CE21003 [3 - 1 - 0 : 4 Credits]

Mechanics
• Fluid Mechanics
o Animation

Shrek-2: Fireballs
o Sports Engineering

JABULANI

Golf ball-dimple-pimple
o Mechanical Engineering

Machines oils
o Civil Engineering-Hydraulics

Dams
o Chemical Engineering

Mixture of chemicals
o Aerospace Engineering

Aeroplane
• Multiphase Mechanics
o Subsurface flow
o Soil Mechanics
o Environmental flow: VOCs
o Atmospheric flow
• Solid Mechanics

Syllabus:
Basic properties of water; Determination of hydrostatic forces; Kinematics of flow;
Potential flow; Continuity, Energy and Momentum principles; Open channel flow,
Uniform and gradually varied flows; Dimensional analysis; Hydraulic similitude and
Modelling; Flow in pipes and Pipe networks; Hydraulics machines, Pumps & Turbines.

• Textbook: Potter, M.C., and Wiggert, D.C. (2010) "Fluid Mechanics"

CENGAGE Learning, India.
• Performance Assessment:

Subcomponent Weight
Teacher's Assessment (T.A.) 20
Mid-Semester Examination 30
End-Semester Examination 50
Total 100
Bonus Questions 20
Grand Total 120

• Attendance:
o Unexpected absences should be communicated by e-mail (to
anirband@iitkgp.ac.in).
o T.A. = T.A. - (n+1) for nth missed class (without letter from faculty
advisor)
o A student will be deregistered from the course if T.A. is zero due to
attendance.

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Reference Books:

Granger, R.A., Fluid Mechanics, CBS College Publishing, New York, 1985.

Douglas, J.F. ,Gasiorek, J.M. ,Swaffield, J.A., Fluid Mechanics , Addison-Wesley,

Harlow 1999.

Streeter, V.L. ,Wylie, E. Benjamin , Fluid Mechanics , McGraw-Hill, London, 1998.

Shames, I.H., Mecahnics of Fluids, McGraw Hill, New York, 1992.

Daugherthy, R.L., Franzini, J.B., Finnemore, E.J. Fluid Mechanics with Engineering
Applications, McGraw Hill, New York, 1985.

Jain, A.K., Fluid Mechanics, Khanna Publishers, New Delhi, 1998.

Modi, L.P.N, Seth, S.M., Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics, Standard Book House, New
Delhi, 2002.

Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics (6th ed.) by Munson, Young, Okiishi, Huebsch.

Fluid Mechanics and its Applications, V. Gupta and S. K. Gupta, New Age International
Publishers, 2nd edition, 2010

S.K. Som and G. Biswas, Introduction to Fluid Mechanics and Machines, Tata McGraw-Hill
Publishing Company, New Delhi.

Fluid Mechanics, Sixth Edition, F. M. White

Fluid Mechanics by Fox and McDonald

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Fluid Mechanics
• Definition
– The study of liquids and gasses at rest (statics) and in motion (dynamics)
• Engineering applications
– Blood in capillaries
– Oil in pipelines
– Groundwater movement
– Runoff in parking lots
– Pumps, filters, rivers, etc

States of Matter

• Fluids (gasses and liquids) and solids

• What’s the difference?
– Fluid particles are free to move among themselves and give way (flow)
under the slightest tangential (shear) force

Shear Stress τ

Solid Fluid

Classes of Fluids
• Liquids and gasses – What’s the difference?
• Liquids: Close packed, strong cohesive forces, retains volume, has free
surface
• Gasses: Widely spaced, weak cohesive forces, free to expand

Free Surface Expands

Liquid
Gas

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Common Fluids
• Liquids:
– water, oil, mercury, gasoline, alcohol
• Gasses:
– air, helium, hydrogen, steam
• Borderline:
– jelly, asphalt, lead, toothpaste, paint, pitch
Primary Dimensions & Units
• Dimension: Generalization of “unit” telling us what kind of units are involved in
a quantitative statement
– Mass [M], length [L], time [T], temperature [q]
• Unit: Particular dimension
– kg, m, s, oK (Systeme International)
Fluid as a Continuum
• Fluids are aggregates of molecules
– Widely spaced: gasses
– Closely spaced: liquids
• Intermolecular distance is large compared to molecular diameter
• Molecules move freely
• Air at STP (STP - Standard Temperature and Pressure - is defined by IUPAC
(International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry) as air at 0oC (273.15 K, 32
o
F) and 105 pascals (1 Pa = 10-6 N/mm2 = 10-5 bar = 0.1020 kp/m2 = 1.02x10-4
m H2O = 9.869x10-6 atm = 1.45x10-4 psi (lbf/in2))

dV*=10-9 mm3 and contains 3x107 molecules

• Continuum hypothesis

ρ Molecular
Variations
Spatial
Variations
ρ*
= 1200

δV* δV
Fluid Properties

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• Density: Mass per unit volume
– How large is the volume?
• Too small: # molecules changes continuously
• Large: # molecules remains almost constant
– At these scales, fluid properties (e.g., density) can be thought of as varying
continuously in space.
δm
ρ = lim
δV →δV * δV

• Mass per unit volume (e.g., @ 20 oC, 1 atm)

– Water ρwater = 1000 kg/m3
– Mercury ρHg = 13,500 kg/m3
– Air ρair = 1.22 kg/m3

• Densities of gasses increase with pressure

• Densities of liquids are nearly constant (incompressible) for constant temperature
• Specific volume = 1/density