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127
Journal of Emerging Trends in Engineering and Applied Sciences (JETEAS) 3(1):127-130(ISSN: 2141-7016)
residual carbides, and are prone to be of high elastic Table 1: Chemical Composition of Materials [%]
strength. Materials C Mn Si Cr V W P S
High A 1.20 0.30 0.25 - - - 0.03 0.03
Carbon
Hardening of High Carbon Steels Steel
Though there are various quenching media used for Low- B 1.20 0.25 0.20 0.20 0.20 1.20 0.03 0.03
hardening of ferrous metals, such as water, brine, air alloy
and oil, the important requirement is that cracking Steel
and excessive distortion should be prevented [Yawas
and Ause, 2004]. Furthermore, there are different METHODOLOGY
kinds of oil besides SAE engine oil that can be used The research work was carried out in the physical
as quenchants such as shea butter oil, cotton seed oil, metallurgy laboratories of Ahmadu Bello University,
palm oil, palm kernel oil, ground nut oil and soya Zaria. Twenty two samples were machined from each
bean oil [Oyinlola, 1997]. The basic process of grade of steel, and each one was about 10mm long
hardening steel by heat treatment consists of heating and 1.2mm in diameter, care was taken to ensure that
the metal to a temperature at which austenite is the end surfaces were machined normal to their
formed, usually about 7600C-8700C and then cooling, longitudinal axes. All the specimens were then
or quenching rapidly in water or oil [Allen, normalized after which the flat end of each specimen
2007].The as-quenched hardness of the high carbon was subjected to grinding on grinding papers starting
steels, increases further with carbon up to a from the 240 grit through 600 grit. This is to prevent
maximum level which occurs at about 0.9%.However difficulty in surface preparation for hardness
the as-quenched strength value begins to drop as from measurements after hardening.
0.7% level, which is just at the on-set of retained
austenite in these steels. Hence this drop-off in the Preliminary Normalizing Treatment
strength values for percentage carbon greater than 0.7 The specimens were packed in a carbonaceous
is caused by the presence of the retained austenite material, made up of a mixture of cast iron chips and
[Roberts et al, 1962]. The retained austenite in the as- charcoal, and the pack was heated in stages in a
quenched high carbon steels increases substantially as muffle furnace. It was first preheated to 6500C,
from about 1.2% carbon. Hence carbon steel for wear soaked for 30 minutes, and the heated slowly to
resistance with appreciable toughness is commonly 7500C. It was finally heated to 9000C, soaked for 1
limited to between 0.9-1.1% carbon. hour and then air-cooled to room temperature.
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Journal of Emerging Trends in Engineering and Applied Sciences (JETEAS) 3(1):127-130(ISSN: 2141-7016)
P ----- Phosphorus
Table 4: As-quenched Hardness of Low- alloy 1.2% S ----- Sulphur
C Steel [VHN] % -----Percentage
Hardening Pre- OQ WQ BQ CWQ CBQ OQ -----Oil Quenching
Temperature hardening WQ ----- Water Quenching
[0C] Condition
800 Spheroidized 520 816 763 814 762
BQ ----- Brine Quenching
800 Normalized 490 744 789 787 794 CWQ ----- Cold Water Quenching
850 Spheroidized 352 752 758 793 772 CBQ -----Cold Brine Quenching
850 Normalized 448 764 781 774 818 VHN ----- Vickers Hardness Number
REFERENCES
Abu, J. O., S. B. Hassan and A. K. Oyinlola (2007) –
Machinability Characteristics of Heat Treated Aladja
ST 60 – 2 Structural Steel. Nigerian Society of
Engineers Technical Transactions. 42(2).pp.1 – 7.
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