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2 Inside this issue: Society’s view of not be resolved. A purely human element
approach tends to promote administrative
Human Element solutions, which may not be fully effective
on their own.
A classification society’s view
of Human Element issues 2 issues Of course, there are many
aspects of ship design that
One naval architect’s view
of the Human Factor 2
T he design and operation
of ships has evolved and
continues to develop, driven
have a direct impact on
human performance, such as
ship motions, accessibility,
by structural change in the
lighting and noise levels
Just waiting to happen 3 industry, new technologies,
and basic habitability.
new regulations and
Classification Rules provide
changes in manning. Lloyd’s
A marine engineering perspective 3 some cover for these aspects
Register recognises the
but the maritime industry
need for ship design to take
needs to grasp human
Exploring the Human Element 4/5 account of the human
element issues at a higher,
element in order to ensure
more integrated level to make
an acceptable level of marine safety.
a real difference to safety.
The International Maritime Organisation
and the Human Element 6 When considering marine safety it is
There are many lessons to be learned from
necessary to address both the human
the experience of other sectors, to prevent
element and the technical solutions in the
Harmonising the presentation of the marine sector learning the same
broadest sense, not just the immediate
navigation related information 6 lessons the hard way. Much analysis of
causes of actual or potential failures.Whilst
human error has been aimed at improving
this combined approach is taken in some
understanding, and its remedial value has
A user-centred design approach incident analysis, whether after the event
not been fully exploited. Classification
to the fitting of AIS 7 or as part of a proactive safety assessment,
Societies have a role to play in the
there is still a tendency to treat the human
developing safety management culture of
and the technical elements independently
the marine industries and Lloyd’s Register
Accident Investigation Reports 8 of each other. An integrated approach is
fully supports this initiative by The Nautical
required if full understanding is to be
Institute.
achieved. A simplistic technical approach
Reports and Studies 8
tends to recommend local reactive Vaughan Pomeroy - Manager, Research and
solutions, such as the addition of more Development. Lloyd’s Register
to happen ... ••
Housekeeping
Incompatible goals
actions which may well have contributed
to their occurrence.
• •
Communication Organisation Karl Lumbers, the Club’s Loss prevention
The work of • Training Defences
It is not surprising that each of these
Director says: “We must prevent the next
incident occurring, not the last one. Latent
failures are a greater threat as they create
the UK P&I categories includes the human element!
One significant initiative on the part of the
UK P&I Club, is to produce a video titled
conditions in which accidents are more
likely and more serious.”
Industry
Maritime
industry
Maritime
transport
Offship
Ship
ES
IG
&B N
GOV’MENT INVESTORS REGULATION INSPECTORS OPERATION MASTER
PUBLIC INSURERS (IMO, ILO, ISO, Operational Safety Passage support SHIP CONTROL
UI
IEC, Industry, (statutory, flag, port state (security, weather, (communications,
LD
Governments, control, ISM). Financial VTMS, navigation, security,
NGOs and UN) (insurers, cargo, charterer). charts/warnings, operational safety).
set standards for Crew competence technical advice, TECHNICAL
acceptable practice. (manning, training). aids to navigation). SERVICES
LEGISLATORS Technical (Rules, type Harbour services (engineering)
(national approval, owner, yard, (tugs, pilot, line BUSINESS
administrations, supplier). handlers, (cargo, supplies,
Class, professional OPERATOR stevedores, voyage maintenance,
bodies, trade Specifier (translate business repair, agent). regulations).
associations) need and context into Emergency support HOTEL
implement specification). Contract. (coastguard,
DEVE
standards. Overseer/monitor lifeboat, accident
OWNER DESIGN, BUILD, investigator)
(planning, finance, UPDATE, MAINTAIN FRONT-LINE
risk management) Hull (Project manager, yard, SUPPORT
LOP
reputation and naval architect, production Business (insurer,
money. engineer, drawing office, ship’s paper owner,
CUSTOMER / designer, interior designer, charterer, broker,
CLIENT tradesmen). Equipment operations
(charterer, (engines, auxiliary items, superintendent).
passenger). deck, communications (on People
and off speech and digital), (manning/training
N
instruments/automation, company, union,
marketing, design, R&D, DPA). Technical
manufacture, (technical
installation/commissioning, superintendent,
support. equipments/system
Systems (Concept, specialists).
architecture, integrator, user Logisitics
interface, commissioning). (provisions,
SUPPLIERS bunkers, spares)
Consumables (Provisioning,
bunkers, spares, coatings,
lubricants, water, etc.).
Manning agent.
IFECYCL integration
L E sponsible stakehol
de
domains
HUMAN RESOURCES
Manpower (enough?)
Re rs
E
Personnel (right?)
Training (competent?)
SAF CT OF HUMAN FACTORS
ND U IP
Pro
ject CO HE SH Human Factors
Inte Manag T Engineering (science
grat e
or r, applied?)
Health and Safety
(effects on people
within system?)
USE
Master System Safety (risk
from people
(mis)using system?)
rator
s, Integ Accessibility (for
Owner
passengers, fatigued
SAF and injured people or
E
DEL & TIM situational changes?)
I E
THE VERY LY
tor O
CAR F
pera GO
Su
O
pe
tor t,
rin
era den
ten
Op inten
de
nt,
ED
Project Manager,
per
Ma
Integrator
Su
ste
RT
r
DI
SP P PO
DEVE TE SU
OS
E LOP / DESIGN / UPDA
MAINTAIN
Graphic: Andy Hunt
Harmonising the For those who are concerned that the mariner’s view will not be heard, Kim Fisher
assures us that ‘the Human Element is considered to be extremely important in the
presentation of work of the IEC, and operational mariner input is maintained in the Group so that
final display arrangements will be acceptable to watchkeeping officers.’
navigation related Further information can be found on the website www.he-alert.org
information (refs HE00060 & HE00065)
S OLAS Regulation V/15, 2002 specifies
seven goals for effective Bridge
private arrangements for collision
avoidance. All these issues, no matter 7
Resource Management (BRM), information how trivial they may seem, will lead the
processing and decision making. person requesting the change towards
Workload, human error, fatigue and Step 2 - the Human Hazard Assessment.
distraction are addressed, as are clarity of
The Human Hazard Assessment first seeks
controls, alarms, displays and status
an assessment of the impact of the change
indication. While these goals make good
on performance and then examines any
sense to the maritime community, it is
hazards that it might create - either by
necessary to be more specific
itself or if something else goes
about the ergonomic criteria
wrong in terms of training
A user-centred
for action by equipment
needs, operational procedures,
designers, naval architects,
the equipment itself and the
software engineers etc.
Bridge layout. For example,
Ships Control Centres the fitting of AIS
vary widely in
equipment,
technology,
layout constraints and
design approach to could lead to better
traffic management
and collision avoid-
ance, but its safe and
Reports
&
MANAGING THE HUMAN ELEMENT IN ON YOUR WATCH: AUTOMATION ON
MODERN SHIP DESIGN AND OPERATION THE BRIDGE
w: www.he-alert.org We make no apologies for featuring these papers which concern an incident that occured
some 8 years ago. Despite the good progress that has been made in the intervening years, the
e: editor@he-alert.org report, with its 30 recommendations, and these two papers, make essential reading for all those
who are involved with the design, installation and operation of Integrated Bridge Systems.