TABLE OF CONTENT

NO. CONTENTS PAGE

1.0 Introduction 2

1.1 Background of the experiment 2

1.2 Objective of the experiment 2

1.3 Scope of the experiment 3

1.4 Literature review on Bernoulli’s principle 3

2.0 Apparatus and materials 4

3.0 Experimental Procedure 5

4.0 Results 6

5.0 Discussions

6.0 Errors

7.0 Recommendations

8.0 Conclusion

9.0 References

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1.0 Introduction
1.1 Background of experiment
This experiment is carried out to examine the validity of Bernoulli’s theorem in various
conditions precisely in the Venturi nozzle. Bernoulli’s principle describes the relationship
between the flow velocity of a fluid and its pressure. The HM150.07 experimental unit is
used to demonstrate Bernoulli’s principle by determining the pressures in a Venturi nozzle.
It includes a pipe section with a transparent Venturi nozzle and a movable pitot tube for
measuring the total pressure. The pitot tube is located within the Venturi nozzle, where it is
displaced axially. Its position can be observed through the Venturi nozzle’s transparent front
panel.

1.2 Objective of experiment

Through this experiment, the Bernoulli’s principle is studied using the HM150.07
experimental unit with six measuring points in a Venturi nozzle. The following objectives
are required to be completed:
a. To compare the measured and calculated fluid flow velocities in the Venturi nozzle
at different points.
b. To investigate the static, total and dynamic heads distribution along the Venturi nozzle.
c. To determine the flow coefficient at different fluid flow rates.
A2 = 233.5mm2

A4 = 170.2mm2

A4 = 255.2mm2
A1 = 338.6mm2

A4 = 338.6mm2
A3 = 84.6mm2

Figure 1: Measuring point area

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1.3 Scope of the experiment
The Venturi nozzle is equipped with pressure measuring points to determine the static
pressure. The pressures are displayed on the six tube manometers. The total pressure is
measured by the controlling the pitot tube and it is displayed on another separated single-
tube manometer. The fluid flow velocities in the Venturi nozzle is measured, calculated and
compared. The static, total and dynamic heads distribution along the Venturi nozzle is
investigated and the flow coefficient at different fluid flow rate is determined.
1.4 Literature review on Bernoulli’s principle
Bernoulli’s principle states that an increase in the speed of a fluid occurs simultaneously
with a decrease in pressure or a decrease in the fluid’s potential energy. It can be applied to
various types of fluid flow, thus, there are different derived Bernoulli’s equation for different
types of flow. Bernoulli’s principle can be derived from the principle of conservation of
energy. In a steady flow, the sum of all forms of energy in a fluid along a streamline is the
same at all points on that particular streamline. This requires the sum of kinetic energy,
potential energy and internal energy to remain constant.

𝑣12 𝑃1 𝑣22 𝑃2
𝑧1 + 2𝑔
+ 𝛾
= 𝑧2 + 2𝑔
+ 𝛾
= 𝐻 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 eq.1

z1 is the elevation head; it represents the potential energy of the fluid.

𝑣2
2𝑔
is the velocity head; it represents the elevation needed for a fluid to reach the velocity v
during frictionless free fall.
𝑝
𝛾
is the pressure head; it represents the height of a fluid column that produces the static
pressure P.

Also, H is the total head for the flow. Therefore, the Bernoulli’s equation can be expressed
in terms of heads as: the sum of the pressure, velocity and elevation heads along a streamline
is constant during steady flow when the compressibility and the frictional effects are
negligible.
Continuity equation, 𝑄 = 𝐴𝑣 eq. 2
Coefficient of discharge, Co = Qact / Qtheorem eq. 3
Dynamic water column height, hdynamic = htotal - hstatic eq. 4

2𝑔 A3
Qactual = √ 𝑙
− (A1)2 = √∆ℎ eq. 5

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2.0 Apparatus and materials

 HM150.07 Bernoulli’s Principle demonstration apparatus

 Stopwatch

Bleed valve Overflow valve

Gauge panel

Single pressure gauge

6 pressure gauges

Outlet valve

Cap nut Pitot tube

Inlet valve Venturi
nozzle

Pump main
power Pump switch

Water tank

Water inlet valve Stopwatch

Water volume
indicator

Water tank valve

Figure 2: HM150.07

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 Show Pstatic Show Ptotal

To measure Pstatic

Figure 3: Functions of the components

3.0 Experimental procedure

1. The venturi tube is connected tightly to the single pressure gauge tightly on the gauges
panel.
2. The valve at the water tank is opened.
3. The cap nut of the compression gland is set such that slight resistance can be felt while
moving the pitot tube (probe).
4. Both the inlet and outlet valves are opened.
5. The water pump is switched on, the valve of the pump is slowly opened and the water is let
to flush out the air bubbles entirely in the system.
6. The overflow valves on top of the pressure gauges is opened.
7. Once the bubbles are no more visible from the manometer columns and connecting tubes,
the water outlet valve is slowly closed, followed by the overflow valve and then the pump
is switched off.
8. The bleed valve is opened slowly while monitoring the water level in the pressure gauges
drops. The bleed valve is closed when the water level reaches 80-90mm.
9. The pump is switched on.
10. All the six static pressures, hstatic, is measured and recorded. The static pressure is indicated
by the readings of the water columns in all the six pressure gauges.
11. The pitot tube is moved axially to each of the corresponding pressure gauges to measure
the total pressure, htotal. The total pressure is shown by the reading in the single pressure
gauge.
12. The water tank valve is closed. Stopwatch is used to record the time taken for the water to
fill up a volume of 2L.
13. All the data is recorded in Table 1.
14. Steps 1 to 12 are repeated by using another two different flow rates (the flow rate is
controlled by adjusting the water outlet valve). The data is recorded in the respective tables.

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4.0 Results

SECOND DATA SET

Manometer Tube Bernoulli’s Equation Continuity Equation
Hstatic Htotal Δz VB Area VC
(mm) (mm) (m) (m/s) (m2) (m/s)
x 10-3
P1 350 365 15 0.5425 3.386*10-4 0.7327
P2 330 365 35 0.8287 2.335*10-4 1.0625
P3 95 363 268 2.2931 8.46*10-5 2.9326
P4 245 340 95 1.3652 1.702*10-4 1.4577
P5 275 340 65 1.1293 2.552*10-4 0.9722
P6 285 338 53 1.0197 3.386*10-4 0.7327
Table 2
Q= 0.2481 L/s
Volume of water = 1 litre
Time = 4.03 s

1m 3
Q  0.2481L / s   (2.481x10  4 )m 3 / s
1000 L

Sample calculation for VB using Bernoulli’s equation

VB for P1 = √2𝑔∆𝑧

= √2(9.81)(15 𝑥 10−3 )
= 0.5425 m/s

Sample calculation for VC using Continuity equation

𝑄
VC for P1 = 𝐴

2.481 𝑋 10−4
= 3.386 𝑋 10−4

= 0.7327 m/s

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 Pressure, P against Length of Experimental Section
400

H Dynamic = H Total – H Static

350

300

250
Pressure, P

200

150

100

50

0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180
Length of Experimental Section (mm)

H Static H Total H Dynamic

Flow Coefficients
Calculating flow coefficient at different flow rate at cross-section A1 (taking A1 as a
reference) of the venturi meter.
Q = CAVB

2.48110 -4
C
3.386 10 -4 (0.5425)

= 1.3506

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THIRD DATA SET

Manometer Tube Bernoulli’s Equation Continuity Equation

Hstatic Htotal Δz VB Area VC
2
(mm) (mm) (m) (m/s) (m ) (m/s)
x 10-3
P1 370 390 20 0.6264 3.386*10-4 0.8739
P2 340 390 50 0.9905 2.335*10-4 1.2672
P3 40 385 345 2.6017 8.46*10-5 3.4976
P4 238 350 112 1.4824 1.702*10-4 1.7385
P5 275 360 85 1.2914 2.552*10-4 1.1595
P6 290 358 68 1.1551 3.386*10-4 0.8739
Table 2
Q= 0.2959 L/s
Volume of water = 1 litre
Time = 3.38 s

1m 3
Q  0.2959 L / s   (2.959 x10  4 )m 3 / s
1000 L

Sample calculation for VB using Bernoulli’s equation

VB for P1 = √2𝑔∆𝑧

= √2(9.81)(20 𝑥 10−3 )
= 0.6264 m/s

Sample calculation for VC using Continuity equation

𝑄
VC for P1 = 𝐴

2.959 𝑋 10−4
= 3.386 𝑋 10−4

= 0.8739 m/s

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 Pressure, P against Length of Experimental Section
450

H Dynamic = H Total – H Static

400
350
300
Pressure, P

250
200
150
100
50
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180
Length of Experimental Section (mm)

H Static H Total H Dynamic

Flow Coefficients
Calculating flow coefficient at different flow rate at cross-section A1 (taking A1 as a
reference) of the venturi meter.
Q = CAVB

2.959  10-4
C
3.386  10- 4 (0.6264)

= 1.3951

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5.0 Discussions
In fluid dynamics, Bernoulli's principle states that an increase in the speed of a fluid
occurs simultaneously with a decrease in pressure or a decrease in the fluid's potential energy.
One of the fundamental principles used in the analysis of uniform flow is known as the
Continuity of Flow. This principle is derived from the fact that mass is always conserved in
fluid systems regardless of the pipeline complexity or direction of flow, Qin = Qout. If steady
flow exists in a channel and the principle of conservation of mass is applied to the system,
there exists a continuity of flow, defined as: "The mean velocities at all cross sections having
equal areas are then equal, and if the areas are not equal, the velocities are inversely
proportional to the areas of the respective cross sections." Thus, if the flow is constant in a
reach of channel the product of the area and velocity will be the same for any two cross
sections within that reach.
Relation between pressure, velocity and area is given by in a nozzle, the exit (smaller
area) velocity increases as per continuity equation AV = constant as given
by Bernoulli equation (incompressible fluid). Pressure is inversely proportional to velocity,
so we have lower pressure at the exit (smaller area) of the nozzle.
Taking data from second trial as a reference, we could notice that velocity of water
(incompressible fluid) increases with decreasing area. The pressure drops show the highest at
cross section A3 with a reading of manometer P3 of 95mm at the Hstatic and 363mm at Htotal
resulting a Hdynamic of 268mm. Thus, the velocity (VB) of the water at A3 shows the highest
with a value of 2.2931 m/s compared to the velocity of other parts of the venturi meter. VC
calculated through continuity equation also shows similar trend with a highest velocity of
2.9326 m/s at A3 (smallest area of throughout the venturi meter).
Taking data also from second trial as a reference, the pressure drop shows the lowest
at cross-section A1 with a reading of manometer P1 of 350mm at the Hstatic and 365mm at
Htotal resulting a Hdynamic of 15mm . Thus, the velocity (VB) of the water at A1 shows the
lowest with a value of 0.5425m/s compared to the velocity of other parts of the venturi meter.
VC calculated through continuity equation also shows similar trend with a lowest velocity of
0.7327m/s at A3 (largest area of throughout the venturi meter).
Both VB and VC trend shows increasing velocity with decreasing area of venturi meter
and lowering pressure at the cross-section. The results obtained obeys the Bernoulli’s
principle and Continuity equation.
Overall flow coefficients show an increment with increasing flow rate, Q. For
example, taking flow coefficient at cross section of A1 in second trial results shows a value
of 1.3506 when the Q is 2.481 x 10-4 m/s. Flow coefficients is directly proportional to flow
rate, Q and inversely proportional to the cross-section area and the velocity of the flowing
fluid.
Although both VB and VC obeys Bernoulli’s principle and Continuity equation, there
are variations between the VB calculated using Bernoulli’s principle and VC calculated using
Continuity equation. These variations may be caused from some errors that occurred during
the experiment is being conducted that will be discussed later part in the lab report.

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6.0 Errors
The errors occurred during the conduction of the experiment was
a. The position of the pitot tube is not exactly adjusted to the position right below the
corresponding pressure gauge when the particular static pressure is about to be
measured.
b. The outlet of the volumetric tank of the HM150.07 is closed while pressure reading is
taken. This causes the delivery head of the pump to change as the water level in the
volumetric tank increases and resulted in fluctuating pressure conditions.
c. The cap nut of the compression gland is not set correctly. This may cause the position of the
pitot tube to be altered during the experiment as the water flowing through when the flow rate
is high.

7.0 Recommendations
Recommendations that should be taken to improve the experimental result includes
a. Marking can be made on the outer surface of the venturi nozzle so that the pitot tube
can be accurately aligned right at the corresponding position.
b. Open the valve while taking the pressure reading from the pressure gauge. Do not
measure the flow rate when taking the pressure reading.
c. Set the cap nut tightly so that the pitot tube is not easily altered by the flow of water.

8.0 Conclusion

9.0 References
i. Gunt HM150.07 Instruction Manual
www.eng.ucy.ac.cy/EFM/Manual/HM%2015007/HM15007E.pdf
ii. Yunus A.Cengel and John M.Cimbala (2006). Fluid Mechanics Fundamentals and
Applications. New York: McGraw-Hill Higher Education.
iii. http://www.gunt.de/index.php?option=com_gunt&task=gunt.list.category&product_id
=554&lang=en
iv. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9DYyGYSUhIc
v. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernoulli%27s_principle

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