476 10
[ k ]2 = 103
7 -129.046 51.811 -1.406 129.046 -51.811 -1.406
8 51.811 -21.892 -3.476 -51.811 21.892 -3.476
9 1.4056 3.476 10 -1.406 -3.476 20
54
6
5
4 32 k 6 kN
22.02o N•m /m
9 24 k
2 8 N 2
7 [ q´F ]
[q] 22.02o 24 k
N
32 k
N•m
[ qF* ] = [ T ]T[ qF´ ]
0 8.998 4 32 kN•m
[ qF ]
24 22.249 5 8.998kN 6 kN
/m
32 32 6 22.249 kN 2
[ qF ] = [T ]2T = 32 kN•m
0 8.998 7 8.998 kN
24 22.249 8 22.249 kN
-32 -32 9
55
3* 6
Global Stiffness: 2* 5
1
4
1* 9
2 8
7
1* 2* 3* 4 5 6
1* 129.046 51.811 -1.406 -139.058 0.351 -1.406
2* 51.811 21.892 3.476 -56.240 -0.869 3.476
3* -1.406 3.476 20.00 0 -3.75 10.00
[ k* ]1 = 103
4 -139.058 -56.240 0.00 150 0 0
5 0.351 -0.869 -3.75 0 0.938 -3.75
6 -1.406 3.476 10.00 0 -3.75 20
4 5 6 7 8 9
4 129.046 -51.811 1.406 -129.046 51.811 1.406
5 -51.811 21.892 3.476 51.811 -21.892 3.476
6 1.406 3.476 20 -1.406 -3.476 10
[ k ]2 = 103
7 -129.046 51.811 -1.406 129.046 -51.811 -1.406
8 51.811 -21.892 -3.476 -51.811 21.892 -3.476
9 1.4056 3.476 10 -1.406 -3.476 20 56
Global: 40 kN 20 kN 3* 6
200 kN•m 2* 5
6 kN
/m 1 4
1* 9
2 8
40 kN 7
40 kN•m 32 kN•m
40 kN•m [ qF ]
8.998 kN 6 kN
7.5 1 /m
18.54 kN
[ q*F ] 20 kN 22.249 kN 2 32 kN•m
8.998 kN
[ Q ] = [ K ][ D ] + [ QF ]
22.249 kN
1* 3* 4 5 6
Q1* = 0.0 1* 129.046 -1.406 -139.058 0.351 -1.406 D1* -7.5
Q3* = 0.0 3* -1.406 20 0 -3.75 10 D3* 40
Q4 = 0.0 = 103 4 -139.058 0 279.046 -51.811 1.406 D4
+ 8.998
Q5 = -20 5 0.352 -3.75 -51.811 22.829 -0.274 D5 20 +22.249
Q6 = -200 6 -1.406 10 1.406 -0.274 40 D6 -40 + 32
57
Global: 40 kN 20 kN 3* 6
200 kN•m 2* 5
6 kN
/m 1 4
1* 9
2 8
7
D1* -0.0205 m
D3* -0.0112 rad
D4 = -0.0191 m
D5 -0.0476 m
D6 -0.0024 rad
58
3* 6 40 kN•m 40 kN
2* 5 40 kN•m
1
[q] 4 1
1* 7.5
18.54
[ qF* ] 20 kN
Member 1: [ q*] = [ k*][ d*] + [ qF*]
1* 2* 3* 4 5 6
q1* 1* 129.046 51.811 -1.406 -139.058 0.351 -1.406 D1*=-0.0205 -7.50
q2* 2* 51.811 21.892 3.476 -56.240 -0.869 3.476 D2*= 0.0 18.54
q3* 3* -1.406 3.476 20.00 0 -3.75 10.00 D =-0.0112 40
= 103
4 -139.058 -56.240 0.00 150 0 0
3*
+
q4 D4= -0.0191 0
q5 5 0.351 -0.869 -3.75 0 0.938 -3.75 D5= -0.0476 20
q6 6 -1.406 3.476 10.00 0 -3.75 20 D6=-0.0024 -40
q1* 0
q2* 22.63 kN 40 kN
7.87 kN•m
q3* 0
q4 = -8.49 kN 8.49 kN
22.6 19.02 kN
q5 19.02 kN 3 kN
q6 7.87 kN•m 59
6 32 kN•m
5 [ qF ]
4 8.998 kN 6 kN
/m
9
2 8
22.249 kN 2 32 kN•m
[q] 7 8.998 kN
Member 2 : [ q ] = [ k ][ d ] + [ qF ]
22.249 kN
4 5 6 7 8 9
q4 4 129.046 -51.811 1.406 -129.046 51.811 1.406 D4= -0.0191 8.998
q5 5 -51.811 21.892 3.476 51.811 -21.892 3.476 D5= -0.0476 22.249
q6 6 1.406 3.476 20 -1.406 -3.476 10 D6=-0.0024 32
=103 +
q7 7 -129.046 51.811 -1.406 129.046 -51.811 -1.406 D7 = 0 8.998
q8 8 51.811 -21.892 -3.476 -51.811 21.892 -3.476 D8 = 0 22.249
q9 9 1.4056 3.476 10 -1.406 -3.476 20 D9 = 0 -32
q4 8.49 kN 207.87 kN•m
q5 -39.02 kN 6 kN
8.49 kN /m
q6 -207.87 kN•m
q7 = 9.51 kN 39.02 kN
248.04 kN•m
q8 83.51 kN 9.51 kN
q9 -248.04 kN•m 83.51 kN 60
40 kN 22.5 207.87 kN•m
7.87 kN•m kN
8.49 kN
8.49 kN 6 kN
8.49 kN /m 248.04 kN•m
22.6 20.98 kN 33 kN
3 kN 19.02 kN
39.02 kN
207.87 9.51 kN 22.5
81 kN kN
83.56
83.51 kN
7.87 +
+
D1* -0.0205 m
Bending-moment
diagram (kN•m) D3* -0.0112 rad
-
D4 = -0.0191 m
D5 -0.0476 m
-248.04
D1*=- 20.5 mm D4=-19.1 mm D6 -0.0024 rad
D5=-47.6 mm
D3*=-0.0112 rad D6 =-
0.00
24 r
ad
Deflected shape
61
Example 5
For the beam shown:

Take I = 400(106) mm4 , A = 60(103) mm2, and E = 200 GPa for all members.
20 kN/m
80 kN•m
50 kN
A B
3m
C
20o
4m 2m
62
20 kN/m
80 kN•m
50 kN
A B
3m
C 76.31 o
20o
4m 2m
2 3 5 6 2´ 3´ 5´ 6´
2´
1 1
3´
1 4 1´ 4´
1´
9*
2
2
Global Local
8* 7*
5´
6´
4´
63
20 kN/m
80 kN•m
50 kN
A B 2 3 5 6
3m 1
1 4
C
20o
4m 2m
Member 1:
2EI 2(200 × 10 6 kN/m 2 )(400 × 10 −6 m 4 )
=
L 4m
AE (60 × 10 −3 m 2 )(200 × 10 6 kN/m 2 )
= = 40 × 10 3 kN • m
L 4m
= 3000 × 10 3 kN/m 6EI 6(200 × 10 6 kN/m 2 )(400 × 10 −6 m 4 )
2
=
L (4 m) 2
4 EI 4(200 × 10 6 kN/m 2 )(400 × 10 −6 m 4 ) = 30 × 10 3 kN
=
L 4m
12 EI 12(200 × 10 6 kN/m 2 )(400 × 10 −6 m 4 )
= 80 × 10 3 kN • m =
L3 (4 m) 3
= 15 × 10 3 kN/m
64
20 kN/m
80 kN•m
50 kN
A B 2 3 5 6
3m 1
1 4
56.31o
20o C 76.31o 20 kN/m
4m 2m 26.67 kN•m 26.67 kN•m
1
40 kN 40 kN
Member 1: [ q ] = [ k ][ d ] + [ qF ]
1 2 3 4 5 6
q1 1 3000 0 0 -3000 0 0 d1 0
q2 2 0 15 30 0 -15 30 d2 40
q3 3 0 30 80 0 -30 40 d3 26.67
q4
= 103
4 -3000 0 0 3000 0 0 d4
+ 0
q5 5 0 -15 -30 0 15 -30 d5 40
q6
6 0 30 40 0 -30 80 d6 -26.67
65
6
2´
5 Member 2:
i 4
3´
6EI 6(200 × 10 6 kN/m 2 )(400 × 10 −6 m 4 )
1´
2
=
L (3.61 m) 2
2
2
9*
= 36.83 × 10 3 kN
5´
*
8* 7
12 EI 12(200 × 10 6 kN/m 2 )(400 × 10 −6 m 4 )
6´
j
3
=
L (3.61 m) 3
4´
AE (60 × 10 −3 m 2 )(200 × 10 6 kN/m 2 ) = 20.41 × 10 3 kN/m
=
L 3.61 m
= 3324 × 10 3 kN/m 2EI 2(200 × 10 6 kN/m 2 )(400 × 10 −6 m 4 )
=
4 EI 4(200 × 10 6 kN/m 2 )(400 × 10 −6 m 4 ) L 3.61 m
=
L 3.61 m = 44.32 × 10 3 kN • m
= 88.64 × 10 3 kN • m 1´ 2´ 3´ 4´ 5´ 6´
1´ 3324 0 0 -3324 0 0
2´ 0 20.41 36.83 0 -20.41 36.83
3´ 0 36.83 88.64 0 -36.83 44.32
[ k´ ]2 = 10 4´
3
-3324 0 0 3324 0 0
5´ 0 -20.41 -36.83 0 20.41 -36.83
6´ 0 36.83 44.32 0 -36.83 88.64
66
5 6
2´
i 4
56.31o i
3´
λix = cos (-56.31o)= 0.55,
1´
λiy = sin (-56.31o) = -0.83
2
9*
2
λjx = cos = 0.24,8
(-76.31o)
*
7*
5´
λjy = sin (-76.31o) = -0.97 j 76.31o
j
6´
[ q* ] = [ T ]T[ q´ ]
4´
1´ 2´ 3´ 4´ 5´ 6´
q4 4 0.55 0.83 0 0 0 0 q1´
q5 5 -0.83 0.55 0 0 0 0 q2´
q6 6 0 0 1 0 0 0 q3´
q7* = 7* 0 0 0 0.24 0.97 0 q4´
q8* 8* 0 0 0 -0.97 0.24 0 q5´
q9* 9* 0 0 0 0 1 q6´
0
4 5 6 7* 8* 9*
4 1036.923 -1524.780 30.646 -452.884 1787.474 30.646
5 -1524.780 2307.582 20.431 643.585 -2689.923 20.431
6 30.646 20.431 88.643 -35.786 -8.717 44.321
[ k ]2 = [ T ] [ k´]2[ T ] = 10 7*
* T 3
-452.884 643.585 -35.786 205.452 -759.668 -35.786
8* 1787.474 -2689.923 -8.717 -759.668 3139.053 -8.717
67
9* 30.646 20.431 44.321 -35.786 -8.717 88.643
2 3 6
1 5
1 4
2
9*
8* 7*
1 2 3 4 5 6
1 3000 0 0 -3000 0 0
2 0 15 30 0 -15 30
3 0 30 80 0 -30 40
[k]1 = 103 4 -3000 0 0 3000 0 0
5 0 -15 -30 0 15 -30
6 0 30 40 0 -30 80
4 5 6 7* 8* 9*
4 1036.923 -1524.780 30.646 -452.884 1787.474 30.646
5 -1524.780 2307.582 20.431 643.585 -2689.923 20.431
6 30.646 20.431 88.643 -35.786 -8.717 44.321
[k*]2 = 10 7*
3
-452.884 643.585 -35.786 205.452 -759.668 -35.786
8* 1787.474 -2689.923 -8.717 -759.668 3139.053 -8.717
9* 30.646 20.431 44.321 -35.786 -8.717 88.643
68
20 kN/m 3
80 kN•m 2 5 6
1
50 kN
A B 1 4
3m
2
26.67 kN•m 20 kN/m 9*
8* 7*
C 1
26.67 kN•m
20o 40 kN 40 kN
4m 2m
Global:
4 5 6 7* 9*
Q4 = -50 4 4036.923 -1524.780 30.646 -452.884 30.646 D4 0
Q5 = 0 5 -1524.780 232.582 -9.569 643.585 -9.569 D5 40
Q6 = -80 = 103 6 30.646 -9.569 168.643 -35.786 44.321 D6 + -26.67
Q7* = 0 7 -452.884 643.585 -35.786 205.452 -35.786 D7* 0
Q9* = 0 9 30.646 20.431 44.321 -35.786 88.643 D9* 0
D4 -2.199x10-5 m
D5 -3.095x10-4 m
D6 = -2.840x10-4 rad
D7* 0.979x10-3 m
D9* 6.161x10-4 rad 69
Member 1:
1 2 3 4 5 6
q1 1 3000 0 0 -3000 0 0 0 0
q2 2 0 15 30 0 -15 30 0 40
q3 3 0 30 80 0 -30 40 0 26.67
q4
= 103
4 -3000 0 0 3000 0 0 D4
+ 0
q5 5 0 -15 -30 0 15 -30 D5 40
q6
6 0 30 40 0 -30 80 D6 -26.67
2 3 5 6
q1 65.97 kN 1
q2 36.12 kN 1 4
q3 24.59 kN•m
q4 = -65.97 kN 24.59 kN•m 20 kN/m 40.11 kN•m
q5 43.88 kN 65.97 kN
q6 65.97 kN 1
-40.11 kN•m
36.12 kN 43.88 kN
70
Member 2:
4 5 6 7* 8* 9*
q4 4 1036.923 -1508.14 30.57 -455.21 1769.34 30.57 D4
q5 5 -1508.14 2296.15 20.26 651.27 -2678.93 20.26 D5
q6 6 30.57 20.26 88.64 -35.73 -8.84 44.32 D6
q7*
= 103
D*7
7* -455.21 651.27 -35.73 210.67 -769.1 -35.73
q8* 8* 1769.34 -2678.93 -8.84 -769.1 3128.82 -8.84 0
q9*
9* 30.57 20.26 44.32 -35.73 -8.84 88.64 D*9
q4 15.97 kN 6 43.88 kN 39.89 kN•m

5
q5 -43.88 kN 4 15.97 kN
i
q6 -39.89 kN•m
=
2
q7* 0 kN 2
9*
q8* 46.69 kN 8* 7*
q9* 0 kN•m j
46.69 kN
71
2 3 6 20 kN/m
1 5 24.59 kN•m 40.11 kN•m
1 4 65.97 kN
65.97 kN 1
2
9* 36.12 kN 43.88 kN
8* 7*
43.88 kN 39.89 kN•m
15.97 kN
D4 -2.199x10-5 m
2
D5 -3.095x10-4 m
D6 = -2.840x10-4 rad
D7* 0.979x10-3 m
46.69 kN
D9* 6.161x10-4 rad
39.89 D4=-2.2x10-5 m
+
- - + D5=-3.1x10-4 m
-24.59 D6 = -2.84x10-4 rad
-40.11 D7*=0.979x10-3 m
Bending-moment Deflected shape

diagram (kN•m) D9*=6.161x10-4 rad 72
TRUSSES ANALYSIS
! Fundamentals of the Stiffness Method
! Member Local Stiffness Matrix
! Displacement and Force Transformation Matrices
! Member Global Stiffness Matrix
! Application of the Stiffness Method for Truss
Analysis
! Trusses Having Inclined Supports, Thermal Changes
and Fabrication Errors
! Space-Truss Analysis
1
2-Dimension Trusses
2
Fundamentals of the Stiffness Method
x
4 2
3 1
2 1
1
(x2, y2) (x1, y1) • Node and Member Identification
2 3
6
8
5 • Global and Member Coordinates
3 4 7
(x3, y3) (x4, y4)
•Known degrees of freedom D3, D4, D5, D6, D7 and D8
• Unknown degrees of freedom D1 and D2
3
Member Local Stiffness Matrix
x´
y´ AE AE
q´j q 'i = d 'i − d'j
j L L
i AE AE
qí q' j = − d 'i + d'j
L L
x´
y´
AE/L x ddí i q 'i  AE  1 − 1  d 'i 
=1
d´ i q '  =   d ' 
AE/L  j L − 1 1   j 
1
d´ j = x´ [q´] = [k´][d´] ----------(1)
y´
AE/L xd
d´j j
AE  1 − 1
[k ' ] =
L − 1 1 
AE/L
4
Displacement and Force Transformation Matrices
y
y´ x´
θy m j (xj,yj)
θx x
i
(xi,yi)
x j − xi x j − xi
λ x = cosθ x = =
L ( x j − xi ) 2 + ( y j − yi ) 2
y j − yi y j − yi
λ y = cosθ y = =
L ( x j − xi ) 2 + ( y j − yi ) 2
5
• Displacement Transformation Matrices
y
y´ x´ djy
d´j djx
j
m j θy m
diy θx x
i dix
dí i
Local Global
λx λy
d 'i = d ix cos θ x + d iy cos θ y
d ' j = d jx cos θ x + d jy cos θ y
 d ix 
 d 'i   λ x λy 0 0   d iy  λ x λy 0 0 
 
d '  =  0 λx 
λ y   d jx 
[T ] = 
λx λ y 
 j  0 0 0
 
d
 jy 
[d´] = [T][d] ----------(2)
6
• Force Transformation Matrices
qjy y´ x´
y y q´j
qjx
j
θy m
θy m j
qiy θx x θx x
i qix
qí i
Global Local
λx
qix = q 'i cos θ x where
 q ix   λ x 0 
λy q   λ x 0 
qiy = q 'i cos θ y
 iy  =  λ y 0   q 'i  λ 0 
q jx = q ' j cos θ x  q jx   0 λ x   q ' j  [T ] = 
T y
    0 λx 
 q jy   0 λ y   
q jy = q ' j cos θ y  0 λ y 
[q] = [T]T[q´] ----------(3)
7
Member Global Stiffness Matrix
[q] = [T]T[q´] ----------(3)
Substitute ( [q´] = [k´][d´] + [q´F] ) into Eq. 3, yields the result,
[ q ] = [ T ]T ([k´][d´] + [q´F] ) = [ T ]T [ k´ ][T][d] + [ T ]T [q´F] = [k][d] + [qF]
[k] [ k ] = [ T ]T[ k´ ][T]

[qF] = [ T ]T [q´F]
λx 0
λy 0 AE 1 -1 λx λy 0 0
[ k] =
0 λx L -1 1 0 0 λx λy
0 λy
U V U V
U λxλx λxλy −λxλx −λxλy
AE V λyλx λyλy −λyλx −λyλy
[k] =
L U −λ λ −λxλy λxλx λxλy
x x
V −λyλx −λyλy λyλx λyλy
8
Application of the Stiffness Method for Truss Analysis
Equilibrium Equation:
[Qa] = [K][D] + [QF]

Partitioned Form:
Joint Load Unknown Displacement
Qk K11 K12 Du QFk

= +
Qu K21 K22 Dk QFu
Reaction Boundary Condition
[Qk] = [K11][Du] + [K12][Dk] + [QF]

-1
[Du] = [Ku] (([Qk] - [QF]) - [K12][Dk])
9
Member Forces
y´ x´
y q´j
θy m j
θx x
qí i
q 'i  AE  1 − 1  d 'i   q ' F i 

q '  =   d '  +  F 
 j L − 1 1   j  q ' j 
 d ix 
λ x λy 0 0   d iy 
 
0 0 λx 
λ y   d jx 

 
d
 jy 
 Dix 
q 'i  AE  1 − 1 λ x λy 0 0   Diy   q 'F i 
 +
q '  =   0 λx 
λ y   D jx  q'F j 
 j L − 1 1   0
 
 D jy 
10
 Dix 
q 'i  AE  λ x λy − λx − λ y   Diy   q ' F i 
 +
q '  = −λ − λy λx 
λ y   D jx  q' F j 
 j L  x
 
 D jy 
Dxi
Dyi
q´j = AE
L
−λx −λy λx λy + qj´ F
Dxj
Dyj
y´ x´
y q´j
θy m j
θx x
qí i
Member Forces
11
Member Forces
Dxi
Dyi
qm = AE
L
−λx −λy λx λy + qj´F
Dxj
y´ x´ Dyj
y qm
θy m j
θx x
i
Member Forces
12
Example 1
For the truss shown, use the stiffness method to:

(a) Determine the deflections of the loaded joint.
(b) Determine the end forces of each member and reactions at supports.
Assume EA to be the same for each member.
5m
3m
50 kN
5m
3m 5m
80 kN
4m 4m
13
6
5m 3 5
3m
(-4,3) 2 2
50 kN
5m 1
3m 5m 1 1
3
4 8
80 kN (0,0)
(-4,-3) 3 7
4
4m 4m 2 (4,-3)
ˆ ( x j − xi )iˆ ( y j − yi ) ˆj
λij = +
L L Member λx λy
cosθx = λx cosθy = λy #1 -4/5 = -0.8 -3/5 = -0.6

#2 -4/5 = -0.8 3/5 = 0.6
Ui Vi Uj Vj
#3 4/5 = 0.8 -3/5 = -0.6
Ui λxλx λxλy −λxλx −λxλy
AE Vi λyλx λyλy −λyλx −λyλy
[ k ]m =
L U −λ λ −λ λ λ λ λ λ
j x x x y x x x y
Vj −λyλx −λyλy λyλx λyλy

14
6
3 5 Member λx λy λx2 λx λy λy2
2 2 #1 -0.8 -0.6 0.64 0.48 0.36
1 #2 - 0.8 0.6 0.64 -0.48 0.36
1 1
3 8 #3 0.8 -0.6 0.64 -0.48 0.36
4
3 7
4
2
1 2 3 4 1 2 5 6
1 0.64 0.48 -0.64 -0.48 1 0.64 -0.48 -0.64 0.48
AE 2 0.48 0.36 -0.48 -0.36 AE 2 -0.48 0.36 0.48 -0.36
[ k ]1 = [ k ]2 =
5 3 -0.64 -0.48 0.64 0.48 5 5 -0.64 0.48 0.64 -0.48
4 -0.48 -0.36 0.48 0.36 6 0.48 -0.36 -0.48 0.36
1 2 7 8
1 2
1 0.64 -0.48 -0.64 0.48
AE 2 -0.48 0.36 0.48 -0.36 1 1.92 -0.48
[ k ]3 = AE
5 7 -0.64 0.48 0.64 -0.48 [K] = 5 2 -0.48 1.08
8 0.48 -0.36 -0.48 0.36
15
6
5m Global 5
3m
2 2
50 kN
5m
1
3m 5m 1
3 8
80 kN 4
3 7
4m 4m
1 2
Q1 = -50 1 1.92 -0.48 D1 0 1
AE +
Q2 = -80 = 5 2 -0.48 1.08 D2 0 2
D1 -250.65/AE
D2 = -481.77/AE
16
6
Local
3 5  Dxi 
D 
2 2
[ q ' F ]m =
AE
L
[
− λx − λy λx ]
λx   + q'F
yi
 Dxj 
[ ]
1  
1 1
3  D yj 
4 8
7 D1= -250.65/AE
3 4
D2= -481.77/AE
2 [q´F]1 = AE
5
0.8 0.6 -0.8 -0.6
D3= 0.0
Member λx λy
D4= 0.0
= -97.9 kN (C)
#1 -0.8 -0.6
#2 -0.8 0.6 D1= -250.65/AE
#3 0.8 -0.6 D2= -481.77/AE
[q´F]2 = AE
5
0.8 -0.6 -0.8 0.6
D5= 0.0
17.7 kN
D6= 0.0
= +17.7 kN (T)
36.87o
50 kN
D1= -250.65/AE
17.7 kN [q´ ] = AE -0.8 +0.6 +0.8 -0.6 D2= -481.77/AE
97.9 kN 80 kN F 3 5 D7= 0.0
D8= 0.0
= -17.7 kN (C) 17
6
3 5
17.7 kN
2 2
36.89o
1 50 kN
1 1
3 8
4 17.7 kN
3 7 97.9 kN 80 kN
4
Check :
2
+ ΣF = 0: 17.7 + 17.7 +50cos 36.89
Member λx λy x´
- 97.9cos73.78 - 80cos53.11 = 0, O.K
#1 -0.8 -0.6
#2 -0.8 0.6
17.7(0.6)=10.62 kN
#3 0.8 -0.6
17.7(0.8)=14.16 kN
50 kN
97.9(0.6)=58.74 kN 17.7(0.6)=10.62 kN
80 kN 17.7(0.8)=14.16 kN
97.9(0.8)=78.32 kN
18
Example 2

The support B settles downward 2.5 mm. Temperature in member BD
increase 20 oC. Take α = 12x10-6 /oC, AE = 8(103) kN.
8 kN
D
4 kN
A
3m oC
0
+2
C
B
∆B = 2.5 mm 4m
19
8 kN
4 2
D 3 1
1
4 kN 2 1
A (-4,0) (0,0)
2 3
3m oC
0
+2 6
8
5
C 3 4 7
B (-4,-3)
4m (0,-3)
∆B = 2.5 mm
Member λx λy
( x j − xi )iˆ ( y j − yi ) ˆj
λîj = +
L L #1 -4/4 = -1 0
cosθx = λx cosθy = λy #2 -4/5 = -0.8 -3/5 = -0.6
#3 0 -3/3 = -1
Ui Vi Uj Vj
[ k ]m =
j x x x y x x x y

20
4 2
1
2
3 1
1 Member λx λy λx2/L λx λy/L λy2/L
(-4,0) (0,0)
#1 -1 0 0.25 0 0
2 3
#2 - 0.8 -0.6 0.128 0.096 0.072
6
8 #3 0 -1 0 0 0.333
5
3 4 7
(-4,-3) (0,-3)
1 2 3 4 1 2 5 6
1 0.25 0 -0.25 0 1 0.128 0.096 -0.128 -0.096
2 0 0 0 0 2 0.096 0.072 -0.096 -0.072
[k]1 = 8x103 [k]2 = 8x103
3 -0.25 0 0.25 0 5 -0.128 -0.096 0.128 0.096
4 0 0 0 0 6 -0.096 -0.072 0.096 0.072
1 2 7 8
1 0 0 0 0 1 2
2 0 0.333 0 -0.333 1 0.378 0.096

[k]3 = 8x103 [K] = 8x103
7 0 0 0 0 2 0.096 0.405
8 0 -0.333 0 0.333
21
Member 2: [q] = [k]m[d] + [qF] 1.92 kN 1.152 kN
4 2
3 1
2 1
1
(-4,0) (0,0) 2 2 1.536 kN
2 +20oC
0o C
3 1.536 kN +20oC
+2
6
3 8
5
4 7 1.92 kΝ =α(∆T1)AE 1.152 kN
(-4,-3) (0,-3) = (12x10 )(20)(8x10 )
-6 3
∆B = 2.5 mm
1 2 5 6
q1
1 0.128 0.096 -0.128 -0.096 d1 -1.536 1
q2
2 0.096 0.072 -0.096 -0.072 d2 + -1.152 2
q5 = 8x103
5 -0.128 -0.096 0.128 0.096 d5 = 0 1.536 5
q6 6 -0.096 -0.072 0.096 0.072 d6 = -2.5x10-3 1.152 6
1 2
5 6
q1 1 0.128 0.096 d1 -0.128 -0.096 0 5 -1.536 1
= 8x103 + 8x103 +
q2 2 0.096 0.072 d2 -0.096 -0.072 -2.5x10 6
-3 -1.152 2
q1 1 0.128 0.096 d1 1.92 -1.536 1

= 8x103 + +
q2 2 0.096 0.072 d2 1.44 -1.152222
8 kN
4 2
D 3 1
1
4 kN 2 1
A (-4,0) (0,0)
2 3
3m oC
0
+2 6
8
C 5
3 4 7
B (-4,-3)
4m (0,-3)
∆B = 2.5 mm
[Q] = [K][D] + [QF]
Global:
1 2
Q1 = -4 1 0.378 0.096 D1 1.92 -1.536
= 8x103 + +
Q2 = -8 2 0.096 0.405 D2 1.44 -1.152
D1 -0.8514x10-3 m
= -2.356x10-3 m
D2
23
4 2 Local  Dxi 
3 1
2 1
1 D 
[ q ' F ]m =
AE
L
[
λx   + q'F
yi
 Dxj 
[ ]
2 3  
 D yj 
6
8
5 D1= -0.8514x10-3
3 4 7
1.0 0.0 -1.0 0.0 D2= -2.356x10-3
[q´F]1 = 8x103
Member λx λy 4 D3= 0.0
D4= 0.0
= -1.70 kN (C)
#1 -1 0
#2 - 0.8 -0.6 D1= -0.8514x10-3
#3 0 -1 0.8 0.6 -0.8 -0.6 D2= -2.356x10-3 + -1.92
[q´F]2 = 8x103
5 D5= 0.0
1.92 kN D6= -0.0025
= -2.87 kN (C)
D1= -0.8514x10-3
2
+20oC D2= -2.356x10-3
[q´F]3 = 8x103 0.0 1.0 0.0 -1.0
3 D7= 0.0
1.92 kN
D8= 0.0
= -6.28 kN (C) 24
4 2
3 1 Member cosθx cosθy [q´]m
2 1
1
2
#1 -1 0 -1.70
3
6 #2 - 0.8 -0.6 -2.87
8
5 #3 0 -1 -6.28
3 4 7
8 kN
8 kN 1
4 kN
1.70 kN
1.70 kN 4 kN
2 3
2.87(0.8) = 2.30 kN
2.87 kN 6.28 kN
2.87(0.6) = 1.72 kN 6.28 kN
25
Example 3

(a) Determine the end forces of each member and reactions at supports.
(b) Determine the displacement of the loaded joint.
Take AE = 8(103) kN.
8 kN
4 kN
D
m
∆ = - 4 mm
3 m
3m =+
∆ AD
A
C
B
4m 4m
26
8 kN
2
4 kN (0,0)
D 1 1
m
∆ = - 4 mm
3 m 2
3m 1 3
=+
∆ AD 4 6
A 3 3
8
C 2 4 5 5 4
B 7
(0,-3) (4,-3)
4m 4m (-4,-3)
ˆ ( x j − xi )iˆ ( y j − yi ) ˆj Member λx λy
λij = +
L L
#1 -4/5 =-0.8 -3/5 = -0.6
cosθx = λx cosθy = λy
#2 0 -3/3 = -1
Ui Vi Uj Vj
#3 4/5 = 0.8 -3/5 = -0.6
#4 4/4 = 1 0
[ k ]m = #5 4/4 = 1 0
j x x x y x x x y

27
2 Member λx λy λx2/L λxλy/L λy2/L
(0,0)
1 1 #1 -0.8 -0.6 0.128 0.096 0.072
2
1 #2 0 -1 0 0 0.333
5 m3
3m
4 5m 6 #3 0.8 -0.6 0.128 -0.096 0.072
3 8
2 4 3 5 5 4 7
4m (0,-3) 4 m
(-4,-3) (4,-3)
1 2 3 4
1 0.128 0.096 -0.128 -0.096
2 0.096 0.072 -0.096 -0.072
[k]1 = 8x103 1 2 7 8
3 -0.128 -0.096 0.128 0.096
4 -0.096 -0.072 0.096 0.072 1 0.128 -0.096 -0.128 0.096
2 -0.096 0.072 0.096 -0.072
1 2 5 6 [k]3 = 8x103
7 -0.128 0.096 0.128 -0.096
1 0 0 0 0
8 0.096 -0.072 -0.096 0.072
2 0 0.333 0 -0.333
[k]2 = 8x103
5 0 0 0 0
6 0 -0.333 0 0.333 28
2 Member λx λy λx2/L λxλy/L λy2/L
(0,0)
1 1 #4 1 0 0.25 0 0
2
1 #5 1 0 0.25 0 0
5 m3
3m
4 5m 6
3 8
2 4 3 5 5 4 7
4m (0,-3) 4 m
(-4,-3) (4,-3)
3 4 5 6 5 6 7 8
3 0.25 0 -0.25 0 5 0.25 0 -0.25 0
4 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0
[k]4= 8x103 [k]5= 8x103
5 -0.25 0 0.25 0 7 -0.25 0 0.25 0
6 0 0 0 0 8 0 0 0 0
Global Stiffness Matrix 1 2 5 7

1
2
[K] = 8x103
5
7
29
Global Stiffness Matrix
1 2 3 4 3 4 5 6
1 0.128 0.096 -0.128 -0.096 3 0.25 0 -0.25 0
2 0.096 0.072 -0.096 -0.072 4 0 0 0 0
[k]1 = 8x103 [k]4= 8x103
3 -0.128 -0.096 0.128 0.096 5 -0.25 0 0.25 0
4 -0.096 -0.072 0.096 0.072 6 0 0 0 0
1 2 5 6 5 6 7 8
1 0 0 0 0 5 0.25 0 -0.25 0
2 0 0.333 0 -0.333 6 0 0 0 0
[k]2 = 8x103 [k]5= 8x103
5 0 0 0 0 7 -0.25 0 0.25 0
6 0 -0.333 0 0.333 8 0 0 0 0
1 2 7 8
1 2 5 7
1 0.128 -0.096 -0.128 0.096
1 0.256 0.0 0.0 -0.128
2 -0.096 0.072 0.096 -0.072
[k]3 = 8x103 [K] = 8x103
2 0.0 0.477 0.0 0.096
7 -0.128 0.096 0.128 -0.096 5 0.0 0.0 0.50 -0.25
8 0.096 -0.072 -0.096 0.072 7 -0.128 0.096 -0.25 0.378
30
8 kN
Global Fixed end forces 2
4 kN
D 1
m
∆ = - 4 mm
3 m 2
3m 1 3
=+
∆ AD 4 6
A 3 8
C 4 5 5
B 7
4m 4m
2.88 kN ∆AE/L = 4.8 kN ∆AE/L = 10.67 kN

-3.84 1
∆ = -4 mm
3.84 kN -2.88 + 10.67 = 7.79 2
1 mm 2 Fixed End
3.84 kN 3 0.0 5
=+ 0.0 7
∆ AD 10.67 kN
4.8 kN 2.88 kN
31
8 kN
2
4 kN
D 1
m
∆ = -4 mm
3 m 2
3m 1 3
=+
∆ AD 4 6
A 3 8
C 4 5 5
B 7
4m 4m
1 2 5 7
Q1 = 4 1 0.256 0.0 0.0 -0.128 D1 -3.84
Q2 = -8 7.79
= 8x103
2 0.0 0.477 0.0 0.096 D2 +
Q5 = 0 5 0.0 0.0 0.50 -0.25 D5 0.0
Q7 = 0 7 -0.128 0.096 -0.25 0.378 D7 0.0
D1 6.4426x10-3 m
D2 = -5.1902x10-3 m
D5 2.6144x10-3 m
D7 5.2288x10-3 m 32
2 Member forces  Dxi 
D 
1 [ q ' F ]m =
AE
L
[
− λx − λy λx ] yi
 Dxj 
[ ]
λx   + q'F
2  
1 3
 D yj 
4 6
3 8 Member λix λiy
4 5 5
7
#1 -0.8 -0.6
#2 0 -1
D1 6.4426x10-3 m
D2 = -5.1902x10-3 m D1
D5 2.6144x10-3 m
D7 D2
5.2288x10-3 m [q´F]1 = 8x103 0.8 0.6 -0.8 -0.6 + -4.8
5 0
= -1.54 kN (C) 0
4.8 kN 10.67 kN
D1
mm 2
1 3 D2 + 10.67
[q´F]2 = 8x103 0.0 1.0 0.0 -1.0
=+ 3 D5
∆ AD 10.67 kN 0
4.8 kN = -3.17 kN (C)
33
2  Dxi 
D 
1 [ q ' F ]m =
AE
L
[
λx   + q'F
yi
 Dxj 
[ ]
2  
1 3
 D yj 
4 6
3 8 D1
4 5 5
7 D2
[q´F]3 = 8x103 -0.8 0.6 0.8 -0.6
5 D7
D1 6.4426x10-3 m = -6.54 kN (C) 0
D2 = -5.1902x10-3 m
D5 2.6144x10-3 m 0
D7 5.2288x10-3 m 0
[q´F]4 = 8x103 -1.0 0.0 1.0 0.0
4 D5
= 5.23 kN (T) 0
Member λx λy
#3 0.8 -0.6 D5
#4 1 0 0
[q´F]5 = 8x103 -1.0 0.0 1.0 0.0
#5 1 0 4 D7
= 5.23 kN (T) 0
34
2 Member λx λy [q´]
1 #1 -0.8 -0.6 -1.54
2 #2 0 -1 -3.17
1 3
4 6 #3 0.8 -0.6 -6.54
3 8 #4 1 0 5.23
4 5 5
7
#5 1 0 5.23
8 kN
4 kN 8 kN
4 kN
6.54 kN
1.54 kN 3.17 kN
3.17 kN 4 kN
1.54 kN 6.54 kN
0.92 kN
5.23 kN 5.23 kN 3.17 kN 3.92 kN
35
Special Trusses (Inclined roller supports)
36
Transformation Matrices
2
1 [ q* ] = [ T ]T[ q´ ]
3
1 4
q*3
6 λix 0
4* 8 q*4
2 5 5 λiy 0 qí
3*
7 q1 = 0 λjx q´j
λjx = cos θj q2 0 λjy
y [T]T
2 λjy = sin θj
θj
y* 1 x
1 j λix λiy 0 0
4* [ T ] = [[ T ]T]T =
λix = cos θi 0 0 λjx λjy
i θi
λiy = sin θi
3*
x* q´j
1 j
i
qí 37
[ k ] = [ T ]T[ k´ ][T]
λix 0
λiy 0 AE 1 -1 λix λiy 0 0
[ k ]m =
0 λjx L -1 1 0 0 λjx λjy
0 λjy
Ui Vi Uj Vj
Ui λixλix λixλiy −λixλjx −λixλjy
AE Vi λiyλix λiyλiy −λiyλjx −λiyλjy
[ k ]m =
L U −λ λ −λ λ λjxλjx λjxλjy
j jx ix jx iy
Vj −λjyλix −λjyλiy λjyλjx λjyλjy
38
Example 5

(a) Determine the displacement of the loaded joint.
AE is constant.
30 kN
3m
45o
4m
39
2
Member 1:
1 6 4*
3* o
θi = 0,
1 45
3m 3 5
[q*] θij = -45 = 135 ,
o o
2 λix = cos 0 = 1,
6 4* λix = cos (-45o) = 0.707,
3* λiy = sin 0 = 0
1 λiy = sin(- 45o) = -0.707
5 45o
4m qí q´j
1
i j
[q*] = [T*]T[q´] + [T*]T[q´F]
q5 1 0
q6 0 0 qí
q3*
= q´j
0 0.707
q4* 0 -0.707
[T*]T
40
2
Member 1:
1 6 4*
3* o
θi = 0 ;
1 45
3m 3 5
[q*] θij = -45 = 135 ,
o o
2 λix = cos 0 = 1,
6 4* λix = cos (-45o) = 0.707,
3* λiy = sin 0 = 0
1 λiy = sin(- 45o) = -0.707
5 45o
4m qí q´j
1
i j
AE  1 − 1
[k *] = [T T ]   [T ]
L − 1 1 
1 0
0 0 AE 1 -1 1 0 0 0
[k*]1 = 0 4 -1 1
0.707 0 0 0.707 -0.707
0 -0.707
5 6 3* 4*
5 0.25 0 -0.1768 0.1768
6 0 0 0 0
[k*]1 = AE
3* -0.1768 0 0.125 -0.125
4* 0.1768 0 -0.125 0.125 41
2
Member 2:
1 qí
2
1 θi = -90 = 270 ,
o o
i
3
3m 2 90o λix = cos(-90o) = 0,
6 4* 2 λiy = sin(-90o) = -1
3*
2
1
5 4*
45o 3*
4m
90o+45o θj = -135o = 215o , j
q´j
=135o λix = cos (-135o) = -0.707,
AE  1 − 1
[k *] = [T T ]   [T ] λiy = sin(- 135o) = -0.707
L − 1 1 
0 0
-1 0 AE 1 -1 0 -1 0 0
[k*]2 = 0 3 -1 1
-0.707 0 0 -0.707 -0.707
0 -0.707
1 2 3* 4*
1 0 0 0 0
2 0 0.3333 -0.2357 -0.2357
[k*]2 = AE
3* 0 -0.2357 0.1667 0.1667
4* 0 -0.2357 0.1667 0.1667 42
2 2
Member 3: 36.87o
1 1 j
q´j
3m 3 2 3 3
6 4* 6
3* 36.87o i
1
5 45o 5
4m θi = θj = 36.87o ; qí
λix = λjx = cos (36.87o) = 0.8,
AE  1 − 1 λiy = λjy = sin(36.87o) = 0.6
[k ] = [T T ]   [T ]
L − 1 1 
0.8 0
0.6 0 AE 1 -1 0.8 0.6 0 0
[k]3 = 0 5 -1 1
0.8 0 0 0.8 0.6
0 0.6
5 6 1 2
5 0.128 0.096 -0.128 -0.096
6 0.096 0.072 -0.096 -0.072
[k]3 = AE
1 -0.128 -0.096 0.128 0.096
2 -0.096 -0.072 0.096 0.072 43
2
Global Stiffness:
1
5 6 3* 4*
3m 3 2
6 4* 5 0.25 0 -0.1768 0.1768
3* 6 0 0 0 0
1
[k*]1 = AE
5 45o 3* -0.1768 0 0.125 -0.125
4m 4* 0.1768 0 -0.125 0.125
1 2 3* 4*
1 0 0 0 0
2 0 0.3333 -0.2357 -0.2357
[k*]2 = AE 1 2 3*
3* 0 -0.2357 0.1667 0.1667
4* 0 -0.2357 0.1667 0.1667 1 0.128 0.096 0
2 0.096 0.4053 -0.2357
[K] = AE
5 6 1 2 3* 0 -0.2357 0.2917
5 0.128 0.096 -0.128 -0.096
6 0.096 0.072 -0.096 -0.072
[k]3 = AE
1 -0.128 -0.096 0.128 0.096
2 -0.096 -0.072 0.096 0.072
44
2
Global :
30 kN 1
3m 3m 3 2
6 4*
3*
1
45o 5 45o
4m
4m
[Q] = [K][D] + [QF]
1 2 3*
Q1 = 30
1 0.128 0.096 0 D1
Q2 = 0
= AE 2 0.096 0.4053 -0.2357 D2
Q3*= 0 3* 0 -0.2357 0.2917 D3*
D1 352.5
1
D2 = AE
-157.5
D3* -127.3
45
2
Member Forces :
1  Dxi 
D 
3m 3
[ q ' F ]m =
AE
L
[
λx   + q'F
yi
 Dxj 
[ ]
2
6 4*  
3*  D yj 
1
5 45o 0
4m 0
[q´F]1 = AE -1 0 0.707 -0.707
4 D3*
D1 352.5 = -22.50 kN, (C) 0
1
D2 = AE
-157.5
D3* -127.3 D1
D2
[q´F]2 = AE 0 1 -0.707 -0.707
3 D3*
Member λix λiy λjx λjy = -22.50 kN, (C) 0
#1 1 0 0.707 -0.707
0
#2 0 -1 -0.707 -0.707
0
#3 0.8 0.6 0.8 0.6 [q´F]3 = AE -0.8 -0.6 0.8 0.6
5 D1
= 37.50 kN, (T) D2
46
2
Reactions :
30 kN 1
3m 3m 3 2
6 4*
3*
1
45o 5 45o
4m
4m
Member [q´]1 [q´]2 [q´]3

Member Force (kN) -22.50 -22.50 37.50
22.50 kN
37.50 kN
45o
36.87o 45o
7.50 kN 22.50 kN
31.82 kN
22.50 kN
47
Example 6

AE is constant.
30 kN
3m
45o
4m 4m
48
Member 1: 2 8
1 4 7
6 4*
3* o
2 θi = 0o,
1 45
3m 3 5 5
[q*] θij = -45
o
λix = cos 0o = 1,
6 4* 3* λix = cos (-45o) = 0.707,
λiy = sin 0o = 0
1 λiy = sin(- 45o) = -0.707
5
4m 4m qí q´j
1
i j
[q*] = [T*]T[q´] + [T*]T[q´F]
q5 1 0
q6 0 0 qí
q3*
= q´j
0 0.707
q4* 0 -0.707
[T*]T
49
Member 1: 2 8
1 4 7
6 4*
3* o
2 θi = 0o,
1 45
3m 3 5 5
[q*] θij = -45 = 315 ,
o o
λix = cos 0o = 1,
6 4* 3* λix = cos (-45o) = 0.707,
λiy = sin 0o = 0
1 λiy = sin(- 45o) = -0.707
5
4m 4m qí q´j
1
i j
AE  1 − 1
[k *] = [T T ]   [T ]
L − 1 1 
1 0
0 0 AE 1 -1 1 0 0 0
[k*]1 = 0 4 -1 1
0.707 0 0 0.707 -0.707
0 -0.707
5 6 3* 4*
5 0.25 0 -0.1768 0.1768
6 0 0 0 0
[k*]1 = AE
3* -0.1768 0 0.125 -0.125
4* 0.1768 0 -0.125 0.125 50
Member 2: 2 8
1 4 7 qí
2
1 θi = -90 ,
o
2 i
3 5
3m 90o λix = cos(-90o) = 0,
6 4* 3* 2 λiy = sin(-90o) = -1
2
1
5 4*
4m 4m 3*
90o+45o θj = -135o = 215o, j
q´j
=135o λix = cos (-135 ) = -0.707,
o
AE  1 − 1
[k *] = [T T ]   [T ] λiy = sin(- 135o) = -0.707
L − 1 1 
0 0
-1 0 AE 1 -1 0 -1 0 0
[k*]2 = 0 3 -1 1
-0.707 0 0 -0.707 -0.707
0 -0.707
1 2 3* 4*
1 0 0 0 0
2 0 0.3333 -0.2357 -0.2357
[k*]2 = AE
3* 0 -0.2357 0.1667 0.1667
4* 0 -0.2357 0.1667 0.1667 51
Member 3: 2 8 2
1 4 7 36.87o
1 j
q´j
2
3m 3 5 3 3
6 4* 3* 6
1 36.87o i
5 5
4m 4m qí
θi = θj = 36.87o ;
λix = λjx = cos (36.87o) = 0.8,
AE  1 − 1 λiy = λjy = sin(36.87o) = 0.6
[k *] = [T T ]   [T ]
L − 1 1 
0.8 0
0.6 0 AE 1 -1 0.8 0.6 0 0
[k]3 = 0 5 -1 1
0.8 0 0 0.8 0.6
0 0.6
5 6 1 2
5 0.128 0.096 -0.128 -0.096
6 0.096 0.072 -0.096 -0.072
[k]3 = AE
1 -0.128 -0.096 0.128 0.096
2 -0.096 -0.072 0.096 0.072 52
Member 4: 2 8
1 4 7
2 8
2 4
3m 3 5 1 7
6 [q]
4* 3*
1
θi = θij = 0o; λix = λjx = cos 0o = 1,
5 λiy = λjy = sin 0o = 0
4m 4m qí q´j
1
i j
AE  1 − 1
[k *] = [T T ]   [T ]
L − 1 1 
1 0
0 0 AE 1 -1 1 0 0 0
[k]1 = 0 4 -1 1
1 0 0 1 0
0 0
1 2 7 8
1 0.25 0 -0.25 0
2 0 0 0 0
[k]4 = AE
7 -0.25 0 0.25 0
8 0 0 0 0 53
Member 5: 2 8 8
1 4 7 36.87o
j
0 .8 , q´j
o; 7 o) =
2 . 87 . 87 0 .6
3 5 8.13o 5 = 36 s (36 7o )
= 5
3m θ j = co (36.8
6 4* 3* 4* 3* λ jx = sin
1 λ jy i
5
4m 4m qí
θi = - 8.13o;
λix = cos (- 8.13o) = 0.9899,
AE  1 − 1 λiy = sin(- 8.13o) = -0.1414
[k *] = [T T ]   [T ]
L − 1 1 
0.9899 0
-0.1414 0 AE 1 -1 0.9899 -0.1414 0 0
[k*]5 = 0 5 -1 1
0.8 0 0 0.8 0.6
0 0.6
3* 4* 7 8
3* 0.196 -0.028 -0.1584 -0.1188
4* -0.028 0.004 0.02263 0.01697
[k*]5 = AE
7 -0.1584 0.02263 0.128 0.096
8 -0.1188 0.01697 0.096 0.072 54
Global Stiffness: 2 8 5 6 1 2
1 4 7
5 0.128 0.096 -0.128 -0.096
6 0.096 0.072 -0.096 -0.072
3m 3
2
5 [k*]3 = AE
1 -0.128 -0.096 0.128 0.096
6 4* 3* 2 -0.096 -0.072 0.096 0.072
1
5
4m 4m 1 2 7 8
1 0.25 0 -0.25 0
5 6 3* 4* 2 0 0 0 0
[k]4 = AE
5 0.25 0 -0.1768 0.1768 7 -0.25 0 0.25 0
6 0 0 0 0 8 0 0 0 0
[k*]1 = AE
3* -0.1768 0 0.125 -0.125 3* 4* 7 8
4* 0.1768 0 -0.125 0.125 3* 0.196 -0.028 -0.1584 -0.1188
4* -0.028 0.004 0.02263 0.01697
[k*]5 = AE
7 -0.1584 0.02263 0.128 0.096
1 2 3* 4* 8 -0.1188 0.01697 0.096 0.072
1 0 0 0 0 1 2 3*
2 0 0.3333 -0.2357 -0.2357 1 0.378 0.096 0
[k*]2 = AE
3* 0 -0.2357 0.1667 0.1667 2 0.096 0.4053 -0.2357
0.1667 [K] = AE
4* 0 -0.2357 0.1667 3* 0 -0.2357 0.4877 55
Global :
2 8
30 kN 1 4 7
2
3m 3 5
6 4* 3*
1
5
4m 4m
[Q] = [K][D] + [QF]
1 2 3*
Q1 = 30
1 0.378 0.096 0 D1
Q2 = 0 = AE
2 0.096 0.4053 -0.2357 D2
Q3*= 0 3* 0 -0.2357 0.4877 D3*
D1 86.612
1
D2 = AE
-28.535
D3* -13.791
56
Member Forces : 2 8
1 4 7  Dxi 
D 
3m 3
2
5 [ q ' F ]m =
AE
L
[
λx   + q'F
yi
 Dxj 
[ ]
6 4* 3*  
 D yj 
1
5 0
4m 4m
0
[q´F]1 = AE -1 0 0.707 -0.707
4 D3*
D1 86.612 = -2.44 kN, (C)
1 0
D2 = AE
-28.535
D3* -13.791
D1
D2
[q´F]2 = AE 0 1 -0.707 -0.707
Member λix λiy λjx λjy 3 D3*
= -6.26 kN, (C) 0
#1 1 0 0.707 -0.707
#2 0 -1 -0.707 -0.707 0
#3 0.8 0.6 0.8 0.6 0
[q´F]3 = AE -0.8 -0.6 0.8 0.6
5 D1
= 10.43 kN, (T) D2
57
Member Forces : 2 8
1 4 7  Dxi 
D 
3m 3
2
5 [ q ' F ]m =
AE
L
[
λx   + q'F
yi
 Dxj 
[ ]
6 4* 3*  
 D yj 
1
5 D1
4m 4m
D2
[q´F]4 = AE -1 0 1 0
4 0
D1 86.612 = -21.65 kN, (C)
1 0
D2 = AE
-28.535
D3* -13.791
D3*
0
[q´F]5 = AE -0.9899 0.141 0.8 0.6
Member λix λiy λjx λjy 5 0
= 2.73 kN, (T) 0
#4 1 0 1 0
#5 0.9899 -0.141 0.8 0.6
58
Reactions :
2 8
30 kN 1 4 7
2
3m 3 5
6 4* 3*
1
5
4m 4m
Member [q´]1 [q´]2 [q´]3 [q´]4 [q´]5

Member Force (kN) -2.44 -6.26 10.43 -21.65 2.73
1.64 kN
21.65 kN
19.47 kN
36.87o
10.43 kN 6.26 kN 2.73 kN
45o
36.87o 45o
5.90 kN 81.87o
2.44 kN 2.44 kN 6.54 kN
6.26 kN
59
Example 7

Take AE = 8(103) kN.
8 kN
4 kN Ui Vi Uj Vj
D
Ui λixλix λixλiy −λixλjx −λixλjy
3m AE Vi λiyλix λiyλiy −λiyλjx −λiyλjy
[ k *]m =
L U −λ λ −λ λ λjxλjx λjxλjy
A j jx ix jx iy
C Vj −λjyλix −λjyλiy λjyλjx λjyλjy
B
36.87o
4m 4m
60
8 kN
2
4 kN
D 1
3
1 4
3m
4* 6
A 8
4m 4m 2 5 5
C 7
B 3*
36.87o
Member 1:
λjx = cos 36.87o = 0.8,
λjy = sin 36.87o = 0.6
y [q*] = [T*]T[q´] + [T*]T[q´F]
2
36.87o
1 x q3* 0.28 0
y* j q´j
1 q4* 0.96 0 qí
4*
1 j q1
= q´j
0 0.8
i 73.74o q2 0 0.6
3* [T*]T
i
x* qí
λix = cos 73.74o = 0.28,
λiy = sin 73.74o = 0.96
61
8 kN
2
4 kN
D 1
3
1 4
3m
4* 6
A 8
4m 4m 2 5 5
C 7
B 3*
36.87o
AE  1 − 1
[k ] = [T ]
T
[T ]
L − 1 1 
0.28 0
0.96 0 8x103 1 -1 0.28 0.96 0 0
[k]1 = 0 0.8 5 -1 1 0 0 0.8 0.6
0 0.6
3* 4* 1 2
3* 0.01568 0.05376 -0.0448 -0.0336
4* 0.05376 0.18432 -0.1536 -0.1152
[k]1 = 8x103
1 -0.0448 -0.1536 0.128 0.096
2 -0.0336 -0.1152 0.096 0.072 62
8 kN
2
4 kN
D 1
3
1 4
3m
4* 6
A 8
4m 4m 2 5 5
C 7
B 3*
36.87o [q*] = [T*]T[q´] + [T*]T[q´F]
Member 2:
y* y q3* 0.8 0
4* 6 q4* qí
0.6 0
2 5
x q5
= q´j
0 1
i 36.87 j
3* x* λjx = cos 0o = 1, q6 0 0
λjy = sin 0o = 0 [T*]T
λix = cos 36.87o = 0.8, [k] = [TT] AE 1 -1 [T]
λiy = sin 36.87o = 0.6 L -1 1
3* 4* 5 6
qí q´j
2 3* 0.16 0.12 -0.2 0
i j 4* 0.12 0.09 -0.15 0
[k]2 = 8x103
5 -0.2 -0.15 0.25 0
6 0 0 0 0 63
8 kN
2
4 kN
D 1
3
1 4
3m
4* 6
A 8
4m 4m 2 5 5
C 7
B 3*
36.87o
Member 3: λx = cos 270o = 0, Member 4: λx = cos 323.13o = 0.8,
λy = sin 270o = -1 y
y 2 λy = sin 323.13o = -0.6
2
270o
1 x
1 x
323.13o 4
3 8
6 7
5
1 2 5 6 1 2 7 8
1 0 0 0 0 1 0.128 -0.096 -0.128 0.096
[k]3 = 8x103 2 0 0.333 0 -0.333 [k]4 = 8x103 2 -0.096 0.072 0.096 -0.072
5 0 0 0 0 7 -0.128 0.096 0.128 -0.096
6 0 -0.333 0 0.333 8 0.096 -0.072 -0.096 0.072
64
8 kN
2
4 kN
D 1
3
1 4
3m
4* 6
A 8
4m 4m 2 5 5
C 7
B 3*
36.87o
y
Member 5: 6 8
5 5 7
x
λx = cos 0o = 1,
λy = sin 0o = 0
5 6 7 8
5 0.25 0 -0.25 0
6 0 0 0 0
[k]5 = 8x103
7 -0.25 0 0.25 0
8 0 0 0 0
65
2 3* 4* 1 2
1 3* 0.01568 0.05376 -0.0448 -0.0336
3 4* 0.05376 0.18432 -0.1536 -0.1152
1 4 [k]1 = 8x103
1 -0.0448 -0.1536 0.128 0.096
4* 6 2 -0.0336 -0.1152 0.096 0.072
8
2 5 5
7
3*
3* 4* 5 6 1 2 5 6
3* 0.16 0.12 -0.2 0 1 0 0 0 0
4* 0.12 0.09 -0.15 0 [k]3 = 8x103 2 0 0.333 0 -0.333
[k]2 = 8x103
5 -0.2 -0.15 0.25 0 5 0 0 0 0
6 0 0 0 0 6 0 -0.333 0 0.333
1 2 7 8 5 6 7 8
1 0.128 -0.096 -0.128 0.096 5 0.25 0 -0.25 0
[k]4 = 8x103 2 -0.096 0.072 0.096 -0.072
[k]5 = 8x103
6 0 0 0 0
7 -0.128 0.096 0.128 -0.096 7 -0.25 0 0.25 0
8 0.096 -0.072 -0.096 0.072 8 0 0 0 0
1 2 3* 5
1 0.256 0.0 -0.0448 0
2 0.0 0.474 -0.0336 0
[K] = 8x103 *
3 -0.0448 -0.0336 0.17568 -0.2
5 0 0 -0.2 0.5 66
8 kN
2
4 kN
D 1
3
1 4
3m
4* 6
A 8
4m 4m 2 5 5
C 7
B 3*
36.87o
1 2 3* 5
Q1 = 4
1 0.256 0.0 -0.0448 0 D1
Q2 = -8
2 0.0 0.474 -0.0336 0 D2
Q3*= 0 = 8x103
D3*
3* -0.0448 -0.0336 0.17568 -0.2
Q5 = 0 5 0 0 -0.2 0.5 D5
D1 1.988x10-3 m
D2 = -2.0824x10-3 m
D3* 1.996x10-4 m
D5 7.984x10-5 m 67
8 kN Member forces
4 kN  Dxi 
D D 
[ q ' F ]m =
AE
L
[
λx   + q'F
yi
 Dxj 
[ ]
3m  
 D yj 
A 4m 4m
C Member λix λiy λjx λjy
B
36.87o #1 0.28 0.96 0.8 0.6
2
#2 0.8 0.6 1 0
1
3 D3*
1 4
0
6 [q´F]1 = 8x103 -0.28 -0.96 0.8 0.6
4* 8 5 D1
2 5 5
7 = 0.46 kN, (T) D2
3*
D3*
D1 1.988x10-3 m 0
[q´F]2 = 8x103 -0.8 -0.6 1 0
D2 -2.0824x10-3 m D5
= 4
D3* 1.996x10-4 m = -0.16 kN, (C) 0
D5 7.984x10-5 m 68
2
1  Dxi 
D 
1
3
4 [ q ' F ]m =
AE
L
[
λx   + q'F
yi
 Dxj 
[ ]
6  
4* 8  D yj 
2 5 5
7 D1
3*
D2
[q´F]3 = 8x103 0 1 0 -1
D1 1.988x10-3 m 3 D5
D2 -2.0824x10-3 m = -5.55 kN 0
=
D*3 1.996x10-4 m
D5 7.984x10-5 m D1
D2
[q´F]4 = 8x103 -0.8 0.6 0.8 - 0.6
Member λix λiy λjx λjy 5 0
= -4.54 kN 0
#3 0 -1 0 -1
#4 0.8 -0.6 0.8 -0.6 D5
#5 1 0 1 0 0
[q´F]5 = 8x103 -1 0 1 0
4 0
= -0.16 kN 0 69
8 kN
2
4 kN
D 1
3
1 4
3m
4* 6
A 4m 4m 8
2 5 5
C 7
B 3*
36.87o
Member [q]1 [q]2 [q]3 [q]4 [q]5
Member Force (kN) 0.46 -0.16 -5.55 -4.54 -0.16
4.54 kN
y*
0.46 kN 5.55 kN
36.87o
36.87o 3.79 kN
0.16 kN 0.16 kN
36.87o
5.55 kN 2.72 kN
0.36 kN
x* 70
Space-Truss Analysis
71
Member Local Stiffness [k´]:
[q´] = [k´][d´] + [q´F]

= [k´][T][d] + [q´F]
 q 'i  EA  1 − 1  d 'i  q 'iF 

q '  =   d '  +  F 
 j L  − 1 1   j  q ' j 
 d ix 
d 
 iy 
EA  1 − 1  d iz 
=  
L − 1 1 
[T ]   + q'F [ ]
d jx 
d jy 
 
 d jz 
where,
λ x λ y λz 0 0 0
[T ] = 
0 0 0 λx λ y λz 
72
Member Global Stiffness [km]:
[km]= [T]T[k´] [T]
λ x 0
λ 0 
 y
λ z 0  EA  1 − 1 λ x λy λz 0 0 0
[km ] =   
0 λ x  L − 1 1   0 0 0 λx λ y λ z 
0 λy 
 
 0 λz 
73
Global equilibrium matrix:
[Q] = [K][D] + [QF]

Fixed End Forces
QI KI,I KI,II Du QFI
= +
QII KII,I KII,II Dk QFII
Reaction Support Boundary Condition
74
q´j
j qix λxλx λxλy λxλz −λxλx −λxλy −λxλz dix

qiy λyλx λyλy λyλz −λyλx −λyλy −λyλz diy
m qiz EA λzλx λzλy λzλz −λzλx −λzλy −λzλz diz
qjx = djx
L −λ λ −λ λ −λ λ λ λ λ λ λ λ
x x x y x z x x x y x z
i qjy djy
qí qjy −λyλx −λyλy −λyλz λyλx λyλy λyλz
qjz −λzλx −λzλy −λzλz λzλx λzλy λzλz djz
qjx
j
qjz
qiy m
 q 'i  EA  1 − 1  d 'i  q 'iF 
qix q '  =   d '  +  F 
 j L  − 1 1   j  q ' j 
i
qiz  d ix 
d 
 iy 
 d iz 
[q' ] j m =
EA
[
− λx − λy − λz λx λ y ] [ ]
λz   + q' F
L d jx 
d jy 
 
 d jz 
75
Example 6

(b) Determine the end forces of each member.
Take E = 200 GPa, A = 1000 mm z .
2
60 kN
80 kN
10 m
y
4m O
4m 3m
3m x
76
z
60 kN 3
80 kN 1
2
(0, 0, 10)
1
10 m 1
4 2
y 3
2
4m O 5 (-4, 3, 0) 3
4m 3m (-4, -3, 0)
3m x (4, 3, 0)
4
λm = λxi + λyj + λzk (4, -3, 0)
λ1 = (-4/11.18)i + (3/11.18)j + (-10/11.18)k
Member λx λy λz
= -0.3578 i + 0.2683 j - 0.8944 k
λ2 = (+4/11.18)i + (3/11.18)j + (-10/11.18)k #1 -0.3578 +0.2683 -0.8944
= +0.3578 i + 0.2683 j - 0.8944 k
#2 +0.3578 +0.2683 -0.8944
λ3 = (+4/11.18)i + (-3/11.18)j + (-10/11.18)k
#3 +0.3578 -0.2683 -0.8944
= +0.3578 i - 0.2683 j - 0.8944 k
#4 -0.3578 -0.2683 -0.8944
λ4 = (-4/11.18)i + (-3/11.18)j + (-10/11.18)k
= -0.3578 i - 0.2683 j - 0.8944 k 77
Member Stiffness Matrix [k]6x6
Member λx λy λz
#1 -0.3578 +0.2683 -0.8944 [k11]3x3 [k12]3x3
#2 +0.3578 +0.2683 -0.8944 [k]m =
[k21]3x3 [k22]3x3
#3 +0.3578 -0.2683 -0.8944
#4 -0.3578 -0.2683 -0.8944 1 2 3
1 +0.128 -0.096 -0.320
1 2 3 AE
[k11]3 = 2 -0.096 +0.072 +0.240
L
1 +0.128 -0.096 +0.320 3 -0.320 +0.240 +0.80
AE
[k11]1 = 2 -0.096 +0.072 -0.240 1 2 3
L
3 +0.320 -0.240 +0.80
1 +0.128 +0.096 +0.320
AE
[k11]4 = 2 +0.096 +0.072 +0.240
1 2 3 L
3 +0.320 +0.240 +0.80
1 +0.128 +0.096 -0.320
AE 1 2 3
[k11]2 = 2 +0.096 +0.072 -0.240
L 1 0.512 0.0 0.0
3 -0.320 -0.240 +0.80
AE
[KI,I] = 2 0.0 0.288 0.0
L
3 0.0 0.0 3.2 78
z
60 kN 3
80 kN 1
2
(0, 0, 10)
1
10 m 1
4 2
y 3
2
4m O 5 (-4, 3, 0) 3
4m 3m (-4, -3, 0)
3m x (4, 3, 0)
4
[Q] = [K][D] + [QF] (4, -3, 0)
1 2 3
60 1 0.512 0.0 0.0 D1 0.0
AE
-80 = 2 0.0 0.288 0.0 D2 + 0.0
L
0.0 3 0.0 0.0 3.2 D3 0.0
79
Global equilibrium matrix:
[Q] = [K][D] + [QF]

Fixed End Forces
QI KI,I KI,II Du QFI
= +
QII KII,I KII,II Dk QFII
Reaction Support Boundary Condition
(AE/L) = (1x10-3)(200x106)/(11.18) = 17.89x103 kN
1 2 3
60 1 0.512 0.0 0.0 D1 0.0
AE
-80 = 2 0.0 0.288 0.0 D2 + 0.0
L
0.0 3 0.0 0.0 3.2 D3 0.0
D1 +117.2 6.551 mm
L
D2 = -277.8 = -15.53 mm
AE
D3 0.0 0.0 mm 80
z
60 kN
80 kN
Member λx λy λz
#1 -0.3578 +0.2683 -0.8944
10 m #2 +0.3578 +0.2683 -0.8944
y #3 +0.3578 -0.2683 -0.8944
#4 -0.3578 -0.2683 -0.8944
4m O D1
4m 3m D2
3m x dxi D3
Member forces: dyi
dzi
[q´j]m = AE
L
−λx −λy −λz λx λy λz + q´F
dxj
dyj
dzj [0]
117.2
AE +0.3578 -0.2683 +0.8944 L
[q´j]1 = -277.8
L AE
0.0
= +116.5 kN (T)
81
z
60 kN
80 kN
Member λx λy λz
#1 -0.3578 +0.2683 -0.8944
10 m #2 +0.3578 +0.2683 -0.8944
y #3 +0.3578 -0.2683 -0.8944
#4 -0.3578 -0.2683 -0.8944
4m O
4m 3m
3m x
117.2
AE -0.3578 -0.2683 +0.8944 L
[q´j]2 = -277.8 = +32.61 kN (T)
L AE
0.0
117.2
AE -0.3578 +0.2683 +0.8944 L
[q´j]3 = -277.8 = -116.5 kN (T)
L AE
0.0
117.2
AE +0.3578 +0.2683 +0.8944 L
[q´j]4 = -277.8 = -32.61 kN (T)
L AE
0.0 82
Member λx λy λz [q´j]m
#1 -0.3578 +0.2683 -0.8944 116.5
#2 +0.3578 +0.2683 -0.8944 32.6
#3 +0.3578 -0.2683 -0.8944 -116.5
#4 -0.3578 -0.2683 -0.8944 -32.6
60 kN
80 kN
1
4 2
3
32.6 kN
116.5 kN
32.6 kN
R5z = (-32.6)(-0.8944) 116.5 kN
= 29.16 kN
5 R5y = (-32.6)(-0.2683) = 8.75 kN
R5x = (-32.6)(-0.3578) = 11.66 kN
83
DEFLECTIONS: ENERGY METHODS
! External Work and Strain Energy
! Principle of Work and Energy
! Principle of Virtual Work
! Method of Virtual Work:
! Trusses
! Beams and Frames
! Castigliano's Theorem
! Trusses
! Beams and Frames
1
External Work and Strain Energy
Most energy methods are based on the conservation of energy principle, which states
that the work done by all the external forces acting on a structure, Ue, is transformed
into internal work or strain energy, Ui.
Ue = Ui
• External Work-Force.
F dU e = Fdx
P
F= x x
∆ U e = ∫ Fdx
P 0
L Eigen work
As the magnitude of F is gradually increased
Ue from zero to some limiting value F = P, the final
x elongation of the bar becomes ∆.
∆ ∆
∆
P
Ue = ∫ ( x) dx Eigen work
∆
F 0
∆
P 2 1
Ue = ( x ) = P∆
2∆ 2
2
0
F
F' + P ork
w
n
ige
P E
L L
Displacement work
x
∆ ∆ ∆´
∆'
P
(Ue)Total = (Eigen Work)P + (Eigen Work)F
+ (Displacement work) P
F'
1 1
(U e )Total = (∆)( P ) + (∆' )( F ' ) + P (∆' )
2 2
3
F
20 kN
L L
x (m)
10 mm 0.01 m
1
Ue = (0.01)(20 × 103 ) = 100 N • m
20 kN 2
4
F
20 kN ork
w
n
ige
15 kN E
L L L
Displacement work
x (m)
7.5 mm 7.5 mm 0.0075 0.01
2.5 mm
15 kN
15 kN
5 kN
1 1
W= (0.0075)(15 × 103 ) + (0.0025)(5 × 103 ) + (0.0025)(15 × 103 )
2 2
= 56.25 + 6.25 + 37.50 = 100 N • m
5
• External Work - Moment. M
M' + M ork
w
e n
g
M Ei
M dθ
Displacement work
θ
θ θ'
dU e = Mdθ
θ
U e = ∫ Mdθ -----(8-12)
0
Eigen work
1
Ue = Mθ -----(8-13)
2
1 1
(U e )Total = θM + θ ' M '+ Mθ '
2 2
1
(U e )Total = ( M + M ' )(θ + θ ' ) − − − (8 − 14)
2
6
• Strain Energy-Axial Force.
U i = ∫ U 0 dV
V
1
σ = ∫ ( σε )(dV )
E= V
2
ε
L
1 σ2
= ∫ ( ) dV
N 2 E
σ= V
A 1 N 2
∆ =∫ ( ) dV
V
2E A
N 1 N 2
=∫ ( ) Adx
L
2 E A
σ
N2
= ∫( )dx
L
2 EA
1 ε
U o = σε
2
7
• Strain Energy-Bending
P U i = ∫ U 0 dV
w V
1
= ∫ ( σε )(dV )
V
2
1 σ2
x dx = ∫ ( ) dV
V
2 E
L
1 My 2
=∫ ( ) dV
2E I
σ V
dθ 2
M 1 M 2y
M =∫ ( 2 )dV
V
2E I I
1
dθ U o = σε 1 M2
2 =∫ ( 2 )( ∫ y 2 dA)dx
2E I A
dx ε L
My M2
σ= = ∫( )dx
I L
2 EI
8
• Strain Energy-Torsion
dx U i = ∫ U 0 dV
T T V
Tρ 1
c τ= = ∫ ( τγ )dV
γ J 2
dθ V
1 τ2
= ∫ ( ) dV
V
2 G
τ 1 Tρ 2
=∫ ( ) dV
V
2G J
J
τ 1 T2
G= =∫ ( 2 )( ∫ ρ 2 dA) dx
γ L
2G J A
1 γ
U o = τγ T2
2 Ui = ∫ dx
L
2GJ
9
• Strain Energy-Shear
U i = ∫ U 0 dV
V
V V
1
= ∫ ( τγ )(dV )
V
2
γ
dy
1 τ2
= ∫ ( ) dV
dx 2 G
V
1 VQ 2
τ =∫ ( ) dV
2G It K
2 2
A
V Q
=∫ (∫ dA) dx
τ 2G It
G= L A
γ
γ V2
1 Ui = ∫ K dx
U o = τγ L
2GA
2
10
Principle of Work and Energy
P
x
Ue = Ui
L
L
1 M 2 dx
P∆ = ∫
M diagram 2 0
2 EI
L
1 (− Px) 2 dx
P∆ = ∫
2 0
2 EI
-PL P L
1 P 2 x3
M P∆ =
2 6 EI 0
x
V PL3
∆=
3EI
+ ΣMx = 0: − M − Px = 0
M = − Px
11
Principle of Virtual Work
u δU e = δU i
L 1
u ( P1∆1 ) + 1 • ∆ = ∫ U 0 dV + Σu • dL
A 2
Real Work
P' = 1
Virtual loadings
Apply virtual load P' first.
1•∆ = Σu • dL
Real displacements
u
In a similar manner,
L Virtual loadings
u
dL A
∆1 1•θ = Σuθ • dL
∆ Real displacements
P1
Then apply real load P1.

12
Method of Virtual Work : Truss
• External Loading.
P1
n1 N1 P2
n6
N6
n3 N3
4
N
n5 N
2
4
N
n
2
n
n7 n8 n9 N7 N8 5 N9
B B
∆
1kN
nNL
1• ∆ = Σ
AE
Where:
1 = external virtual unit load acting on the truss joint in the stated direction of ∆
n = internal virtual normal force in a truss member caused by the external virtual
unit load
∆ = external joint displacement caused by the real load on the truss
N = internal normal force in a truss member caused by the real loads
L = length of a member
A = cross-sectional area of a member
E = modulus of elasticity of a member 13
• Temperature
dL
1•∆ = Σu • dL
1 • ∆ = Σ nα ( ∆ T ) L
Where:
∆ = external joint displacement caused by the temperature change
α = coefficient of thermal expansion of member
∆T = change in temperature of member
• Fabrication Errors and Camber

1•∆ = Σu • dL dL
1 • ∆ = Σn∆L
Where:
∆ = external joint displacement caused by the fabrication errors
∆L = difference in length of the member from its intended size as
caused by a fabrication error 14
Example 8-15
The cross-sectional area of each member of the truss shown in the figure is
A = 400 mm2 and E = 200 GPa.
(a) Determine the vertical displacement of joint C if a 4-kN force is applied to the
truss at C.
(b) If no loads act on the truss, what would be the vertical displacement of joint C
if member AB were 5 mm too short?
(c) If 4 kN force and fabrication error are both accounted, what would be the
vertical displacement of joint C.
C
4 kN
3m
A B
4m 4m
15
SOLUTION
Part (a)
•Virtual Force n. Since the vertical displacement of joint C is to be
determined, only a vertical 1 kN load is placed at joint C. The n force in
each member is calculated using the method of joint.
•Real Force N. The N force in each member is calculated using the
method of joint.
1 kN
C
-0 4 kN
3 3 C .83 -2
.8 3 .5 .5
-0 +2
A 0.667 4 kN 2
0 B B
A
n (kN) N(kN)
0.5 kN 0.5 kN
1.5 kN 1.5 kN
16
1 kN
C C
-0 4 kN
.8 33 C .83
.5
-2
.5 5
5
-0 3 +2
A 0.667 B A 2 B A 8 B
n (kN) N (kN) L (m)
=
C
.4 1 10
0 .41
-1
A 10.67 B
nNL (kN2•m)
nNL
(1 kN )(∆ CV ) = ∑
AE
1 10.67 kN • m
∆ CV = ( −10.41 + 10.41 + 10.67) =
AE kN
( 400 × 10 −6 m 2 )(200 × 10 6 2 )
∆CV = +0.133 mm, m
17
Part (b): The member AB were 5 mm too short
1 kN
-0
.8 33 C .83
-0 3
A 0.667 B
n (kN)
5 mm
(1)(∆ CV ) = Σn(∆L)
∆ CV = (0.667)(−0.005)
∆CV = -3.33 mm,

Part (c): The 4 kN force and fabrication error are both accounted.
∆CV = 0.133 - 3.33 = -3.20 mm
∆CV = -3.20 mm,

18
Example 8-16
Determine the vertical displacement of joint C of the steel truss shown. The
cross-section area of each member is A = 400 mm2 and E = 200 GPa.
F E
4m
A D
B C
4m 4m 4m
4 kN 4 kN
19
SOLUTION
•Virtual Force n. Since the vertical displacement of joint C is to be

determined, only a vertical 1 kN load is placed at joint C. The n force in
each member is calculated using the method of joint.
•Real Force N. The N force in each member is calculated using the

method of joint.
F -0.333 E F -4 E
1 1
-0
-5
0.333
47 47 66 0
.9
.6
. . 1 4m . 4 4 4m
-0 -0 -5
43
6
0 0.333 0.667 0.667 D 0A 4 4 4 D
A
B C B C
4m 4m 4m 4m 4m 4m
0.333 kN n (kN) 1 kN 0.667 kN 4 kN 4 kN 4 kN 4 kN
N(kN)
20
F -0.333 E F -4 E F 4 E
1
5.
-5
1 66
-0
6
0.333
47 47 .6 66
66
0 5.
.6
.9
. . 1 5 4 4 5. 4 4
-0
6
-0 -
43
0.333 0.667 0.667 4 4 4 4 4 4
B C B C B C
A DA DA L(m) D
n (kN) 1 kN 4 kN N(kN) 4 kN
=
F 5.33 E
7
30
.0
5.33
0
.1
1 5 16
8
5.33 10.67 10.67
B C
A D
nNL( kN2•m )
nNL
(1 kN )(∆ CV ) = ∑
AE
1 72.4 kN • m
∆ CV = [(15.07 + 3(5.33) + 2(10.67) + 16 + 30.18)] =
AE kN
(400 ×10 −6 m 2 )(200 × 106 2 )
m
∆CV = 1.23 mm, 21
Example 8-17
Determine the vertical displacement of joint C of the steel truss shown. Due to
radiant heating from the wall, members are subjected to a temperature change:
member AD is increase +60oC, member DC is increase +40oC and member AC is
decrease -20oC.Also member DC is fabricated 2 mm too short and member AC
3 mm too long. Take α = 12(10-6) , the cross-section area of each member is A =
400 mm2 and E = 200 GPa.
wall
D C 10 kN
3m
B
A
2m 20 kN
22
SOLUTION
• Due to loading forces.
1 kN 1 kN 20 kN
0.667 kN D 0.667 C 23.33 kN D 23.33 C 10 kN D 2 C
04
1 20
61
4.
.2
3m 0 3m 20 3 3
3.
-1
-2
0 0 2
B B B
0.667 kN A 2m 13.33 kN A 2m A
20 kN
n (kN) N (kN) L (m)
D 31.13 C nNL
(1 kN )(∆ CV ) = ∑
60 AE
12
0
4.
10
1
0 ∆ CV = (60 + 31.13 + 104.12)
B (400)(200)
A
∆CV= 2.44 mm,
nNL(kN2•m)
23
1 kN
D 0.667 C D +40 C D 2 C D -2 C
1 +60
61
3 3
.2
3.
-1 0
3
-2
+
0 2
B B B B
A A A A
n (kN) ∆T (oC) L (m) Fabrication error (mm)
• Due to temperature change.
(1 kN )(∆ CV ) = Σnα (∆T ) L
∆ CV = (12 ×10 −6 )[(1)(60)(3) + (0.667)(40)( 2) + (−1.2)(−20)(3.61)] = 3.84 mm, ↓
• Due to fabrication error.
(1 kN )(∆ CV ) = Σn(∆L)
∆ CV = (0.667 )(−0.002) + (−1.2)(0.003) = −4.93 mm, ↑
• Total displacement .
(∆ CV )Total = 2.44 + 3.84 − 4.93 = 1.35 mm, ↓ 24
Method of Virtual Work : Bending
ρ dθ
w M M
C
A B dθ
∆C
dx
RA RB
Virtual loadings
ds = ρ dθ
M
1 • ∆ C = ∫ (m )(dθ ) = ∫ (m∆ ) dx 1 M
EI dθ = ds ≈ dx
L
ρ EI
Real displacements
25
Method of Virtual Work : Beams and Frames
w w
C C
A B A B
∆C
θC
RA RB RA RB
Virtual loadings Virtual loadings
M M
1 • ∆ C = ∫ (m )(dθ ) = ∫ (m∆ ) dx 1 • θ C = ∫ (m)(dθ ) = ∫ (mθ ) dx
L
EI L
EI
Real displacements Real displacements
26
Method of Virtual Work : Beams and Frames
• Vertical Displacement
Real load Virtual unit load

w
x1 x2
C C
A B A B
∆C
x1 x2
RA 1 RB
RA RB
w x1
M2 m∆2 x2
M1 m∆1
B B
x1
V1 V2 x2 v∆1 v∆2
RB
RA RB RA
M
1 • ∆ C = ∫ (m∆ ) dx
EI
L 27
• Slope
Real load Virtual unit couple

w
x1 1 x2
C C
A B A B
θC
x1 x2 RA RB
RA RB
w
M2 mθ2 x2
M1 mθ1
B B
x1
V1 V2 x2 vθ1 vθ2
RB
RA RB RA
M
1 • θ C = ∫ (mθ ) dx
L
EI
28
Example 8-18
B C
A ∆C
2a a
29
SOLUTION Displacement at C
•Virtual Moment m∆ •Real Moment M

1 kN P
x1 x2 x1 x2
B B
A A
2a a C 2a a C
1 3 P 3P
2 2 2 2
m M
x1 m∆2 = -x2 Px1

m∆1 = − -a M1 = − M2 = -Px2
2 2 -Pa
2a a
m M 1 x1 Px1 1
1 • ∆ C = ∫ ∆ dx = ∫0 2 2 1 EI ∫0 (− x 2 )(− Px2 )dx2
( − )( − ) dx +
L
EI EI
2a a
Px13 Px23 8Pa 3 Pa 3 Pa 3
∆C = ( ) +( ) = + = ↓
12 EI a 3EI 0 12 EI 3EI 3EI
30
Slope at C
•Virtual Moment mθ •Real Moment M

x1 x2 P
1 kN•m x1 x2
B B
A A
2a a C 2a a C
1 1 P 3P
2a 2a 2 2
m M
x1
mθ 1 = − Px1
2a -1 M1 = − M2 = -Px2
mθ 2 = −1 2 -Pa
L 2a a
mM 1 x1 Px1 1
(1 kN • m)(θ C ) = ∫ θ dx = ∫0 2a 2 1 EI ∫0 (−1)(− Px2 )dx2
( − ) ( − ) dx +
0
EI EI
3 2a 2 a
1 P x 1 Px2 1 P 8a 3 1 Pa 2 7 Pa 2
θ C = ( )( )( ) + ( )( ) = ( )( )(
1
) + ( )( )= ( ),
EI 4a 3 0 EI 2 0 EI 4a 3 EI 2 6 EI
31
•Conclusion
B C
A ∆C
2a a θC
Pa 3
∆C = ↓
3EI
7 Pa 2
θC = ( ),
6 EI
32
Example 8-19
Determine the slope and displacement of point B of the steel beam shown in the
figure below. Take E = 200 GPa, I = 250(106) mm4.
3 kN/m
A B
5m
33
SOLUTION Vertical Displacement at B
•Virtual Moment m∆ •Real Moment M

x
1 kN 3 kN/m
x
A B A B
5m 5m
3x
1 kN x
3x 2
-1x = m∆ x − = M 2
2
x
v V
L 5 5 5
m∆ M 1 3x 2 1 3x 3 1 3x 4 234.375 kN 2 • m 3
(1 kN )(∆ B ) = ∫ dx = ∫ (− x)(− )dx = ∫ = ( )=
0
EI EI 0 2 EI 0 2 EI 8 0 EI
234.375 kN • m 3
∆B = = 0.00469 m = 4.69 mm, ↓
6 kN −6
(200 ×10 )(250 ×10 m )
4
m 34
SOLUTION Slope at B
•Virtual Moment mθ •Real Moment M

x
3 kN/m
x 1 kN•m
A B A B
5m 5m
3x
x
3x 2
-1 = mθ x 1 kN•m − = M 2
2
x
v V
L 5 5 5
mθ M 1 3x 2 1 3x 2 1 3x 3 62.5 kN 2 m 3
(1 kN • m)(θ B ) = ∫ dx = ∫ ( −1)(− ) dx = ∫ = ( )=
0
EI EI 0
2 EI 0
2 EI 6 0
EI
62.5 kN • m 2
θB = = 0.00125 rad ,
6 kN −6
(200 ×10 )(250 ×10 m )
4
m 35
Example 8-20
14 kN•m 5 kN
A C D
B
2m 2m 3m
36
•Virtual Moment m∆ Displacement at B •Real Moment M
1 kN 14 kN•m x 5 kN
x1 x2 x3 1 x2 x3
C
A A
B C D B D
0.5 kN 0.5 kN 1 kN 6 kN
2m 2m 3m 2m 2m 3m
14 M1 = 14 - x1
m∆1 = 0.5 x1 1 m ∆ 2 = 0 .5 x 2
m∆ M2 = 6x2
M
L
m∆ M
(1 kN )(∆ B ) = ∫ dx
0
EI
2 2 3
1 1 1
= ∫
EI 0
( 0.5 x1 )(14 − x1 ) dx1 + ∫
EI 0
( 0 .5 x 2 )( 6 x 2 ) dx 2 + ∫
EI 0
(0)(0)dx3
2 2 2 3 2 3 2
1 1 1 7 x1 0.5 x1 1 3x
EI ∫0 EI ∫0
2 2
= ( 7 x1 − 0.5 x1 ) dx1 + (3 x 2 ) dx 2 = ( )( − + ( )( 2 )
EI 2 3 0
EI 3 0
20.667 20.667
∆B = = = 0.00172 m = 1.72 mm, ↓
EI (200)(60) 37
•Virtual Moment mθ Slope at B •Real Moment M
14 kN•m x 5 kN
x1 x2 x3 1 x2 x3
C
A A
B C D B D
0.25 kN 1 kN•m 0.25 kN 6 kN
1 kN
2m 2m 3m 2m 2m 3m
mθ1 = 0.25x1 M1 = 14 - x1
mθ 14
0.5
M2 = 6x2
M
mθ2 = -0.25x2
-0.5
L 2 2 3
mM 1 1 1
(1 kN • m)(θ B ) = ∫ θ dx = ∫ ( 0 . 25 x1 )(14 − x1 ) dx1 + ∫ ( −0 . 25 x 2 )( 6 x 2 ) dx 2 + ∫ (0)(0) dx3
0
EI EI 0
EI 0
EI 0
2 2
1 1
EI ∫0 EI ∫0
2 2
= (3 . 5 x1 − 0 . 25 x1 ) dx1 + ( − 1 . 5 x 2 ) dx 2
2 3 2 3 2
1 3.5 x1 0.25 x 1 1.5 x2
= ( − ) + (− 1
)
EI 2 3 0
EI 3 0
2.333 2.333
θB = = = 0.000194 rad ,
EI (200)(60) 38
Example 8-21
From the structure shown. Determine the slope and displacement at C. Take E =
200 GPa, I = 200(106) mm4.
20 kN
30 kN•m
2EI EI
A Hinge C
B
4m 3m
39
20 kN
30 kN•m
2EI EI
A Hinge C
B
4m 3m
30 kN•m
C
B
10 kN 30/3 = 10 kN
20 kN
30 kN 10 kN
120 kN•m
A B
30 kN 30 kN
30
M (kN•m) x (m)
-120
40
Displacement at B
•Real Moment M •Virtual Moment m∆
120 kN•m 20 kN 30 kN•m 4 kN•m 1 kN
A 2EI B EI A 2EI EI
C C
4m 3m 4m B 3m
30 kN 10 kN 1 kN 0 kN
x1 x2 x1 x2
M (kN•m) M (kN•m)
30
-4 m1 = -x1 m2 = 0
-120 M1 = -30x1 M2 = 10x2
4
mM dx
∆ B = ∑ ∫ i i dx = ∫ (− x1 )(−30 x1 ) 1 + 0
L
Ei I i 0
2 EI
1 30 x 3 4
= ( )
2 EI 3 0
32 32
= = = 0.008 m ↓
EI 40 × 103 41
Slope at the left of B
120 kN•m 20 kN 30 kN•m 1 kN•m
1 kN•m
A 2EI B EI A 2EI EI
C C
4m 3m 4m B 3m
30 kN 10 kN 0 0 kN
x1 x2 x1 x2
30
-1 -1
m1 = -1 m2 = 0
-120 M1 = -30x1 M2 = 10x2
4
mM dx
θ BL = ∑∫ dx = ∫ (−1)(−30 x1 ) 1 + 0
L
Ei I i i 0
2 EI
1 30 x 2 4
= ( )
2 EI 2 0
120 120
= = = 0.003 rad
EI 40 × 103 42
Slope at the right of B
120 kN•m 20 kN 30 kN•m 4/3 kN•m
1 kN•m
A 2EI B EI A 2EI EI
C C
4m 3m 4m B 3m
30 kN 10 kN 1/3 kN 1/3 kN
x1 x2 x1 x2
30
-4/3 m1 = -x1/3 -1 m2 = -1 + x2/3

-120 M1 = -30x1 M2 = 10x2
4 3
mM x dx x dx
θ BR = ∑∫ dx = ∫ (− 1 )(−30 x1 ) 1 + ∫ (−1 + 2 )(10 x2 ) 2
L
Ei I i i 0
3 2 EI 0 3 EI
3 2 3
1 10 x1 4 1 10 x2 10 x2 3
= ( )0+ (− + )0
2 EI 3 EI 2 9
106.67 1 91.67
= + (−45 + 30) = = 0.0023 rad
EI EI 40 ×103 43
20 kN
30 kN•m
2EI EI
A Hinge C
B
4m 3m
Deflected Curve
∆B = 8 mm θ BR = 0.0023 rad
θ BL = 0.003 rad
44
Example 8-22
(a) Determine the slope and the horizontal displacement of point C on the frame.
(b) Draw the bending moment diagram and deflected curve.
E = 200 GPa
I = 200(106) mm4
5m
B C 4 kN
EI
2 kN/m
1.5 EI 6m
45
•Real Moment M x2 •Virtual Moment m∆
5m x2
B C 4 kN C 1
M2= 12 x2 m2= 1.2 x2
EI EI
12 kN 1.2 kN
2 kN/m 1.5 EI 1.5 EI
6m
x1 M1= 16 x1- x12 x1 m1= x1
16 kN 1 kN
A A
12 kN 1.2 kN
6 5
m M 1 1
1 • ∆ CH = ∫ ∆ dx = ∫ ( x1 )(16 x1 − x1
2
) dx1 + ∫ (1.2 x 2 )(12 x2 )dx2
L
EI 1.5 EI 0
EI 0
6 5
1 1
∫ ∫
2 3 2
= (16 x1 − x1 ) dx1 + (14 . 4 x 2 ) dx2
1.5 EI 0 EI 0
3 4 6 3 5
1 16 x1 x1 1 14.4 x2 552 600 1152
∆ CH = ( − ) + ( ) = + = = +28.8 mm, →
1.5 EI 3 4 0 EI 3 0
EI EI ( 200 )( 200 )
46
•Real Moment M x2 •Virtual Moment mθ
5m x2 1 kN•m
B C 4 kN C
M2= 12 x2 m2= 1-x2/5
EI EI
12 kN
2 kN/m 1/5 kN
1.5 EI 1.5 EI
6m
x1 M1= 16 x1- x12 x1 m1= 0
16 kN 0
A A
12 kN 1/5 kN
6 5
mM 1 1 x2
1 • θ C = ∫ θ dx = ∫ ( 0)(16 x1 − x1
2
) dx1 + ∫ (1 − )(12 x2 )dx2
L
EI 1 .5 EI 0
EI 0
5
5 2
1 12 x2
= 0+ ∫
EI 0
(12 x 2 −
5
)dx2
2 3 5
1 12 x2 12 x2 50 50
θC = ( − ) = = = +0.00125 rad ,
EI 2 5 × 3 0 EI (200)(200)
47
∆CH = 28.87 mm
5m
B C 4 kN θC = 0.00125 rad ,
12 kN
2 kN/m
6m
A 16 kN
12 kN 60
4 +
60
-
-12
+
M , kN•m
V , kN
+
16
48
Example 8-23
Determine the slope and the vertical displacement of point C on the frame.
Take E = 200 GPa, I = 15(106) mm4.
5 kN
C
3m
B 60o
2m
A
49
•Virtual Moment m∆ Displacement at C •Real Moment M
1 kN 1 kN 5 kN 5 kN
C x1 C C x1 C
3m x1 v∆1 3m x1
30o V1 30o
30o 30o
n∆1 m∆1 = -0.5x1 M1 = -2.5x1
B B 1.5 m N1
1.5 m
1.5 kN•m 7.5 kN•m
1 kN 1 kN 5 kN 5 kN
1.5 kN•m 1.5 kN•m 7.5 kN•m 7.5 kN•m
x2 x2
2m x2 v∆2 2m x2 V2
A n∆2 A N2
m∆2 = -1.5 M2 = -7.5
3 2
m M 1 1
1 • ∆ CV = ∫ ∆ dx
EI
= ∫
EI 0
( − 0.5 x1 ) ( −2 .5 x1 ) dx1 + ∫
EI 0
(−1.5)(−7.5)dx2
L
3
1 1.25 x1 3 1 2
2
33.75 33.75
∆ CV = ( ) + (11.25 x2 ) = = = 11.25 mm ,
EI 3 0
EI 0
EI (200)(15) 50
•Virtual Moment mθ Slope at C •Real Moment M
1 kN•m 5 kN
1 kN•m 5 kN
C C
3m x1 3m x1
x1 C x1 C
30o vθ1 30o V1
30o 30o
B 1.5 m B 1.5 m
nθ1 mθθ11 = -1 N1 M1 = -2.5x1
1 kN•m 7.5 kN•m
5 kN 5 kN
1 kN•m 1 kN•m 7.5 kN•m 7.5 kN•m
x2 x2
2m x2 vθ2 2m x2 V2
A nθ2 A N2
mθθ22 = -1 M2 =
=--7.5
7.5
3 2
mM 1 1
1 • θ C = ∫ θ dx
EI
= ∫
EI 0
( −1) ( −2.5 x1 ) dx1 + ∫
EI 0
(−1)(−7.5)dx2
L
2
1 2.5 x1 3 1 2
26.25 26.25
θC = ( ) + (7.5 x2 ) = = = 0.00875 rad,
EI 2 0
EI 0
EI (200)(15) 51
Virtual Strain Energy Caused by Axial Load, Shear, Torsion, and Temperature
• Axial Load
d∆
N
U i = ∫ n d∆ = ∫ n ( )dx
L
EA
Where
n = internal virtual axial load caused by the external virtual unit load
N = internal axial force in the member caused by the real loads
E = modulus of elasticity for the material
52
• Bending
dθ
M
U i = ∫ m dθ = ∫ m( )dx
L
EI
Where
n = internal virtual moment cased by the external virtual unit load
M = internal moment in the member caused by the real loads
E = modulus of elasticity for the material
I = moment of inertia of cross-sectional area, computed about the the neutral axis
53
• Torsion
dθ
T
U i = ∫ t dθ = ∫ t ( )dx
L
GJ
Where
t = internal virtual torque caused by the external virtual unit load
T = internal torque in the member caused by the real loads
G = shear modulus of elasticity for the material
J = polar moment of inertia for the cross section, J = πc4/2, where c is the
radius of the cross-sectional area
54
• Shear
dυ
KV
U i = ∫ v dυ = ∫ v ( ) dx
L
GA
Where
v = internal virtual shear in the member, expressed as a function of x and caused
by the external virtual unit load
V = internal shear in the member expressed as a function of x and caused by the
real loads
K = form factor for the cross-sectional area:
K = 1.2 for rectangular cross sections
K = 10/9 for circular cross sections
K ≈ 1 for wide-flange and I-beams, where A is the area of the web
G = shear modulus of elasticity for the material
55
Temperature Displacement : d∆
• Axial U i = ∫ n(α ∆T ) dx
L
dθ
∆T
• Bending U i = ∫ mα )dx
L
2c
Where
∆Τ = Differential temperatures:
- between the neutral axis and room temperature, for axial
- between two extreme fibers, for bending
α = Coefficient of thermal expansion
56
• Temperature T2 > T1
T1
T2
O dx
dθ ∆T = T2 - T1
T1 + T2 T1 T2
Tm = T1 dθ ∆T
2 ∆T y
y c β= y 2c
M 2c
c
M
T2 > T1 T2 T1
∆T
( dθ ) y = α ( y ) dx
2c
∆T
(dθ ) = α ( )dx
2c
U temp = ∫ mdθ
L
∆T
U temp = ∫ m(α )dx
2c
0
57
Example 8-24
From the beam below Determine :

(a) If P = 60 kN is applied at the mid-span C, what would be the displacement at
point C. Due to shear and bending moment.
(b) If the temperature at the top surface of the beam is 55 oC , the temperature at
the bottom surface is 30 oC and the room temperature is 25 oC.
What would be the vertical displacement of the beam at its midpoint C and the
the horizontal deflection of the beam at support B.
(c) if (a) and (b) are both accounted, what would be the vertical displacement of
the beam at its midpoint C.
Take α = 12(10-6)/oC. E = 200 GPa, G = 80 GPa, I = 200(106) mm4 and A = 35

(103) mm2. The cross-section area is rectangular.
C
A B
2m 2m
58
SOLUTION • Part (a) :
P
1 kN
x x x x
C
A B A B
P/2 2m 2m P/2 0.5 kN 0.5 kN
P/2 0.5
V v
diagram diagram
P/2 0.5
P P
x PL/4 x
2 m 1
M 2 0.5x 0.5x
diagram
diagram
L/2
mi M i x Px dx 2 Px 3 PL3 60(4) 3
dx = 2 ∫ ( )( )
L/2
∆ bending =∫ = ( ) = = = 2 mm,
L
EI 0
2 2 EI EI 4 × 3 0
48 EI 48(200)(200)
L/2
Kv V 1 P dx KPx L/2
KPL 1.2(60)(4)
∆ shear = ∫ i i dx = 2 ∫ K ( )( ) = = = = 0.026 mm,
L
GA 0
2 2 GA 2GA 0
4GA 4(80)(35000)
∆ C = ∆ bending + ∆ shear = 2 + 0.026 = 2.03 mm, 59

SOLUTION •Part (b) : Vertical displacement at C
260 m
C 55 oC,
A B
30 oC T1=55oC
2m 2m 55 + 30
Tm = = 42.5
260 mm 2
1 kN
x x
Troom = 25 oC ,
T2=30oC
A B
Temperature profile
0.5 kN 0.5 kN
m 1
diagram 0.5x 0.5x
- Bending
mα (∆T ) α (∆T ) 2
L
(12 ×10 −6 )(−25) 0.5 x 2 2
(1 kN )(∆ C ) = ∫ dx =2 ∫0 (0.5x)dx = 2 (260 ×10−3 ) ( 2 )

0
2 c 2c 0
∆C = -2.31 mm ,
60
• Part (b) : Horizontal displacement at B
260 m
C 55 oC
A B
30 oC T1=55oC
2m 2m 55 + 30
Tm = = 42.5
260 mm 2
x
1 kN A B Troom = 25 oC ,
T2=30oC
1 kN
Temperature profile
0 0
n 1 1 - Axial
diagram
(1 kN )(∆ BH ) = ∫ nα (∆T )dx
L
4
∆BH = 0.84 mm = α (∆T ) ∫ (1)dx
∆Cv = 2.31 mm , 0
4
−6
= (12 ×10 )(42.5 − 25)( x) 0
C
A Deflected curve B ∆BH = 0.84 mm ,
61
• Part (c) :
P ∆BH = 0.84 mm
260 m
C 55 oC
A
30 oC
B
=
∆C = -2.03 + 2.31 = 0.28 mm,
P
C
A B
∆C = 2.03 mm
+
∆C = 2.31 mm
55 oC,
A B
30 oC
62
Example 8-25
Determine the horizontal displacement of point C on the frame.If the

temperature at top surface of member BC is 30 oC , the temperature at the bottom
surface is 55 oC and the room temperature is 25 oC.Take α = 12(10-6)/oC, E = 200
GPa, G = 80 GPa, I = 200(106) mm4 and A = 35(103) mm2 for both members.
The cross-section area is rectangular. Include the internal strain energy due to
axial load and shear.
5m
B C 4 kN
260 mm
EI,AE,GA
2 kN/m
1.5 EI,1.5AE, 1.5GA 6m
63
Virtual load
x2
5m
1 1
B C 1 B + C
1.2
1.2 kN +
6m Axial, n (kN)
x1
1 kN 1.2
A A
1.2 kN
6 1.2x2
B C B C
1 6
-1.2 -1.2
1x1
Shear, v (kN) Moment, m (kN•m)
1
A A
64
x2 Real load
5m
4 4
B C 4 kN 12 B C
2 kN/m 12 kN
6m Axial, N (kN)
x1
16 kN
A 12 A
12 kN 60 12x2
B C 60 B C
4
16 - 2x1 -12 -12
Shear, V (kN) 16x1 - x12 Moment, M (kN•m)
16
A A
65
•Due to Axial x2
1 1 4 4
B C 12 B C
1.2
AE
1.5AE
Virtual Axial, n (kN) 6m Real Axial, N (kN)
x1
5m
1.2
A 12 A
ni N i Li
(1 kN )(∆ CH ) = ∑
Ai Ei
(1.2)(12)(6) (1)(4)(5)
= +
1.5 AE AE
77.6 kN 2 • m
=
AE
77.6 kN • m
∆ CH = = 1.109(10 −5 ) m = 0.0111 mm, →
kN
(35000 × 10 −6 m 2 )(200 × 10 6 ) 66
m2
•Due to Shear x2
B GA C B C
1 4
-1.2 -1.2
1.5GA 16 - 2x1 -12 -12
Virtual Shear, v (kN) 6m Real Shear, V (kN)

x1
1 5m
16
A A
L
υV
(1 kN )(∆ CH ) = ∫ K ( ) dx
0
GA
5
6(1)(16 − 2 x1 ) (−1.2)(−12)
= ∫ 1.2 dx1 + ∫ 1.2 dx2
0 1.5GA 0
GA
2 6 5
1.2 2 x1 1.2 134.4 kN 2 • m
=( )(16 x1 − ) + ( )(14.4 x2 ) =
1.5GA 2 0 GA 0 GA
134.4 kN • m
∆ CH = = 4.8(10 −5 ) m = 0.048 mm, →
kN
(80 ×106 2 )(35000 ×10 −6 m 2 ) 67
m
•Due to Bending x2
60 12x2
6 1.2x2
B C 60 B C
6
EI
1.5EI 16x1 - x12
1x1
Virtual Moment, m (kN•m) 6 m Real Moment, M (kN•m)
x1
5m
A A
L
mM
(1 kN )(∆ CH ) = ∫ dx
0
EI
6 5
1 1
1.5 EI ∫0 EI ∫0
2
= ( x1 )(16 x1 − x1 ) dx1 + (1.2 x2 )(12 x2 ) dx2
3 4 6 3 5
1 16 x x1 1 14.4 x2 1152 kN 2 • m 3
= ( − ) + 1
( ) =
1.5 EI 3 4 0 EI 3 0
EI
1152 kN • m 3
∆ CH = = 0.0288 m = +28.8 mm, →
kN
(200 ×106 2 )(200 ×10 −6 m 4 ) 68
m
•Due to Temperature
6 1.2x2 1 1
B 30oC B B
C C +
6 1.2
55oC
260 mm x2 C
1x1 +
Troom = 25oC n (kN)
m (kN•m)
x1
A 5m
1.2
A A
- Bending
T1=30oC
mα ( ∆ T )
L 5
(1.2 x2 )(12 × 10 −6 )(55 − 30) 2
(1 kN )( ∆ CH ) = ∫ dx = ∫ dx
Tm= 42.5oC 2 c ( 260 × 10 −3
)
0 0
260 mm
∆CH = 0.0173 m = 17.3 mm ,
T2=55oC - Axial
L 5
Temperature (1 kN )(∆ CH ) = ∫ nα ( ∆T ) dx = ∫ (1)(12 × 10 −6 )(42.5 − 25)dx2
profile 0 0
∆CH = 0.00105 m = 1.05 mm , 69

•Total Displacement
( ∆ CH )Total = (∆ CH ) Axial + ( ∆ CH ) Shear + ( ∆ CH ) Bending + ( ∆ CH )Temp
= 0.01109 + 0.048 + 28.8 + (17.3 + 1.05) = 47.21 mm
∆CH= 47.21 mm
B C 4 kN
2 kN/m
70
Castigliano’s Theorem
P1 P2 Pi P1 P2 Pi + dPi
∆Pi
∆Pi + d∆Pi
P P
(dPi)∆Pi = dU*
∂U dPi ∂U
dU = dPi dU = dPi
∂Pi U* ∂Pi
∆ ∆
U
Ui = f (P1, P2,…, Pn) U = U*
dU = dU*
∂U
dPi = ( dPi ) ∆ Pi
∂Pi
∂U
∆ Pi =
∂Pi
71
Load Displacement :
∂ N2 ∂N N
• Axial Load ∆ Pi = (∫ dx) = ∫ ( ) dx
∂Pi L 2 AE L
∂Pi AE
n∆
∂ M2 ∂M M
• Bending ∆ Pi = (∫ dx) = ∫( ) dx
∂Pi L 2 EI ∂Pi EI
m∆
∂ KV 2 ∂V V
• Shear ∆ Pi = (∫ dx) = ∫ K ( ) dx
∂Pi L 2GA ∂Pi GA
v∆
Where
∆ = external displacement of the truss, beam or frame
P = external force applied to the truss, beam or frame in the direction of ∆
N = internal axial force in the member caused by both the force P and the loads
on the truss, beam or frame
M = internal moment in the beam or frame, expressed as a function of x and caused
by both the force P and the real loads on the beam
V = internal moment in the beam or frame caused by both the force P and the real
loads on the beam
72
Temperature Displacement :
∂ ∂N
• Axial ∆ Pi = ( ∫ N (α ∆T )dx) = ∫ ( )(α ∆T ) dx
∂Pi L ∂Pi
n∆
∂ ∆T ∂M ∆T
• Bending ∆ Pi = ( ∫ M (α )dx) = ∫ ( )(α )dx
∂Pi L 2c ∂Pi 2c
m∆
Where
∆Τ = Differential temperatures:
- between the neutral axis and room temperature, for axial
- between two extreme fibers, for bending
α = Coefficient of thermal expansion
73
Slope :
∂U
θ Mi =
∂M i
∂ M2 ∂M M
• Bending θ Mi = (∫ dx) = ∫ ( ) dx
∂M i L 2 EI L
∂M i EI
mθ
Where
θ = external slope of the beam or frame
Mi = external moment applied to the beam or frame in the direction of θ
M = internal moment in the beam or frame, expressed as a function of x and caused
by both the force P and the real loads on the beam
74
Castigliano’s Theorem : Truss
P1
N1 P2
∂N i N i
∆ = ∑(
N6
N3 ) Li
4
N
2
N
N
N7 N8 5 N9 ∂P AE
Where:
∆ = external joint displacement of the truss
P = external force applied to the truss joint in the direction of ∆
N = internal force in a member cause by both the force P and the loads on the truss
E = modulus of elasticity of a member
75
Example 8-26
Determine the vertical displacement of joint C of the truss shown in the figure
below. The cross-sectional area of each member of the truss shown in the figure
is A = 400 mm2 and E = 200 GPa.
C
4 kN
3m
A B
4m 4m
76
SOLUTION
P
C 4 kN
5m
-2 3 3P C
-0
.83
+2 .5 .5 3m + -0
.8 3P
4 kN 2 A 0.667P
A 0 B
4m 4m
=
B 0.5P
N: Virtual Load P 0.5P
1.5 kN 1.5 kN C
N: Real Load 4 1 10
0 . .41
-1
A 10.656 B
∂N L ∂N
∆ CV = ∑ N ( ) N( )L
∂P AE ∂P
1 10.67 kN • m
∆ CV = (−10.41 + 10.41 + 10.67) =
AE kN
(400 ×10 −6 m 2 )(200 ×106 2 )
m
∆CV = 0.133 mm, 77
Example 8-27
F E
4m
A D
B C
4m 4m 4m
4 kN 4 kN
78
SOLUTION
F E F E
m
-4 -0.333P
7
65
1P 1P
-0
-5
5.
0.333P
65 7
.9
.6
0 .4 7
. 4 4 4m + .4 1P
4
5
-5 -0 -0
3P
7
0A 4 4 4 0 0.333P 0.667P 0.667P
D
A
B C B C
4m 4m 4m D
4 kN 4 kN 4 kN 4 kN 0.333P P 0.667P
=
N: Real Load F 5.33 E N: Virtual Load P
07
30
5.33
. 0
.1
15 16
8
5.33 10.67 10.67
B C
A ∂N D
∂N L N ( )L
∆ CV = ∑ N ( ) ∂P
∂P AE
1 72.4 kN • m
∆ CV = [15.07 + 3(5.33) + 2(10.67) + 16 + 30.18)] =
AE kN
( 400 ×10 −6 m 2 )(200 ×106 2 )
m
∆CV = 1.23 mm, 79
Example 8-28
wall
D C 10 kN
3m
B
A
2m 20 kN
80
SOLUTION
20 kN 1P P
23.333 kN D 23.333 C 10 kN 0.667P D 0.667P C D 31.126 C
4
60
12
3.6 4.03
20 1P
P
+ 0
4.
.2
3m -2 20 3m 0
-1
10
1 0 0 0
B B B
13.333 kN A 2m 0.667 P A 2m A
20 kN ∂N
N( )L
N: Virtual Load P ∂P
N: Real Load
∂N L
∆ CV = ∑ N ( )
∂P AE
1 195.25 kN • m
∆ CV = (60 + 31.13 + 104.12) =
AE kN
(400 × 10 −6 m 2 )(200 × 10 6 2 )
m
∆CV= 2.44 mm,
81
Castigliano’s Theorem : Beams and Frames
• Displacement
w w
M1 M2
C
A B B
∆C x1
x1 x2 V1 V2 x2
P
RA RB RA RB
∂M M
∆ = ∫( ) dx
L
∂P EI
Where:
∆ = external displacement of the point caused by the real loads acting on the beam
or frame
P = external force applied to the beam or frame in the direction of ∆
M = internal moment in beam or frame , expressed as a function of x and cause by
both the force P and the loads on the beam or frame
82
• Slope
w w
M1 M2
M´
A B B
x1
θ V1 V2 x2
x1 x2
RA RB RA RB
∂M M
θ = ∫( ) dx
L
∂M ' EI
Where:
∆ = external displacement of the point caused by the real loads acting on the beam
or frame
M´ = external moment applied to the beam or frame in the direction of θ
M = internal moment in beam or frame , expressed as a function of x and cause by
both the force P and the loads on the beam or frame
83
Example 8-29
B C
A ∆C
2a a
84
SOLUTION Displacement at C P
x1 x2
B
A
2a a C
P 3P
2 2
M
diagram
Px1
M1 = − M2 = -Px2
2 -Pa
∂M M 1
2a
∂M 1 1 ∂M 2
a
∆C = ∫ ( ) dx = ∫0 ∂P 1 1 EI ∫0 ∂P )(M 2 )dx2
( )( M ) dx + (
L
∂P EI EI
2a a
1 x1 Px1 1
=
EI ∫0 2 2 1 EI ∫0 (− x2 )(− Px2 )dx2
( − )( − ) dx +
3 3
1 P x1 2a
1 x a
Pa 3
∆C = ( )( ) + ( P)( 2 ) = ,
EI 4 3 0
EI 3 0
EI
85
Slope at C P
M
B
A
2a a C
M M
0.5 P + x1 1.5 P +
2a 2a
x2
Mx1
M1 = −(0.5 Px1 + )
2a
A P
M2= − Px2 − M M
V1
M
0.5 P + x1
2a C
V2 x2
2a a
1 ∂M 1 1 ∂M 2
θC =
EI ∫0 ∂M 1 1 EI ∫0 ∂M )(M 2 )dx2
( )( M ) dx + (
2a
0 a
0
1 x1 Mx1 1
EI ∫0 2a EI ∫0
= ( − )( − 0.5 Px 1 − ) dx1 + ( −1)(− Px2 − M ) dx2
2a
3 2
1 P x1 2a
1 x a
2 Pa 3 Pa 2 7 Pa 3
θC = ( )( ) + ( P)( 2 ) = + = , 86
EI 4 3 0
EI 2 0
3EI 2 EI 6 EI
Example 8-30
3 kN/m
A B
5m
87
SOLUTION Displacement at B
x
∂M M
3 kN/m (∆ B ) = ∫ ( ) dx
P L
∂P EI
5
0
1 3x 2
A
5m
B = ∫
EI 0
( − x)(− Px −
2
) dx
3x 5
x 1 3x 3
EI ∫0 2
2
3x P =
− Px − =M 2
2
1 3x 4 5
x = ( )
V EI 8 0
234.375 kN 2 • m 3
=
EI
234.375 kN • m 3
=
kN
(200 ×106 )(250 ×10 −6 m 4 )
m
∆B = 0.00469 m = 4.69mm,
88
slope at B
x
∂M M
3 kN/m θB = ∫ ( ) dx
M´ L
∂M ' EI
5
0
1 3x 2
A
5m
B = ∫
EI 0
( −1)(− M '−
2
)dx
3x 5
x 1 3x 2
EI ∫0 2
2
3x =
− M '− = M 2 M´
2
1 3x 3 5
x = ( )
V EI 6 0
62.5 kN 2 • m 3
=
Deflected curve EI
A B
∆B = 4.69mm, 62.5 kN • m 3
=
kN
θB = 0.00125 rad (200 ×106 )(250 ×10 −6 m 4 )
m
θB = 0.00125 rad,
89
Example 8-31
14 kN•m 5 kN
A C D
B
2m 2m 3m
90
SOLUTION Displacement at B
14 kN•m x P ∂M M
1 x2 x3 (∆ B ) = ∫ ( ) dx
C L
∂P EI
5
A 1
2
x1 7 x1 x1 P
B D
7 P 7 P
= ∫
EI 0 2
( ) (14 −
2
+
2
)dx1
− + 5
2 2 2 2 2
1 x2 7 x2 Px2
2m 2m 3m + ∫
EI 0 2
( )(
2
+
2
) dx2
3
V
+ ∫ (0)(0)dx3
diagram
7 P 0
−( − ) 7 P
2 2 −( + ) 1
2
1
2
EI ∫0 EI ∫0
2 2
2 2 = ( 7 x1 − 0. 5 x1 ) dx1 + (3 x 2 ) dx2
7 x1 Px1 2 3 3
M 1 = 14 − + 1 7 x1 0.5 x1 2 1 3x 2
2 2 = ( )( − ) + ( )( 2 )
14 EI 2 3 0
EI 3 0
7x Px
M2 = 2 + 2
M 2 2 20.667 20.667
= =
diagram EI (200)(60)
∆B = 0.00172 m = 1.72 mm, 91

SOLUTION Slope at B
L
∂M M
5 kN θB = ∫ ( ) dx
14 kN•m x x2 x3 ∂M ' EI
1 0 0
C 2
1 x1 M'
EI ∫0 4
A = ( ) (14 − x 1 + )dx1
B M´ D 4
M' 0
M' 6− 1
2
x2 M ' x2
1− 4
EI ∫0
4 + ( − )( 6 x 2 − )dx2
4 4
2m 2m 3m
3
V + ∫ (0)(0)dx3
diagram 0
M' 2
− (1 − ) M' 1
EI ∫0
2
4 − (6 − ) = (3 .5 x1 − 0.25 x1 ) dx1
4
M' 1
2
M 1 = 14 − (1 − ) x1
∫
2
4 + ( −1 .5 x )dx2
14 EI 0
2
M'
M 2 = (6 − ) x2 2 3 3
M 4 1 3.5 x1 0.25 x1 2 1 1.5 x2 2
diagram = ( − )0+ (− )
EI 2 3 EI 3 0
2.333 2.333
B ∆B = 1.72 mm = =
A EI (200)(60)
C D
θB = 0.000194 rad,
θB = 0.000194 rad 92
Example 8-32
Determine the displacement of point B of the steel beam shown in the figure
below. Take E = 200 GPa, I = 200(106) mm4.
10 kN•m 20 kN
Hinge
A
I B 2I C
4m 3m 3m
93
SOLUTION
x1 P 20 kN
x2 x3
10 kN•m
A
I B 2I C
4m 3m 3m
10 kN•m 2.5 kN
0
P
2.5 kN 20 kN
0 75 + 6P
2.5 kN 22.5 + P
10 kN•m M3 = (22.5 + P)x3 - (75 + 6P)

M1 = 10 - 2.5x1
75 + 6P
x1 P
V1 V3 x3 22.5 + P
2.5 kN x2
M2 = -(2.5 + P)x1
2.5 kN V2 94
x1 P 20 kN
x2 x3
10 kN•m
A
I B 2I C
4m 3m 3m
10 kN•m M3 = (22.5 + P)x3 - (75 + 6P)
M1 = 10 - 2.5x1
75 + 6P
x1 P
V1 V3 x3 22.5 + P
2.5 kN x2
M2 = -(2.5 + P)x2
2.5 kN V2
0 0
∂M M 1
4
1
3
∆B = ∫ (
L
∂P
)
EI
dx =
∫
EI 0
(0)(10 − 2.5 x1 )dx1 + ∫
2 EI 0
(− x2 )(−2.5 x2 − x2 P)dx2
3 0 0
1
2 EI ∫0
+ ( x3 − 6)(22.5 x3 + x3 P − 75 − 6 P)dx3
3 3
1 1
2 EI ∫0 2 EI ∫0
2 2
= 0+ ( 2.5 x 2 ) dx 2 + ( 22. 5 x3 − 210 x3 + 450)dx3
11.25 303.75 315 315

∆B = + = =
EI EI EI (200)(200)
= 7.875 mm, 95
Example 8-33
Determine the displacement of hinge B and the slope to the right of hinge B
of the steel beam shown in the figure below.
Take E = 200 GPa, I = 200(106) mm4.
30 kN•m 20 kN
5 kN/m
Hinge
A C
EI B 2EI
3m 4m
96
20 kN
SOLUTION
30 kN•m P
5 kN/m
A C
EI B M´ 2EI
3m 4m
15 kN
30 kN•m
5 kN/m
A B
2.5 kN 17.5 kN
P
C
4(P + 17.5) + M´
17.5 kN
B 2EI
M´
P + 17.5
97
20 kN
x1 x2
30 kN•m P
5 kN/m
4(P + 17.5) + M´
A C
EI B M´ 2EI
2.5 kN P + 17.5
3m 4m
5x1
30 kN•m
5x
2
M3= (P + 17.5)x2 - 4(P+17.5) - M´
M1 = 30 − 1 − 2.5 x1
2 4(P + 17.5) + M´
A
x1 2EI C
V3 x2 P + 17.5
2.5 kN V1
• The displacement of hinge B

1 ∂M
EI ∫L
∆B = M ( )dx
∂P
4
20 20 0
1
= 0+
2 EI 0∫ ( Px2 + 17.5 x2 − 4 P − 70 − M ' )( x2 − 4)dx2
800 800
= = = 0.01 m = 10 mm, ↓
2 EI 2(200)(200) 98
20 kN
x1 x2
30 kN•m P
5 kN/m
4(P + 17.5) + M´
A C
EI B M´ 2EI
2.5 kN P + 17.5
3m 4m
5x1
30 kN•m
5x
2
M3= (P + 17.5)x2 - 4(P+17.5) - M´
M1 = 30 − 1 − 2.5 x1
2 4(P + 17.5) + M´
A
x1 2EI C
V3 x2 P + 17.5
2.5 kN V1
• The slope to the right of hinge B

1 ∂M
EI ∫L
∆B = M ( )dx
∂M '
4
20 20 0
1
= 0+ ∫
2 EI 0
( Px2 + 17.5 x2 − 4 P − 70 − M ' )(−1)dx2
300 300
= = = 3.75 ×10 −3 rad
2 EI 2(200)(200) 99
Example 8-34
Determine the slope and the horizontal displacement of point C on the frame.
Take E = 200 GPa, I = 200(106) mm4
5m
B C 4 kN
EI
2 kN/m
1.5 EI 6m
100
SOLUTION x2 Horizontal Displacement at C
5m 36 6 P
M2 = ( + ) x2
B C P 5 5 C P
2 kN/m
x2
V2
EI 36 6 P 36 6 P
+ M1= ( P + 12) x1 − x1
2
+
5 5 5 5
12 kN 1.5 EI 6m
V1
x1 x1
2x1
A 12 + P
12 + P
A
36 6 P 36 6 P
+ +
5 5 5 5 4
6 4 5
∂M i M i 1 1 6 x2 36 x2 6 Px2
∫ ∫
2
∆ CH = ∫( ) dx = ( x1 ) ( x 1 P + 12 x1 − x1 ) dx 1 + ( )( + )dx2
∂P EI 1.5 EI 0 EI 0 5 5 5
L
6 5
1 1
1.5 EI ∫0 EI ∫0
2 3 2
= (16 x 1 − x1 ) dx 1 + (14 . 4 x 2 ) dx2
3 4 3
1 16 x1 x1 6 1 14.4 x2 5 552 600 1152
∆ CH = ( − ) + ( ) = + = = + 28.8 mm ,
1.5EI 3 4 0 EI 3 0
EI EI (200)(200)
101
x2 Slope C
5m M'
M´ M2= M '+ (12 − ) x2
B 4 kN 5 M´
2 kN/m
C x2 4N
V2
EI M' M'
12 − M1 = 16 x1 − x1
2
12 −
5 5
12 kN 1.5 EI 6m
V1
x1 x1
2x1
A 16
16
A
M' M'
12 − 12 −
5 5
0
L 6 0 5 0
∂M i M i 1 1 x2 M ' x2
∫ ∫
2
θC = ∫ ( ) dx = ( 0) (16 x1 − x1 ) dx1 + (1 − )( M '+ 12 x 2 − )dx2
0
∂M ' EI 1.5 EI 0 EI 0 5 5
5 2
1 12 x2
EI ∫0
= 0+ (12 x 2 − )dx2
5
2 3
1 12 x2 12 x2 5 50 50
θC = ( − ) = = = + 0.00125 rad ,
EI 2 5 × 3 0 EI (200)(200) 102
APPROXIMATE ANALYSIS OF STATICALLY
INDETERMINATE STRUCTURES
! Trusses
! Vertical Loads on Building Frames
! Lateral Loads on Building Frames: Portal
Method
! Lateral Loads on Building Frames: Cantilever
Method Problems
1
Trusses
P1 P2
a a
F1
Fa
Fb V = R1
F2
a a
R1 (a) R2 R1 (b)
Method 1 : If the diagonals are intentionally designed to be long and slender,

it is reasonable to assume that the panel shear is resisted entirely by the tension diagonal,
whereas the compressive diagonal is assumed to be a zero-force member.
Method 2 : If the diagonal members are intended to be constructed from large

rolled sections such as angles or channels, we will assume that the tension and compression
diagonals each carry half the panel shear.
2
Example 1
Determine (approximately) the forces in the members of the truss shown in

Figure. The diagonals are to be designed to support both tensile and compressive
forces, and therefore each is assumed to carry half the panel shear. The support
reactions have been computed.
F E D
3m
C
A B
4m 4m
10 kN 20 kN
3
20 kN
F E D
+ ΣMA = 0: FFE(3) - 8.33cos36.87o(3) = 0
3m FFE = 6.67 kN (C)

C
A B
4m 4m 10 kN + ΣMF = 0: FAB(3) - 8.33cos36.87o(3) = 0
10 kN 20 kN
FAB = 6.67 kN (T)
20 kN
F θ = 36.87o
FFE
θ FAF
3m FFB= F V = 10 kN 8.33
F =F
θ AE θ
FAB A 6.67 kN
A
10 kN 10 kN
+ ΣFy = 0: 20 - 10 - 2Fsin(36.87o) = 0
F = 8.33 kN
+ ΣFy = 0: FAF - 10 - 8.33sin(36.87o) = 0
FFB = 8.33 kN (T)
FAF = 15 kN (T)
FAE = 8.33 kN (C)
4
θ = 36.87o
FED D θ = 36.87o
θ D
F = FDB 6.67 kN
θ
V = 10 kN F = FEC 3m 8.33 kN
θ C
FBC FDC
10 kN
+ ΣFy = 0: 10 - 2Fsin(36.87o) = 0 + ΣFy = 0: FDC - 8.33sin(36.87o) = 0
F = 8.33 kN FDC = 5 kN (C)

FDB = 8.33 kN (T)
θ = 36.87o
FEC = 8.33 kN (C) E
6.67 kN 6.67 kN
θ θ
8.33 kN 8.33 kN
+ ΣMC = 0: FED(3) - 8.33cos36.87o(3) = 0
FEB
FED = 6.67 kN (C)
+ ΣFy = 0:
+ ΣMD = 0: FBC(3) - 8.33cos36.87o(3) = 0 FEB = 2(8.33sin36.87o) = 10 kN (T)
FBC = 6.67 kN (T)
5
Example 2
Determine (approximately) the forces in the members of the truss shown in

Figure. The diagonals are slender and therefore will not support a compressive
force. The support reactions have been computed.
10 kN 20 kN 20 kN 20 kN 10 kN
J I H G F
4m
A 4m B 4m C 4m D 4m E
40 kN 40 kN
6
10 kN FJA
0
J
FJI θ
A 0
FJB
45o V = 30 kN
4m FAI = 0 40 kN
FAB
A
+ ΣFy = 0: FJA = 40 kN (C)
40 kN
10 kN 20 kN
FAI = 0
J I
FIH
+ ΣFy = 0: 40 - 10 - FJBcos 45o = 0 FIC
45o V = 10 kN
4m
FJB = 42.43 kN (T) FBH = 0
FBC
A 4m B
+ ΣMA = 0: FJI(4) - 42.43sin 45o(4) = 0
40 kN
FJI = 30 kN (C) FBH = 0
+ ΣMJ = 0: FAB(4) = 0 + ΣFy = 0: 40 - 10 - 20 - FICcos 45o = 0
FAB = 0 FIC = 14.14 kN (T)

7
10 kN 20 kN
FBI
42.3 kN
J I
FIH 45o 0
45o 45o
FIC 0 30 kN
45o V = 10 kN
4m B
FBH = 0
FBC
A 4m B + ΣFy = 0: FBI = 42.3 sin 45o = 30 kN (T)
40 kN
+ ΣMB = 0: FCH
14.14 kN 14.14 kN
FIH(4) - 14.14sin 45o(4) + 10(4) - 40(4) = 0
45o 45o
FJH = 40 kN (C) 30 kN 30 kN
C
+ ΣMI = 0: FBC(4) - 40(4) + 10(4) = 0

+ ΣFy = 0:
FBC = 30 kN (T)
FBI = 2(14.1442.3 sin 45o) = 20 kN (C)
8
Vertical Loads on Building Frames
typical building frame
9
• Assumptions for Approximate Analysis
column w column
girder
A B
L
(a) w
w
assumed
A B points of
point of zero
0.1L zero moment 0.1L
0.21L moment 0.21L L
L
(b) approximate case
w (d)
Point of Point of
zero A B zero w
moment moment
L
0.1L 0.8L 0.1L
Simply supported
(c) model (e) 10
Example 3
Determine (approximately) the moment at the joints E and C caused by members

EF and CD of the building bent in the figure.
1 kN/m
E F
1 kN/m
C D
A B
6m
11
1 kN/m
4.8 kN
1 kN/m
4.8 m 4.8 m
0.1L=0.6 m 2.4 kN 2.4 kN

0.6 m
0.6 kN 2.4 kN 2.4 kN 0.6 kN
0.6(0.3) + 2.4(0.6) = 1.62 kN•m 1.62 kN•m
3 kN 0.6 m 0.6 m 3 kN
12
Portal Frames and Trusses
∆ ∆
• Frames: Pin-Supported
P P
assumed
h h hinge
l l
(a) (b)
Ph/2
Ph/2 L/2 L/2
Ph/2
P P/2 P/2
Ph/2
Ph/l Ph/l
h h
P/2 P/2
(d)
Ph/l (c) Ph/l
13
• Frames : Fixed-Supported ∆ ∆
P P
assumed
h hinges
h
l l
(a) L/2 (b) L/2
P P/2 P/2
h/2 Ph/2l Ph/2l h/2
Ph/4
Ph/4 Ph/4 P/2 P/2
Ph/4 Ph/2l Ph/2l
Ph/2l Ph/2l
P/2 P/2
h/2
Ph/4 Ph/4
P/2 P/2
(d) Ph/4 Ph/4
Ph/2l (c) Ph/2l
14
• Frames : Partial Fixity
P P
θ assumed θ
h hinges
h/3 h/3
l
(a) (b)
• Trusses
P P
∆ ∆
assumed
h hinges
h/2
P/2 P/2
l l
(a) (b)
15
Example 4
Determine by approximate methods the forces acting in the members of the

Warren portal shown in the figure.
2m 4m 2m
40 kN C D E F
2m
B H G
4m
7m
A I
8m
16
2m 4m 2m
40 kN C D E F
2m
+ ΣMJ = 0:
B H G
N(8) - 40(5.5) = 0
3.5 m
J K N = 27.5 kN
40/2 = 20 kN = V 20 kN = V
N N
N N
V = 20 kN V = 20 kN + ΣM = 0:
A
3.5 m M - 20(3.5) = 0
A I
20 kN = V M = 70 kN•m
V = 20 kN M M
N N
17
2m 2m
FEF F
40 kN C FCD D E
2m F FEG 2m
45o BD FGH 45o
FBH
B G
3.5 m 3.5 m
J K
20 kN 20 kN = V
27.5 kN 27.5 kN
+ ΣFy = 0: -27.5 + FBDcos 45o = 0 + ΣFy = 0: 27.5 - FEGcos 45o = 0
FBD = 38.9 kN (T) FEG = 38.9 kN (C)
+ ΣMB = 0: FCD(2) - 40(2) - 20(3.5) = 0 + ΣMG = 0: FEF(2) - 20(3.5) = 0
FCD = 75 kN (C) FEF = 35 kN (T)
+ ΣMD = 0: FBH(2) + 27.5(2) - 20(5.5) = 0 + ΣME = 0: FGH(2) + 27.5(2) - 20(5.5) = 0

FBH = 27.5 kN (T) FGH = 27.5 kN (C)
18
y
y
38.9 kN FHE
D FDE 45o 45o
75 kN x 27.5 kN x
45o 45o 27.5 kN
H
38.9 kN FDH
+ ΣFy = 0: FDHsin 45o - 38.9sin 45o = 0 + ΣFy = 0: FHEsin 45o - 38.9sin 45o = 0
FDH = 38.9 kN (C) FHE = 38.9 kN (T)
+ ΣF = 0: 75 - 2(38.9 cos 45o) - FDE = 0

x
FDE = 20 kN (C)
19
Lateral Loads on Building Frames: Portal Method
= inflection point
(a)
V V V V
(b)
20
Example 5
Determine by approximate methods the forces acting in the members of the

Warren portal shown in the figure.
5 kN B D F G
3m
A C E H
4m 4m 4m
21
5 kN B M D N F O G
3m I J K L
A C E H
4m 4m 4m
5 kN B M D N F O G
1.5 m
V I 2V J 2V K V L
Iy Jy Ky Ly
+ ΣF = 0: 5 - 6V = 0
x
V = 0.833 kN
22
2m
5 kN B 4.167 kN 2m D 2m N
2.501kN
M 4.167 kN
1.5 m 1.5 m
0.625 kN 0.625 kN 0.625kN
0.833 kN I 1.666 kN J
Iy = 0.625kN Jy = 0
2.501 kN N 2 m F 2m O0.835 kN O 2m G
0.835 kN
0.625kN 1.5 m 0.625 kN 1.5 m
0.625kN
1.666 kN K 0.833 kN L
Ky = 0 0.625 kN = Ly
0.625 kN 0.625 kN
1.666 kN 1.666 kN
I 0.833kN J 0.833 kN
K L
1.5 m 1.5 m 1.5 m 1.5 m
A C E H
0.833 kN 1.666kN 1.666kN 0.833 kN
0.625 kN 1.25 kN•m 2.50 kN•m 2.5 kN•m 0.625 kN 1.25 kN•m
23
Example 6
Determine (approximately) the reactions at the base of the columns of the frame
shown in Fig. 7-14a. Use the portal method of analysis.
G H I
20 kN
5m
D E F
30 kN
6m
A B C
8m 8m
24
G R H S I
20 kN
O P Q 5m
D M E N F
30 kN
J K L 6m
A B C
8m 8m
25
G I
20 kN
2.5 m
V 2V V
Oy Py Py
+ ΣF = 0: 20 - 4V = 0 V = 5 kN
x
G H I
20 kN
5m
D E F
30 kN
3m
V´ 2V´ V´
Jy Ky Ly
+ ΣF = 0: 20 + 30 - 4V´ = 0 V´ = 12.5 kN
x
26
Ry = 3.125 kN 3.125 kN Sy = 3.125 kN
G 4m R R 4m H S
20 kN Rx = 15 kN Sx = 5 kN
15 kN 2.5 m 4m
2.5 m
10 kN
5 kN
Oy = 3.125
Py = 0 kN
3.125 kN
5 kN 10 kN
O My = 12.5 kN P Ny = 12.5 kN
2.5 m 2.5 m
M 22.5 kN M
30 kN Nx = 7.5 kN
4m Mx = 22.5 kN 4m 4m N
3m 3m
12.5 kN
12.5 kN J K
25 kN
Jy = 15.625 kN Ky = 0 kN
15.625kN
25 kN
J 12.5 kN K
3m 3m
A B
Ax = 12.5 kN Bx = 25 kN
Ax = 15.625 kN MA = 37.5 kN•m Bx = 0 MB = 75 kN•m
27
Lateral Loads on Building Frames: Cantilever Method
P
beam building frame

(a) (b)
In summary, using the cantilever method, the following assumptions apply to
a fixed-supported frame.
1. A hinge is place at the center of each girder, since this is assumed to be point
of zero moment.
2. A hinge is placed at the center of each column, since this is assumed to be
a point of zero moment.
3. The axial stress in a column is proportional to its distance from the centroid
of the cross-sectional areas of the columns at a given floor level. Since stress equals force
per area, then in the special case of the columns having equal cross-sectional areas,
the force in a column is also proportional to its distance from the centroid of the column areas.
28
Example 7
Determine (approximately) the reactions at the base of the columns of the frame
shown. The columns are assumed to have equal crossectional areas. Use the
cantilever method of analysis.
C
30 kN
D
4m
B
15 kN E
4m
A F
6m
29
C x
30 kN
D
I
4m H K
B J
15 kN E 6m
4m G L
A F ~
x=
∑ x A 0( A) + 6( A)
= =3
6m ∑ A A + A
30
3m 3m
C + ΣMM = 0: -30(2) + 3Hy + 3Ky = 0
30 kN D
2m I The unknowns can be related by proportional triangles,
Kx that is
Hx M
Hy Ky
= or Hy = Ky
Hy Ky 3 3
H y = K y = 10 kN
C
30 kN D + ΣMN = 0: -30(6) - 15(2) + 3Gy + 3Ly = 0
I
4m H K The unknowns can be related by proportional triangles,
B that is
J
15 kN E Gy Gy
2m 3m 3m = or G y = Ly
Lx 3 3
Gx N G y = L y = 35 kN
Gy Ly
31
Iy = 10 kN 10 kN
C 3m I 3m D
30 kN Ix = 15 kN
15 kN 2m
2m
Kx = 15 kN
Hx = 15 kN
10 kN
10 kN
10 kN 10 kN
15 kN 15 kN
H Jy = 25 kN K
2m 2m
J 7.5 kN J 3m
15 kN
2m 3m Jx = 7.5 kN 2m
25 kN
G L
Gx = 22.5 kN Lx = 22.5 kN
35 kN 35 kN
35 kN 35 kN
22.5 kN
G 22.5 kN L
2m 2m
A F
Ax = 22.5 kN Fx = 22.5 kN
Ax = 35 kN MA = 45 kN•m Fy = 35 kN MF = 45 kN•m
32
Example 8
Show how to determine (approximately) the reactions at the base of the columns
of the frame shown. The columns have the crossectional areas show. Use the
cantilever of analysis.
P Q R
35 kN
6000 mm2 5000mm2 4000 mm2 6000 mm2
4 mL M N O
I J K
45 kN
6 mE F G H
6000 mm2 5000mm2 4000 mm2 6000 mm2
A B C D
6m 4m 8m
33
P Q R
35 kN
4 mL M N O
I J K
45 kN
6 mE F G H
A B C D
6m 4m 8m
6000 mm2 5000mm2 4000 mm2 6000 mm2
6m 4m 8m
x
~
x=
∑ x A 6000(0) + 5000(6) + 4000(10) + 6000(18)
= = 8.48 m
∑ A 6000 + 5000 + 4000 + 6000
34
P Q R
35 kN
2m Mx Nx Ox
Lx
My
Ly Ny Oy
2.48 m 1.52 m
8.48 m 9.52 m
+ ΣMNA = 0: -35(2) + Ly(8.48) + My(2.48) + Ny(1.52) + Oy(9.52) = 0 -----(1)
Since any column stress σ is proportional to its distance from the neutral axis
σM σL 2.48 My 2.48 Ly
= ; σM = σL ; −6
= ( −6
) − − − − − ( 2)
2.48 8.48 8.48 5000(10 ) 8.48 6000(10 )
σN σL 1.52 Ny 1.52 Ly
= ; σN = σL ; −6
= ( −6
) − − − − − (3)
1.52 8.48 8.48 4000(10 ) 8.48 6000(10 )
σO σL 9.52 Oy 9.52 Ly
= ; σO = σL ; = ( ) − − − − − ( 4)
9.52 8.48 8.48 6000(10 −6 ) 8.48 6000(10 −6 )
Solving Eqs. (1) - (4) yields Ly = 3.508 kN My = 0.855 kN

Ny = 0.419 kN Oy = 3.938 kN
35
35 kN
4m L M N O
I J K
45 kN
3m Fx Gx Hx
Ex Fy Gy
Ey Hy
2.48 m 1.52 m
8.48 m 9.52 m
+ ΣMNA = 0: -45(3) - 35(7) + Ey(8.48) + Fy(2.48) + Gy(1.52) + Hy(9.52) = 0 -----(5)

Since any column stress σ is proportional to its distance from the neutral axis ;
σF σ 2.48 Fy 2.48 Ey
= E ; σF = σE ; −6
= ( −6
) − − − − − (6)
2.48 8.48 8.48 5000(10 ) 8.48 6000(10 )
σG σE 1.52 Gy 1.52 Ey
= ; σG = σE ; = ( ) − − − − − (7)
1.52 8.48 8.48 4000(10 −6 ) 8.48 6000(10 −6 )
σH σE 9.52 Hy 9.52 Ey
= ; σH = σE ; = ( ) − − − − − (8)
9.52 8.48 8.48 6000(10 −6 ) 8.48 6000(10 −6 )
Solving Eqs. (1) - (4) yields Ey = 19.044 kN Fy = 4.641 kN Gy = 2.276 kN Hy = 21.38 kN
36
Py= 3.508 kN
3m
35 kN Px= 29.738 kN
2m
Lx= 5.262 kN
3.508 kN
3.508 kN
5.262 kN
Iy= 15.536 kN
2m I
45 kN Ix= 114.702 kN
3m 3m
Ex= 64.44 kN 19.044 kN
19.044 kN
E 64.44 kN
3m One can continue to analyze the
Ax = 64.44 kN other segments in sequence, i.e.,
Ax = 19.044 kN MA = 193.32 kN•m PQM, then MJFI, then FB, and so on.
37
AXIAL LOAD
! Principle of Superposition
! Axial - force / Stress diagram
! Strain
! Mechanical
! Thermal
! Force - deformation relationship
! Deformation
! Compatibility conditions
1
P=P1+ P2
The following two conditions must be

valid if the principle of superposition is
d to be applied.
1. The loading must be linearly
related to the stress or displacement that
=
P1 is to be determined.
2. The loading must not signif-

d icantly change the original geometry or
configuration of the member.
+ P2
2
Strain P
• Mechanical Strain
A
σ (MPa)
LAB φAB
400 B
350
LBC
300 φBC
C
250
200
σAB P
150
σpl
100
50 εAB
0 ε (mm/mm)
0.00 0.10 0.20 0.30 0.40 Upper scale
0.0000 0.0010 0.0020 0.0030 0.0040 Lower scale
δ AB
ε AB =
LAB
3
Strain
• Thermal Strain
A (∆Τ)ΑΒ
εΤ = δΤ/L
LAB αAB
B
LBC
αBC
C
(εΤ)AB
∆T (Co)
(∆T)AB
(ε T ) AB (mm/mm)/oC
α=
(∆T ) AB
(ε T ) AB = α ( ∆T ) AB
4
• Hookean’s Force - deformation relationship P
σ (MPa) A
LAB φAB
400 B
350
LBC
300 φBC
C
250
200
σAB P
150
σpl
100
50 εAB
0 ε (mm/mm)
0.0000 0.0010 0.0020 0.0030 0.0040
σ
δ AB = ε AB LAB = AB LAB
E
PLAB
=
AE
5
• Temperature - deformation relationship
(∆Τ)ΑΒ
δAB A
εΤ = δΤ/L
LAB αAB
B
LBC
αBC
C
(εΤ)AB
∆T (Co)
(∆T)AB
(ε T ) AB (mm/mm)/oC
α=
(∆T ) AB
(δ T ) AB = α ( ∆T ) AB LAB
6
• Total Strains
P1
(∆Τ)ΑΒ
A
P2
LAB φAB
B
LBC
φBC
C
P3
(ε Total ) AB = (ε T ) AB + (ε F ) AB
σ AB
= α (∆T ) AB +
E
(δ Total ) AB = (δ T ) AB + (δ F ) AB
PAB LAB
= α (∆T ) AB LAB +
AE
7
Elastic Deformation
δ (x)
x
dx
P0 P0
L
σ
x E= ε
σ
ε (mm/mm)
P0 P(x)
σ=εE
P A(x)
P(x) P (x ) dδ
=E
A( x ) dx
x P ( x )dx
dδ =
A ( x )E
σ L
P(x) P( x)dx
σ(x) = dδ = ∫
A(x) 0
A( x) E
x 8
• Axial-force diagram di
P1/2 P2/2
RA P3
A B P1/2 C D
P2/2
ACD = (π/4)(do2 - di2 ) AAC= (π/4)(di2 )
LAB LBC LCD do
P PCD = RA + P1 + P2 = P3
PBC = RA + P1
PAB=RA +
+
x
σCD
σ
σBC +
σAB
+ x
9
• Deformation diagram P2/2 di
P1/2
RA P3
A B P1/2 C D
P2/2
ACD = (π/4)(do2 - di2 ) AAC= (π/4)(di2 )
LAB LBC LCD do
P PCD = RA + P1 + P2 = P3
PBC = RA + P1
PAB=RA +
+
x PAB LAB
δ B = δ A + δ B/ A = o +
AAB E AB
PBC LBC
δC = δC/ A = δ B + δC/B = δ B +
ABC E BC
δC
δx/A (mm) δ D = δ D/ A = δ C + δ D/C = δ C +
PCD LCD
δB ACD ECD
x (mm)
δD
10
Example 1
The rod is made from a solid steel section AB and aluminum section BC. If it is
fixed to a rigid support at A. A solid aluminum having an inner diameter of 30
mm and outer diameter of 60 mm. Determine (a) draw the quantitative stress and
strain diagram of the bar (b) the horizontal displacement of end D and the
displacement of C relative to B. Take Est = 200 GPa, Eal = 70 GPa
375 kN di = 30 mm
100 kN
400 kN
100 kN C 375 kN D
B
A
500 mm 400 mm 600 mm do = 60 mm
11
100 kN 375 kN di = 30 mm
150 kN 400 kN
100 kN C 375 kN D
B
A
500 mm 400 mm 600 mm do = 60 mm
P (kN) 150 kN
σ AB =
350 π
150 ( )(0.06) 2
+ 4
x (mm) = 53.05 MPa
-
-400 350 kN
• Stress diagram σ BC =
π
( )( 0 . 06 2 )
σ (MPa) 4
= 159 . 2 MPa
159.2 − 400 kN
53.05 σ CD =
+ π
x (mm) ( )( 0 . 06 2 − 0 . 03 2 )
4
-
= −188 . 6 MPa
-188.6
12
100 kN 375 kN di = 30 mm
150 kN 400 kN
D
B 100 kN C 375 kN
A
Est = 200 GPa Eal = 80 GPa
500 mm 400 mm 600 mm do = 60 mm
P (kN) (150 )( 0 . 5 )
δB/A
350 π
150 ( ( 0 . 06 2 ))( 200 × 10 6 )
+ 4
x (mm) = 0 . 133 mm
-
-400 ( 350 )( 0 . 4 )
• Displacement diagram δC /B
π
( ( 0 . 06 2 ))( 200 × 10 6 )
δx/A (mm) 0.133+0.248 = 0.381
4
= 0 . 248 mm
0.133 ( −400 )( 0 . 6 )
δ D /C =
π
( 0 . 06 2 − 0 . 03 2 ))( 70 × 10 6 )
(
4
= −1 . 617 mm
σD = 0.381-1.617 = -1.236
13
Example 2
The assembly shown consists of an aluminum tube AB having a cross-sectional

area of 400 mm2. A steel rod having a diameter of 10 mm is attached to a rigid
collar and passes through the tube. If a tensile load of 80 kN is applied to the rod,
determine the displacement of the end C of the rod. Take Est = 200 GPa, Eal = 70
GPa.
400 mm
B A
80 kN
C
600 mm
14
400 mm
B A
80 kN
C
600 mm
- Aluminum tube AB - Rod BC

B A d = 10 mm
80 kN PAB = 80 kN
B C
80 kN 80 kN
A = 400 mm2 0.6 m
0.4 m
PAB LAB PBC LBC

δB/A = δC /B =
Atube E al Arod E st
( −80 kN)( 0 . 4 m) ( 80 kN)( 0 . 6 m )
= =
( 400 × 10 −6 m 2 )( 70 × 10 6 kN / m 2 ) [π ( 0 . 005 m) 2 ]( 200 × 10 6 kN / m 2 )
= −1 . 143 × 10 −3 m = 1 . 143 × 10 −3 m → = 3 . 056 × 10 −3 m →
- Displacement of the end C

+
( →) δ C = δ B + δ C / B = 0 . 001143 + 0 . 003056 = 0 . 00420 m = 4 . 20 m →
15
Example 3
A rigid beam AB rests on the two short posts shown. AC is is made of steel and
has a diameter of 20 mm, and BD is made of aluminum and has a diameter of 40
mm. Determine the displacement of point F on AB if vertical load of 90 kN is
applied over this point. Take Est = 200 GPa, Eal = 70 GPa.
90 kN
200 mm 400 mm
A B
F
300 mm
C D
16
90 kN - Compatibility Equation
200 mm 400 mm
600 mm
A B
F 400 mm
60 kN 30 kN A F B
0.102 mm
0.286 mm δF
dAC = 20 mm dBD = 40 mm 300 mm y 0.286 − 0.102
=
C Est = 200 GPa Eal = 70 GPa. D 400 600
400
y = (0.286 − 0.102)( )
60 kN 30 kN 600
PAC LAC ( −60 kN)( 0 . 3 m ) y = 0 . 123 mm
δA = =
AAC E st [π ( 0 . 01 m ) 2 ]( 200 × 10 6 kN / m 2 )]
δ F = 0 . 102 + y
= −2 . 86 × 10 −4 m = 0 . 286 mm ↓ = 0 . 102 + 0 . 123
= 0 . 225 mm ↓
PBD LBD ( −30 kN)( 0 . 3 m )
δB = =
ABD E al [π ( 0 . 02 m ) 2 ]( 70 × 10 6 kN / m 2 )
= −1 . 02 × 10 −4 m = 0 . 102 mm ↓ 17
Example 4a
mm and outer diameter of 60 mm. Draw the quantitative stress diagram of the
rod. Temperature in member AB and CD are increase 20 oC and 10 oC
respectively prior to the loads are applied. Take Est = 200 GPa, Eal = 70 GPa, αst
= 12x10-6 /oC and αal = 23x10-6 /oC.
steel 375 kN aluminum di = 30 mm

400 kN
+ 20 oC + 10 oC C
B 375 kN
A
900 mm 600 mm do = 60 mm
18
350 kN C
400 kN
α = 12x10-6 /oC (∆T)st = 20 oC (∆T)al = 10 oC

Est = 200 GPa B 375 kN E = 80 GPa
A al
900 mm 600 mm do = 60 mm
AAB = (π/4)(0.062 ) ABC = (π/4)(0.062 - 0.032 )
P (kN) = 2.827x10-3 m2 = 2.121x10-3 m2
350
+
x (mm)
-
-400
350 × 10 N
3
σ (MPa) σ st =
( 2 . 827 × 10 −3 m 2 )
123.8 = 123 . 8 MPa
P +
σ= x (mm)
A -
-188.6 σ = − 400 × 10 3 N
al
( 2 . 121 × 10 −3 m 2 )
= 188 . 6 MPa 19
350 kN C
400 kN
α = 12x10-6 /oC (∆T)st = 20 oC (∆T)al = 10 oC

Est = 200 GPa B 375 kN E = 80 GPa
A al
900 mm 600 mm do = 60 mm
AAB = (π/4)(0.062 ) ABC = (π/4)(0.062 - 0.032 )
P (kN) = 2.827x10-3 m2 = 2.121x10-3 m2
350
+
x (mm)
-
(350)(0.9) -400
δ B/ A = −3
+ (12 × 10 −6
)(20)(0.9)
(2.827 ×10 )(200 ×10 )
6
δx/A (mm) = 0.557 mm + 0.216 mm = 0.773 mm

0.773
PL
δ= + α (∆T ) L
AE x (mm)
0.773-1.479 = -0.706
( −400 )( 0 . 6 ) −6
δC /B = + ( 23 × 10 )(10 )( 0 . 6 )
( 2 . 121 × 10 −3 )( 70 × 10 6 )
= −1 . 617 mm + 0 . 138 mm = −1 . 479 mm 20
Example 4b
mm and outer diameter of 60 mm. Temperature in member AB and CD are
increase 20 oC and 10 oC respectively. Determine the maximum load P the rod
can take at end C, if the allowable normal stress in steel is (σst)allow = 120 MPa
and the in aluminum is (σal)allow = 180 MPa . Take Est = 200 GPa, Eal = 70 GPa,
αst = 12x10-6 /oC and αal = 23x10-6 /oC.

P
+20 oC +10 oC C
B 375 kN
A
900 mm 600 mm do = 60 mm
21
375 kN di = 30 mm
steel aluminum
RA
P
αst = 12x10-6 /oC +20 oC +10 oC C

Est = 200 GPa B 375 kN
αal = 23x10-6 /oC A Eal = 80 GPa
(σst)allow = 120 MPa 900 mm 600 mm do = 60 mm
(σal)allow = 180 MPa +
δC = 0 → ΣFx = 0 : − RA + 750 − P = 0, RA = 750 − P

AAB = (π/4)(0.062 ) ABC = (π/4)(0.062 - 0.032 )
P (kN) = 2.827x10-3 m2 = 2.121x10-3 m2
750-P
+
x (mm)
-
750 − P -P
(σ st ) allow : −3
= 120 × 10 3 , P1 = 410 . 76 kN
( 2 . 827 × 10 )
−P
(σ al ) allow : −3
= 180 × 10 3 , P2 = 381 . 78 kN
( 2 . 121 × 10 )
( 750 − P )( 0 . 9) −6 ( −P )( 0 . 6 )
δC : + (12 × 10 )( 20 )( 0 . 9 ) +
( 2 . 827 × 10 −3 )( 200 × 10 6 ) ( 2 . 121 × 10 −3 )( 70 × 10 6 )
+ ( 23 × 10 −6 )(10 )( 0 . 6 ) = 0 , P3 = 274 . 80 kN 22
P=P1+ P2
P
The following two conditions must be
valid if the principle of superposition is
d to be applied.
1. The loading must be linearly
related to the stress or displacement that
=
P1 is to be determined.
2. The loading must not signif-

d icantly change the original geometry or
configuration of the member.
+ P2
23
Statically Indeterminate Axially Loaded Members
• End to end bars Compatibility Conditions
P
A D δD/A = δB/A + δC/B+ δDC = 0
B P C
• Co-axial bars
material#1, core
(δB)1 = (δB)2
P
A B
material#2, sleeve
F
• Parallel bars E
P
B C D δB δC δD
A = =
LAB LAC LAD
δB δC
δD
24
Statically Indeterminate Axially Loaded Members: End to End Bars
d2
d1 P1/2 P2/2 d1
RD
RA A B P1/2 P2/2 C D
Est
Steel Aluminum Steel Eal
LAB LBC LCD
RA+ P1
RA RA+ P1 - P2 = RD
P (kN)
x
- Equilibrium Equation : Σ Fx = 0
- RA- P1 + P2 + RD = 0 -----(1)
- Compatibility Equation :
δD/A = δB/A + δC/B+ δD/C = 0

R A LAB ( R A + P1 ) LBC RD LCD
+ + =0 − − − − − (2)
AAB Est ABC Eal ACD Est 25
Example 5
A solid steel rod shown in the figure, having an inner diameter of

30 mm and outer diameter of 60 mm. Determine the reactions at supports. Draw
the quantitative normal stress and deformation diagrams of the rod. Take E = 200
GPa.
100 kN 375 kN di = 30 mm
100 kN C 375 kN D
B
A
500 mm 400 mm 600 mm
do = 60 mm
26
100 kN 375 kN di = 30 mm
RA RD
100 kN C 375 kN D
B
A
500 mm 400 mm 600 mm
do = 60 mm
AAC = (π/4)(0.062 ) ACD = (π/4)(0.062 - 0.032 )
= 2.827x10-3 m2 = 2.121x10-3 m2
P (kN) RA + 200
RA
+ RA -550 = RD
x (mm)
- Equilibrium equation: RA -550 = RD -----(1)
- Compatibility equation: δD/A = δB/A + δC/B + δD/C = 0
R A ( 0 . 5) (R A + 200 )( 0 . 4 ) (R A − 550 )( 0 . 6 )
+ + = 0 − −( 2 )
( 2 . 827 × 10 −3 )( 200 × 10 6 ) ( 2 . 827 × 10 −3 )( 200 × 10 6 ) ( 2 . 121 × 10 −3 )( 200 × 10 6 )
RA = 211.73 kN
RD = RA - 550 = 211.73 -550 = -338.27 kN 27

100 kN 375 kN di = 30 mm
211.73 kN 338.27 kN
100 kN C 375 kN D
B
A
500 mm 400 mm 600 mm
do = 60 mm
AAC = (π/4)(0.062 ) ACD = (π/4)(0.062 - 0.032 )
P (kN) = 2.827x10-3 m2 = 2.121x10-3 m2
411.73
211.73
+
x (mm)
-
-338.27
σ (MPa) ( 411 . 73 kN)
σ BC =
145.64 (2.827 × 10 - 3 m 2 )
P 74.9 = 145 . 64 MPa
σ= +
A x (mm)
( 211 . 73 kN) -
σ AB =
(2.827 × 10 -3 m 2 ) -159.49 ( −338 . 27 kN)
σ CD =
= 74 . 9 MPa (2.121 × 10 - 3 m 2 )
= −159 . 49 MPa 28
100 kN 375 kN di = 30 mm
211.73 kN 338.27 kN
100 kN C 375 kN D
B
A
500 mm 400 mm 600 mm
do = 60 mm
AAC = (π/4)(0.062 ) ACD = (π/4)(0.062 - 0.032 )
P (kN) = 2.827x10-3 m2 = 2.121x10-3 m2
411.73
211.73
+
x (mm)
-
-338.27
δx/A (mm)
0.48
0.19
x (mm)
( 211 . 73 )( 0 . 5 ) ( 411 . 73 )( 0 . 4 ) ( −338 . 27 )( 0 . 6 )

δD/A = + +
( 2 . 827 × 10 −3 )( 200 × 10 6 ) ( 2 . 827 × 10 −3 )( 200 × 10 6 ) ( 2 . 121 × 10 −3 )( 200 × 10 6 )
= 0 . 19 + 0 . 29 − 0 . 48 = 0 mm 29
Statically Indeterminate Axially Loaded Members: Coaxial Bars
material#1 core, d1 material#1 core, d1
RA = F1+ F2
P
A B
material#2, sleeve
L
Axial material#2 post, d2
Force (F1+ F2) = P
F2/2
x
F1 P
- Equilibrium Equation : F2/2 B
- (F1+ F2) + P = 0 ------(1)
- Compatibility Equation :
(δB/A)1 = (δB/A)2
F1 L FL
= 2 − − − − − ( 2)
A1 E1 A2 E2
30
Example 6
The rod is made from a solid steel section AB and a tubular portion made of
steel and having a aluminum core section BC. If it is fixed to a rigid support
at A. Take Est = 200 GPa, Eal = 80 GPa
(a) Compute the normal stress in steel and aluminum.
(b) Determine the displacement of the end C of the rod.
Aluminum core
175 kN dal = 30 mm
200 kN
C
A B 175 kN
1.0 m 0.6 m steel dst = 50 mm
31
(a) Compute the normal stress in steel and aluminum. Aluminum core
175 kN di = 30 mm
150 kN 200 kN
A C
B 175 kN
1.0 m 0.6 m
do = 50 mm
P (kN) 200
+
x (mm)
-
-150
- Compatibility equation - Equilibrium equation
(δC/B)st = (δC/B)al Pst + Pal = 200
PL PL 4 . 444 Pal + Pal = 200 − − − (2)

( ) st = ( ) al
AE AE
Pal = 36 . 75 kN
Pst (0.6) Pal (0.6)
= − − − (1) Pst = 163 . 25 kN
(π / 4)(0.05 − 0.03 )(200 × 10 ) (π / 4)(0.03 )(80 × 10 )
2 2 6 2 6
Pst = ( 4 . 444 )Pal

32
Aluminum core
175 kN di = 30 mm
150 kN 200 kN
A C
B 175 kN
1.0 m 0.6 m
do = 50 mm
P (kN) 200
+
x (mm)
-
-150 Pal = 36.75 kN
Pst = 163.25 kN
- Normal stress
(PBC ) st (163 . 25 )
• (σ BC ) st = = = 129 . 91 MPa ⇐
Ast (π / 4 )( 0 . 05 − 0 . 03 )
2 2
(PBC ) al ( 36 . 75 )
• (σ BC ) al = = = 51 . 28 MPa ⇐
Aal (π / 4 )( 0 . 03 2 )
33
(b) Determine the displacement of the end C of the rod. Aluminum core
175 kN di = 30 mm
150 kN 200 kN
A C
B 175 kN
1.0 m 0.6 m
do = 50 mm
P (kN) 200
+
x (mm)
-
-150 Pal = 36.75 kN
Pst = 163.25 kN
δC/A = δB/A + δC/B
( −150 )(1 . 0 ) ( 36 . 75 )( 0 . 6 )
•δC / A = + = −0 . 115 mm ⇐
(π / 4 )( 0 . 05 2 )( 200 × 10 6 ) (π / 4 )( 0 . 03 2 )( 80 × 10 6 )
34
Statically Indeterminate Axially Loaded Members: Parallel Bars
- Equilibrium Equation - Compatibility Equation

F F
E E
P P
A B C D A B C D
δB δC
Ay FBE FCF
δD
P
A B C D δB δC δD
= =
LAB LAC LAD
+ ΣFy = 0: FBE LBE FCF

Ay + FBE + FCF - P = 0 -----(1) = − − − − − (3)
ABE EBE ACF ECF
+ ΣMA = 0:
FBE(LAB) + FCF(LAC) + P(LAD) = 0 -----(2)
35
Example 8
The three A-36 steel bar shown are pin-connected to a rigid member. If the
applied load on the member is 15 kN, determine the fore developed in each bar.
Bars AB and EF each have a cross-sectional area of 25 mm2 , and bar CD has a
cross-sectional area of 15 mm2
B D F
0.5 m
A C E
0.2 m 0.2 m 0.4 m
15 kN
36
B D F
0.5 m
A C E
0.2 m 0.2 m 0.4 m
FAB 15 kN FCD FEF
A C E
0.2 m 0.2 m 0.4 m
15 kN
- Equilibrium Equation
+ ΣFy = 0: FAB + FCD + FEF - 15 kN = 0 -----(1)
+ ΣMC = 0: -FAB(0.4 m) + 15 kN(0.2 m) + FEF(0.4 m) = 0 -----(2)

37
B D F
0.5 m
A C E
0.2 m 0.2 m 0.4 m
A 15 kN C E
δE
δA E´
δC C ´
A´
- Compatibility Equation
δ A −δE δC −δE
=
0.8 m 0.4 m
1 1
δC = δA + δE
2 2
FCD ( 0 . 5 m ) 1 FAB ( 0 . 5 m ) 1 FEF ( 0 . 5 m )
2
= [ 2
] + [ 2
] − − − − − ( 3)
(15 mm )E st 2 ( 25 mm )E st 2 ( 25 mm )E st
Solving Eqs. 1-3 : FAB = 9.52 kN, FCD = 3.46 kN, FEF = 2.02 kN, 38
Thermal Stress
δ/L
∆T
∆(δ/ L) α
δ Temp(oC)
L L
∆T
δ T = ∫ ε T dx = ∫ α (∆T )dx α = ∆(δ/ L)/(∆T) (mm/mm)/oC
0 0
δΤ = α(∆T)L
εT = α(∆T)
39
RA ∆Τ RB
A B d
L
P (kN) RA = RB
x (mm)
R AL
δB/A = 0 = + α ( ∆ T )L
AE
R A = −α ( ∆ T ) AE = R B
40
• Compatibility condition with thermal strain
d2 ∆
d1 P1/2 P2/2 d1
RD
RA A B P1/2 P2/2 C D
Steel Aluminum Steel Eal

LAB LBC LCD αst
RA+ P1 Eal
RA RA+ P1 - P2 = RD
αal
P (kN)
x
δ = δForce + δ∆Τ = Σ [(εForce L) + (ε∆Τ L)] = Σ[(PL/ AE)] + Σ [α(∆Τ) L]
δD/A = ∆ δB/A + δC/B + δD/C = ∆
41
Example 7
A solid steel rod shown in the figure, having an inner diameter of

30 mm and outer diameter of 60 mm. Draw the quantitative normal
stress and the Elongation of the rod. Temperature in member AB and
CD are increase 30 oC. Take E = 200 GPa, α = 12x10-6 /oC.
0.5 mm
100 kN 375 kN di = 30 mm
100 kN C 375 kN D
B
A
500 mm 400 mm 600 mm
do = 60 mm
42
100 kN 375 kN di = 30 mm
+30 oC +30 oC
RA RD
100 kN C 375 kN D
B
A
500 mm 400 mm 600 mm
do = 60 mm
AAC = (π/4)(0.062 ) ACD = (π/4)(0.062 - 0.032 )
= 2.827x10-3 m2 = 2.121x10-3 m2
- Equilibrium equation:
P (kN) RA + 200
RA
+ RA -550 = RD
x (mm)
- Compatibility equation: δD/A = 0.5x10-3 m = δForce + δ∆Τ = Σ[(PL/ AE) + α(∆Τ)L]
R A ( 0 . 5) (R A + 200 )( 0 . 4 )
0 . 5 × 10 −3 = + (12 × 10 −6
)( +30 )( 0 . 5 ) +
( 2 . 827 × 10 −3 )( 200 × 10 6 ) ( 2 . 827 × 10 −3 )( 200 × 10 6 )
(R A − 550 )( 0 . 6 ) −6
+ −3
+ (12 × 10 )( +30 )( 0 . 6 )
( 2 . 121 × 10 )( 200 × 10 ) 6
RA = 246.32 kN , RD = RA - 550 = 246.32 -550 = -303.68 kN 43

100 kN 375 kN di = 30 mm
246.32 kN 303.68 kN
100 kN C 375 kN D
B
A
500 mm 400 mm 600 mm
do = 60 mm
AAC = (π/4)(0.062 ) ACD = (π/4)(0.062 - 0.032 )
P (kN) = 2.827x10-3 m2 = 2.121x10-3 m2
446.32
246.32
+
x (mm)
-
-303.68
σ (MPa) ( 446 . 32 kN)
σ BC =
157.88 ( 2 . 827 × 10 −3 m 2 )
P 87.13
σ = +
A x (mm)
-
( 246 . 32 kN)
σ AB = -143.18 ( −303 . 68 kN)
( 2 . 827 × 10 −3 m 2 ) σ CD =
( 2 . 121 × 10 −3 m 2 )
= 87 . 13 MPa
= −143 . 18 MPa 44
100 kN 375 kN di = 30 mm
246.32 kN 303.68 kN
100 kN C 375 kN D
B
A
500 mm 400 mm 600 mm
do = 60 mm
AAC = (π/4)(0.062 ) ACD = (π/4)(0.062 - 0.032 )
P (kN) = 2.827x10-3 m2 = 2.121x10-3 m2
446.32
246.32
+
x (mm)
-
δ (mm) -303.68
0.72
0.4 0.50
x (mm)
( 246.32)(0.5) ×103 ( 446.32)(0.4) ×103
δ D/ A = −3
−6
+ (12 ×10 )(30)(.500) +
(2.827 ×10 )(200 ×10 ) 6
(2.827 ×10 −3 )(200 ×106 )
( −303.68)(0.6) ×103
+ −3
+ (12 ×10 −6 )(30)(.600)
( 2.121×10 )(200 ×10 ) 6
= 0.218 + 0.18 + 0.316 − 0.43 + 0.216 = 0.5 mm 45

Example 8
From the frame shown, determine:

(a) Reactions at all support
(b) Normal stress in steel and aluminum
(c) Displacement at A and B
Take Est = 200 GPa, Eal = 70 GPa, αst = 12x10-6 /oC and αal = 23x10-6 /oC.
800 kN
0.75 m
C
A
B
+10oC
Aluminum 0.6 m
+20oC
0.90 m di = 30 mm
Steel
do = 60 mm
d = 60 mm
0.5 m 0.5 m
46
800 kN
• Compatibility
0.75 m A´
C B´ δ
A δst al
B A
+10oC Cy B C
Aluminum 0.6 m 0.5 m 0.5 m
+20oC
0.90 m di = 30 mm δ st δ al
Steel =
1 0.5
δ st = 2δ al − − − (2)
Fal do = 60 mm
d = 60 mm Fst (0.9)
δ st =
Fst π
0.5 m 0.5 m ( (0.06 2 ))(200 ×106 )
4
(a) Reactions at all support + (12 ×10 −6 )(20)(0.9)
• Equilibrium equation Fal (0.6)
δ al =
π
+ ΣM C = 0 : 800(0.75) + 0.5 Fal + 1Fst = 0 ( (0.062 − 0.032 ))(70 ×106 )
4
Fal = −1200 − 2 Fst − − − (1) + (23 ×10−6 )(10)(0.6)
Substitute δst and δal in eq.(2) from eq.(1) and (2) can solve
Fst = -542.78 kN (C) Fal = -114.44 kN (C)
+↑ ΣFy = 0 : 542 . 78 + 114 . 44 − 800 − C y = 0 , C y = −142 . 78 kN, ↑ 47
800 kN
(b) Normal stress in steel and aluminum
0.75 m
C
A − 542 . 78 kN
B σ st = = −191 . 97 MPa (C )
+10oC 142.78 kN π
( 0 . 06 2 )
Aluminum 0.6 m 4
+20oC
0.90 m di = 30 mm − 114 . 44 kN
Steel δ al = = −53 . 97 MPa(C )
π
( 0 . 06 2 − 0 . 03 2 )
4
do = 60 mm
114.44 kN
d = 60 mm
542.78 kN 0.5 m 0.5 m (c) Displacement at A and B

− (542 . 78 )( 0 . 9)
δ st = + (12 × 10 −6 )( 20 )( 0 . 9)
Est = 200 GPa π
Eal = 70 GPa ( 0 . 06 2 ))( 200 × 10 6 )
(
4
αst = 12x10-6 /oC = −0 . 864 mm + 0 . 216 mm = −0 . 648 mm
αal = 23x10-6 /oC.
( −114 . 44 kN)( 0 . 6 )
δ al = + ( 23 × 10 −6 )(10 )( 0 . 6 )
π
( 0 . 06 2 − 0 . 03 2 ))( 70 × 10 6 )
(
4
= −0 . 463 mm + 0 . 138 mm = −0 . 325 mm
48
BENDING
! Shear and moment diagrams
! Bending Deformation of a Straight Member
! The Flexure Formula
! Unsymmetric Bending
! Composite beams
! Reinforced Concrete Beams
1
Shear and bending moment diagram
P
w
A D
B MoC
RA L1 L2 L3 RB
P
RA x1 L3- x1
RA - P
+
x
-
RB
M RAL1 + (RA-P)L2
RAL1
x
RAL1 + (RA-P)L2 - Mo
2
Example 1
Draw the shear and moment diagram for the beam shown.
8 kN 12 kN
3 kN/m
A D
B C
4m 4m 4m
3
8 kN 12 kN
3 kN/m
A D
B C
RA RD
4m 4m 4m
+ ΣMA = 0:
-8(4) -12(8) - (3x4)(10) + RD(12) = 0
RD = 20.67 kN
+ ΣFy = 0:
RA - 8 -12 - (3x4) + 20.67 = 0
RA = 11.33 kN
4
8 kN 12 kN 3(4) = 12 kN
A D
B C
11.33 kN 20.67 kN
4m 4m 4m
V(kN)
11.33
+11.33(4) = 45.32 3.33
x
+3.3(4) = 3..32 −(1/2)(8.67+20.67)(4)
-8.67 = −58.64
-20.67
M(kN•m)
58.64
45.32
5
Example 2
Draw the shear and moment diagram for the beam shown.
10 kN
3 kN/m
8 kN•m
A
B C D
3m 3m 2m
6
10 kN
3 kN/m
8 kN•m
A
B C D
RA RC
3m 3m 2m
+ ΣMA = 0:
-10(3) - 8 - (0.5x3x3)(3+(2/3)x3) + RC(6) - (3x2)(7) = 0
RC = 17.08 kN
+ ΣFy = 0:
RA - 10 - (0.5x3x3) + 17.08 - (3x2) = 0
RA = 3.42 kN
7
10 kN 6 kN
4.5 kN 3 kN/m
8 kN•m
3.42 kN 17.08 kN
3m 3m 2m
V(kN)
6
3.42
+3.42(3) = 10.26
x
− +(1/2)(2)(6)=6
-6.58
-11.08
M(kN•m)
18.26
10.26
x
-6
8
Bending deformation of A Straight Member
Before deformation
M
Horizontal lines
become curved
M
Vertical lines remain
straight, yet rotate 9
After deformation
• Strain ( ε )
y
dθ dθ
2
z
Neutral axis dθ δmax ρ
M y
∆x 2
c
y
x Neutral axis
Longitudinal axis ∆x
ε max c
− 2δ max =
ε max = ε y
∆x
y
ε = ε max
dθ c
− 2( )c
= 2 −c y
ρdθ ε= ( )
ρ c
−c −y
ε max = ε=
ρ ρ 10
y
dθ
z
Neutral axis
M ε δmax ρ
∆x c
y
x Neutral axis
Longitudinal axis ∆x
ε −y
=
ε max c
−y
ε= ε max
c
Notes :
ε = f (y )
ε max
= constant
c 11
The Flexure formula
y σ y
σmax =
σ max c
σ max
σ = y
c c
σ
M y
x For positive bending moment M:
σ max
σ = −y
c
Note :
σ = f (y )
σ max
= constant
c
12
M
σmax
dA
y σNA = 0
NA
NA dF M
Bending Stress diagram
• General formula • Neutral axis (NA) : A definition
dM = ydF = y (σdA)
∑F x = 0 = ∫ dF
y
M = ∫ y ( − σ max )dA 0 = ∫ σdA
A
c A
σ max y
=− ∫ dA 0 = ∫ ( − σ max )σdA
2
y
c A A
c
σ max σ σ max
=−
c
Ix = −
y
Ix 0=−
c ∫ yσdA
A
σ =−
My ∫ yσdA = 0
A
I yA = 0; y = 0, A ≠ 0
σ is compression when +M Pure Bending : σ = 0 at neutral axis 13

• Stress and Strain Distribution for Pure Bending
NA y
M
z
x
σmax εmax
M σ ε
NA c y σNA = 0 y εNA = 0
Stress Distribution Strain Distribution
σ y ε y
• = • =
σ max c ε max c
14
Beam
A B
C D
P
Ax A NC
MC
C
Ay VC
VC
D ND
MC MD
NC C
VD
P
Ax A ND
MD
D
Ay VD
15
Example 3
the absolute maximum bending stress in the beam and draw the stress distribution
over the cross section at this location.
17.5 kN
30 kN•m 5 kN/m
300 mm
4m 4m
250 mm
16
• Internal Loading 17.5 kN
30 kN•m 5 kN/m
17.5 kN 4m 4m 20 kN
V (kN)
17.5 17.5
x(m)
40 -20
M(kN•m)
x (m)
-30
(σmax)C
40 kN•m
Neutral Axis σNA = 0
17
(σmax)T
(σmax)C = 10.7 MPa
0.15 m 40 kN•m 5.33 MPa
B
Neutral Axis 0.075 m σNA = 0
0.3 m
5.33 MPa
0.15 m
(σmax)T = 10.7 MPa
0.25 m
• Section Property
1
I = ∑ ( I + Ad 2 ) = ( 0 . 25 m )( 0 . 3 m ) 3 + 0 = 0 . 0005625 m 4
12
• Bending Stress
Mc ( 40 kN • m )( 0 . 15 m )
σ max = = = 10 . 7 MPa (C) ⇐
I (. 5625 × 10 −3 m 4 )
− My B − ( 40 kN • m )( 0 . 075 m )
σB = = = −5 . 33 MPa (C) ⇐
I (. 5625 × 10 −3 m 4 )
18
Example 4
the absolute maximum bending stress in tension and also in compression in the
beam, and draw the stress distribution over the cross section at the mid-span.
250 mm
17.5 kN
30 kN•m 5 kN/m 20 mm
300 mm
4m 4m
20 mm
19
250 mm
20 mm y'
NA dfrange
dweb 310 mm
300 mm y
150 mm
20 mm
∑ y A (150 )( 300 × 20 ) + ( 310 )( 250 × 20 )

y = = = 222 . 7 mm
∑A ( 300 × 20 ) + ( 250 × 20 )
y ' = 320 − 222.7 = 97.3 mm
I NA = Σ ( I + Ad 2 )
1 1
=[ (20)( 300) 3 + (20 × 300)( 222.7 − 150) 2 ] + [ (250)( 20) 3 + (250 × 20)( 310 − 222.7) 2 ]
12 12
= .1150x109 mm4 = .1150x10-3 m4 20

• Internal Loading 17.5 kN
30 kN•m 5 kN/m
17.5 kN 4m 4m 20 kN
V (kN)
17.5 17.5
x(m)
-20
M(kN•m) 40
x (m)
-30
The positive maximum bending M+ = 40 kN•m
The maximum negative bending M - = -30 kN•m

21
• The Bending Stress in the Maximum Bending in Tension (M = 40 kN•m)
250 mm
(σmax)C = 33.8 MPa
20 mm 40 kN•m
97.3 mm NA
B
300 mm 222.7 mm
(σmax)T = 77.5 MPa
20 mm
Mc 1 ( 40 kN • m )( 0 . 0973 m )
(σ max ) C = = −3
= 33 . 8 MPa (C)
I (. 115 × 10 m ) 4
Mc 2 ( 40 kN • m )( 0 . 2227 m )
(σ max )T = = −3
= 77 . 5 MPa (T )
I (. 115 × 10 m ) 4
22
• The Bending Stress in Maximum Bending in Compression (M = -30 kN•m)
250 mm
(σmax)T = 25.4 MPa
20 mm 30 kN•m
97.3 mm NA
B
300 mm 222.7 mm
(σmax)C = 58.1 MPa
20 mm
Mc 1 ( 30 kN • m )( 0 . 0973 m )
(σ max )T = = −3
= 25 . 4 MPa ( T)
I (. 115 × 10 m ) 4
Mc 2 ( 30 kN • m )( 0 . 2227 m )
(σ max ) C = = = 58 . 1 MPa ( C)
I (. 115 × 10 −3 m 4 )
23
• The absolute maximum bending stress in tension and also in compression in the beam
250 mm
(σmax)C = 33.8 MPa
20 mm 40 kN•m
97.3 mm NA
300 mm 222.7 mm
(σmax)T = 77.5 MPa

20 mm
(σmax)T = 25.4 MPa
30 kN•m
NA
(σmax)C = 58.1 MPa
By comparison,
The maximum bending stress in tension; (σmax)T = 77.5 MPa (T)
The maximum bending stress in compression; (σmax)C = 58.1 MPa (C)

24
Example 5
the absolute maximum bending stress in the beam and draw the stress distribution
over the cross section at this location.
17.5 kN
30 kN•m 5 kN/m
4m
500 mm
300 mm
2.25 m 4m
250 mm 250 mm
25
17.5 kN
• Internal Loading 5 kN/m
30 kN•m
4m
A B
C D
17.5 kN 2.25 m 4m 20 kN
V (kN)
17.5 17.5
x(m)
M(kN•m) 40
9.38 -20
x (m)
-30
26
(σmax)T = 9.33 MPa
0.15 m 30 kN•m
NA
0.3 m
0.15 m
0.25 m (σmax)C = 9.33 MPa
1
I = ∑ ( I + Ad 2 ) = ( 0 . 25 m )( 0 . 3 m ) 3 + 0 = 0 . 0005625 m 4
12
• Bending Stress at A
Mc ( 30 kN • m )( 0 . 15 m )
σ max = = = 9 . 33 MPa
I (. 5625 × 10 −3 m 4 )
27
(σmax)C = 3.84 MPa
0.25 m 40 kN•m
NA σNA = 0
0.5 m
0.25 m
(σmax)T = 3.84 MPa
0.25 m
1
I = ∑ ( I + Ad 2 ) = ( 0 . 25 m )( 0 . 5 m ) 3 + 0 = 0 . 002604 m 4
12
• Bending Stress at D
Mc ( 40 kN • m )( 0 . 25 m )
σ max = = −3
= 3 . 84 MPa
I ( 2 . 604 × 10 m ) 4
Maximum bending stress occurs at D
σ max = 9 . 33 MPa
28
17.5 kN
30 kN•m 5 kN/m
4m
A B
C D
17.5 kN 2.25 m 4m 20 kN
M(kN•m) 40
9.38
x (m)
-30
(σmax)T = 9.33 MPa
0.15 m 30 kN•m
NA
0.3 m
0.15 m
0.25 m (σmax)C = 9.33 MPa
Maximum bending stress occurs at A
σ max = 9 . 33 MPa
29
Unsymmetric Bending
• Moment Applied Along Principal Axis

y y
z εmax
ε
c
dA y x
dF = σdA
y C
z Normal Strain Distribution
M (Profile View)
x
y
σmax
σ
c M
y x
Bending Stress Distribution

(Profile View) 30
• Moment Arbitrarily Applied
y
Mz = M cos θ
y z
M
θ
z
y
x
My = M sin θ
Mz y M yz
σ =− +
Iz Iy z
x 31
(σx)max
y
[(σx)max - (σ´x)max] [(σx)max + (σ´x)max]
Mz
z
(σx)max
N
α
z
A y
x
[(σx)max + (σ´x)max] [(σx)max - (σ´x)max]
My
(σ´x)max
(σ´x)max 32
α)
• Orientation of the Neutral Axis (α
y y
[(σx)max - (σ´x)max] [(σx)max + (σ´x)max]
B C
N A
α F
G
z z A
A E
x D x
[(σx)max + (σ´x)max] [(σx)max - (σ´x)max]
B A
F
α O
H FH
α = tan −1 ( )
G HO
D
C
33
Example 6
The rectangular cross section shown is subjected to a bending moment of

M = 12 kN•m. Determine the normal stress developed at each corner of the
section, and specify the orientation of the neutral axis.
x
M = 12 kN•m.
E D5
0.2 m 4
3 z
0.2 m
B
C
0.1 m
0.1 m
y
34
x
(4/5)(12) = 9.60 kN•m. • Section Properties
M = 12 kN•m. 1
E D5 Iy = ( 0 . 4 m )( 0 . 2 m) 3 = 0 . 2667 (10 −3 ) m 4
0.2 m 4 12
3 z
0.2 m 1
B Iz = ( 0 . 2 m )( 0 . 4 m ) 3 = 1 . 067 (10 −3 ) m 4
C (3/5)(12) = 7.20 kN•m. 12
0.1 m
0.1 m My
y • Bending Stress : σ =
I
7 . 2 (10 3 ) N • m ( 0 . 2 m )
M = 7 . 20 kN • m : σ = = ±1 . 35 MPa
1 . 067 (10 −3 )m 4
9 . 60 (10 3 ) N • m ( 0 . 1 m )
M = 9 . 60 kN • m : σ = = ±3 . 60 MPa
0 . 2667 (10 −3 ) m 4
4.95 MPa
E A M = 7.2 kN•m M = 9.6 kN•m
2.25 MPa
D
2.25 MPa
C σB = ( - 1.35 MPa ) + ( + 3.60 MPa ) = 2.25 MPa (T)
z B
N 4.95 MPa σC = ( - 1.35 MPa ) + ( - 3.60 MPa ) = -4.95 MPa (C)
0.2 m σD = ( + 1.35 MPa ) + ( - 3.60 MPa ) = -2.25 MPa (C)
σE = ( + 1.35 MPa ) + ( + 3.60 MPa ) = 4.95 MPa (T) 35
• Orientation of Neutral Axis
4.95 MPa
4.95 MPa F
c A E D
2.25 MPa
D 2m -2.25 MPa
2.25 MPa
C
z B FD
=
2
; FD = 0 . 625 m
N 4.95 MPa 2 . 25 ( 4 . 95 + 2 . 25 )
0.2 m
2.25 MPa
B G C
y 2m -4.95 MPa
62.5 mm
F GC 2
E D = ; GC = 1 . 375 m
4 . 95 ( 4 . 95 + 2 . 25 )
z 400 mm
NA
α 400
α = tan −1 ( ) = 79.4 o
B C 137.5 − 62.5)
G
36
137.5 mm
Example 7
A T-beam is subjected to the bending moment of 15 kN•m as shown. Determine

the maximum normal stress in the beam and the orientation of the neutral axis.
30 mm
M = 15 kN•m
100 mm 30o
y
z 80 mm
40 mm 80 mm
37
• Section Properties z
B Mz = 15 sin 30o = 7.5 kN•m

30 mm
M = 15 kN•m
100 mm 30o
z y
My = 15 cos 30o = 13 kN•m
C
z 80 mm
40 mm 80 mm
z =
∑ z A ( 0 . 05 m )( 0 . 1 m × 0 . 04 m ) + ( 0 . 115 m )( 0 . 03 m × 0 . 2 m )
= = 0 . 0890 m
∑ A ( 0 . 1 m × 0 . 04 m ) + ( 0 . 03 m × 0 . 2 m )
1 1
Iz = ( 0 . 10 m )( 0 . 04 m ) 3 + ( 0 . 03 m )( 0 . 20 m ) 3 = 20 . 53 (10 −6 ) m 4
12 12
1
Iy =[ ( 0 . 04 m )( 0 . 10 m ) 3 + ( 0 . 04 m × 0 . 10 m )( 0 . 089 m − 0 . 05 m) 2 ]
12
1
+ [ ( 0 . 20 m )( 0 . 03 m ) 3 + ( 0 . 2 m × 0 . 03 m )( 0 . 115 m − 0 . 089 m ) 2 ] = 13 . 92 (10 −6 ) m 4 38
12
My z
• Maximum Normal Stress, : σ =
I Mz = 7.5 kN•m
B
0.041 m D
I z = 20 . 53 (10 −6 ) m 4 0.089 m y
I y = 13 . 92 (10 −6 ) m 4 My = 13 kN•m
C
0.02 m
z 0.1 m
0.08 m
Mz = 7.5 kN•m My = 13 kN•m
(+7.5 kN•m) (0.10 m) (+13 kN•m) (0.041 m)

σB = + = 74.8 MPa (T)
20 . 53 (10 −6 ) m 4 13 . 92 (10 −6 ) m 4
(-7.5 kN•m) (0.02 m) (-13 kN•m)(0.089 m)

σC = + = -90.4 MPa (C)
20 . 53 (10 −6 ) m 4 13 . 92 (10 −6 ) m 4
(-7.5 kN•m) (0.10 m) (+13 kN•m) (0.041 m)
σD = + = 1.76 MPa (T) 39
20 . 53 (10 −6 ) m 4 13 . 92 (10 −6 ) m 4
• Orientation of Neutral Axis σ B = 74 . 8 MPa z
z 0.1 m e = 0.00273 m
σ D = 1 . 76 MPa A
Mz = 7.5 kN•m B D
B
α 0.041 m
0.041 m D
y
0.089 m y
My = 13 kN•m N
C
74.8 MPa
z 1.76 MPa
0.1 m
0.1 m
B D
0.2 m e
e 0.2 + e
= , e = 2 . 738 (10 −3 ) m
1 . 76 74 . 8
( 0 . 10 m + 0 . 002738 m )
tan α = , α = 68 o
0 . 0410 m
40
Composite Beams
b (εmax)1
1 M
NA
εA
•A
•B
2 (εmax)2
Strain Diagram
b (εmax)1
1 M
NA (σA )1
εA (σA )2
•A
•B
2 (εmax)2
nb Strain Diagram Stress Diagram
41
b (εmax)1
1 M
NA
εA
•A
2 (εmax)2
• At the interface
εA = (εA )1 = (εA )2
(σ A)1 (σ A) 2
=
E1 E2
E 2 (σ A) 2
= =n
E 1 (σ A) 1
σ2 = nσ1
42
b (εmax)1
1 M
NA (σA )1
εA (σA )2
•A
F2
2 ´ (εmax)2
nb
• Force
F2 = ∫ σ 2dA
= ∫ ( n σ 1 )dA
F2 = ∫ σ 1 (ndA )
43
Example 8
A composite beam is made of wood (150mmx150mm) and reinforced with

a steel strap (150 mm x 20 mm) located on its bottom side, determine the normal
stress at points B and C. Take Est = 200 GPa and Ew = 12 GPa.
150 mm
800 N
• B 4m 100 N/m
150 mm
8m
• C
20 mm
44
• Internal loading 800 N
4m 100 N/m
500 N 8m 700 N
V (N)
500
+
x
-
-300
M (N•m) -700
2000
150 mm
• B
2000 N•m
150 mm NA
• C
20 mm 45
• Modulus ratio n
Est = 200 GPa

Ew = 12 GPa. 150 mm
• B
2000 N•m
150 mm NA
• C
20 mm
E st 200
n = = = 16 . 67
Ew 12
150 mm
•B
2000 N•m
150 mm NA
• C
20 mm 16.67x150 = 2500 mm
46
• Section properties
150 mm
•B
y'
150 mm dw NA
dst y
•C
20 mm
16.67x150 = 2500mm
∑ yA (150×150)(75) + (2500× 20)(160)

y' = = = 133.6 mm
∑A (150×150) + (2500× 20)
y = 100−133.6 = 36.4 mm
I = (I + Ad2 )w + (I + Ad2 )st

1
= [ (0.15 m)(0.15 m) 3 + (0.15 m × 0.15 m)(0.1336 m − 0.075 m) 2 ]
12
1
+ [ ( 2.5 m)(0.02 m) 3 + (2.5 m × 0.02 m)(0.0364 m − 0.01 m) 2 ]
12
= 155.9 ×10 −6 m 4
47
• Normal Stress
150 mm
1.72 MPa
•B • B
133.62 mm 2000 N•m
150 mm NA
36.38 mm
• C
20 mm 7.78 MPa
16.67x150 = 2500 mm
0.467 MPa
I = 155.9 x10-6 m4
Mc
σ=
I
2 000 N • m ( 0 . 134 m )
σB = − = −1 . 72 MPa (C ) ⇐
155 . 9 × 10 −6 m 4
2 000 N • m ( 0 . 0364 m )
σ C' = = 0 . 467 MPa (T )
155 . 9 × 10 −6 m 4
( 2 000 N • m )( 0 . 0364 m )
σ C = n (σ B ) = 16 . 67 −6
= 7 . 78 MPa (T ) ⇐
155 . 9 × 10 m 4
48
Example 9
A composite beam is made of wood (150 mm x 300 mm) and reinforced with
a steel strap (125 mm x 12.5 mm). If the allowable normal stress for steel is
(σallow)st = 175 MPa, and for the wood (σallow)w = 12 MPa , determine the
maximum load P the beam can support. Take Est = 200 GPa and Ew = 10 GPa.
wood (150 mm x 300 mm)

P
4m
8m
Steel (125 mmx12.5 mm)
49
• Internal loading P
4m
P/2 8m P/2
V (N)
P/2
+
x
-
- P/2
M (N•m) - P/2
2P
2P
NA
50
dw = 214.1 - 150
wood (150 mmx300 mm) 150 mm
= 64.1 mm
y' 150 mm 214.1 mm

300 mm NA
NA
y 98.40 mm
12.5 mm
20x125 = 2500 mm dst = 98.40 - (12.5/2) = 92.15 mm
Steel (125 mm x 12.5 mm)
n = 200/10 = 20
∑ y A (150 × 300 )(150 ) + (2500 × 12 . 5)( 306 . 3)
y '= = = 214 . 1 mm
∑A (150 × 300 ) + ( 2500 × 12 . 5)
y = 312 . 5 − 214 . 1 = 98 . 40 mm
I = (I + Ad2 )w + (I + Ad2 )st
= [(1/12)(150)(3003 ) + (150x300)(64.102)] + [(1/12)(2500)(12.53) + (2500x12.5)(92.152)]
= 788.2x106 mm4 51
• Allowable normal stress
dw = 64.10 mm
12 MPa
150 mm 214.1 mm
2P
NA
98.40 mm
110.5 MPa
dst = 98.40 - (12.5/2) = 92.15 mm
Mc
σ=
I
( 2P )( 0 . 2141 )
(σ allow )w = 12 × 10 6 =
( 788 . 2 × 10 −6 )
P = 22.1 kN
( 2P )( 0 . 0984 )
(σ allow ) st = 175 × 10 6 = ( 20 )
( 788 . 2 × 10 −6 )
P = 35.0 kN
The maximum load P the beam can support is P = 22.1 kN

52
Reinforce-Concrete Beams
(a)
b
h´ NA
h´/2 d
A
N
d-h´ nAs
M (c)
Concrete assumed
cracked within
h'
this region. ∑ NA
( y A) : bh ' (
2
) − nAs (d − h' ) = 0
(b)
53
Example 10a
The reinforced concrete beam has the cross-section area shown . If it is subjected
to a bending moment of M = 80 kN•m, determine the normal stress in each of
the steel reinforcing rods and the maximum normal stress in the concrete.
Take Est = 200 GPa and Ec = 20 GPa.
300 mm
NA 80 kN•m
450 mm
50 mm
25 mm diameter bars
54
300 mm • Section Property
n = Est/Ec = 200/20 = 10
450 mm Ast = 2(π/4)(252) = 981.8 mm2
50 mm Ast´ = nAst = 9818 mm2
25 mm diameter bars Take moment area about the neutral axis:

(Σ yA) = 0
NA
( y A ) c − ( y A ) st = 0
300 mm (300xh´)(h´/2) − (9818)(400-h´) = 0
150h´2 + 9818h´ − (9818)(400) = 0
h´
400 mm NA
NA h´ = 132 mm
C
≈0
I = ( I + Ad )c +
2
( I + Ad 2 )st
A´ = 9818 mm2
= [(1/12)(300)(1323 ) + (300x132)(132/2)2]
+ [(9818)(400-132)2]
= 935.1x106 mm4 55
300 mm
11.3 MPa
132 mm
400 mm NA NA NA 132 mm
C
80 kN•m 268 mm
268 mm
229.3 MPa
A´ = 9818 mm2 22.9 MPa
• Normal stress;
Mc
σ =
I
( 80 × 10 3 )( 0 . 132 )
(σ max ) conc = −6
= 11 . 3 MPa ⇐
( 935 . 1 × 10 )
( 80 × 10 3 )( 0 . 268 )
(σ ' ) conc = −6
= 22 . 9 MPa
( 935 . 1 × 10 )
( 80 × 10 3 )( 0 . 268 )
(σ max ) st = −6
(10 ) = 229 MPa ⇐
( 935 . 1 × 10 ) 56
Example 10b
The reinforced concrete beam has the cross-section area shown . If the allowable
normal stress for concrete is (σallow)c = 20 MPa, and for the steel is (σallow)st =
300 MPa , determine the maximum moment M the beam can support.Take Est =
200 GPa and Ec = 20 GPa.
300 mm
NA M
450 mm
50 mm
25 mm diameter bars
57
300 mm • Section Property
n = Est/Ec = 200/20 = 10
450 mm Ast = 2(π/4)(252) = 981.8 mm2
50 mm Ast´ = nAst = 9818 mm2
25 mm diameter bars Take moment area about the neutral axis:

(Σ yA) = 0
NA
( y A ) c − ( y A ) st = 0
300 mm (300xh´)(h´/2) − (9818)(400-h´) = 0
150h´2 + 9818h´ − (9818)(400) = 0
h´
400 mm NA
NA h´ = 132 mm
C
≈0
I = ( I + Ad )c +
2
( I + Ad 2 )st
A´ = 9818 mm2
= [(1/12)(300)(1323 ) + (300x132)(132/2)2]
+ [(9818)(400-132)2]
= 935.1x106 mm4 58
• Allowable Stress
300 mm
(σallow)c = 20 MPa and (σallow)st = 300 MPa
132 mm
400 mm NA My
N A σ =
C I
268 mm
M ( 0 . 132 m )
concrete : 20 × 10 6 Pa =
935 . 1 × 10 −6 m 4
A´ = 9818 mm2
M = 141 . 7 kN • m
I = 935.1x106 mm4
M ( 0 . 268 m )
steel : 300 × 10 6 Pa = −6
(10 )
935 . 1 × 10 m 4
M = 104 . 7 kN • m
14.8 MPa
M = 104.7 kN•m
NA
300 MPa
59
BUCKLING OF COLUMNS
! Critical Load
! Ideal Column with Pin Supports
! Columns Having Various Supports
1
Critical Load
Pcr P > Pcr
Pcr P > Pcr
2
P P
P tan θ
L/2 θ L/2
θ P
k ∆=θ(L/2) k F
A A
A
θ
P
L/2 θ L/2
P tan θ
+ ΣF = 0: 2 P tan θ = F
x
2 P tan θ = k∆
L
For small θ, 2 Pθ = k (θ )
2
kL
Pcr =
4
3
P
Unstable
equilibrium
Bifurcation point
Neutral
equilibrium
Stable kL
Pcr =
equilibrium 4
θ
O
4
Ideal Column with Pin Supports
P Pcr
5
P
P
+ ΣMx = 0 ;
υ
υ
x υ x Pυ + M = 0
N=0 M = − Pυ
L M • Moment-curvature
P
d 2υ
υ M = EI 2 = − Pυ
dx
x
d 2υ
EI 2 + Pυ = 0
dx
P
d 2υ P
x 2
+ ( )υ = 0
dx EI
d 2υ P 2
2
+ ( ) υ = 0 − − −*
dx EI
υ ' '+c 2υ = 0
P P
υ = C1 sin( x) + C2 cos( x)
EI EI
6
P
P P P
υ = C1 sin( x) + C2 cos( x)
υ υ EI EI
x υ x
N=0 • Boundary condition
M ⇒x=0 , υ =0
L P
0 = C1 (0) + C2 (1), C2 = 0
υ ⇒x=L , υ =0
x
P
C1 sin( L) = 0 , C1 ≠ 0
EI
P
P
x sin( L) = 0 = sin( nπ )
EI
P
L = nπ : n = 1,2,3,...
EI
7
P
P
P L = nπ : n = 1,2,3,...
EI
v υ
• Critical Load Pcr
x υ x
0
P
M L = nπ
L EI
P
υ P 2
L = n 2π 2
EI
x
n 2π 2 EI
P= − − − − −*
P L2
x π 2 EI
Pcr = 2
− − − − −*
L
8
n 2π 2 EI
Pcr = , n = 1,2,3,...
L2
P P
υ υ
x υ
L/2 L/2
L
υmax
L/2
P
P
x
n=1 n=2
12 π 2 EI 2 2 π 2 EI
Pcr = Pcr =
L2 L2
9
P
Unstable Pcr
equilibrium
Bifurcation point
Neutral
υ
equilibrium υ
x
Stable π2EI L
Pcr =
equilibrium L2
θ
O
Pcr
10
• Critical Stress
π 2 EI
Pcr =
( KL ) 2
π 2 E ( Ar 2 )
=
( KL) 2
Pcr π 2E
=
A ( K L )2
r
π 2E
σ cr =
KL 2
( )
r
r = radius of gyration
K = effective-length factor, for pin-pin column K = 1
L
K = effective slenderness ratio
r
11
Structural steel A 36
E = 200 GPa σy = 250 MPa
π 2E π 2 (200 ×103 MPa) σcr , MPa

σ cr = =
KL KL 2
( )2 ( )
r r 400 π 2E
σ cr =
KL 2
( )
KL/r σcr (MPa) 300 r
89 250 σy = 250
200 197 MPa
100 197
125 126
100 88 MPa
150 88 49 MPa
175 64 0 KL/r
200 49 50 100 150 200
89
225 39
Structural steel
A 36
R 40 (4000 kg/cm2)
12
Aluminum
E = 70 GPa σy = 215 MPa
π 2E π 2 (70 ×103 MPa) σcr , MPa

σ cr = =
KL 2 KL 2
( ) ( )
r r 215 MPa
200
π 2E
KL/r σcr (MPa) σ cr =
KL 2
150 ( )
57 215 r
75 122.8 100
100 69.1 69 MPa
125 44.2 50 30 MPa
150 30.7 17 MPa
175 22.6 0 KL/r
50 57 100 150 200
200 17.3
13
Example 1
A 7 m long A-36 steel tube having the cross section shown is to be used as a
pin-ended column. Determine the maximum allowable axial load the column can
support so that it does not buckle or yield. Take the yield stress of 250 MPa
Pcr
70 mm
75 mm
7m
Pcr
14
Pcr
70 mm
Using Eq. 5 to obtain the critical load with Est = 200 GPa,
75 mm
π 2 EI
Pcr =
L2
7m π π
π 2 [(200 ×106 )( 0.0754 − 0.07 4 )
= 4 4
72
= 241.4 kN
This force creates an average compressive stress in the column of

Pcr
Pcr 241.43
σ cr = =
A π (0.075) 2 − π (0.070) 2
= 106 MPa < σY = 250 MPa O.K
The maximum allowable axial load the column can support is 241.73 kN
15
Alternate method:
Pcr
70 mm
π 2E
σ cr =
KL
75 mm ( )2
r
I π (.075 4 − .070 4 ) / 4
r =
2
= = .002631 m 2
7m A π (.075 − .070 )
2 2
r = 79.5 mm
KL (1)(7)
= = 136.5
r (0.00795)
π 2E π 2 (200 ×103 MPa)

Pcr σ cr = =
KL 2 (136 .5) 2
( )
r
= 106 MPa < σY = 250 MPa O.K
Pcr = σcr A = (106 x 106) π (.0752-.0702)
= 241.7 kN
16
σcr , MPa
400 π 2E
σ cr =
KL 2
( )
300 r
σy = 250
200 197 MPa
σcr = 106
100 88 MPa
49 MPa
0 KL/r
50 100 150 200
89 136.5
Structural steel
A 36
R 40 (4000 kg/cm2)
17
Example 2
The A-36 steel W200x46 member show is to be used as a pin-connected column.

Determine the largest axial load it can support before it either begins to buckle or
the steel yields.
y y
4m
18
• Pinned - Pinned Column
x
A-36 steel W200x46
A = 5890 mm2 , Ix = 45.5x106 mm4, and Iy = 15.3x106 mm4
y y π 2 EI
Pcr =
L2
π 2 (200 ×106 )(15.3 ×10 −6 )
x =
42
= 1887. 6 kN
Pcr
σ cr =
A
1887.56
=
4m 5890 × 10 −6
= 320.5 MPa > σY = 250 MPa
Pallow = σ • A = σ y • A
= (250 × 106 Pa )(5890 × 10 −6 m 2 )

= 1472 kN 19
Columns Having Various Type of Supports
x
d 2υ
P P EI 2 = P(δ − υ )
dx
δ δ
d 2υ P P
+ υ = δ -----(7)
υ υ dx 2
EI EI
M
L This equation is non-homogeneous because of the
P
nonzero term on the right side. The solution consists of both
a complementary and particular solution, namely,
u P P
υ = C1 sin( x) + C2 cos( x) + δ
EI EI
The constants are determined from the boundary conditions. At x =
0, υ = 0, so that C2 = -δ. Also,
dυ P P P P
= C1 cos( x ) − C2 sin( x)
dx EI EI EI EI
At x = 0, dυ/dx = 0, so that C1 = 0. The deflection curve is therefore
P
υ = δ [1 − cos( x )] -----(8)
EI
20
Since the deflection at the top of the column is δ, that is, at x = L, υ = δ, we require
P P
δ = δ [1 − cos( x )] --> δ cos( L) = 0
EI EI
Since δ ≠ 0,
P P nπ
cos( L) = 0 or cos( L) = cos( )
EI EI 2
The smallest critical load occurs when n = 1, so that
π 2 EI
Pcr = -----(9)
4L2
21
• Effective Length (Le)
π 2 EI π 2E
Pcr = 2
or σ cr =
( KL) ( KL / r ) 2
P P
P P
Le = 0.7L
Le = L L L Le = 0.5L L
Le = 2L
Pinned -pinned ends Fixed fixed ends Fixed - Pinned ends
K = 0.5 K = 0.7
K=1
Fixed - free ends

Note : K = effective-length factor
K=2 22
Example 3
A W 150x24 (A=3060 mm2, Ix = 13.4x106 mm4, Iy = 1.83x106 mm4) steel column

is 8 m long and is fixed at its ends as shown. Its load-carrying capacity is
increased by bracing it about the y-y (weak) axis using struts that are assumed to
be pin-connected to its mid-height. Determine the load it can support so that the
column does not buckle nor the material exceed the yield stress. Take E = 200
GPa and σy = 250 MPa
P
x
y y
x
3m
5m
23
E = 200 GPa , σy = 414 MPa W 150x24 A = 3060 mm2
Iy = 1.83x106 mm4
Ix = 13.4x106 mm4 Pinned (top)
Fixed (top) 3m Fixed (bottom)
Fixed (bottom) Ky = 0.7
8m Kx = 0.5
ry = 24.5 mm
rx = 66.2 mm 5m P
x
y y
x-x axis buckling y-y axis buckling
σy)
• Yield Stress (σ x
3m
PY = σ y A = (250 × 10 Pa )(3060 × 10 m ) = 765 kN
6 −6 2
• Bucking x-x axis

5m
π 2 EI x π 2 (200 ×106 kPa)(13.4 ×10 −6 m 4 )
( Pcr ) x = = = 1653 kN
( KL) x
2
(0.5 × 8 m) 2
• Bucking y-y axis

π 2 EI y π 2 (200 ×106 kPa)(1.83 ×10 −6 m 4 )
( Pcr ) y = = = 294.9 kN
( KL) y
2
(0.7 × 5 m) 2
24
NOTE KL (0.5)(8 × 103 )
( )x = = 60.42
r 66.2
Structural steel A 36
E = 200 GPa KL (0.7)(5 × 103 )
( )y = = 178.6 <--- buckling occurs
r 24.5
π 2E π 2 (200 ×103 MPa)
σ cr = =
KL KL 2
( )2 ( )
r r σ , MPa
KL/r σcr (MPa) 400

π 2E
89 250 σ cr =
L 2
300 (K )
100 197 r
125 126 σy = 250
200 197 MPa
150 88
175 64
100 88 MPa
200 49
61.9 MPa 49 MPa
225 39 0 KL/r
50 100 150 200
89 179
25
Example 4
The aluminum column is fixed at its bottom and is braced at its top by two rods
so as to prevent movement at the top along the x axis, If it is assumed to be fixed
at its base, determine the largest allowable load P that can be applied. Use a
factor of safety for buckling of F.S. = 3.0. Take Eal = 70 GPa, σy = 215 MPa, A =
7.5(10-3) m2, Ix = 61.3(10-6) m4, Iy = 23.2(10-6) m4.
z
y
Rod
x
5m
26
Eal = 70 GPa, σy = 215 MPa, A = 7.5(10-3) m2
Ix = 61.3(10-6) m4 Iy = 23.2(10-6) m4
Free (top) Pinned (top)
5m Fixed (bottom) 5m Fixed (bottom)
Kx = 2 Ky = 0.7
rx = 90 mm ry = 50 mm
z
x-x axis buckling P σy)
• Yield Stress (σ y-y axis buckling
PY = σ y A = (215 × 106 Pa )(7.5 × 10 −3 m 2 ) = 1612 kN
• Bucking x-x axis
y
Rod π 2 EI x π 2 (70 ×106 kPa)(61.3 ×10 −6 m 4 )
( Pcr ) x = = = 425 kN
( KL) x
2
( 2 × 5 m) 2
P 425 kN
Pallow = cr = = 141 kN
F .S 3
x • Bucking y-y axis
5m
π 2 EI y π 2 (70 ×106 kPa)(23.2 ×10 −6 m 4 )
( Pcr ) y = = = 1308 kN
( KL ) y
2
(0.7 × 5 m) 2
Pcr 1308 kN
Pallow = = = 436 kN
F .S 3 27
NOTE KL 0.7 × 5 × 103 mm
( )y = = 70
r 50 mm
Aluminum
KL 2 × 5 × 103 mm
( )x = = 111.1 <---occur buckling
E = 70 Gpa σy = 215 MPa r 90 mm
π 2E π 2 (70 ×103 MPa) σcr , MPa

σ cr = =
KL 2 KL 2
( ) ( )
r r σy = 215
200
π 2E
KL/r σcr (MPa) σ cr =
KL 2
150 ( )
57 215 r
75 122.8 100
100 69.1 69 MPa
56 MPa
125 44.2 50 30 MPa
150 30.7 17 MPa
175 22.6 0 KL/r
50 57 100 150 200
200 17.3
111
28
Example 5
Determine the maximum load P the column can support before it either begins to
buckle or the steel yields. Assume that member BC is pinned at its end for the x-x
axis and fixed for y-y axis buckling. Take E = 200 GPa, σy = 250 MPa.
x
25 mm B
35 mm
1m
35 mm P
y
2m
5
3
C 4 A
4m
29
x
3
25 mm B + ΣMA = 0: − ( F )(4) + P(2) = 0
5
35 mm 5
F = P − − −*
1m 6
35 mm P 5
y FY = PY = σ Y A = (250 × 103 )(.025 × .035) = 218.8 kN
6
5
2m PY = 262.5 kN
3 KL 1(5)
C 4 A Ax • ( )x = = 495
r 1 (0.025)(0.035) 3 1/ 2
F [ ]
4m Ay 12 (0.025)(0.035)
KL 0.5(5)
• ( )y = 3
= 346
r 1 (0.035)(0.025) 1/ 2
[ ]
12 (0.035)(0.025)
π 2E
• F = σ cr A = A
KL
( )2
r
5 π 2 (200 ×109 )
P= 2
(0.025)(0.035)
6 ( 495)
P = 8.46 kN < 262.5 kN

30
Cables and Arches
! Cable Subjected to Concentrated Loads
! Cable Subjected to Uniform Distributed
Loads
! Arches
! Three-Hinged Arch
1
Cable Subjected to Concentrated Loads
Ay
A Ax
θ θ TCD
D D
yC yC
yD yD
B B
C C
P1 P1
P2 P2
L1 L2 L3 L1 L2 L3
L L
+ Σ MA = 0: y
y
Obtain TCD
TBA
TCD
B
TCB C x
x
+ ΣF = 0: TBC
x
P2 P1
+ ΣFy = 0: 2
Example 5-1
Determine the tension in each segment of the cable shown in the figure below.
Also, what is the dimension h ?
2m
h D
B
C 2m
3 kN
8 kN
2m 2m 1.5 m
3
SOLUTION Ay
Ax A
TCD
2m
h D5 4
B 3
C
3 kN
8 kN
2m 2m 1.5 m
+ ΣMA = 0:
TCD(3/5)(2 m) + TCD(4/5)(5.5 m) - 3kN(2 m) - 8 kN(4 m) = 0
TCD = 6.79 kN
4
y
Joint C
TCD = 6.79 kN + ΣF = 0: 6.79(3/5) - T cos θ =0
x CB BC
TCB C 5 4
x + ΣFy = 0: 6.79(4/5) - 8 + TCB sin θCB = 0
θBC 3
8 kN θBC = 32.3o TCB = 4.82 kN
y
Joint B
TBA
+ ΣF = 0: - T cos θ + 4.82 cos 32.3o = 0
θBA B 32.3o x BA BA
x
TBC = 4.82 kN + ΣFy = 0: TBA sin θBA - 4.82 sin 32.3o - 3 = 0
3 kN
A θBA = 53.8o TBA = 6.90 kN
D
h B C h = 2 tanθBA = 2 tan53.8o = 2.74 m
3 kN 8 kN 5
Cable Subjected to Distributed Load
Concepts & Conclusion:

T
y
θ
T
W
θ
To x To
W
x=L
T cos θ = To = FH = Constant
T sin θ = W
dy W
= tan θ =
dx To
6
Parabolic Cable: Subjected to Linear Uniform distributed Load
wo = force / horizontal distance T wox
θx
y To
B
dy wx
= tan θ = o
A dx To
wo x
x y=∫ dx
To
L
2
0
x wo x
y= + C1
y wo x 2To
x
2 wo x 2
To =
2y
T
θx at x = L , T = TB = Tmax Tmax woL
To x
2 θΒ
x Tmax = To + ( wo L) 2
To 7
Derivation: ∆x
wo(∆x)
2
y
T + ∆T
wo O θ+ ∆θ
h ∆y
θ ∆s
x T ∆x
x
∆x
L
+ ΣF = 0: -T cosθ + (T + ∆T) cos (θ + ∆θ) = 0

x
+ ΣFy = 0: -Tsinθ + wo(∆x) + (T + ∆T) sin(θ + ∆θ) = 0
+ ΣMO = 0: wo(∆x)(∆x/2) - T cos θ(∆y) - T sinθ(∆x) = 0
8
Dividing each of these equations by ∆x and taking the limit as ∆x 0, and hence
∆y 0, ∆θ 0, and ∆T 0, we obtain
d (T cos θ )
=0 ----------(5-1)
dx
T wox d (T sin θ )
θ = wo ----------(5-2)
dx
To
dy
= tan θ ----------(5-3)
dx
Integrating Eq. 5-1, where T = FH at x = 0, we have:
T cosθ = FH ----------(5-4)
Integrating Eq. 5-2, where T sin θ = 0 at x = 0, gives
T sin θ = wo x ----------(5-5)
Dividing Eq. 5-5 by Eq. 5-4 eliminates T. Then using Eq. 5-3, we can obtain the slope
at any point,
dy wo x
tan θ = = ----------(5-6) 9
dx FH
Performing a second integration with y = 0 at x = 0 yields
wo 2 y
y= x ----------(5-7)
2 FH
wo
This is the equation of a parabola. The constant FH
may be obtained by using the boundary condition y = h
h at x = L. Thus,
wo L2 x
FH = ----------(5-8)
2h
L
Finally, substituting into Eq. 5-7 yeilds
h 2
y= x ----------(5-9)
L2
From Eq. 5-4, the maximum tension in the cable occurs when θ is maximum; i.e., at
x = L. Hence, from Eqs. 5-4 and 5-5,
Tmax = FH 2 + ( wo L) 2 ----------(5-10)
Tmax woL
θΒ
To 10
Example 5-2
The cable shown supports a girder which weighs 12kN/m. Determine the tension
in the cable at points A, B, and C.
30 m
C
12 m
6m
B
11
SOLUTION
TA
30 m
θA
A y TC
θC
C
12 m
6m
B
x
wo = 12 kN/m
30 - L´ L´
x2 x1
12
y TC
θC dy1 12 x1
C = tan θ =
dx1 To
6m
B 12 x1
To x y1 = ∫ dx1
To
wo = 12 kN/m
2
0
12 x
12 L´ y1 = + C1
1
2To
L´
12 L'2
6=
x1 2To
To = L'2 ----------(1)
Tx1 12x1
θ
To
13
TA
θA y
A dy2 12 x2
= tan θ =
dx2 To
12 m 0
12 x2 12 x22
y2 = ∫ dx2 = + C2
B To 2To
To x
2
wo = 12 kN/m 12 x2
y2=
2To
12 (30 - L´)
12(30 − L' ) 2
12 =
30 - L´ 2To
x2 (30 − L' ) 2
1= ----------(2)
2To
12 x2 Tx2
θ
To 14
To = L'2 ----------(1)
(30 − L' ) 2 ----------(2)

1=
2To
From (1) and (2), L´ = 12.43 m, To = 154.5 kN
TB = To = 154.5 kN
TC 12 L´ 12 (30 - L´ ) TA
θC θA
To To
2
TC = To + (12 L' ) 2 2
TA = To + [12(30 − L' )]2
= (154.50) 2 + (12 ×12.43) 2
= (154.50) 2 + [12(30 − 12.43)]2
= 214.8 kN
= 261.4 kN 15
Example 5-3
The suspension bridge in the figure below is constructed using the two stiffening
trusses that are pin connected at their ends C and supported by a pin at A and a
rocker at B. Determine the maximum tension in the cable IH. The cable has a
parabolic shape and the bridge is subjected to the single load of 50 kN.
I H
8m
D E
6m
A B
Pin F G C rocker
50 kN
4 @ 3 m = 12 m 4 @ 3 m = 12 m
16
SOLUTION
Iy Hy
H To
To
I
8m 8m
To To
D E
6m 6m
Ax Cx Cx
A F G C C B
Ay 50 kN By
12 m Cy Cy
3m 9m
+ ΣMA = 0: + ΣMB = 0:
− 12C y + 8To = 0 − 12C y + 50(9) − 8To = 0
To = 1.5C y ----------(1) To = −1.5C y +56.25 ----------(2)
From (1) and (2), Cy = 18.75 kN, To = 28.125 kN 17

From (1) and (2), Cy = 18.75 kN, To = 28.12 kN
TI y
θI
Tx
I wox
8m
θ
To = 28.12 kN
x 28.12 kN
wo
dy wx
= tan θ = o
dx 28.12
wox
12 m wo x
y=∫ dx
28.12
x 0
2
wo x
y= + C1
28.12
wo (12) 2
8=
2(28.12)
wo = 3.125 kN/m
18
TI TH
θΙ I H θH
8m 8m
To = 28.12 kN To = 28.12 kN
12wo = 37.5 kN 12wo = 37.5 kN

12 m 12 m
TI = (37.5) 2 + ( 28.12) 2
TI
37.5 kN = 46.88 kN
θI
28.12 kN
Tmax = TI = TH = 46.88 kN
Tmin= To = 28.12 kN
19
T T T T T T T T = wo × 3 = 3.125 × 3
D E = 9.375 kN
0
Ax
A F G C B
Ay 50 kN By
4 @ 3 m = 12 m 4 @ 3 m = 12 m
+ ΣMA = 0: 9.375(3 + 6 + 9 + 12 + 15 + 18 + 21) − 50(15) + B y ( 24) = 0
By = -1.56 kN,
+ ΣFy = 0: A y +7(9.375) − 50 − 1.56 = 0
Ay = -14.07 kN, 20
Example 5-4
For the structure shown:

(a) Determine the maximum tension of the cable
(b) Draw quantitative shear & bending-moment diagrams of the beam.
E
0.5 m
D 8m
8m 1 kN/m
A C
B Hinge
5m 20 m
21
SOLUTION Ey
Dy 20 kN
To
0.5 m E
5 kN
To 8m
D
To To
8m 1 kN/m 1 kN/m
Ax
Bx Bx
A B B C
Ay
By Cy
By
5m 20 m
+ ΣMA = 0: + ΣMC = 0:
B y (5) − 5( 2.5) + To (0.5) = 0 B y (20) + 20(10) − To (8) = 0
From (1) and (2), By = 0, To = 25 kN 22

y Tx dy wx
wox = tan θ = o
dx 25
θ
TE = Tmax wx
To= 25 kN y = ∫ o dx
E 25
θ 0
wo x 2
8m = + C1
2(25)
x
To= 25 kN
wo (20) 2
8=
20wo 2(25)
20 m wo = 1 kN/m
TE = Tmax
20wo = 20 kN
Tmax = TE = ( 25) 2 + ( 20) 2
θ
To= 25 kN Tmax = 32.02 kN
23
T = wo(2.5 m) = (1kN/m)(2.5 m) = 2.5 kN
2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5
1 kN/m
Ax
C
A B
Ay =1.25 kN Cy = 1.25 kN
5m 20 m
10 @ 2.5 m = 25 m
V (kN)
1.25 1.25 1.25 1.25 1.25
x (m)
-1.25 -1.25 -1.25 -1.25 -1.25
M (kN•m) 0.78 0.78 0.78 0.78 0.78 0.78 0.78 0.78 0.78 0.78
x (m) 24
Example 5-5
The cable AB is subjected to a uniform loading of 200 N/m. If the weight of the
cable is neglected and the slope angles at points A and B are 30o and 60o,
respectively, determine the curve that defines the cable shape and the maximum
tension developed in the cable.
y B
60o
30o
A
x
200 N/m
15 m
25
SOLUTION TB
B 60o
60o
A
30o
TA (0.2 kN)(15 m) = 3 kN
15 m
60o TB 3 TA
= =
30o sin 120 o sin 30 o sin 30 o
TB 3 kN
120o TB = 5.20 kN
30o 30o
30o TA TA = 3 kN
26
y
T 0.2x
T
θ 3 kN
θ 3 sin 30o = 1.5
30o
TA = 3 kN A
x
30o 3 cos 30o = 2.6
0.2x
x dy 0.2 x + 1.5
= tan θ =
dx 2.6
dy
= 0.0769 x + 0.577
dx
y = ∫ 0.0769 x + 0.577
0
2
0.0769 x
y= + 0.577 x + C1
2
y = 0.0385x2 + 0.577x 27
Example 5-6
The three-hinged open-spandrel arch bridge shown in the figure below has a
parabolic shape and supports the uniform load . Show that the parabolic arch is
subjected only to axial compression at an intermediate point D along its axis.
Assume the load is uniformly transmitted to the arch ribs.
y
7 kN/m
x
B D
− 7.5 2
7.5 m
y= x
A (15) 2 C
15 m 7.5 m 7.5 m
28
SOLUTION
210 kN
B
− 7.5 2
y= x
Ax (15) 2 Cx
Ay 15 m 15 m Cy
Entire arch :
+ ΣMA = 0: C y (30) − 210(15) = 0
Cy = 105 kN
+ ΣFy = 0: Ay − 210 + 105 = 0

Ay = 105 kN
29
105 kN
Bx B
By
Cx
B
7.5 m 7.5 m 105 kN
Arch segment BC :
+ ΣMB = 0: − 105(7.5) + 105(15) − C x (7.5) = 0
Cx = 105 kN
+ ΣF = 0: Bx = 105 kN
x
+ ΣFy = 0: B y − 105 + 105 = 0

By = 0
30
52.5 kN
105 kN B
MD
0 D 26.6o
ND
VD 26.6o
3.75 m
Arch segment BD :
A section of the arch taken through point D, x = 7.5 m, y = -7.5(7.52)/(15)2 = -1.875 m,

is shown in the figure. The slope of the segment at D is
dy − 15 θ = 26.6o
tan θ = = 2
x = −0.5 ,
dx (15) x =7.5
+ ΣF = 0: 105 - ND cos 26.6o - VD sin 26.6o = 0
x
+ ΣFy = 0: -52.5 + ND sin 26.6o - VD cos 26.6o = 0
+ ΣMD = 0: MD + 52.5(3.75) - 105(1.875) = 0
ND = 117.40 kN, VD = 0, MD = 0 kN 31
Alternate Method 52.5 kN
105 kN B
MD
0 D 26.6o
ND
VD 26.6o
3.75 m
Arch segment BD :
A section of the arch taken through point D, x = 7.5 m, y = -7.5(7.52)/(15)2 = -1.875 m,

is shown in the figure. The slope of the segment at D is
dy − 15 θ = 26.6o
tan θ = = 2
x x = 7.5 = −0.5 ,
dx (15)
ND
7.5 wo = (7.5)(7)= 52.5 kN
θ
Tmax = TE = (105) 2 + (52.5) 2 No= 25 kN
Notes : Since the arch is a parabola, there are no
Tmax = 117.4 kN shear and bending moment, only ND is present 32
Example 5-7
The three-hinged tied arch is subjected to the loading shown in the figure below.
Determine the force in members CH and CB. The dashed member GF of the truss
is intended to carry no force.
20 kN
15 kN 15 kN
G
H F
1m
C
B D
4m
A E
3m 3m 3m 3m
33
20 kN
SOLUTION
15 kN 15 kN
G
H F
1m
C
B D
4m E
A
Ax
Ay Ey
3m 3m 3m 3m
+ ΣMA = 0: E y (12) − 15(3) − 20(6) − 15(9) = 0
Ey = 25 kN
+ ΣF = 0: Ax = 0
x
+ ΣFy = 0: Ay − 15 − 20 − 15 + 25 = 0
Ay = 25 kN
34
20 kN
15 kN
G
H 0
Cx
C
B
5m Cy
A
0 FAE
25 kN
3m 3m
+ ΣMC = 0: FAE (5) − 25(6) + 15(3) = 0
FAE = 21.0 kN
+ ΣF = 0: -Cx + 21= 0
x
Cx = 21.0 kN
+ ΣFy = 0: 25 − 15 − 20 + C y = 0
Cy = 10 kN
35
20 kN 20 kN
FCH
FHG 18.43o
0 18.43o 21 kN
G C
FCB
FGC 10 kN
Joint G : Joint C :
+ ΣF = 0:
+ ΣF = 0: FHG = 0
x
x
-FCH cos18.43 - FCB cos18.43 - 21= 0
+ ΣFy = 0: FGC − 20 = 0 + ΣFy = 0:
FGC = 20 kN (C) FCH sin18.43 - FCB cos18.43 - 20 + 10 = 0

Thus,
FCH = 4.75 kN (T),

FCB = -26.88 kN (C)
36
Arches
extrados
crown
(or back)
Intrados centerline rise
springline (or soffit)
huanch
abutment
fixed arch two-hinged arch
three-hinged arch
tied arch
37
Three-Hinged Arch
P1
C
P2
D
B
A
P1
C MD N
Cx D
Cy D
C VD
Cy Cx Ax
Ax A P2
Bx Ay
Ay B
By
38
Example 5-8
The tied three-hinged arch is subjected to the loading shown. Determine the
components of reaction at A and C and the tension in the cable.
15 kN B
10 kN
2m
A D
2m 2m
0.5 m 1m
39
SOLUTION
15 kN B
10 kN
2m
A
Ax D
0
Ay C
2m 2m Cy
0.5 m 1m
Entire arch :
+ ΣMA = 0: C y (5.5) − 10( 4.5) − 15(0.5) = 0
Cy = 9.545 kN
+ ΣFy = 0: Ay − 15 − 10 + 9.545 = 0
Ay = 15.46 kN
40
15 kN B B
Bx Bx
10 kN
2m By By
A
TA TD D
Ay = 15.46 kN C
Cy = 9.545 kN
2m 2m
0.5 m 1m
Member AB :
+ ΣMB = 0: 15( 2) − 15.455(2.5) + TA (2) = 0 TA = 4.319 kN
+ ΣFy = 0: 15.455 − 15 − B y = 0 By = 0.455 kN
+ ΣF = 0: 4.319 − Bx = 0
x Bx = 4.319 kN
Member AB :
+ ΣF = 0: 4.319 − TD = 0
x TD = 4.319 kN 41
COMBINED LOADINGS
! Thin-walled pressure vessels
! State of stress caused by combined loading
! Axial
! Shear
! Bending
! Torsion
! Thin-walled pressure vessels
1
Thin -Walled Pressure Vessels
dx
• Cylindrical Vessel
σ1
t
σ1 t
σ2 r p 2r
∆x σ1
P
t
- Hoop Stress
σ2
pr r
σ1 = t
- Longitudinal Stress
pr
σ2 = 2t
2
• Spherical Vessel
σ2 - Normal Stress
σ2
pr
σ2 = 2t
p
t
σ2
r
3
Example 1
A cylindrical pressure vessel has an inner diameter of 1.2 m and a thickness of 12

mm. Determine its circumferential and its longitudinal stress component if the
internal pressure is 5 MPa and draw its state of stress.
1.2 m
12 mm
4
250 MPa
σ1
σ2
1.2 m
125 MPa
12 mm
Solution
- circumferential stress - longitudinal stress
pr pr
σ1 = σ2 =
t 2t
(5 × 10 6 Pa )( 0 . 6 m ) (5 × 10 6 Pa )( 0 . 6 m )
= =
0 . 012 m 2 ( 0 . 012 m )
= 250 MPa = 125 MPa
5
State of Stress Caused by Combined Loadings
σy • Normal Stress Component
P
τxy − Normal Force, σ=
σx A
+ σx My
− Bending Moment , σ=
I
pr pr
σy − Thin Walled Pr essure Vessels, σ 1 = , σ2 =
t 2t
• Shear Stress Component
VQ
− Shear Force, τ=
It
Tρ
− Torsional moment , τ=
J
6
MD
• Combined Stress
D ND
TD
VD
NA y
P My
σ= σ=
A I
Pure Axial Pure Bending
NA
VQ Tρ
τ= τ=
It J
Pure Shear Pure Torque 7
Example 2
From the beam shown :

(a) Draw the stress distribution at point B-,B+ and point C.
(b) Draw the state of stress at point B-.
100 mm
600 N
200 N/m 20 mm
A C 100 mm
B
2m 2m
20 mm
8
100 mm
600 N
200 N/m
y' 20 mm
A C NA
B y 100 mm
400 N 600 N
2m 2m
∑ yA 20 mm
V (N) y =
400 ∑ A
(50)(100× 20) + (110)(100× 20)
+ =
-
x 2(100× 20)
-200
-600 = 80 mm
y ' = 120 − 80 = 40 mm
M (N•m)
I = Σ ( I + Ad 2 )
800
= [(1/12)(20)(1003 ) +(20x100)(80-50)2]
x
+ [(1/12)(100)(203) + (100x20)(40-10)2]
= 5.333x106 mm4 = 5.333x10-6 m4 9
• (a) Stress distribution
- Stress distribution at B- 600 N
200 N/m
A B- C
B
400 N 600 N
2m 2m
V (N)
400 VB- = +400
+
x
-200 -
M (N•m) -600
800
x
100 mm
800 N•m 6
0.045 0.225
20 mm
NA
100 mm B- 0.24
80 mm
400 N VQ 12
20 mm τ= ; ( MPa ) My
It σ= ; ( MPa )
I = 5.333x10-6 m4 I 10
600 N
200 N/m
A B- B+ C - Stress distribution at point B-

400 N B
600 N 6
2m 2m 800 N•m 0.045 0.225
V (N)
400 VB- = +400 B- 0.24
+
x
-200 - 400 N τB-, MPa 12
M (N•m) VB+ = -200 σB-, MPa
-600
800
VC = -600 - Stress distribution at point B+
x
τB+ = (200/400)τB- , σB+ = σB-
- Stress distribution at point C 6
800 N•m 0.0225 0.113
τC = (600/200)τB+ , σC = 0
600 N 0.0675 0.338 B+ 0.12
0.36
C 200 N τB+, MPa 12
τC, MPa σB+, MPa
11
800 N•m 1 6
0.045 0.225
2´ 3
NA 2´´
B- B- 3 0.24
400 N 12 VQ
4
Mc τ= ; ( MPa )
σ= ; ( MPa ) It
I
• (b) State of Stress at B-
6 MPa 1 6 MPa
3
0.24 MPa
3 MPa 2´ 3 MPa
0.045 MPa
12MPa 4 12MPa
3 MPa 2´´ 3 MPa

0.225 MPa 12
Example 4
The rectangular block of negligible weight is subjected to a vertical force 10 kN,

which is applied to its corner.
(a) Determine the normal stress distribution acting on
a section through ABCD.
(b) Determine the neutral axis of section which normal stress(σ) is zero.
10 kN y -z
35 mm
120 mm 80 mm x
D
C
A
B
13
10 kN- z y
y
35 mm
10 kN
80 mm D -z
120 mm 80 mm x C
D A Mz Mx
C x
A B
B 120 mm
• Section Properties Mz = (10x103)(25x10-3) = 250 N.m.

A = (0.120x0.080) = 9.6x10-3 m2 Mx = (10x103)(40x10-3) = 400 N.m.
Ix = ( 0.120 )(0.0803) = 5.12x10-6 m4

12
Iz= ( 0.080
12
)(0.1203) = 11.52x10-6 m4
14
A = 9.6x10-3 m2 • Stress
y
Ix = 5.12x10-6 m4
P 10 kN
σ0 = = −3
= 1.042 MPa
10 kN Iz= 11.52x10-6 m4 A 9.6 × 10 m 2
80 mm D -z
M x c x ( 400 N • m)(0.04 m)
σx = = −6
= 3.125 MPa
C Ix 5.12 × 10 m 4
A 400 N·m
x M z c z ( 250 N • m)(0.06 m)
B σz = = = 1.302 MPa
250 N·m Iz 11.5 × 10 −6 m 4
120 mm
• Stress at corners
(5.47)80 400 N.m.
= 70.00 mm
(5.47+0.78) 10 kN 250 N.m.
0.78
D 3.39 σA = -1.040 - 3.125 - 1.302 = -5.47 MPa (C)
C (2.86)80 σB = -1.040 - 3.125 + 1.302 = -2.86 MPa (C)

= 36.61 mm
A (2.86+3.39)
σC = -1.040 + 3.125 + 1.302 = 3.39 MPa (T)
5.47 B
2.86 σD = -1.040 + 3.125 - 1.302 = 0.78 MPa (T)
15
A = 9.6x10-3 m2 Comment :
y
Ix = 5.12x10-6 m4
P 10 kN
σ0 = = −3
= 1.042 MPa
10 kN Iz= 11.52x10-6 m4 A 9.6 × 10 m 2
80 mm D -z
M x c x ( 400 N • m)(0.04 m)
σx = = −6
= 3.125 MPa
C Ix 5.12 × 10 m 4
A 400 N·m
x M z c z ( 250 N • m)(0.06 m)
B σz = = = 1.302 MPa
250 N·m Iz 11.5 × 10 −6 m 4
120 mm
0.78
D 1.042 MPa D 3.125 MPa D 1.302 MPa D 3.39
C C C C
A A A A
B B 1.302 MPa B 5.47 B
2.86
3.125 MPa
16
0.78
D 3.39
3.39
C a
A B C
5.47 B 2.86
2.86 a 80 mm
a 80
=
2.86 (2.86+3.39)
80(2.86) = 36.61 mm
a =
(2.86+3.39)
17
0.78
D 3.39
3.39
C a
A B C
5.47 B 2.86
2.86 a 80 mm
a 80
=
2 . 86 ( 2 . 86 + 3 . 39 )
80 ( 2 . 86 )
a = = 36 . 61 mm
( 2 . 86 + 3 . 39 )
18
Example 5
Three force are applied to the bar shown. Draw the state of stress at the five
points indicated.
225 kN
9 kN
50 mm
C
27 kN
270 mm
e
a b cd 22.5 mm
22.5 mm
30 mm
120 mm
19
• Internal Loads and Section Properties
225 kN
9 kN
50 mm y
C
27 kN 60 mm
225 kN
220 mm 9 kN
270 mm Mx = (9 kN)(0.27 m)
Mz = (27 kN)(0.22 m)z 27 kN x
e
de
a b cd 22.5 mm a b c 22.5 mm
22.5 mm 22.5 mm
30 mm z 30 mm
120 mm 120 mm
1
Ix = (0.12 m)(0.045 m) 3 = 0.9113 × 10 −6 m 4
12
1
Iz = (0.045 m)(0.12 m) 3 = 6.48 × 10 −6 m 4
12
20
• Normal Stress y 60 mm
225 kN +σ
+σ P My Mz
σ =± ± ± 9 kN
A I Iσ Mx = (9 kN)(0.27 m) +τ
+τ 9x0.27
27 kN d,e
x
a,b,c de
a b c 22.5 mm
Mz = (27 kN)(0.22 m) 22.5 mm
I x = 0.9113 ×10 −6 m 4
30 mm I = 6.48 ×10 −6 m 4
σ27x0.22 z
z
225 kN Mx = (9 kN)(0.27 m) Mz = (27 kN)(0.22 m)
225 × 10 3
[(9 ×10 ) × 0.27)](0.0225)
3
σa = − + +0 = 18.3 MPa (T)
(0.12 × 0.045) (0.9113 ×10 −6 )
225 × 103 [(9 ×10 3 ) × 0.27)](0.0225) [(27 ×103 ) × 0.22)](0.03)
σb = − + −6 + = 45.8 MPa (T)
(0.12 × 0.045) (0.9113 ×10 ) (6.48 × 10 −6 )
225 × 103 (9 × 10 3 × 0.27)(0.0225) ( 27 × 103 ) × 0.22) (0.06)
σc = − + + = 73.3 MPa (T)
(0.12 × 0.045) (0.9113 ×10 −6 ) (6.48 ×10 −6 )
225 ×103 [(9 ×103 ) × 0.27)](0.0225) ( 27 × 103 ) × 0.22) (0.06)
σd = − + + = 73.3 MPa (T)
(0.12 × 0.045) (0.9113 ×10 −6 ) (6.48 ×10 −6 )
225 × 103 (27 ×103 ) × 0.22) (0.06)
σe = − +0 + = 13.3 MPa (T)
(0.12 × 0.045) (6.48 ×10 −6 ) 21
• Shear Stress y 60 mm
9 kN +σ
225 kN
+σ Qe = Qmax 9 kN
Mx = (9 kN)(0.27 m) +τ
+τ 27 kN d,e
x
a,b,c Mz = (27 kN)(0.22 m) de τ9 kN
a b c 22.5 mm
22.5 mm
I x = 0.9113 ×10 −6 m 4
z 30 mm −6
27 kN I z = 6 .48 × 10 m 4
VQ 120 mm
τ= a 7.5 MPa
It τ27 kN Qa = Qmax
( 27 × 103 )[(0.03)(0.045x0.06)] a
τa = − +0 = -7.5 MPa a
−6
(6.48 × 10 )(0.045)
(27 × 103 ) [(0.045)(0.03x0.045)]
τb = − +0 = -5.63 MPa b 5.63 MPa
(6.48 ×10 −6 )(0.045)
b
τc = 0 +0
τd = 0 +0
2.5 MPa
0.0225
(9 ×103 )[( )(0.0225 × 0.12)]
2 e
τe = 0− = -2.50 MPa e
(0.9113 ×10 −6 )(0.12) 22
y
• State of Stress 60 mm
225 kN
9 kN σa= 18.33 MPa (T) τa = -7.5 MPa
(9 kN)(0.27 m)
27 kN σb= 45.8 MPa (T) τb = -5.63 MPa
x
(27 kN)(0.22 m) de σc= 73.33 MPa (T) τc = 0
a b c 22.5 mm
22.5 mm σd = 73.33 MPa (T) τd = 0
z σe = 13.33 MPa (T) τe = -2.50 MPa
30 mm +σ
+σ
120 mm
+τ
a,b,c +τ
d,e
18.33 MPa 45.8 MPa 73.33 MPa 73.33 MPa 13.33 MPa
7.5 MPa 5.63 MPa 2.5 MPa
a b c d e
23
Comment y
60 mm
225 kN
9 kN
Mx = (9 kN)(0.27 m)
27 kN x
Mz = (27 kN)(0.22 m) d e
a b c 22.5 mm
22.5 mm
z 30 mm
τ27 kN τ9 kN
120 mm τ9 kN
d d
a
d
τ27 kN
a
a
24
y A y
60 mm Qe = Qmax = (0.12x0.0225)(0.0225/2)
225 kN
9 kN
9 kN 9Q
(9 kN)(0.27 m) τ=
I xt
27 kN de
x a b c
(27 kN)(0.22 m) de 22.5 mm
a b c
22.5 mm
A y
z 30 mm Qa = Qmax = (0.06x0.045)(0.06/2)
120 mm 27Q 27 kN
τ=
I zt de
a b c
225 kN 225 (9 × 0.27) z (27 × 0.22) x

σ= σ= σ=
A I x (9 kN)(0.27 m) Iz
de de de
a b c a b c a b c
(27 kN)(0.22 m) 25
Example 6
The solid rod shown has a diameter of 50 mm. If it is subjected to the

loading shown, determine the state of stress at point H and point K.
y
x
A y
200 mm H z
K
z
1.5 kN
100 mm 50 mm
2 kN
1 kN
26
y
y
x My2=150 N•m
My1=400 N•m
1.5 kN
A H x
200 mm z
2 kN
Px=1.5 kN K
1 kN
1.5 kN Vz=2 kN
Mz=200 N•m
100 mm Vy=1 kN
2 kN Tx=100 N•m z
1 kN
Tx = (1 kN)(0.1 m) = 100 N•m
Mz = (1 kN)(0.2 m) = 200 N•m
My1 = (2 kN)(0.2 m) = 400 N•m
My2 = (1.5 kN)(0.1 m) = 150 N•m
27
φ = 50 mm
+σ
τ2 kN
y
My=250 N•m H +τ
H x
Px=1.5 kN K P My
Vz=2 kN • σ =± ± :
A I 4V
Mz=200 N•m τmax =
3A
Tx=100 N•m Vy=1 kN z • τ =±
Tc VQ
± :
J It
• State of Stress at H
1.5 kN 200 N•m 250 N•m τ1 kN
(1.5x103) (200)(0.025)
σH = +
π(0.0252) (π/4)(0.0254) + 0 = 17.06 MPa (T)
100 N•m 2 kN 1 kN
(100)(0.025) 4(2x103)
τH = - - + 0 = -5.43 MPa
(π/2)(0.025 ) 3π(0.025 )
4 2
+τ H H
+σ 17.06 MPa
5.43 MPa 28
φ = 50 mm +τ
+σ
τ2 kN
y K
My=250 N•m
H x
Px=1.5 kN K P My
Vz=2 kN • σ =± ± :
A I 4V
Mz=200 N•m τmax =
3A
Tx=100 N•m Vy=1 kN z • τ =±
Tc VQ
± :
J It
• State of Stress at K
1.5 kN 200 N•m 250 N•m τ1 kN
(1.5x103) (250)(0.025)
σK = +0 - = -19.61 MPa (C)
π(0.0252) (π/4)(0.0254)
100 N•m 1 kN 2 kN
(100)(0.025) 4(1x103) 4.75 MPa
τK = + + 0 = 4.75 MPa
(π/2)(0.025 )
4 3π(0.025 )
2
+τ K
K
19.61 MPa
+σ
29
Comment
z
Tx=100 N•m
y
τ2 kN
y
H H
4 V
τ max = ( )
3 A K K
x x Vz=2 kN
z 4 V 4 2 z
τ max = ( )= ( 2)
3 A 3 πr
Vy=1 kN
30
DEFLECTIONS OF BEAMS AND SHAFTS
! The Elastic Curve
! Slope and Displacement by Integration
! Method of Superposition
1
The elastic curve
+M +M
• Elastic Curve
-M -M
P1
P
B C D
A
Cubic Straight line inflection point

P2
M M
x +M
x
-M -M
P1 P1
B
A C
inflection point P2
M
+M M
x x
-M -M
2
• Elastic-Beam Theory
M
Before deformation After deformation
z x
3
• Sign Convention
+y
P
w
x
−υ dx
+x +θ
+y
+θ P
w
+υ M´
x
dx
+x
4
+y
M M
x
−υ dx
+x +θ
• Pure Bending O´
∆θ
∆s = ∆x ∆s´
M M
y ∆x y ∆x
Before
After
deformation
deformation
5
• Moment-curvature relationship
O´ − (∆θ ) y y
ε= =−
∆θ (∆θ ) ρ ρ
ρ Then ε = σ/E and σ = -My/I

σ y
ε= =−
E ρ
− (∆θ ) y
1 σ My 1 M
y ∆θ =− = −( − )( ) =
∆s = ∆x ρ yE I yE EI
∆s´
y ∆x ∆x
Curvature
M 1
=
Before After EI ρ Radius of
deformation deformation Curvature
6
If we chose the υ axis positive upward, and if we can express the curvature (1/ρ) in
terms of x and , we can then determine the elastic curve for the beam.
1 d 2υ / dx 2
=
ρ [1 + (dυ / dx) 2 ]3 / 2
Therefore,
M d 2υ / dx 2
=
EI [1 + ( dυ / dx) 2 ]3 / 2
dυ 2
( ) ≈0
dx
d 2υ M
=
dx 2 EI
• Assumptions
• Linearly elastic behavior applies

• Small displacement theory applies
• Displacement due to shear is neglected
7
Slope and displacement by integration
P
• Moment-curvature PL
M 1
• =
EI ρ P
d 2υ L
V
M dx 2
=
EI dυ
(1 + ( ) 2 ) 3 / 2 x
dx
M dυ2
M
≈
EI dx 2 EI x
I1
Note : ≈ 99 % Small Deflection Theory
dυ
• Double Integration Method c1
dx x
d 2υ M I2
• 2
=
dx EI
Slope (θ) dυ M υ
= ∫ dx = ( I1 ) + c1 c2
dx EI x
Deflection (∆) υ = ∫ (I 1 + c1 )dx = I 2 + c2
υ = I 2 + c2
8
• Boundary condition
roller or rocker θ
∆=0
pin
θ
∆=0
fixed support
∆=0
θ=0 9
• Cantilever Beam Moment-curvature relationship
P
PL x
A B d 2υ M
2
=
dx EI
P d 2υ 1
L = ( − PL + Px)
V P P dx 2
EI
dυ 1 Px 2
+ Px x = (− PLx + ) + C1 − − − (1)
dx EI 2
M 1 PLx 2 Px 3
EI x υ= (− + ) + C1 x + C2 − − − (2)
EI 2 6
-PL + Px Boundary Condition
dυ -PL /EI
c1 = 0 EI dυ
dx • ( ) =0
x dx x =0
PL2 0 0 0
− dυ 1 Px 2
2 EI = ( − PLx + ) + C1 − −− > C1 =0
υ dx EI 2
c2 = 0 x
• (υ ) x =0 = 0
0 0
PL3 0 1 0
− PLx 2 Px 3
3EI υ= (− + ) + C1 x + C2 − > C2 = 0
EI 2 6 10
P
x C d 2υ M
A B 2
=
dx EI
P/2 L/2 L/2 P/2 d 2υ 1 Px
A→C: 2 = ( )
V P/2 dx EI 2
x dυ 1 Px 2
= ( ) + C1 − − − (1)
-P/2 dx EI 4
P
M x PL/4 1 Px 3
2 υ= ( ) + C1 x + C2 − − − (2)
EI x EI 12
Boundary Condition
dυ
dx x • (υ ) x =0 = 0
0 0
2 2
1 Px 3 0
-C1 1 Px PL
( − ) υ= ( ) + C1 x + C2− −− > C2 =0
EI 4 16 EI 12
υ -C = 0
2
x dυ
• ( ) =0
dx x =L / 2
PL3 0 L/2
−
1 Px 3 PxL2 48EI dυ 1 Px 2 PL2
( − ) = ( ) + C1 − −− > C1 = −
EI 12 16 dx EI 4 16 EI 11
x w
B d 2υ M
A 2
=
dx EI
wL/2 L wL/2 d 2υ 1 wx 2 wLx
wx wx 2 wLx A→ B: 2 = − ( − )
M=− + dx EI 2 2
A 2 2
dυ 1 wx 3 wLx 2
=− ( − ) + C1 − − − (1)
dx EI 6 4
wL/2 V
x 1 wx 4 wLx 3
V wL/2 υ=− ( − ) + C1 x + C2 − − − (2)
EI 24 12
x Boundary Condition
2
wx wLx
M− 2
+
2 wL2/8 wL/2
• (υ ) x =0 = 0
EI x 0 0
0
dυ 1 wx 4 wLx 3 0
dx x υ=− ( − ) + C1 x + C2 − −− > C2 = 0
EI 24 12
dυ
-C1 • ( ) =0
dx x =L / 2
υ -C2 = 0 x 0 L/2 L/2 wL3
5wL4 dυ 1 wx wLx 3
− > C1 = −
2
− =− ( − ) + C1 24 EI12
384 EI dx EI 6 4
Example 1
The cantilevered beam shown is subjected to a vertical load P at its end.

Determine the equation of the elastic curve. EI is constant.
A B C
L L
13
P • Moment-curvature relationship
PL
B d 2υ M
=
A Cubic Straight line C dx 2
EI
P
L L d 2υ 1
A→ B: 2 = (− PL + Px)
V dx EI
P P dυ 1 Px 2
+ = (− PLx + ) + C1
x dx EI 2
M
x1 1 PLx 2 Px 3
υ= (− + ) + C1 x + C2
x EI 2 6
- Boundary condition :
-PL -PL+ P(x1) = Mx dυ
• ( ) = 0 − −− > C1 = 0
dx x =0
PL A
Mx • (υ ) x =0 = 0 − −− > C2 = 0
P Vx dυ 1 Px 2
x1 = (− PLx + ) − − − (1)
dx EI 2
1 PLx 2 Px 3
υ= (− + ) − − − (2)
EI 2 6
14
P
PL dυ 1 Px 2
B = (− PLx + ) − − − (1)
dx EI 2
A θB C 1 PLx 2 Px 3
P ∆B υ= (− + ) − − − (2)
L L EI 2 6
• Elastic Curve Equation ; x : 0 - L
1 PL3 PL3 PL3

(υ ) x = L = (− + )= − ,↓ ∆B
EI 2 6 3EI
dυ 1 PL2 PL2
( ) x=L = ( − PL +
2
)=− θB
dx EI 2 2 EI
• Elastic Curve Equation ; x : L - 2L
υ BC = υ B + θ B ( x − L)
PL3 PL2
= (− )+( )( x − L)
3EI 2 EI 15
P
• Conclusion PL
A B C
P
L L
dυ PL 2
( ) x=L = −
dx 2 EI V P
3
PL -
(υ ) x = L = − x
3EI
PL3 PL2 M
(υ ) x:L −2 L = (− )+( )( x − L) x
3EI 2 EI -
-PL
dυ
( )
dx x
-
PL2 PL2
Parabola − Horizontal −
υ 2 EI 2 EI
x
-
Cubic PL3 5PL3
− −
3EI Straight line 6 EI 16
Example 2
The beam shown is subjected to a load P at its end. Determine the equation of the
elastic curve and the slope and displacement at C. EI is constant.
B C
A υC
2a a
17
x1 x2
B C d 2υ1 M x1 Px1
A 2
= = −
dx1 EI 2 EI
2a a dυ1 Mx 2
P/2 = ∫ ( 1 )dx = − Px1 + C − − − (1)
3P/2 dx1 EI 4 EI
1
V P P
M x1
+ x υ1 = ∫ ( ∫ ) dx)dx
P - EI
− P
2 − Px
3
2 υ1 = − 1 + C1 x1 + C2 − − − ( 2)
M 12 EI
-
P
M x1 = − x1 M x2 = − Pa + Px2 υ1 = 0, C2 = 0
2 − Pa x1 = 0
Pa 2
υ1 x1 = 2 a = 0, C1 =
3EI
18
x1 x2
θB B C d 2υ 2 M x 2 Pa Px2
A 2
= = − +
θB dx2 EI EI EI
2a a dυ 2 M x2 2
P/2 = ∫( )dx = − Pax Px
2
+ 2
+ C3 − −(3)
3P/2 dx2 EI EI 2 EI
V P P
M x2
+ x υ 2 = ∫ (∫ )dx)dx
P - EI
− P
2 − 2 3
2 Pax2 Px
M υ2 = − + 2 + C3 x2 + C4 − − − ( 4)
2 EI 6 EI
-
P
M x1 = − x1 M x2 = − Pa + Px2 υ2 = 0, C4 = 0
2 − Pa x2 = 0
dυ1 dυ 2 Pa 2
• Deflection and Slope at C x1 = 2 a = 2 x2 = 0 , C3 = −
dx1 dx2 3EI
Pa 3 Pa 3 2 Pa 3 − Pa 3
υC = υ 2 x2 = a =− + − =
2 EI 6 EI 3EI EI
dυ Pa 2 Pa 2 2 Pa 2 7 Pa 2
θC = 2 x2 = a =− + − =−
dx2 EI 2 EI 3EI 6 EI 19
x1 x2
P
• Conclusion
θA B C
A
Pa 2 2a a θC
dυ1
2
Px1 P/2
=− + C1 3EI 3P/2
dx1 4 EI P
V P
Pa 2
0 + x
Px
3 3 EI P -
υ1 = − 1 + C1 x1 + C2 − P
2 −
12 EI 2
2 Pa 2 M
− x
dυ 2
2
Pax2 Px2
=− + + C3 3EI -
dx2 EI 2 EI P
M x1 = − x1 M x2 = − Pa + Px2
2 Pa 2 2 − Pa
−
3EI 0
θ C1 = θA
2 3
Pax2 Px2 − Px1
2
υ2 = − + + C3 x2 + C4 θ x1 = θ A +
2 EI 6 EI 4 EI x
y C3 = θB 7 Pa 2
=−
θC 6 EI
x
− Pa 3
C2 = 0 = ∆A C4 = 0 = ∆B ∆C = EI 20
Example 3
The simply supported beam shown is subjected to the concentrated force P.

Determine the maximum deflection of the beam. EI is constant.
A B
C
2a a
21
P
x1 x2
A B • Segment AC
C
P/3 2a a 2P/3 d 2υ1 M 1 1 P
2
= = ( x1 )
dx1 EI EI 3
V
P/3 dυ1 1 P 2
x = ( x1 ) + C1 − − − (1)
dx1 EI 6
P -2P/3 1 P 3
M 1 = x1 2Pa/3 M = 2 P a − 2 P x υ1 = ( x1 ) + C1 x1 + C2 − − − ( 2)
M 3 2 2 EI 18
3 3
EI x
• Segment CB
d 2υ 2 M 2 1 2 Pa 2 P
2
= = ( − x2 )
dx2 EI EI 3 3
dυ 2 1 2 Pa 2P 2
= ( x2 − x2 ) + C3 − − − (3)
dx2 EI 3 6
1 2 Pa 2 2 P 3
υ2 = ( x2 − x 2 ) + C 3 x2 + C 4 − − − (4)
EI 6 18
22
P
x1 x2
A B
C
P/3 2a θC θC a 2P/3
dυ1 1 P 2 dυ 2 1 2P 2P 2
= ( x1 ) + C1 − − − (1) = ( ax2 − x2 ) + C3 − − − (3)
dx1 EI 6 dx2 EI 3 6
1 P 3 1 2P 2P 3
υ1 = ( x1 ) + C1 x1 + C2 − − − (2) υ2 = (
2
ax2 − x2 ) + C3 x2 + C4 − − − (4)
EI 18 EI 6 18
• (υ1 ) x =0 = 0 , 0 = 0 + 0 + C2 − − − (1*)
1
1 2P 3 2P 3
• (υ 2 ) x =0, 0= ( a − a ) + C3 a + C4 − − − (2*)
2 =a
EI 6 18
1 P
• (υ1 ) x =2 a = (υ 2 ) x , ( ( 2a ) 3 ) + C1 (2a) + 0 = 0 − 0 + 0 + C4 − − − (3*)
2 =0
1
EI 18
dυ1 dυ 2 1 P
• = , ( (2a) 2 ) + C1 = 0 − 0 + C3 − − − (4*)
dx1 x1 = 2 a
dx2 x2 = 0 EI 6
Solving for (1*) to (4*) :

4 Pa 2 2 Pa 2 4 Pa 3
C1 = − C2 = 0 C3 = C4 = −
9 EI 9 EI 9 EI 23
P
x1 x2
A B
C
P/3 2a a 2P/3
• Elastic Curve Equation

dυ1 1 P 2 4 Pa 2 dυ 2 1 2 Pa 2 P 2 2 Pa 2
= ( x1 − ) = ( x2 − x2 + )
dx1 EI 6 9 dx2 EI 3 6 9
1 P 3 4 Pa 2 1 2P 2 P 3 2 Pa 2 4 Pa 3
υ1 = ( x1 − x1 ) υ2 = 2
( ax2 − x2 + x2 − )
EI 18 9 EI 6 18 9 9
• Maximum Deflection
0
dυ1 dυ1 1 P 2 4 Pa 2
• = 0; = ( x1 − )
dx1 υ dx1 EI 6 9
max
x1 = 1.633a
1 P 4 Pa 2 Pa 3
υ max x1 =1.633 a
= [ (1.633a) −
3
(1.633a)] = −0.484
EI 18 9 EI
24
• Summary P
x1 x2
A B
C
P/3 2a a 2P/3
V
P/3
x
P -2P/3
M 1 = x1 P/3(2a) M = 2 P a − 2 P x
M 3 2 2
3 3
EI x
2 Pa 2
dυ C3 =
1.633a 9 EI
dx x
4 Pa 2
C1 = −
9 EI
υ C2 = 0
x
3
Pa 4 Pa 3
υ max = −0.484 C4 = −
EI 9 EI 25
Example 4
From the beam shown determine the slope at supports , the maximum
deflection of the beam and the deflection at C. Take E = 10 GPa and
INA = 15(106) mm4.
1 kN/m
A
B C
3m 1m
26
1 kN/m
A θBR
B C • Boundary condition
θBL
1.333 kN 2.667 kN
3m 1m 1) Deflection at support is zero
x1 x2 (a) υ1| x1= 0 = 0
V (kN)
(b) υ1| x1= 3 = 0
1.333 1
+ + x (c) υ2| x = 0 = 0
- 2
1.333 m -1.667
2) The left of slope and the right of
M (kN•m) slope at B are equivalent
0.888 dυ1 dυ2
+ (d) =
dx1 x1=3 dx2 x2=0
- x
-0.5
27
Segment AB E = 10 GPa and INA = 15(106) mm4.
x1
1 kN/m 1 kN/m Mx1
A A + ΣMx1 = 0:
B C Vx1
2.667 kN 1.333 kN 2
0.0058 rad 4 x 1x
1.333 kN 3m 1m x1 M x1 = 1 − 1
3 2
x1 x2
• Moment Curvature • Slope at A

d 2υ
2
1 4 x1 1x1
2
= ( − ) from (1) : at x1 = 0 ,
dx1 EI 3 2
0 0
dυ1
2 3
1 2 x1 x dυ 1 2 x1 x
2 3
= ( − ) + C1
1
− − − (1) θ A = ( 1 ) x1 =0 = ( − 1 ) + C1
dx1 EI 3 6 dx1 EI 3 6
3 4
1 2 x1 x1
υ1 = ( − ) + C1 x1 + C2 − − − ( 2) 7
EI 9 24 θ A = C1 = −
8 EI
• Boundary Condition
7
(a) υ1 x =0 = 0 : C2 = 0 θA = −
1 8(10 × 10 6 kPa )(15 × 10 −6 m 4 )
7 = −0.005833 rad
(b) υ1 x =3 = 0 : C1 = − 28
1
8 EI
E = 10 GPa and INA = 15(106) mm4.
1 kN/m
dυ1
2 3
1 2 x1 x 7
= ( − 1 )− − − − (1)
A dx1 EI 3 6 8 EI
υmax B C 3 4
1.333 kN θmax = 0 1 2 x1 x1 7
2.667 kN υ1 = ( − )− x1 − − − (2)
3m 1m EI 9 24 8 EI
x1 x2
• The Maximum Displacement
dυ1
υ max when = 0 substute in (1)
dx1
2 3
1 2 x1 x1 7
0= ( − ) −
(10 ×10 + 6 )(15 × 10 −6 ) 3 6 8[(10 × 10 + 6 )(15 × 10 −6 )]
x1 = 1.427 m
Substitute x1 = 1.427 m, E = 10x106 kPa and I = 15(10-6) m4 in (2)
υmax = -5.171 mm, ↓
29
Segment BC
x2
1 kN/m 1 kN/m Mx2
0.5 kN•m
A 0.0042 rad
B C Vx2
1.333 kN 2.667 kN 1 kN
3m 1m x2
2
x1 x2 −1 x
+ ΣMx2 = 0: M x2 = + x2 − 2
2 2
• Moment Curvature • Boundary Condition
d 2υ 2 1 −1 x2
2 (c ) υ 2 x2 = 0
= 0, C4 = 0
2
= ( + x 2 − )
dx2 EI 2 2 dυ1 dυ2
(c) =
dx1 x1=3 dx2 x2=0
dυ 2
2 3
1 − x2 x2 x
= ( + − 2 ) + C3 3 3 0 0 0
dx2 EI 2 2 6 2 3 2 3
1 2 x1 x1 7 1 − x2 x2 x2
( − )− = ( + − ) + C3
1 − x2
2
x x
3 4 EI 3 6 8 EI EI 2 2 6
υ2 = ( + 2 − 2 ) + C3 x 2 + C 4 5
EI 4 6 24 C3 =
8EI
dυ 5
θ B = ( 2 ) x 2 = 0 = C3 = = 0.004167 rad
dx2 8(10 ×15)
30
1 kN/m
2 3 4
1 − x2 x x 5
υ2 = ( + 2 − 2 )+ x2
A 3.33 mm EI 4 6 24 8 EI
B C
3m 1m
x1 x2
• Displacement at C
1 1 1
2 3 4 1
1 − x2 x2 x2 5
υ C = υ 2 x2 =1 = ( + − )+ x2
EI 4 6 24 8 EI
3 5 12
=− + =
24 EI 8 EI 24 EI
12
υC = = 3.333 mm , ↑
24(10 × 15)
31
x1 x2
• Conclusion υmax=-5.17 mm 1 kN/m
θB=0.00417 rad
A θB
θA B C
1.333 kN θA =-0.0058 rad 2.667 kN
3m 1m
V (kN) 1.333 1
+ + x
-
1.333 m -1.667
M (kN•m) 0.888
+
- x
-0.5 θ = C = 0.004167 rad
1.427 m B 3
θ (rad)
x
θ A = C1 = −0.005833 rad
∆ (mm) υC = 3.33 mm
x
C2 = 0 C4 = 0
υmax = -5.171 mm inflection point 32
Slope and displacement by superposition method
P
A L/2 L/2 B PL2

16 EI
PL2
PL3
16 EI
48EI
w
A B wL3
24 EI
wL3
24 EI 5wL4
384 EI
P
w
B PL2 wL3
A +
16 EI 24 EI
PL2 wL3 PL3 5wL4

+ +
16 EI 24 EI 48 EI 384 EI
Note: The displacement and the slope are using the table in Appendix C for each part 33
Example 5
Determine the displacement at point C and the slope at the support A of the beam
shown. EI is constant.
8 kN
2 kN/m
C
A B
4m 4m
34
P − 53.33 − 85.33 − 138.66 kN • m 3
w υC = +( )=
EI EI EI
C
A B
4m 4m
− 24 − 32 (−56 kN • m 2 )
θA = +( )=
EI EI EI
− 5wL4 − 5(2 kN / m)(8 m) 4 − 53.33 kN • m 3
w (υ C )1 = = =
768 EI 768 EI EI
C
A B
− 3wL3 − 3(2 kN / m)(8 m) 3 − 24 kN • m 2

(θ A )1 = = =
128 EI 128 EI EI
P − PL3 − 8 kN (8 m) 3 − 85.33 kN • m 3
(υ C ) 2 = = =
48 EI 48 EI EI
C
A B
− PL2 − 8 kN (8 m) 2 − 32 kN • m 2
(θ A ) 2 = = =
16 EI 16 EI EI
35
DESIGN OF BEAMS AND SHAFTS
! Basis for Beam Design
! Stress Variations Throughout a Prismatic
Beam
! Design of pristmatic beams
! Steel beams
! Wooden beams
! Design of Shaft
! Combined bending
! Torsion
1
Basis for Beam Design
- The effects of an internal axial force are often neglected in design.
- Application of shear and flexure formulas are limited to beams made of a

homogeneous material that has linear-elastic behavior.
- The cross-sectional area must have an axis of symmetry in the plane of

the loading.
- The design does provide an adequate means of obtaining both a safe and
economical design.
2
Stress Variations Throughout a Prismatic Beam
P
w
A B- C
B
RA RC
2m 2m
V
RA RA
+
x
RA - P -
M Mmax -RC
x
σ5
5 M τ4
4 σ4
NA τ3
3
B-
2 τ2 σ2
1
V σ5
Shear stress Bending stress
distribution (τ) distribution (σ) 3
σ5
5 M τ4
4 σ4
NA τ3
3
B-
2 τ2 σ2
1 V σ5
τ
τmax
y
x σ5 σ1 σ2
5 σ
x (-σ5, 0) y (0, 0)
−τmax
τ
τmax
x (-σ4, τ4)
y
x σ4 σ1 σ2
4 σ
τ4
−τmaxy (0, -τ4)
τ
x (0, τ3)
y
x σ1 σ2
3 σ
τ3
y (0, -τ3) 4
σ5
5 M τ4
4 σ4
NA τ3
3
B-
2 τ2 σ2
1 V σ1
τ
τmax
x (σ2, τ2)
y
x σ2 σ1 σ2
2 σ
τ2
y (0, -τ2) −τ
max
τ
τmax
y
x σ1 σ1 σ2
1 σ
y (0, 0) x (σ1, 0)
−τmax
5
Prismatic Beam Design
• Section Modulus (S)
Mc
σ=
I
M
=
I /c
M
=
S
M
S req 'd =
σ allow
6
Example 1
A beam is to be made of steel that has an allowable bending stress of

σallow = 150 MPa and an allowable shear stress of τallow = 100 MPa.
Select an appropriate W shape that will carry the loading shown.
200 kN 100 kN
2m 2m 2m
7
200 kN 100 kN
• Allowable normal stress: σallow = 150 MPa

M
σ =
50 kN 250 kN S
2m 2m 2m M
Sreq’d =
σallow
V(kN)
(200x103) = 1333x103 mm3
100 =
50 150x106
+ +
x(m) Using the table in Appendix B,
- the following beams are adequate:
-150 W 610x82 S = 1870x103 mm3
M(kN•m) W 460x97 S = 1910x103 mm3
100 W 460x89 S = 1770x103 mm3
+ x (m) W 460x82 S = 1610x103 mm3
-
W 460x74 S = 1460x103 mm3
-200 W 410x85 S = 1510x103 mm3
Use W 460x74 because the beam having the least weight. 8

W 460x74 : A = 9460 mm2, d = 457 mm,
200 kN 100 kN tw = 9.02 mm, bf = 190 mm,
tf = 14.5 mm, INA = 333x106 mm4,
14.5
50 kN 250 kN 221.25 214
2m 2m 2m NA
9.02 457
V(kN)
100 190
50
+ +
x(m)
-
-150
• Check allowable shear stress: τallow = 100 MPa
QNA = (221.25)(190x14.5) + (214/2)(214x9.02)

= 816.08x10-6 m3
VQ V(816.08x10-6)
τmax = = = 271.7V= (271.7 )(150x103)
It (333x10-6)(0.00902)
= 32.6 MPa <100 MPa, O.K.
9
200 kN 100 kN
• Check shear and normal stress at B
50 kN 250 kN σmax=137.2 MPa

2m 2m 2m
200 kN•m τmax
V(kN) 214 σB
100 150 kN τB
50
+ + Β σB, MPa τB
x(m)
- INA = 333x106 mm4
-150
- Bending: σB
M(kN•m)
100 My (-200x103) (0.214)
σB = =
+ x (m) I (333x10-6)
- = -128.5 MPa
- Shear: τB
-200 14.5
VmaxQB 9.02 NA
30.44 MPa τB = 221.25 QB
It
B 128.5 MPa
=
(150x103) [(0.2213)(0.19x0.0145)] 190
= 30.44 MPa
(333x10-6)(0.00902) 10
30.44 MPa σx + σy -128.53+0
σaverage = = = -64.27 MPa
y 2 2
B x 128.5 MPa
σx - σy
R = )2 + (τxy)
2
(
2
= (64.27)2 + (30.44)2 = ± 71.11 MPa

σavg = -64.27 MPa
τ
(-64.27, 71.11)
σaverage - R y (0, 30.44)

σaverage + R
(-135.4, 0) O (6.84, 0)
1
σ
2
R
τmax = 71.11 MPa < 100 MPa, O.K.
(-128.5, -30.44) x
σmax = 135.4 MPa < 150 MPa, O.K.
(-64.27, -71.11)
|(σx - σy)/2| = |(-128.5)/2| = 64.27
11
Comments
Q = yA
14.5 QNA = (221.25)(190x14.5) + (214/2)(214x9.02)
221.25 214
NA = 816083.71 mm3 = 816.08x10-6 m3
9.02 457
VQ V(816.08x10-6)
190 τmax = = = 271.7V
It (333x10-6)(0.00902)
14.5
221.25 214
NA Vmax V
9.02 457
τavg = =
Aweb (0.457 - 2x0.0145)(0.00902)
190 = 259.03V 4.7 % off
14.5
221.25 Vmax V
214 τavg = =
NA Aweb (0.457)(0.00902)
9.02 457
= 242.59V 10.7 % off
190
Note: dimension in mm INA = 333x106 mm4, 12

Example 2
The laminated wooden beam shown supports a uniform distributed loading of

12 kN/m. If the beam is to have a height-to-width ratio of 1.5, determine its
smallest width. The allowable bending stress is σallow = 9 MPa and the allowable
shear stress is τallow =0.6 MPa. Neglect the weight of the beam.
12 kN/m
1.5a
A B a
1m 3m
13
12 kN/m
1.5a
A B
16 kN a
1m 32 kN 3m
• Check allowable shear stress
V (kN)
20 16 − 12 x = 0 τallow = 0.6 MPa
VQ
x=1.33 m τ =
+ It
x (m)
- - V
-12 τ = 1.5
-16 A
20x103
0.6x10 = 1.5
6
M (kN•m) 1.5(a2)
10.67 a = 0.183 m = 183 mm
+ Use a = 185 mm
- x (m)
-6
14
12 kN/m
1.5a = 277.5
A B a = 185 mm
16 kN
1m 32 kN 3m
• Check allowable normal stress
V (kN)
20 16 − 12 x = 0 σallow = 9 MPa
x=1.33 m Mc
+ σmax =
I
x(m)
- -
(10.67x103)(278/2)
-12 =
-16 (1/12)(185)(2783)
M (kN•m) = 4.48 MPa
10.67 4.48 MPa < 9 MPa , O.K.

+ Use a = 185 mm
- x (m)
-6
15
Example 3
The wooden T-beam shown is made from two 200 mm x 30 mm boards.

If the allowable bending stress is σallow =12 MPa and the allowable shear stress
is τallow = 0.8 MPa, determine if the beam can safely support the loading shown
without having the deflection more than L/240. The spacing of nails specified to
hold the two boards together if each nail can resist 1.50 kN in shear are: between
BC use 125 mm, and CD use 250 mm. Take E = 12 GPa, and the formula for
deflection at the the mid-span:
− 5wL4 − PL3
υC = +( )
768EI 48EI
200 mm
w=0.5 kN/m P=1.5 kN 30 mm
B D 200 mm
C
2m 2m
30 mm
16
0.5 kN/m 1.5 kN
B D
1.5 kN C
2m 2m 1 kN
V (kN)
1.5
0.5
+
x (m)
-
-1.0 -1.0
M (kN•m)
2.0
+
x (m)
17
200 mm
∑ yA
y =
y' 30 mm ∑ A
NA (100 )( 200 × 30 ) + ( 215 )( 200 × 30 )
y 200 mm =
2 ( 200 × 30 )
= 157.5 mm
30 mm
y ' = 230 − 157 . 5 = 72.5 mm
I = Σ ( I + Ad 2 )
= ( I + Ad 2 )web + ( I + Ad 2 )flang
= [(1/12)(30)(2003 ) +(30x200)(157.5-100)2]
+ [(1/12)(200)(303) + (200x30)(215-157.5)2]
= 60.125x106 mm4 = 60.12x10-6 m4
18
0.5 kN/m 1.5 kN - Stress distribution at point C
B D
1.5 kN C
2m 2m 1 kN B 0.309
V (kN) 1.5 kN
τB-, MPa
1.5
0.5
+
x(m)
-
-1.0 -1.0
200
• Check allowable shear stress: τallow = 0.8 MPa
72.5 30
NA
VmaxQ (1.5x103) [(0.07875)(0.03x0.1575)] 200
τmax = = 157.5
It (60.12x10-6)(0.03)
= 0.309 MPa
30
0.309 MPa < 0.8 MPa , O.K. I = 60.12x10-6 m4 19
1.5 kN - Stress distribution at point C+
0.5 kN/m
B D
C 20 kN•m
1.5 kN 1 kN
2m 2m
M(kN•m) B+ 0.206
2.0
1 kN 5.24
τB+, MPa
+ σB+, MPa
x (m)
200
• Check allowable normal stress: σallow = 12 MPa
72.5 30
NA
Mc (2x103) (0.1575) 200 2 kN•m
σmax = = 157.5
I (60.12x10-6)
= 5.24 MPa
30
I = 60.12x10-6 m4
5.24 MPa < 12 MPa , O.K. 20
w=0.5 kN/m P=1.5 kN − 5wL4 − PL3
υ CL = +( ) 200
C 768 EI 48EI
B D 30
72.5 NA
1.5 k N 1 kN 200
L/2=2 m L/2=2 m 157.5
I = 60.12x10-6 m4
30
• Check maximum deflection: υallow = L/240
− 5wL4 − PL3 5(.5) 4 4 (1.5)43

υCL = ( )+( )=− −6
− −6
)
768 EI 48 EI 768(12 × 10 )(60.12 × 10 ) 48(12 × 10 )(60.12 × 10 )
9 9
4
= −0.00115 − 0.00277 = −0.00392 m, (↓) < = 0.0167 m, O.K .
240
21
0.5 kN/m 1.5 kN
B D
1.5 kN C
2m 2m 1 kN 200
τ
V(kN) 72.5 30
NA
1.5
157.5 200
0.5
+
x(m)
- τB-, MPa
30
-1.0 -1.0
I = 60.125x10-6 m4
• Nail spacing: sBC = 125 mm, and sCD = 250 mm; (Fs)allow= 1.5 kN
- Segment BC VQ
Fnail = τAshear = ( ) (sBCx0.03)
It
(1.5x103)[(0.0575)(0.2x0.03)]
Fnail = (0.125x0.03)
(60.12x10 )(0.03)
-6
= 1.076 kN < 1.5 kN, O.K. 22

0.5 kN/m 1.5 kN
B D
1.5 kN C
2m 2m 1 kN 200
τ
V (kN) 1m 72.5 30
NA
1.5 1
157.5 200
0.5
+
x(m)
- τB-, MPa
30
-1.0 -1.0
I = 60.125x10-6 m4
• Nail spacing: sBC = 125 mm, and sCD = 250 mm; (Fs)allow= 1.5 kN
- Segment CD VQ
Fnail = τAshear = ( ) (sCDx0.03)
It
(1x103) (0.0575)(0.2x0.03)
Fnail = (0.25x0.03)
(60.12x10 )(0.03)
-6
= 1.434 kN < 1.5 kN, O.K. 23

Example 4
From the beam shown, determine the largest load P that can be applied to the
beam.
Requirements specified:
• σallow = 12 MPa
τallow = 0.8 MPa
• Nail spacing @ 150 mm

φ = 3 mm
τallow = 200 MPa
P 200 mm
30 mm
72.5 mm NA
B D 200 mm
C 157.5 mm
2m 2m
INA = 60.12x10-6 mm4
24
P 200 mm
30 mm
B 72.5 mm NA
D
C 200 mm
P/2 P/2 157.5 mm
2m 2m
V (N) INA = 60.125x10-6 mm4
P/2 P/2
Qneck = Aneck y
x (m) 30
-P/2 -P/2 = (0.03 × 0.2)(72.5 − )
2
M (N•m) P = 0.345 m 3
x (m)
• Maximum shear force on Nail: Nail spacing @ 150 mm, φ = 3 mm, τallow = 200 MPa
VQ
1414 = ( )(t • s)
Fs = (τallow)nail(Anail) It
= (200x106)(πx0.00152) P
( )(0.345)
1414 = 2 )(0.150)
−6
=1414 N (60.125 ×10 )
P = 3286 N
25
P 200 mm
30 mm
B 72.5 mm NA
D
C 200 mm
157.5 mm
2m 2m
V (N) INA = 60.125x10-6 mm4
P/2 P/2
Qmax = Amax y
x (m) 0.1575
-P/2 -P/2 = (0.03 × 0.1575)( )
2
M (N•m) P = 0.372 × 10 −3 m 3
x (m)
•Bending: σallow = 12 MPa •Shear : τallow = 0.8 MPa
Mc VQ
σ= τ=
I It
P
P (0.1575) ( )(0.372 ×10 −3 )
12 × 10 6 = 0.8 × 10 6 = 2
60.125 ×10 −6
(60.125 × 10 −6 )(0.03)
P = 4580 N P = 3879 N 26
• σallow = 12 MPa
τallow = 0.8 MPa
• Nail spacing @ 150 mm

φ = 3 mm
τallow = 200 MPa
B D
C
2m 2m
• Summary:
Nail , shear 3.28 kN, use 3 kN

Beam , bending 4.58 kN
Beam , shear 3.88 kN
27
Example 5
From the beam shown, determine the largest load w that can be applied to the
beam.
Conditions specified: Wood
• σallow = +12 MPa in tension
σallow = 8 MPa in compression
τallow = 0.8 MPa
• For each nail, (Fnail)allow = 1.5 kN @ 100-mm spacing
200 mm
w 30 mm
72.5 mm NA
B D 200 mm
157.5 mm
C
4m 2m INA = 60.12x10-6 mm4
28
w
200 mm
B D 30 mm
72.5 mm NA
1.5w C 4.5w 200 mm
4m 2m 157.5 mm
INA = 60.12x10-6 mm4

M (N•m) 1.125w
x (m)
-2w
• Beam : Bending : σallow = +12 MPa in tension, σallow = 8 MPa in compression
- Compression - Tension
(2 w)(0.1575) (1.125w)(0.1575)
8 × 106 = 12 × 106 =
60.12 × 10 −6 60.125 ×10 −6
w = 1.527 kN/m • w = 4.071 kN/m •
(1.125w)(0.725) (2 w)(0.725)
8 × 106 = 12 × 10 6 =
60.12 × 10 −6 60.12 × 10 −6
w = 5.897 kN/m w = 4.975 kN/m
29
w
200 mm
B D 30 mm
72.5 mm NA
1.5w C 4.5w 200 mm
4m 2m 157.5 mm
V (N) 1.5w 2w INA = 60.12x10-6 mm4
x (m)
M (N•m) 1.125w
-2.5w
x (m)
-2w
• Shear on nail : (Fnail)allow = 1.5 kN
• Beam: Shear @ NA, τallow = 0.8 MPa
spacing = 100 mm
VQ
VQ Fs = (τallow)nail(As) = ( )(t • s )
τ= It
It
0.1575 (2.5w)(0.2 × 0.03 × 0.0575)
(2.5w)(0.1575 × 0.03 × ) 1.5 = (t )(0.1)
0.8 × 10 6 = 2 (60.125 ×10 −6 )(t )
(60.125 × 10 −6 )(0.03)
w = 1.55 kN/m w = 1.04 kN/m 30
σallow = +12 MPa in tension
σallow = 8 MPa in compression
τallow = 0.8 MPa
(Fnail)allow = 1.5 kN
Nail spacing = 100 mm
w
B D
C
4m 2m
• Summary:
Beam bending, compression 1.53 kN/m

tension 4.07 kN/m
Beam shear, 1.55 kN/m
Nail shear 1.04 kN/m, use 1 kN/m

31

Thai ST Analysis PDF

Загружено:

Сведения о документе

Оригинальное название

Авторское право

Доступные форматы

Поделиться этим документом

Поделиться или встроить документ

Параметры публикации

Этот документ был вам полезен?

Это неприемлемый материал?

Авторское право:

Доступные форматы

Thai ST Analysis PDF

Загружено:

Авторское право:

Доступные форматы

MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF

proportional limit ultimate stress

elastic plastic behavior

400 σu = 360 MPa

σ−ε diagrams for a methacrylate plastic

400 Brittle to Ductile Ductile to Brittle

σ−ε diagrams for a methacrylate plastic

- Apply load to failure

• Modulus of Resilience • Modulus of Toughness

Modulus of resiliency (ur)= Area under curve @ proportional limit

Energy per unit volume = (90 kN/m2)(1 m3) = 90 kN•m = 90 kJ

400 σu 100 MPa

• Elastic Limit σpl = 220 MPa

• Ultimate Stress σu = 365 MPa

• Fracture Stress σf = 310 MPa 21

An aluminum specimen shown has a diameter of d0 = 25 mm, a gauge length of

The elongation of the rod is

The permanent strain, εOG = 0.0450 - 0.000808 = 0.0442 mm/mm

The elongation of the rod is

- z direction - x and y direction

δz = εzLz = [80(10-6)(1.5 m)] = 120 µm δy = -εyLy = -[25.6(10-6)(0.05 m) = -1.28 µm

A specimen of titanium alloy is tested in torsion and the shear stress-strain

- Proportional limit ; τpl = 270 MPa

- Ultimate shear stress; τu = 370 MPa

An aluminum specimen shown has a diameter of d0 = 25 mm and a gauge length

165 kN df = d0 + δ´ = d0+ elatd0 ----------(1)

- Stress and Strain Relation ship

165 kN 336.1× 106 Pa

εlat = -0.00166 mm/mm

δ' = (0.00166)(25 mm) = 0.0415 mm

From eq.(1) : d f = d 0 + ε lat d 0 = 25 mm + (−0.00166)( 25 mm) = 24.96 mm

(σfs)al = 130 100

fixed-connected inflection point

∆´1 + f11R1 + f12R2 + f13R3 = ∆ 1

∆´ n f n1 f n2 fn n R 0 [D] = [K]-1[Q] - [Qf]

Determine the reaction at all supports and the displacement at C.

300 /EI 900/EI ∆´B = M´B = -9000/EI ,

12 kN•m fBB Real beam

12 kN•m fBB x RB = 15.63 kN

40/3EI = 13.33/EI 26.66/EI

fBB = M´B = 60.44/EI 12/EI Conjugate Beam

M o L 1(8) 2.667 M o L 1(8) 2.667

Note: Maxwell’s theorem of reciprocal displacement, αAB = αBA

1 kN•m Real Beam 1 kN•m

αAA αBA αAB

Conjugate Beam Conjugate Beam

×MA MA = -18.33 kN•m, +

+ ΣMA = 0: 18.33 − 20( 2) + RB (8) − 8.355 = 0 RB = 3.753 kN,

2 kN/m ∆ 'B + f 'BB RB + f 'CB RC = 0 − − − (1)

M A = 8(2) + 0.29(8) − 3.71(4)

Compatibility equation : + ∆ B = 0 = ∆ ' B + f BB RB -----(1) : no settlement

+ ∆ B = −0.005m = ∆ ' B + f BB RB -----(2) : with settlement

RA = 6.5 kN 11.0 kN RC = 1.5 kN

(−0.005)(200 × 60) = −117.33 + 10.67 RB

RA = 9.31 kN 5.37 kN RC = 1.32 kN

1 2 w 2 kN/m 3 Use formulations provided :

L/3 L/3 wL/2

0.375 wl 1.25 wl 0.375 wl

0.070 wl2 0.070 wl2

0.08 wl2 0.08 wl2

typical “roller-supported” typical “fixed-supported”

fixed-connected joint torsional spring support

L/2 L/2 L/2 L/2