Beee Lab

DHIRAJLAL GANDHI COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY
Approvedby AICTE, New Delhi &Affiliated to Anna University, Chennai.

Accredited by NAAC
Salem Airport (Opp.), Salem – 636 309, Ph. (04290) 233333, www.dgct.ac.in
BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE
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Degree : …………………………………………………………
Branch : …………………………………………………………
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Reg. No. : …………………………………………………………
Certified that this is the bonafide record of the work done by the above student in
…………….……………………………………………………………………………………
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LAB-IN-CHARGE HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT
Submitted for University Practical Examination held on……………………………………….
INTERNAL EXAMINER EXTERNAL EXAMINER

BE8261-BEE&IE LAB, DGCT
2
College
Vision
To provide the highest quality in engineering education and establish the state of the
art research for innovation that will enable the students to excel in their field
Mission
 To create a vibrant atmosphere that creates competent engineers, innovators,
scientists, entrepreneurs, academicians and thinkers of tomorrow.
 To establish centers of excellence that provides sustainable solutions to
industry and society.
 To enhance capability through various value added programs so as to meet
the challenges of dynamically changing global needs.
Department
Vision
To provide the highest quality in engineering education and establish the state of the
art research for innovation that will enable the students to excel in their field
Mission
- To achieve high ethical and professional standards through effectiveteaching
and learning process.
- To provide infrastructure for research and development activities.
- To offer consultancy services for the industries.
- To provide guidance to neighborhood and cultivate the spirit of
entrepreneurship.
Program Educational Objectives(PEOs)
PEO1 Have a successful career in Mechanical Engineering and allied industries.
Have expertise in the areas of Design, Thermal, Materials and

PEO2
Manufacturing.
Contribute towards technological development through academic research

PEO3 and industrial practices. .
Practice their profession with good communication, leadership, ethics and
PEO4
social responsibility.
PEO5
P Graduates will adapt to evolving technologies through life-long learning
3
Program Outcomes(POs)
PO1 a) An ability to apply knowledge of mathematics and engineering sciences to develop

mathematical models for industrial problems.
PO2 b) An ability to identify, formulates, and solve complex engineering problems. with high
degree of competence .
PO3 c) An ability to design and conduct experiments, as well as to analyze and interpret data
obtained through those experiments
Use research-based knowledge and research methods including design of experiments, analysis
PO4 d) and interpretation of data, and synthesis of the information to provide valid conclusions related
to Electrical and Electronics Engineering.
An ability to design mechanical systems, component, or a process to meet desired

PO5 e) needs within the realistic constraints such as environmental, social, political and
economic sustainability.
PO6 f) An ability to demonstrate on professional and ethical responsibilities
PO7 g) An ability to adapt quickly to the global changes and contemporary practices.
Apply ethical principles and commit to professional ethics and responsibilities and norms of
PO8 h)
the engineering practice.
PO9 i) An ability to engage in life-long learning. .
4
Program Specific Outcomes(PSOs)

Ability of the graduates to perform in advanced machining by outrival of schooling
PSO1
thro’u internship between institutes – industry
Graduates will demonstrate the ability to design a mechanical system using complex
PSO2
modeling and analysis software thro’u continuing education.
Graduates will be exposed to industrial practices and acquire the ability to serve in core
PSO3
industry
BE 8261 BASIC ELECTRICAL,ELECTRONICS AND INSTRUMENTATION

ENGINEERING LABORATORY
Course Outcomes(Cos)
CO1 Ability to determine the speed characteristic of different electrical machines.

CO2 Ability to design simple circuits involving diodes and transistors
CO3 Ability to use operational amplifiers
CO4 Test the performance of the given transformer
CO5 Ability to Understand the concepts of various electronic devices
CO6 Apply to Understand the concepts of instrumentation
Course Outcomes (COs) PO1 PO2 PO3 PO4 PO5 PO6 PO7 PO8 PO9 PSO 1 PSO2 PSO3
Ability to determine the speed
characteristic of different 
electrical machines.
Ability to design simple
circuits involving diodes and
transistors
Ability to use operational
amplifiers
Test the performance of the
given transformer
Ability to Understand the
concepts of various electronic
devices
Apply to Understand the
concepts of instrumentation
Mapping Grade: 1-Slightly, 2-Moderately, 3-Substantially
5
ANNA UNIVERSITY, CHENNAI

(R 2017)
BE 8261 BASIC ELECTRICAL,ELECTRONICS AND INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERING

LABORATORY
1. OPEN CIRCUIT AND LOAD CHARACTERISTICS OF SEPERATELY EXCITED

DC GENERATOR
2. LOAD TEST ON DC SHUNT MOTOR.
3. LOAD TEST ON SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMER.
4. LOAD TEST ON SINGLE PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR.
5. MEASUREMENT OF THREE PHASE POWER
6. VERIFICATION OF OHM’S LAW , KVL & KCL
7. VERIFICATION OF THEVENIN, NORTON THEOREM &

MAXIMUM POWER TRANSFER THEOREM
8. STUDY OF CRO AND MEASUREMENT OF SINUSOIDAL VOLTAGE
9. RTD AND THERMISTOR CHARACTERISTICS.
10. LVDT CHARACTERISTICS.
11. SINGLE PHASE HALF WAVE AND FULL WAVE RECTIFIER

WITH FILTERS
12 . DIFFERENTIAL AMPLIFIER
6
LIST OF EXPERIMENTS
CYCLE-I
Ex.
Name of the Experiment Page. No
No.
OPEN CIRCUIT AND LOAD CHARACTERISTICS OF SEPERATELY

1
EXCITED DC GENERATOR.
2 LOAD TEST ON DC SHUNT MOTOR.
3 LOAD TEST ON SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMER.
4 LOAD TEST ON SINGLE PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR.
5 MEASUREMENT OF THREE PHASE POWER
VERIFICATION OF
a) OHM’S LAW
6
b) KVL & KCL
VERIFICATION OF
a) THEVENIN
7
b) NORTON THEOREM
c) MAXIMUM POWER TRANSFER THEOREM
CYCLE-2
STUDY OF CRO AND MEASUREMENT OF SINUSOIDAL VOLTAGE

8
a) RTD
9 b) THEMISTOR CHARACTERISTICS
LVDT CHARACTERISTICS
10
SINGLE PHASE HALF WAVE AND FULL WAVE RECTIFIER

11
WITH FILTERS
12 DIFFERENTIAL AMPLIFIER
7
8
INDEX
Signature
Ex. Page.
Experiment Marks of the
No Date No staff
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
MARKS (Out Of 10 )…………………………
SIGNATURE OF THE STAFF

9
10
TIPS FOR A BETTER LAB SESSION
Some of the Best Practices to help the Lab run smoothly while maximizing Student
Learning.
1. Students should be thoroughly familiar with the Lab exercises before coming to
Lab.
2. Students should treat the Laboratory Exercises as original Research.
3. Students should make sure not to miss even a single Lab Class.
4. Students must apply the concepts learned in class to New Situations.
5. Each student must try to do their Lab Exercises Individually.
6. The instructor will hold a pre-laboratory discussion on the lab exercises.
7. Before every lab session each student should draw the circuit diagram for the lab
exercise, write the purpose of each component in the circuit and its application in
the empty space provided.
8. Each student must be able to design the circuit for the specifications given during
the lab session.
9. Students are encouraged to do the additional lab exercise provided in the manual.
Extra credit will be awarded for the same.
10. The progress of every student will be monitored on a regular basis. Based on the
progress report Extra Credit Marks will be awarded for the students in their
Internals.
11. Every student must be able to explain the circuit, its functioning and application
clearly at the end of each Lab Session.
12. Labs are for you students and so consider it as your duty to leave the lab exactly
how you found it, by taking care of the computer systems and the other
equipments.
“ENJOY THE JOY OF DESIGNING
11
FUSE RATING NAME PLATE DETAILS

Motor Generator
Rated Voltage :
Rated Current :
Rated Power :
Rated Speed :
12
Ex.No.1
Date: LOAD TEST ON SEPARATELY EXCITED DC GENERATOR
AIM:
To obtain internal and external characteristics of separately excited DC shunt generator.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
S.No. Apparatus Range Type Quantity
1 Ammeter (0-2)A MC 1
2 Voltmeter (0-300)V MC 1
3 Rheostats 350,1.5A Wire Wound 2
4 Tachometer (0-1500)rpm Digital 1
5 Connecting Wires 2.5sq.mm. Copper Few
PRECAUTIONS:
1. The field rheostat of motor should be in minimum resistance position at the time of starting
and stopping the machine.
2. The field rheostat of generator should be in maximum resistance position at the time of
starting and stopping the machine.
PROCEDURE:
Load Test
1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.
2. After checking minimum position of DC shunt motor field rheostat and maximum position of
DC shunt generator field rheostat, DPST switch is closed and starting resistance is
gradually removed.
3. Under no load condition, Ammeter and Voltmeter readings are noted, after bringing the voltage
to rated voltage by adjusting the field rheostat of generator.
4. Load is varied gradually and for each load, voltmeter and ammeter readings are noted.
5. Then the generator is unloaded and the field rheostat of DC shunt generator is brought to
maximum position and the field rheostat of DC shunt motor to minimum position, DPST
switch is opened
13
TABULAR COLUMN:
Generator Armature Resistance Ra: _____________
Load Test
Load Load Armature Armature Generated
Sl.No Voltage Current Current Drop Voltage
(VL) (IL) (Ia) Ia.Ra Eg=VL+IaRa
Volts Amps Amps Volts Volts
FORMULAE:
Eg = V + Ia Ra (Volts)
Ia = IL + If (Amps)
Eg : Generated emf in Volts
V : Terminal Voltage in Volts
Ia : Armature Current in Amps
IL : Line Current in Amps

If : Field Current in Amps
Ra : Armature Resistance in Ohms
14
MODEL GRAPH:
15
Circuit Diagram Practice
16
Model Calculation :
17
18
19
20
VIVA QUESTIONS:
Load Test
1. What type of DC machine has the similar Output/Speed characteristics?
2. Why should the power factor improve with the loading?
3. What will you do when the wattmeter detection shows below zero?
4. What will happen if one phase goes out when the IM is running at full load?
5. What is the slip at maximum torque?
6. At what load will the efficiency be maximum?
RESULT:
Load test on a given separately excited DC generator was conducted and the characteristics
curves were drawn.
MARK ALLOCATION
Experimental setup 10
Execution 10
Viva-voce 10
Total 30
21
FUSERATING NAME PLATE DETAILS
Rated Voltage :
Rated Current :
Rated Power :
Rated Speed :
22
Ex.No.2
Date: LOAD TEST ON DC SHUNT MOTOR
AIM:
To conduct load test on DC shunt motor and to find efficiency.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
2 Voltmeter (0-300)V MC 1
3 Rheostat 350, 1.5A Wire Wound 1
4 Tachometer (0-1500) rpm Digital 1
5 Connecting Wires 2.5sq.mm. Copper Few
PRECAUTIONS:
1. DC shunt motor should be started and stopped under no load condition.
2. Field rheostat should be kept in the minimum position.
3. Brake drum should be cooled with water when it is under load.
PROCEDURE:
2. After checking the no load condition, and minimum field rheostat position, DPST
switch is closed and starter resistance is gradually removed.
3. The motor is brought to its rated speed by adjusting the field rheostat.
4. Ammeter, Voltmeter readings, speed and spring balance readings are noted under
no load condition.
5. The load is then added to the motor gradually and for each load, voltmeter, ammeter,
spring balance readings and speed of the motor are noted.
6. The motor is then brought to no load condition and field rheostat to minimum
position, then DPST switch is opened.
23
TABULAR COLUMN:
Spring Balance Output Input

Voltage Current Speed Torque
Reading Power Power Efficiency
S.No. V I (S1 S2)Kg N T
Pm Pi %
(Volts) (Amps) S1(Kg) S2(Kg) (rpm) (Nm)
(Watts) (Watts)
Circumference of the Brake drum =_________________cm.
24
FORMULAE:
Circumference
R = ------------------- m
100 x2
Torque T = (S1 S2) x R x 9.81 Nm
Input Power Pi = VI Watts
2NT
Output Power Pm = ------------ Watts
60
Output Power
Efficiency  % = -------------------- x 100%
Input Power
25
MODEL GRAPHS:
Speed N (rpm)
x
Torque T (Nm)
MODEL CALCULATION:
26
27
28
29
30
VIVA QUESTIONS:
1. How do you load the motor in this experiment?
2. What was the assumption made in calculations?
3. What is the condition for maximum torque of a D.C. shunt motor?
4. Why is the starter necessary?
5. What is the power?
6. What is the loading arrangement used in a dc motor?
7. How can the direction of rotation of a DC shunt motor be reversed?
8. What are the mechanical and electrical characteristics of a DC shunt motor?
9. What are the applications of a DC shunt motor?
RESULT:
Thus load test on DC shunt motor is conducted and its efficiency was determined.
MARK ALLOCATION
Execution 10
Viva-voce 10
Total 30
31
FUSE RATING NAME PLATE DETAILS

Rated Voltage :
Rated Current :
Rated KVA :
32
Ex.No.3
Date: LOAD TEST ON A SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMER
AIM:
To conduct load test on single phase transformer and to find efficiency and
percentage regulation.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
(0-10)A MI 1
1 Ammeter
(0-5) A MI 1
(0-150)V MI 1
2 Voltmeter
(0-300) V MI 1
(300V, 5A) Upf 1
3 Wattmeter
(150V, 5A) Upf 1
4 Auto Transformer 1, (0-260)V - 1
5 Resistive Load 5KW, 230V - 1
6 Connecting Wires 2.5sq.mm Copper Few
PRECAUTIONS:
1. Auto Transformer should be in minimum position.
2. The AC supply is given and removed from the transformer under no load condition.
PROCEDURE:
2. After checking the no load condition, minimum position of auto transformer and DPST
switch is closed.
3. Ammeter, Voltmeter and Wattmeter readings on both primary side and secondary side
are noted.
4. The load is increased and for each load, Voltmeter, Ammeter and Wattmeter readings on
both primary and secondary sides are noted.
5. Again no load condition is obtained and DPST switch is opened.
33
TABULAR COLUMN:
Primary Secondary Input Output Efficiency %

S.No. Load V1 I1 W1 V2 I2 W2 Power Power  Regulatio
(Volts) (Amps) (Watts) (Volts) (Amps) (Watts) W1 x MF W2 x MF % n
34
FORMULA:
Output Power = W2 x Multiplication factor
Input Power = W1 x Multiplication factor
Output Power
Efficiency  % = -------------------- x 100%
Input Power
VNL - VFL (Secondary)
Regulation R % = ------------------------------ x 100%
VNL
MODEL CALCULATIONS:
35
MODEL GRAPHS:

R
Regulation R %
Efficiency  %
Output Power (Watts)
36
37
38
VIVA QUESTIONS:
1. What is the principle of a transformer?
2. What are the types of transformer?
3. What are the applications of transformer?
4. What is the capacity of a transformer specified as KVA and not as KW?
5. What is the condition for maximum efficiency of a transformer
6. Why is the efficiency of a transformer higher than that of motors?
RESULT:
Thus the load test on single phase transformer was performed and the respective graphs were
plotted.
MARK ALLOCATION
Execution 10
Viva-voce 10
Total 30
39
40
Ex.No.4
Date: LOAD TEST ON INDUCTION MOTOR
AIM
To determine the performance characteristic of a given single phase capacitor start
induction motor by conducting load test.
APPARATUS REQUIRED
Sl.No Name of the Apparatus Type Range Quantity

1 Voltmeter MI (0-300V) 1
2 Ammeter MI (0-10A) 1
3 Wattmeter UPF 300V/10A 1
4 Tachometer Digital - 1
5 Connecting Wires - - Few
THEORY
The single phase induction motor is more or less a polyphase induction motor. The
only difference is that is given supply in single phase. This motor connect and motor function
without any initial start the motor having some part which is called starter and rotor.
These are two types of starting a 1 phase induction motor namely capacitor-start and
other is split- phase. These motors are widely used in domestic purpose.
PRECAUTIONS
1) Before switching on the supply the variac is kept in minimum position.
2) Initially these should be on no load while starting the motor.
PROCEDURE
1) Connections are given as per the circuit diagram.
2) Switch on the supply at no load condition.
3) Apply the rotor voltage to the motor using the variac and note down the readings at
ammeter and wattmeter.
4) Vary the load in suitable steps and note down all the meter readings till fill load
condition.
41
TABULATION:
Spring Balance Output

Input Input Wattmeter Speed Torque Efficiency Slip
(S1~S2) Power
Sl.No Voltage Current Reading in N T η in CosФ
Kg P0
(Volts) (Amps) (Watts) S1 S2 (rpm) (Nm) % %
(Watts)
42
FORMULA USED
1) Torque ,T = (S1~S2)*9.81*R Nm
2) Output power = 2π NT/60 W
3) Effecting (η%) = 0/P Power/I/p Power*100
4) Slip (%S) = NS – N/NS*100
5) Power factor = Cos φ=W/VI
MODEL GRAPH:
Speed-Torque Characteristics
Speed(N)
in rpm
Torque (T)
in Nm
PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS
COS Ф
Slip %
N P S η N
F
Pout in watts
43
44
45
46
47
Model Calculation:
48
VIVA-VOCE QUESTIONS:
1. Is single phase induction motor self starting . Why?
2. What are the types of single phase induction motor?
3. What are the uses of capacitor in Induction motor ?
4. What are the applications of Induction motor?
RESULT:
Thus the load test on single phase induction motor was conducted and its
performance characteristics curve was drawn.
MARK ALLOCATION
Execution 10
Viva-voce 10
Total 30
49
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
50
EXP. NO. 5
DATE MEASUREMENT OF THREE PHASE POWER
AIM
To conduct a suitable experiment on a 3-phase load connected in star or delta to
measure the three phasepower and power factor using 2 wattmeter method.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
PROCEDDURE :-
1. Connect the circuit as shown in figure.

2. Keep the three phase variac at its zero position .
3. Switch on the main supply.
4. Increase the voltage supplied to the circuit by changing the
positions of variac so that all the meters give readable deflection.
5. Note down readings of all the meters
51
TABULAR COLUMN:
K= energy meter constant (watt-sec)

t = time for 1 revolution(sec)
% error = Wi –Wa / Wi * 100 Where
% Wi is indicated power in watts
Wa is actual power shown by wattmeter in watts
% error can be zero +ve or –ve.
52
MODEL CALCULATION
53
54
Circuit diagram for Practice
55
56
VIVA QUESTIONS
1. What is star network?
2. What is Delta Network?
3. How will you convert star into delta network?
4. How will you convert delta into star network
RESULT:
The Power of the given experiment is measured by using two wattmeter

methods.
MARK ALLOCATION
Execution 10
Viva-voce 10
Total 30
57
Circuit Diagram:
Tabulation:
S.No Voltage Current Resistance
FORMULAE USED:
V=IR
WHERE V - VOLTAGE
I- CURRENT
R-RESISTANCE
58
Ex.No.6
DATE: VERIFICATION OF OHM’S LAW , KVL & KCL
(A) VERIFICATION OF OHM’S LAW
Statement:
Ohm’s law: Ohm‟s law states that “ At constant temperature, the steady
current flowing through the conductor is directly proportional to the
potential difference across the two ends of the conductor”.
Procedure:-
1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram
2. By Varying the Input Voltage , the voltage and the corresponding
current values are noted down for the given Resistor.
3. Repeat the same procedure for different values of Resistors.
59
THEORETICAL CALCULATION:
60
VIVA QUESTIONS
1. Define current?
2. Define Voltage.
3. State ohms Law.
4. Define potential Difference.
5. Define Charge.
RESULT:
Thus Ohm’s law has been verified.
MARK ALLOCATION
Execution 10
Viva-voce 10
Total 30
61
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
TABULAR COLUMN:-
62
(b) VERIFICATION OF KIRCHOFF’S VOLTAGE LAW
AIM
To verify the kirchoff’s voltage law for the given electrical circuit.
APPARATUS REQUIRED
KIRCHOFF’S VOLTAGE LAW
In any closed circuit the sum of potential drop is equal to the sum potential rise.
PROCEDURE
1. Make the connections as per the circuit diagram.
2. Switch on the power supply.
3. Vary the RPS to a specified voltage and note down the corresponding voltage
readings across resistors.
4. Repeat the above step for various RPS voltages and tabulate the readings.
63
64
VIVA QUESTIONS
1 .Define Kirchoff’s Voltage law.
2. Define Kirchoff’s Current law.
3. State the applications of KVL.
4. State the applications of KCL.
RESULT:
Thus Kirchoff’s voltage law has been verified.
MARK ALLOCATION
Experimental
10
setup
Execution 10
Viva-voce 10
Total 30
65
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
TABULAR COLUMN:-
66
(c) VERIFICATION OF KIRCHOFF’S CURRENT LAW
AIM:
To verify Kirchoff’s current law for the given circuit.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
KIRCHOFF’S CURRENT LAW
The algebraic sum of the current meeting at any junction or node is zero. In
other words, the sum of the current flowing towards a junction is equal to the sum of
the current leaving the junction.
PROCEDURE:
3. Vary the RPS to a specified voltage and note down the corresponding
ammeter
Readings.
4. Repeat the above step for various RPS voltages and tabulate the readings.
67
68
VIVA QUESTIONS
1 .Define Kirchofs Voltage law.
2. Define KirchofsCurrent law.
3. State the applications of KVl.
4. State the applications of KCL.
RESULT:
Thus the Kirchoff‟s current law has been verified.
MARK ALLOCATION
Experimental
10
setup
Execution 10
Viva-voce 10
Total 30
69
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM 1:
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM 2:
DETERMINATION OF THEVENIN VOLTAGE (Vth)
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM 3:
DETERMINATION OF LOAD CURRENT (IL)
70
Ex.No.7
DATE : VERIFICATION OF THEVENIN, NORTON THEOREM &
MAXIMUM POWER TRANSFER THEOREM
(a) VERIFICATION OF THEVENIN THEOREM
AIM
To verify the Thevenin theorem for the given electrical circuit.
APPARATUS REQUIRED
THEVENIN’S THEOREM
Any linear active network with output terminal A and B can be replaced
by an equivalent circuit with a single voltage source
Vth (thevenin’s voltage) in series with

Rth (thevenin’s resistance)
Vth - open circuit voltage across terminal A & B
Rth – equivalent resistance obtained by looking back the circuit
through the open circuit terminal A and B.
THEORETICAL CALCULATION
Thevenin’s voltage, Vth = V [R2 / (R 1 + R 2)] Volts.
71
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM 4:
DETERMINATION OF Rth
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM5:
THEVENIN EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT:
TABULAR COLUMN:-
72
PROCEDURE:
To determine Thevenin’s voltage, Vth:

3. Vary the regulated power supply to a specified voltage and note down the
corresponding voltmeter readings.
4. Repeat the previous step for different voltage by varying the RPS.
5. Switch off the power supply.
To determine of load current, IL:

3. Vary the regulated power supply to a specified voltage and note down the
corresponding ammeter readings.
4. Repeat the previous step for different voltage by varying the RPS.
5. Switch off the power supply.
73
74
VIVA QUESTIONS
1. Define thevenin Voltage.
2. Define thevenin resistance.
3. State the applications of thevenin theorem.
4. State the applications of nortons theorem.
RESULT:
Thus the Thevenin’s theorem was verified for the given electrical circuit.
Theoretical:
Vth =
Rth =
IL =
Practical:
Vth =
Rth =
IL =
MARK ALLOCATION
Execution 10
Viva-voce 10
Total 30
75
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM :
EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT:
76
(b)VERIFICATION OF NORTON THEOREM
AIM:
To verify the Norton theorem for the given electrical circuit.
APPARATUS REQUIRED
NORTON THEOREM
Any linear active network with output terminals A & B can be
replaced by an equivalent circuit with a single current source I in
parallel with Rth ( Thevenin equivalent resistance).
Where
Rth is the equivalent resistance obtained by looking back the circuit

through the open terminal A & B.
FORMULAE
IL = ISC * ( Rth / (Rth + RL))
where,
ISC - Norton equivalent current source in amperes.
IL - Current through the load in amperes.
Rth – Thevenin’s equivalent resistance in ohms.
RL - Load resistance in ohms.
77
TABULAR COLUMN:-
VL = IL * RL
PL = IL2 * RL
78
PROCEDURE :
1. The connections are given as per the circuit diagram.

3. The current in short circuited branch is noted using the ammeter.
4. Tabulate the readings and check with the theoretical values.
Determination of load current:

3. Vary the RPS to a specified voltage and note the corresponding ammeter
reading.
4. Repeat the above step for various RPS voltages and tabulate the reading.
79
80
VIVA QUESTIONS
1. Define thevenin Voltage.
2. Define thevenin resistance.
3. State the applications of thevenin theorem.
4. State the applications of nortons theorem
RESULT
Thus Norton theorem was verified for the given electrical circuit.
Theoretical:
Isc =
Rth =
IL =
Practical:
Isc =
Rth =
IL =
MARK ALLOCATION
Execution 10
Viva-voce 10
Total 30
81
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM 1:
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM 2:
DETERMINATION OF THEVENIN VOLTAGE (Vth)
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM 3:
82
(c) VERIFICATION OF MAXIMUMPOWER TRANSFER THEOREM
AIM:
To verify the maximum power transformation in purely passive

circuit and the load resistance is variable.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
THEORY:
Maximum power will be delivered from a voltage source to a load, if
load resistance is equal to the internal resistance of the sources.
PROCEDURE:
2. Remove the load resistor on the network
3. Calculated RTH by substituting all sources with their internal resistances
looking back at the network.
4. Calculate VTH, the open circuit voltage between the terminals by
replacing allthe sources to their original position.
83
FORMULAE:
Maximum Power =Vth2/RL
Where Vth - Thevenin voltage
RL-Load resistor
TABULAR COLUMN:-
84
85
86
VIVA QUESTIONS
1. State maximum power transfer theorem.
2. Define load resistance.
3. State the applications of maximum power transfer theorem.
4. Define internal resistance.
RESULT:
Thus the maximum power transfer theorem was verified theoretically and
experimentally.
MARK ALLOCATION
Execution 10
Viva-voce 10
Total 30
87
88
Ex.No.8 STUDY OF CRO AND MEASUREMENT OF SINUSOIDAL VOLTAGE,

DATE: FREQUENCY AND POWER MEASUREMENT
AIM:
To observe Sine wave, Square wave, triangular wave and ramp waveforms on
the CRO and to measure amplitude and frequency of the waveform..
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Sl. No Name of the apparatus Range Quantity

1 Function Generator 1
2 CRO 1
THEORY:
The cathode ray oscilloscope is the most versatile measuring instrument

available. We can measure following parameters using the CRO:
1. AC or DC voltage.
2. Time (t=1/f).
3. Phase relationship
4. Waveform calculation: Rise time; fall time; on time; off-time Distortion, etc.
We can also measure non-electrical physical quantities like pressure, strain,

temperature, acceleration, etc., by converting into electrical quantities using a
transducer.
MAJOR BLOCKS:
1. Cathode ray tube (CRT)
2. Vertical amplifier
3. Horizontal amplifier
4. Sweep generator
5. Trigger circuit
6. Associated power supply.

`
89
1. THE CATHODE RAY TUBE: It is the heart of CRO. The CRT is enclosed in an
evacuated glass envelope to permit the electron beam to traverse in the tube easily. The
main functional units of CRO are as follows. Electron gun assembly Deflection plate unit
Screen.
2. VERTICAL AMPLIFIER: It is the main factor in determining the bandwidth and

sensitivity of an oscilloscope. Vertical sensitivity is a measure of how much the electron
beam will be deflected for a specified input signal. On the front panel of the oscilloscope,
one can see a knob attached to a rotary switch labeled volts/division. The rotary switch
is electrically connected to the input attenuation network. The setting of the rotary
switch indicates what amplitude signal is required to deflect the beam vertically by one
division
3. HORIZONTAL AMPLIFIER: Under normal mode of operation, the horizontal

amplifier will amplify the sweep generator input. When the CRO is being used in the X-Y
mode, the horizontal amplifier will amplify the signal applied to the horizontal input
terminal. Although the vertical amplifier mush be able to faithfully reproduce low-
amplitude and high frequency signal with fast rise-time, the horizontal amplifier is only
required to provide a faithful reproduction of the sweep signal which has a relatively
high amplitude and slow rise time.
1. SWEEP GENERATOR AND TRIGGER CIRCUIT: These two units form the Signal
Synchronization unit of the CRO.
2. ASSOCIATED POWER SUPPLY: The input signal may come from an external source
when the trigger selector switch is set to EXT or from low amplitude AC voltage at line
frequency when the switch is set to LINE or from the vertical amplifier when the switch
is set to INT. When set for INT (internal triggering), the trigger circuit receives its inputs
from the vertical amplifier.
Major Blocks in a Practical CRO a CRO consists of a cathode ray tube (CRT) and
additional control knobs. The main parts of a CRT are:
% Electron gun assembly.
% Deflection plate assembly.
% Fluorescent screen.
ELECTRON GUN ASSEMBLY: The electron gun assembly produces a sharp beam of
electrons, which are accelerated to high velocity. This focused beam of electrons strike
the fluorescent screen with sufficient energy to cause a luminous spot on the screen.
90
DEFLECTION PLATE ASSEMBLY: This part consists of two plates in which one pair of
plates is placed horizontally and other of plates is placed vertically. The signal under
test is applied to vertical deflecting plates. The horizontal deflection plates are
connected to a built-in ramp generator, which moves the luminous spot periodically in a
horizontal direction from left to right over the screen. These two deflection plates give
stationary appearance to the waveform on the screen. CRO operates on voltage. Since
the deflection of the electron beam is directly proportional to the deflecting voltage, the
CRT may be used as a linear measuring device. The voltage being measured is applied to
the vertical plates through an iterative network, whose propagation time corresponds
to the velocity of electrons, thereby synchronizing the voltage applied to the vertical
plate with the velocity of the beam. Synchronization of input signal: The sweep
generator produces a saw tooth waveform, which is used to synchronize the applied
voltage to obtain a stationary- applied signal. This requires that the time base be
operated at a submultiples frequency of the signal under measurement. If
synchronization is not done, the pattern is not stationary, but appears to drift across the
screen in a random fashion. Internal synchronization This trigger is obtained from the
time base generator to synchronize the signal. External synchronization An external
trigger source can also be used to synchronize the signal being measured. Auto
Triggering Mode The time base used in this case in a self-oscillating condition, i.e., it
gives an output even in the absence of any Y-input. The advantage of this mode is that
the beam is visible on the screen under all conditions, including the zero input. When
the input exceeds a certain magnitude then the internal free running oscillator locks on
to the frequency.
PRECAUTIONS:
1. The ammeter is connected using thick wires.
2. While reversing ammeter polarity, see to it that the capacitor is not discharge
91
VIVA QUESTIONS
1. What is CRO?
2. How is CRO superior to ordinary measuring instruments?
3. For what vertical and horizontal plates are provide in a CRO?
4. For what a triggering circuit is provided in a CRO?
5. What are the essential components of a CRT?
RESULT:
Thus the measurement of voltage, Frequency was studied in CRO
MARKS ALLOCATION
Experimental Setup 10
Execution 5
Viva 5
Total 20
93
RTD PANEL DIAGRAM:
94
EX.NO: 9 (a) RTD AND THEMISTOR CHARACTERISTICS

Date : (a) RTD CHARACTERISTICS
(A)AIM:
To study the temperature Vs resistance characteristics of RTD (Pt100)
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
S.NO APPARATUS NAME QUANTITY
1. ITB-06CE 1
2. RTD sensor 1
3. Water Bath As required
4. Thermometer 1
5. Multimeter (optional) 1
THEORY:
RESISTANCE TEMPERATURE DETECTORS or RTDs for short, are wire wound and
thin film devices that measure temperature because of the physical principle of the
positive temperature coefficient of electrical resistance of metals. The hotter they
become, the larger their resistance.
They, in the case of Platinum known variously as PRTs and PRT100s, are the most
popular RTD type, nearly linear over a wide range of temperatures and some small
enough to have response times of a fraction of a second. They are among the most precise
temperature sensors available with resolution and measurement uncertainties or ±0.1 °C
or better possible in special designs. Usually they are provided encapsulated in probes
for temperature sensing and measurement with an external indicator, controller or
transmitter, or enclosed inside other devices where they measure temperature as a part
of the device's function, such as a temperature controller or precision thermostat.
The advantages of RTDs include stable output for long period of time, ease of
recalibration and accurate readings over relatively narrow temperature spans. They are
active devices requiring an electrical current to produce a voltage drop across the sensor
that can be then measured by a calibrated read-out device.
The lead wires used to connect the RTD to a readout can contribute to the
measurement error, especially when there are long lead lengths involved, as often
happens in remote temperature measurement locations. Those calculations are straight
forward and there exist 3-wire and 4-wire designs to help minimize or limit such errors,
when needed.
Often the lead error can be minimized through use of a temperature transmitter
mounted close to the RTD. Transmitters convert the resistance measurement to an
analog current or serial digital signal that can be sent long distances by wire or rf to a
data acquisition or control system and/or indicator. RTDs, as mentioned above, work in a
relatively small temperature domain, compared to thermocouple, typically from about -
200°C to a practical maximum of about 650°C to 700 °C.
RTDs can be made cheaply in Copper and Nickel, but the latter have restricted
ranges because of non-linearities and wire oxidation problems in the case of Copper.
95
TABULATION:
Temperature(°C) Resistance(Ω)
MODEL GRAPH:
TEMPERATURE (°C) Vs RESISTANCE (Ω)
96
Platinum is the preferred material for precision measurement because in its pure
form the Temperature coefficient of Resistance is nearly linear; enough so that
temperature measurements with precision of ±0.1 °C can be readily achieved with
moderately priced devices. Better resolution is possible, but equipment costs escalate
rapidly at smaller error levels.
All RTDs used in precise temperature measurements are made of Platinum and
they are sometimes called PRTs to distinguish them. RTD works on the principle that
electrical resistance of the most metals increases linearly with temperature. If a metal
wire has a Resistance R0 at 0°C, then the resistance at T°C will be given by:
The constant is called the temperature coefficient of resistance.

Typical values are:
A temperature transducer using the above principle is called Resistance

Temperature Detectors(RTD). These are simple to use, requiring no special wiring, are
highly stable and very sensitive. RTD's commonly use Platinum, nickel and copper to
form the sensor (see Figure-2), although iron, tungsten and alloys can be used. The
former metals have the advantage that they can be obtained to high degrees of chemical
purity.
PROCEDURE:
1. Patch the wires of RTD to the T1 and T2 terminal of the RTD input block and
switch ON the unit.
2. Place the RTD and thermometer into the holes provides in the waterbath.
3. Keep the SW1 in right direction.
4. Place the multimeter in the resistance mode across T3 and T4 terminals.
5. Switch ON the waterbath and note the temperature in thermometer and
corresponding resistance value in multimeter.
6. Plot the temperature Vs resistance graph.
PRECAUTIONS:
1. Gradually heat the water and note the corresponding resistance simultaneously.
2. The multimeter/ohmmeter should be in the range (0-200)Ω to measure for (0-
100)°C.
97
Circuit diagram for Practice
98
99
100
RESULT:
Thus the study of Temperature Vs Resistance characteristics was
studied and graph is plotted
101
TABULAR COLUMN
Actual Temperature Displayed

Output Voltage (V) %Error
(°C) Temperature (°C)
MODEL GRAPH
1. Temperature Vs Voltage 2. Temperature Vs % Error
102
(B)AIM:
To study the temperature Vs voltage characteristics and the accuracy
of the signal conditioning board.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
S.NO APPARATUS QUANTITY

NAME
1. ITB-06CE 1
2. RTD sensor 1
4. Thermometer 1
5. Multimeter 1
(optional)
FORMULA USED:
PROCEDURE:
1. Patch the wires of RTD to the T1 and T2 terminal of the RTD input
block.
2. Switch ON the ITB-06CE Unit.
3. Keep the switch SW1 in left direction and switch SW2 in external
mode.
4. Now adjust the ‘Zero’ Potentiometer to read 0°C at the display. This is
done for initial setup of the unit and this adjustment should be left
undisturbed.
5. Place the multimeter in voltage mode across the T6 and T7 terminals.
6. Insert the RTD and thermometer into the waterbath and note the
temperature without any heating at ambient condition.
7. Switch ON the waterbath and note down the actual temperature in
thermometer, output voltage of the unit and the displayed
temperature simultaneously.
8. Plot the graph for Actual Temperature Vs Voltage.
9. Calculate the % error and plot the graph for Temperature Vs % Error.
10. The first graph measures the linearity of the signal conditioning
unit and the second graph measures the accuracy.
103
Model calculation
104
105
106
Viva Questions:
1. Name different types of transducers for the measurement of temperature?
2. What is principle of RTD?
3. The temperature range that can be measured by using RTD is
4. What are materials used for RTD?
5. State the reasons for selecting platinum as RTD material?
6. What are the properties of material that can be used for RTD?
RESULT
Thus the study of Temperature Vs Voltage and the accuracy of signal conditioning
board were studied and the graph is drawn.
MARK ALLOCATION
Experimental
10
setup
Execution 5
Viva-voce 5
Total 20
107
THERMISTOR PANEL DIAGRAM
108
EX.NO: 9 (B)
Date : (B)THERMISTOR CHARACTERISTICS
(A)AIM:
To study the temperature - resistance characteristics of a thermistor.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
1. ITB-06A CE Unit. 1
2. Thermistor 1
4. Thermometer 1
5. PC Power Chord As required
PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the thermistor across T1 and T2 & switch ON the ITB-06A
unit.
2. For resistance measurement, SW1 should be in resistance mode.
3. Connect the multimeter (in resistance mode) across T3 & T4.
4. During zero calibration, SW2 should be in EXT mode.
5. The offset potentiometer is adjusted to 5V. Because, thermistor is NTC
type
6. Before conducting the experiment, SW2 should be in INT mode.
7. Insert the thermometer and thermistor into the water bath.
8. Switch ON the water bath.
9. Note down the temperature in thermometer and corresponding
resistance output of the thermistor.
10. Plot the graph between temperature and resistance along X and
Y axis respectively.
PRECAUTIONS:
Check the following two things before applying power to the
heater (230V AC).
1. Water level in the water bath should above the heating filament.
Otherwise, heater will be spoiled.
2. Thermistor and thermometer should not touch the body of the heater.
109
TABULATION:
Temperature(°C) Resistance(Ω)
MODEL GRAPH:
TEMPERATURE (°C) Vs RESISTANCE (Ω)
110
111
Circuit Practice
112
Viva Questions:
1. Define temperature.
2. List different types of temperature transducers.
3. What is a thermistor,
4. how is it used for temperature measurement.
5. What are the limitations of thermistor?
6. Briefly explain about thermocouples
RESULT:
Thus, the temperature Vs resistance characteristics of thermistor was studied.
113
TABULATION
Temperature (°C) Output Voltage (V)
MODEL GRAPH
114
(B)AIM:
To study the temperature - voltage characteristics of the thermistor.
APPARATUS REQUIRED
S.NO APPARATUS QUANTITY

NAME
1. ITB-06A CE Unit. 1
2. Thermistor 1
4. Thermometer 1
5. PC Power Chord As required
PROCEDURE
1. Connect the thermistor across T1 and T2 & switch ON the ITB-06A
unit.
2. For resistance measurement, SW1 should be in Thermistor mode.
3. Connect the multimeter (in DC -Volt mode) across T5 & T6.
4. During zero calibration, SW2 should be in EXT mode.
5. The offset Potentiometer is adjusted to 5V. Because, thermistor is NTC
type
6. Before conducting the experiment, SW2 should be in INT mode.
7. Insert the thermometer and thermistor into the water bath.
8. Switch ON the water bath.
9. Now note down the temperature of the thermometer and
corresponding voltage output.
10. Plot the graph between temperature and resistance along X and Y axis
respectively.
115
116
RESULT
Thus, the temperature Vs Voltage characteristics of thermistor was studied.
MARK ALLOCATION
Experimental
10
setup
Execution 5
Viva-voce 5
Total 20
117
PANEL DIAGRAM:
118
EX.NO: 10
Date : LVDT CHARACTERISTICS
(i) AIM:
To study the characteristics of an LVDT position sensor with respect to the
secondary output voltage. And measure the voltage due to the residual magnetism.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
1. ITB -12CE unit 1

2. LVDT setup 1
3. Multimeter (CRO) 1
4. Power chord As required
Formula Used
%Error = Core Displacement – Micrimeter displacement X 100
Micrometer Displacment
PROCEDURE:
1. Install the LVDT position sensor and interface the 9 pin D type cable with ITB -
12CE unit.
2. Switch ON the unit.
3. Connect the multimeter or CRO ( in AC - mV mode)across the T4 and T7 for the
secondary output voltage measurement.
4. Set the micrometer position at 10mm and calibrate the display at ‘0'mm using
‘zero’ potentiometer.
5. Set the micrometer position at 20mm and calibrate the display at ‘10'mm using
‘span’ potentiometer.
6. Repeat the zero and span calibration until the core displacement is 0.00mm for 10
mm displacement in micrometer and core displacement is 10.00mm for 20 mm
displacement in micrometer.
7. After completion of the calibration, place the core of the LVDT to 10mm by
adjusting the micrometer.
8. Gradually increase the micrometer displacement from 10 mm to 20 mm and note
down the forward core displacement from zero mm to 10 mm on the display and
secondary output voltage (mV) across T4 and T7.
9. Similarly, decrease the Micrometer displacement from 10 mm to zero mm and
note down the reverse core displacement of zero to -10 mm on the display and
secondary output voltage (mV) across T4 and T7.
10. Tabulate the readings of the core displacement, Micrometer displacement and
secondary output voltage (mV).
11. Plot the graph between core displacement (mm) along x axis and secondary
output voltage (mV) across y axis.
119
TABULATION:
Micrometer Signal
Core displacement
Displacement Conditioning Error %
(mm)
(mm) Voltage (mV)
MODEL GRAPH:
Core displacement (mm) Vs Secondary Output Voltage (mV)
120
Micrometer displacement (mm) Vs Error (%)
121
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM FOR PRACTICE
122
Viva Questions:
1. .What is the principle of LVDT?
2. What is the residual voltage?
3. What are causes for residual voltage?
4. .What is reason for connecting secondaries of LVDT in series opposition?
5. What are materials used for core of the LVDT?
6. What are the advantages with differential o/p of LVDT?
123
124
RESULT:
Thus the calibration of an LVDT position sensor was studied and the graph
between Micrometer displacement and error (%).
MARK ALLOCATION
Experimental
10
setup
Execution 5
Viva-voce 5
Total 20
125
HALF WAVE RECTIFIER:

CIRCUIT DIAGRAMS:
WITHOUT FILTER:
WITH FILTER:
OBSERVATIONS:
WITHOUT FILTER:
RL Vac Vdc Ripple Factor % Regulation

=V /V
(Ohms) (Volts) (Volts) ac dc (VNL-VFL)/VFL *100
126
EX.NO: 11 SINGLE PHASE HALF WAVE AND FULL WAVE RECTIFIER

DATE: WITH FILTERS
AIM:
To construct half wave & full wave rectifier circuits using diodes & observe the
input & output wave forms with & without filter.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
SI. No Name the Quantity

Type Range
Equipment
1 Diode IN 4001 4
2 Resistor 1
1kΩ
3 Capacitors 100 μF,33 μF Each 1
4 Step down 230 V / 1

transformer (12 – 0 – 12) V
5 CRO 1
6 Regulated Power (0 – 30V) 1

Supply
7 Bread board 1 1
8 Connecting Wires few few
THEORY:
HALF-WAVE RECTIFIER:
Figure shows a basic half-wave diode rectifier circuit. During the positive half-
cycle of the input voltage, the diode is forward biased for all instantaneous voltages
greater than the diode cutin voltage V γ . Current flowing through the diode during the
positive half-cycle produces approximately a half sine wave of voltages across the load
resistor, as shown in the Figure. To simplify our discussions, we will assume that the
diode is ideal and that the peak input voltage is always much larger than the V γ of the
diode. Hence, we assume that the zero of the rectified voltage coincides with the zero of
the input voltage. On the negative half-cycle of the input voltage, the diode is reverse-
biased. Ignoring the reverse leakage current of the diode, the load current drops to zero,
resulting in zero load voltage (output voltage), as shown in Figure. Thus, the diode
circuit has rectified the input ac voltage, converting the ac voltageto a dc voltage
127
WITH FILTER:

(Ohms) (Volts) (Volts) = Vac/ V dc (VNL-V FL)/V FL *100
MODEL GRAPHS:
HALFWAVE RECTIFIER (WITH & WITHOUT FILTER):
128
FULL-WAVE RECTIFIER:
Figure shows a full-wave bridge rectifier with a load resistor RL and an input
sine wave derived from a transformer. During the positive half-cycle of the input
voltage, diodes D2 and D3 are forward biased and diodes D1 and D4 are reverse biased.
Therefore, terminal A is positive and terminal B is negative, as shown in Figure. During
the negative half-cycle, diodes D1 and D4 conduct, and again terminal A is positive and
terminal B is negative. Thus, on either half-cycle, the load voltage has the same polarity
and the load current is in the same direction, no matter which pair of diodes is
conducting. The full-wave rectified signal is shown in Figure, with the Vo being the
output voltage. Since the area under the curve of the full-wave rectified signal is twice
that of the half-wave rectified signal, the average or dc value of the full-wave rectified
signal, Vdc, is twice that of the half-wave rectifier.
PROCEDURE-HALF WAVE
2. Connect the primary side of the transformer to ac mains and the secondary side to
the rectifier input.
3. By the multimeter, measure the ac input voltage of the rectifier and, ac and dc
voltage at the output of the rectifier.
4. Find the theoretical of dc voltage by using the formula,
Vdc=Vm/π
Where, Vm=2Vrms, (Vrms=output ac voltage.)
The Ripple factor is calculated by using the formula

rms = ac output voltage / dc output voltage.
129
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
WITHOUT FILTER:
WITH FILTER:
130
PROCEDURE-FULL WAVE:
2. Connect the ac mains to the primary side of the transformer and the secondary
side to the rectifier.
3. Measure the ac voltage at the input side of the rectifier.
4. Measure both ac and dc voltages at the output side the rectifier.
5. Find the theoretical value of the dc voltage by using the formula Vdc=2Vm/π
6. Connect the filter capacitor across the load resistor and measure the values of V ac
and Vdc at the output.
7. The theoretical values of Ripple factors with and without capacitor are
calculated.
8. From the values of Vac and Vdc practical values of Ripple factors are calculated.
The practical values are compared with theoretical values.
131
OBSERVATIONS:
WITHOUT FILTER:

(Ohms) (Volts) (Volts)
= Vac/ Vdc (VNL-V FL)/V FL *100
WITH FILTER:

(Ohms) (Volts) (Volts) = Vac/ V dc (VNL-V FL)/V FL *100
MODEL GRAPHS:
FULLWAVE RECTIFIER (WITH & WITHOUT FILTER
132
134
REVIEW QUESTIONS:
1. What is mean by rectifier?
2. What are the types of rectifiers?
3. Define ripple factor.
4. What is transformer ratio?
5. What is RMS value?
6. Define peak factor
RESULT:
Thus the half and full wave rectifier was conducted
MARKS ALLOCATION
Execution 5
Viva 5
Total 20
135
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
136
EX.NO: 12
Date : DIFFERENTIAL AMPLIFIER
AIM:
To construct a Differential amplifier in Common mode & Differential

mode configuration and to find common mode rejection ratio.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
SI. No Name of the Quantity

Type range
equipment
1 Function generator 1
2 Transistor BC107 2
3 DRB,DCB Each 1
4 Capacitor 470 μf 1
5 Resistor 3.9k,3.3k Each 1
6 CRO 1
Regulated Power
7 (0 – 30V) 1
Supply
8 Bread board 1 1
9 Connecting wires few few
THEORY:
The Differential amplifier circuit is an extremely popular connection used in IC

units. The circuit has separate inputs, two separate outputs and emitters are connected
together. If the same input is applied to both inputs, the operation is called common
mode. In double ended operation two input signals are applied, the difference of the
inputs resulting in outputs from both collectors due to the difference of the signals
applied to both the inputs. The main feature of the differential amplifier is the very
large gain when opposite signals is applied to inputs as compared to small signal
resulting from common input. The ratio of this difference gain to the common gain is
called common mode rejection ratio.
137
MODEL GRAPH
138
PROCEDURE:
DIFFERENTIAL MODE:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set V1 = 50mv and V2 =55mv using the signal generator.
3. Find the corresponding output voltages across V01 & V02 using CRO
4. Calculate common mode rejection ratio using the given formula.
COMMON MODE:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set V1 = 50mv using the signal generator.
3. Find the output voltage across Vo using multimeter.
4. Calculate common mode rejection ratio using the given formula.
CALCULATION:
Common mode rejection ratio(CMRR) = Ad / Ac
Ad = Differential mode gain
Ac = Common mode gain
Where Ad = Vo /Vd
Vo = Output voltage measured across CRO
Vd = V 1 – V2 , V1 , V2 – input voltage applied.
Ac = Vo /Vc
Vc = (V 1 + V2 )/2
DIFFERENTIAL MODE: COMMON MODE:

V1 = Input voltage =
V2 = Output voltage =
Output voltage = V1=V2 =
Ad=Vo/Vd = Vd= V1-V2 =
139
140
141
142
VIVA QUESTIONS:
1. Define differentiator & Define integrator
2. What are the limitations of an ordinary differentiator?
3. Explain how the practical differentiator will overcome the limitations
4. What are the limitations of an ideal integrator?
5. What are the initial conditions of a loss integrator?
6. What are the differences between integrator and differentiator?
RESULT
Thus the Differential amplifier in Common mode & Differential mode
configuration was conducted
MARKS ALLOCATION
Execution 5
Viva 5
Total 20
143
144

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DHIRAJLAL GANDHI COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY

Approvedby AICTE, New Delhi &Affiliated to Anna University, Chennai.

Semester : ……………Year: ……………Section: ……………

Reg. No. : …………………………………………………………

Laboratory during the academic year ………………………………

LAB-IN-CHARGE HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT

Submitted for University Practical Examination held on……………………………………….

INTERNAL EXAMINER EXTERNAL EXAMINER

Program Educational Objectives(PEOs)

PEO1 Have a successful career in Mechanical Engineering and allied industries.

Have expertise in the areas of Design, Thermal, Materials and

Contribute towards technological development through academic research

PO1 a) An ability to apply knowledge of mathematics and engineering sciences to develop

An ability to design mechanical systems, component, or a process to meet desired

PO6 f) An ability to demonstrate on professional and ethical responsibilities

PO9 i) An ability to engage in life-long learning. .

Program Specific Outcomes(PSOs)

BE 8261 BASIC ELECTRICAL,ELECTRONICS AND INSTRUMENTATION

CO1 Ability to determine the speed characteristic of different electrical machines.

CO3 Ability to use operational amplifiers

CO4 Test the performance of the given transformer

CO5 Ability to Understand the concepts of various electronic devices

CO6 Apply to Understand the concepts of instrumentation

Mapping Grade: 1-Slightly, 2-Moderately, 3-Substantially

ANNA UNIVERSITY, CHENNAI

BE 8261 BASIC ELECTRICAL,ELECTRONICS AND INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERING

1. OPEN CIRCUIT AND LOAD CHARACTERISTICS OF SEPERATELY EXCITED

2. LOAD TEST ON DC SHUNT MOTOR.

3. LOAD TEST ON SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMER.

4. LOAD TEST ON SINGLE PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR.

5. MEASUREMENT OF THREE PHASE POWER

6. VERIFICATION OF OHM’S LAW , KVL & KCL

7. VERIFICATION OF THEVENIN, NORTON THEOREM &

9. RTD AND THERMISTOR CHARACTERISTICS.

10. LVDT CHARACTERISTICS.

11. SINGLE PHASE HALF WAVE AND FULL WAVE RECTIFIER

OPEN CIRCUIT AND LOAD CHARACTERISTICS OF SEPERATELY

2 LOAD TEST ON DC SHUNT MOTOR.

3 LOAD TEST ON SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMER.

4 LOAD TEST ON SINGLE PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR.

5 MEASUREMENT OF THREE PHASE POWER

STUDY OF CRO AND MEASUREMENT OF SINUSOIDAL VOLTAGE

SINGLE PHASE HALF WAVE AND FULL WAVE RECTIFIER

MARKS (Out Of 10 )…………………………

SIGNATURE OF THE STAFF

TIPS FOR A BETTER LAB SESSION

“ENJOY THE JOY OF DESIGNING

FUSE RATING NAME PLATE DETAILS

IL : Line Current in Amps

Circuit Diagram Practice

1. What type of DC machine has the similar Output/Speed characteristics?

2. Why should the power factor improve with the loading?

5. What is the slip at maximum torque?

6. At what load will the efficiency be maximum?

FUSERATING NAME PLATE DETAILS

Spring Balance Output Input

Circumference of the Brake drum =_________________cm.

Torque T = (S1 S2) x R x 9.81 Nm

Input Power Pi = VI Watts

Circuit Diagram Practice

2. What was the assumption made in calculations?

3. What is the condition for maximum torque of a D.C. shunt motor?

4. Why is the starter necessary?