Circuits,

 Ohm’s  Law,  
DC  Circuit  Analysis  
EEE  3  Lecture  02  
 2  

Objec'ves  
•  De-ine  Circuits  

•  Identify  nodes,  branches,  loops,  and  meshes  in  a  circuit  

•  De-ine  DC  Circuit  Analysis  

•  Use  Ohm’s  Law  to  relate  the  current  passing  through  a  

resistor  and  the  voltage  across  a  resistor  

•  Perform  DC  Circuit  Analysis  using  Ohm’s  Law,  KCL  and  KVL  
 3  

Outline  
•  De-inition  of  a  Circuit  

•  Parts  of  a  Circuit  

•  Voltage  Source,  Current  Source,  Resistors  

•  DC  Circuit  Analysis  
4  
 5  

Circuit  example:  Power  Systems  

http://acust.kcpl.com/services/programs/documents/electric-­‐system.gif  
 6  

Circuit  example:  Electronic  Systems  

http://m.eet.com/media/1051236/C0366-­‐Figure1.jpg  
 7  

Electric  Network  
•  A  combination  of  various  elements  (or  groups  of  
elements)  through  which  current  -lows  (or  is  
expected  to  -low).  
 8  

Electric  Circuit  
•  An  electric  network  with  the  presence  of  loops.  
(That  is,  electrons  can  -low  back  to  an  initial  
position  if  allowed  to  move  through  circuit  
elements.)  
 9  

Circuit  Elements  
I  

+   V   –  
•  Circuit  Element  -­‐  The  mathematical  model  of  a  physical  device  
used  to  analyze  its  behavior.  

•  Simple  Circuit  Element  -­‐  In  circuit  analysis,  basic  unit  that  
cannot  be  subdivided  into  other  simple  circuit  elements  (e.g.    
single  resistor).  

•  General  Circuit  Element  -­‐  May  be  composed  of  or  represented  
by  one  or  more  simple  circuit  elements  (e.g.  DC  Machine).  
 10  

Circuit  Elements  
I  

+   V   –  
•  Active  element  -­‐  capable  of  delivering  power  to  some  
external  element.  

•  Passive  element  -­‐  always  consumes  energy.  

 11  

Simple  Circuit  Element:  

Independent  Voltage  Source  
•  Active  circuit  element  
•  Voltage  across  it  is  completely  independent  of  current  
passing  thru.  
•  Current  is  determined  by  other  elements  in  the  circuit  
 
v   +
VS IS VS IS
Vs   -

DC DC

+
VS IS
-
i   AC
 12  

Simple  Circuit  Element:  

Independent  Current  Source  
•  Active  circuit  element  
•  Current  passing  thru  is  completely  independent  of  voltage  
across  it.  
•  Voltage  across  is  determined  by  the  other  elements  in  the  
circuit.  
v  
+ +
VS IS VS IS
- -
DC AC

Is   i  
 13  

Simple  Circuit  Element:  

Dependent/Controlled  Source  
•  The  source  quantity  (voltage  or  current)  is  determined  by  a  
voltage  or  current  in  some  other  location  in  the  system  
under  consideration.  

Voltage  is  controlling   Current  is  controlling  

+ quan;ty.   quan;ty.  
VS - IS
Voltage-­‐Controlled     Current-­‐Controlled  
Voltage  
Voltage  Source   Voltage  Source  
Source  
(VCVS)   (CCVS)  
Voltage-­‐Controlled   Current-­‐Controlled  
+ Current  
Current  Source   Current  Source  
VS I Source  
(VCCS)   (CCCS)  
- S
 14  

Simple  Circuit  Element:  

v  
Resistor  
•  Passive  circuit  element  
k  =  R  
•  Mathematical  model:  
Ohm’s  Law:  v  =  R*i  
     where  R  =  resistance   i  
•  The  voltage  across  it  is  directly  proportional  to  the  
current  passing  thru  it.  

•  Find  the  power  consumed  by  a  resistor   + i

•  Generally,  P  =  vi  and  R  =  v/i,  so  Presistor  =  ?  
         Presistor  =  vi  =  i2R  =  v2/R   v R
-
 15  

Example:  
Identify  the  circuit  elements  in  the  following  circuit:  

0.45 A
+ vX _ b c
a
16 Ω + 32 Ω
25 Ω
_
v2 d 2vx
+ +
_ 30 V
10 V +
_
_
 16  

General  Circuit  Element:  

DC  Machine  model  
•  Example:  DC  Motor  

Ra

Ia IL
Ec IF RF Vt
Tm

ωm
Te
 17  

Branch,  Node,  Loop,  Mesh  

•  Branch  is  any  portion  of  a  circuit  with  two  terminals,  and  
may  consist  of  two  or  more  circuit  elements.  
•  Node  is  a  junction  of  two  or  more  branches  or  circuit  
elements.  
•  Path  is  a  collection  of  branches;  movement  through  the  
network  wherein  no  node  is  encountered  more  than  once.  
•  Loop  is  any  closed  connection  of  branches;  a  closed  path  
(starting  node  is  the  ending  node).  
•  Mesh  is  a  loop  that  does  not  contain  any  other  loops.  
•  Wires  are  ideal  conductors;  each  part  of  a  segment  is  
equipotential  (i.e.,  has  same  voltage)  
 18  

Example:  Branches  
Branch  

0.45 A
+ vX _ b c
a
16 Ω + 32 Ω
25 Ω
_
v2 d 2vx
+ +
_ 30 V
10 V +
_
_
 19  

Example:  Nodes   Node  

0.45 A
+ vX _ b c
a
16 Ω + 32 Ω
25 Ω
_
v2 d 2vx
+ +
_ 30 V
10 V +
_
_
 20  

Example:  Loops  

0.45 A
+ vX _ b c
a
16 Ω + 32 Ω
25 Ω
_
v2 d 2vx
+ +
_ 30 V
10 V +
_
_
 21  

Example:  Meshes  

0.45 A
+ vX _ b c
a
16 Ω + 32 Ω
25 Ω
_
v2 d 2vx
+ +
_ 30 V
10 V +
_
_
 22  

Ground  
•  A   node   with   which   the   reference   voltage   is   associated  
(Vreference  being  zero  volts).  It  may  be  called  “reference  node”.  

0.45 A
Ve  =  0V  (grounded)   + vX _ b c
  a
16 Ω + 32 Ω
Vae  =  Va  ‒  Ve  =  Va  =  30V  
Vde  =  Vd  ‒  Ve  =  Vd  =  10V   25 Ω
_
v2 d 2vx
+ +
_ 30 V
10 V +
_
_
e  
Ground  node  

Symbol  for  ground  

 23  

Circuit  Analysis  
•  The  process  of  a  determining  the  relationships  of  voltages,  
currents,  power,  and  other  parameters/quantities  in  a  
circuit.  

 
DC  circuit  analysis  is  the  analysis  of  a  circuit  that  is  governed  
by  direct  current  (DC)  sources  (e.g.  batteries).  
DC  Circuit  Analysis  
•  A  DC  generator  will  be  used  to  supply  power  to  an  electric  stove.  The  
equivalent  circuit  of  the  DC  machine  is  shown  below.  
•  A)  What  is  the  voltage  across  the  terminals  of  the  DC  machine  (Vt1)  
when  the  stove  is  not  yet  connected?  
•  B)  Assuming  that  the  stove  can  be  modeled  as  a  resistor  with  a  62.5  Ω  
resistance,  -ind  the  voltage  across  the  generator  (Vt2)  when  the  
resistor  is  connected  to  the  generator.    
•  C)  How  much  power  will  be  supplied  by  the  generator  to  the  resistor?  

DC Generator
1Ω x

Ia IL +

+ 125 V IF 50 Ω
Vt
Stove
-

-
y
 25  

Summary  
1.  Circuit  is  a  combination  of  elements  through  which  current  
-lows  (or  is  expected  to  -low)  in  loops  (start  node  =  end  node).  
2.  Circuit  elements  may  be  active  (supplies  power)  or  passive  
(consumes  power).  
3.  Simple  circuit  elements  include  independent  and  dependent  
voltage  and  current  sources,  as  well  as  resistors.  
4.  Branches  are  connected  by  or  meet  at  nodes.  
5.  Loops  are  closed  paths.  Meshes  are  loops  that  do  not  contain  
other  loops.  
6.  Wires  are  ideal  conductors.  A  wire  can  be  treated  as  one  whole  
node.  
7.  Ohm’s  Law:  V  =  I*R  
8.  Ground  is  a  voltage  reference  node,  i.e.  Vground  =  0  V