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of insulators and
metals
Orientation Polarizability
Ion jumps.
doubly ionized
Water
dipole moments
P Np N E
density polarizability
Polarizability
Kittel
Inter- and intraband transitions
When the bands are parallel, there is a peak in the absorption (")
Ec ( k ) Ev ( k )
Optical spectroscopy has developed into the most important experimental tool
for band structure determination. - Kittel
Ashcroft and Mermin
Dielectric function of BaTiO3
Dielectric function of silicon ( ) n ( ) iK ( )
refractive index n
absorption
4 fK
c
extinction K
AC Conductivity
For low ac voltages in a conductor, electric field and the electron velocity are in-
phase, electric field and electron position are out-of-phase.
For low ac voltages in an insulator, electric field and the electron position are in-
phase, electric field and electron velocity are out-of-phase.
Harmonic dependence v v e i t , x x e i t , E E e i t
v i x
i 0
1 1
i 0
Below about 100 GHz the frequency dependent conductivity is normally used.
Above about 100 GHz the dielectric function is used (optical experiments).
Diffusive transport (low frequencies)
v
F ma eE m d
sc m
sc
e sc e
E vd
m
ne 2
ne
e E vd m
Diffusive metal
The differential equation that describes how the velocity changes in time is:
dv (t ) ev (t )
m eE (t )
dt
Inertial term
1 et
g (t ) exp t0
m m
Diffusive metal
i m 1
v ( ) E ( )
e
v i m 1 1 i
1
1 i
1
E e 1 2 2
j v 1 i m
ne ne Scattering time
2 2
E E 1 e
low ne ine 2
high
m
Diffusive metal
ne 1 i
i 0 i 0 1 2 2
ne i
1 1
0 1 2 2
2 i ne 2
1
2
3 2
2
p
p
m 0
p2 0 for 0
1 2
for 0
low frequency metal / high frequency insulator
Ibach & Lueth
ITO
Aluminum