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Introduction:
The role of microbiota and its interactions in the immune system of the host has been studied with
increasing interest in the past decades. These studies however, had been limited in understanding the
immune regulations that is mediated by the microbiota in the gastrointestinal tract (Gensollen &
Blumberg, 2017). The organisms that are part of the host microbiome is commonly regarded as having a
commensal relationship with the host. However, several studies can highlight the relationship as more
of a symbiotic one rather than commensal (reference). Any imbalances of the immune system and the
microbiome of the host had been associated with various diseases like autoimmune diseases Type 2
DM, obesity, inflammatory bowel disease, colorectal cancer, and allergies (O’Mahony, 2015). This
report will focus on understanding the host immune response as a result of normal immune regulation
elicited by the normal microbiota and the effects of dysbiosis. A bulk of these host-microbiota
interaction is described as it happens in the gastrointestinal tract. The report will also touch some host-
microbiota interaction that happens in other sites for normal microbiota in the human body as
previously studied. Furthermore, this report will also highlight the various approaches in studying the
host microbiota and the applications of the current knowledge in medicine.
Microbiomes are regarded as complex communities of several organisms like bacteria, fungi,
parasites and viruses that normally thrive in the designated areas in the body of the host. It is
estimated that there are 100 trillion cells that comprises the human microbiome (Reference). The
relationship between the human host and its microbiome is regarded as symbiotic. Meaning, both
the host and the microorganisms benefit from each other. It is obvious that the microorganisms
which are part of the normal flora of the host acquire their nutrients coming from the host’s diet.
On the other hand, the host’s immune system is being primed into maintaining the regulatory
pathways involved in tolerating opportunistic pathogens. Adaptive immunity plays a big role in
the host-microbiome interaction particularly in the acquisition of a complex microbiota
(reference).
The alliance between the host immune system and the microbiota is more of the interweaving of innate
and adaptive immunity. This alliance is not a new concept as this was already observed by Doderlein
(1892) in lactobacilli as part of the microbiome of the vaginal ecosystem
- studied the microbiomes of the oral, gut, nasal, vaginal and skin body sites.
Basics of host immune and microbiota interaction.
- Keeps the immune system “primed” and more rapid and efficient in its response to invading
microorganisms
M cells in the intestine actively transports antigen to underlying lymphoid follicles for
immunological processing.
dendritic cells, extend dentrites between epithelial cells in order to sample adherent bacterial
species.
dendritic cells undergo maturation into potent t cell stimulatory effector or regulatory dendritic
cells.
Epithelial cells - barrier to antigen translocation; sensors for luminal contents (Toll-like
receptors)
- crosstalk between epithelial and immune cells with the intestinal microbiota.
contact with bacterial-associated structures -> activation receptors -> innate and adaptive
immune responses.
activation ->polarization of T helper cells into TH1, TH2, TH9, TH17 or T regulatory cells
(TREGs)
Microbiome and dietary components may promote the development of distinct dendritic cell
phenotypes by provoking tissues to release mediators involved in polarization.
Microbiome-associated therapeutics:
- Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) - entire microbiome from a healthy individual is
transplanted into a patient; effective for patients with C. difficile
- Inside-out
- Outside-in
Interaction of host microbiome and the immune system in other host microbiome locations
- Lungs
- (Aline et al., 2017)
bacterial communities in the lungs:
- resemble what is in the mouth but lower in bacterial burden
- Bacteroides (incl. prevotella), Firmicutes (incl. streptococcus and veillonella),
Proteobacteria and Actinobacteria
Results:
- commensal microbiota modulate the cutaneous transcriptome
- cutaneous immune response genes are differentially regulated by resident microbiota
- analysis of skin immune cell populations supports gene expression findings.
- epidermal differentiation is regulated by the commensal microbiota.
-- there are genes having an enhanced expression through the presence of the normal
microbiota. E.coli has the tendency to enhance the expression of genes that codes for the
development of psoriasis
- colonization state shifts gene expression networks for epidermal differentiation and
development processes.
- DEGs under microbial regulation are common to the skin and gastrointestinal tract
different skin resident microbes can control expression of antimicrobial peptides [61].
Cutaneous IL-1 signaling has also been shown to be augmented by the commensal
microbiota, subsequently promoting effector T cell func- tions [6]. Commensal microbes
are also responsible for ac- cumulation of regulatory T cells via a Ccl20-Ccr6 axis in
neonatal skin [15]. The
- immune response
o Upregulation of innate immunity genes in the presence of microbes could be
associated with the higher levels of IL-1α
o Cutaneous IL-1 signaling
o Accumulation of regulatory T cells
- epidermal development and differentiation
o Commensal microbiota modulate the cutaneous transcriptome
o Epidermal differentiation is regulated by the commensal microbiota.
There are genes having an enhanced expression through the presence of the
normal microbiota.
E.coli has the tendency to enhance the expression of genes that codes for the
development of psoriasis
o
- Oral
Indigenous oral flora
Current and future trends in studying the importance of the microbiota in human host.
- Microbiome transplant
o Uses
o Proven effects
o Gaps
(Belkaid & Hand, 2014)
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