FlightSafety PILOT TRAINING MANUAL CHAPTER 1 AIRCRAFT GENERAL CONTENTS INTRODUCTION.. GENERAL STRUCTURES... General .. Fuselage ... Wing .. Empennage... AIRPLANE SYSTEMS.. Electrical Power Systems.. Lighting... Master Warning System... Fuel System .. Powerplants... Fire Protection ... Pneumatics... Ice and Rain Protection .... Environmental Systems .... Hydraulic System ... Landing Gear and Brake: Flight Controls... DECEMBER 1984 FOR TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY 1aA, PILOT TRAINING MANUAL, Avionics . Oxygen System LIMITATIONS... General... Weight Limitations. Center-of-Gravity Limitations... Operating Limitations .. Airspeed Limitations. Airspeed Indicator Markings. Engine Instrument Markings—Cheyenne III... Engine Instrument Markings—Cheyenne IIIA... Miscellaneous Instrument Markings—Cheyenne III and IIIA, WALKAROUND .... 444i FOR TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY DECEMBER 1984Figure 11 1-2 1-3 1-4 Table 1-2 1:3 1-4 FlightSafety mA, PILOT TRAINING MANUAL, ILLUSTRATIONS Title Page Cheyenne III and IIIA... Airplane Dimensions Ground Turning Radi. Fuselage Sections .... Nose Section ... Cockpit Layout (Typical) Cabin Interior (Typical)... Crew Seat Controls. Cabin and Cargo Doors... Emergency Exit . Pilot’s Windshield and Side Window .... Wing. Nacelle Baggage Compartment. Empennage. Airspeed Indicator Markings. TABLES Title Page Center-of-Gravity Limitations ... Seating Limitations... Cheyenne III Airspeed Limitations ... Cheyenne IIIA Airspeed Limitations DECEMBER 1984 FOR TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY 1-11FlightSafety LA, PILOT TRAINING MANUAL CHAPTER 1 AIRCRAFT GENERAL INTRODUCTION This training manual provides a description of the major airframe and engine systems installed in the Piper Cheyenne Il] and IIIA series airplanes. The information contained herein is intended only as an instructional aid. This material does not supersede, nor is it meant to substitute for, any of the manufacturer’s maintenance or operating manuals. The material presented has been prepared from the basic design data. All subsequent changes in airplane appearance or system operation will be covered during academic training and subsequent revisions to this manual. Chapter 1 covers the structural makeup of the airplane and gives an overview of the systems; it also contains operating limitations and a pictorial walkaround of the airplane. Appendix B in this manual displays all light indications and should be folded out for reference while reading this manual. GENERAL The Cheyenne III and IIIA series airplanes are pressurized, all-metal, low-wing, twin-engine turboprop airplanes with retractable landing gear. They have a T-tail and are powered by 720 shp Pratt and Whitney PT6A series engines. They seat six to eleven people including the crew. DECEMBER 1984 ‘Cheyenne III and IIIA operation is authorized for one pilot. The airplanes are certified in ac- cordance with FAR Part 23 as Normal Category airplanes, and are approved for flight in VFR, IFR, and known icing conditions when the re- quired equipment is installed and operational. Figure 1-1 shows the Cheyenne III and IIIA. FOR TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY 141mma PILOT TRAINING MANUAL, CHEYENNE Ill CHEYENNE IIIA Figure 1-1. Cheyenne Ill and IIIA STRUCTURES fiber, and other materials used as needed. The airplane structure consists of fuselage, wings, GENERAL and empennage. The discussion on the fuselage includes the doors and windows. General dimen- Most of the airplane structures are fabricated of sions are shown in Figure 1-2. Figure 1-3 shows high-strength aluminum alloy, with steel, glass ground turning radii. 4-2 FOR TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY DECEMBER 1984FlightSafety 7A PILOT TRAINING MANUAL, Figure 1-2. Airplane Dimensions DECEMBER 1984 FOR TRAINING PURPOSES ONLYFlightSafety A PILOT TRAINING MANUAL 75' 0" (22.86M) TOWED 84” 0" (25.609M) STEERED Figure 1-3. Ground Turning Radii FOR TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY 1:3FUSELAGE The fuselage is divided into the nose, center, and aft sections. These are shown in Figure 1-4. Nose Section The unpressurized nose section houses the hy- draulic power pack for the landing gear, nose landing gear, accessory section, avionics section, a 24-VDC nicad battery, and a baggage compart- ment. The nose accessory section houses the environmental control system. Access to the ac- cessory section is through a panel on the right side of the nose. The avionics section access is through CENTER SECTION a coir FRONT PRESSURE BULKHEAD ure 1-4, 14 1A PILOT TRAINING MANUAL, FOR TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY FlightSafety apanel on the left side of the nose immediately aus of the nose baggage compartment door. The nose baggage compartment is limited to 300 pounds. Figure 1-5 illustrates the nose section and radome. Nose Baggage Compartment Door ‘The nose baggage compartment door is located on the left side and provides access to the baggage compartment. (See Figure 1-5.) The handle is flush-mounted and released by unlocking the door with a key. The door is hinged at the top and opens outward and up. To close the door, a door holder link must be pushed in, then the door lowered, The handle must be pushed in and the PASSENGER, SECTION REAR, PRESSURE BULKHEAD Fuselage Sections DECEMBER 1984Figure 1-5. Nose Section DECEMBER 1964 1a, PILOT TRAINING MANUAL, FlightSafety door locked before the key can be removed. When the door is not secure, a BAGGAGE DOOR an- nunciator light illuminates. The radome, when not secure, also activates the same annunciator light, The nose compartment is equipped with a courtesy light for night loading. The light will illu- minate even if the battery master switch is off; consequently, leaving the door open for extended periods is not recommended. The handle to release the radome and allow it to be opened is located in the nose baggage com- partment. Pressurized Center Section The center section includes the cockpit, passen- ger cabin, and aft baggage compartment. The instrument panel will accommodate complete in- struments and avionics for VFR and IFR flight and includes engine monitoring gages, radio, navigation equipment, autopilot controls, and pressurization and cabin comfort controls. The overhead panel includes light switches, wind- shield and pitot heat switches, surface deice and engine ice protection switches, oil cooler door controls, fuel pump, ignition and starter switches, and the battery master switch. A typical instrument panel is shown in Figure 1-6. The passenger cabin is separated from the cockpit by folding curtains or sliding doors located immediately behind the pilots’ seats and forward of the cabin seats. The cabin arrange- ment varies widely due to customer preference of available options. A typical seating arrange- ment in the Cheyenne is two crew seats and six or seven reclining, adjustable passenger seats, each equipped with an adjustable headrest and two armrests (Figure 1-7), The outboard armrest is fixed and the aisle armrest is of a swing-away design for ease of entry and exit. The standard seats are track-mounted to allow movement fore and aft and are reversible for a foursome ar- rangement. An ashtray, a reading light, and an adjustable individual ventilation control are also standard for each passenger seat. For increased passenger capacity, additional full-size seats may be installed to expand to nine-place seating. The FOR TRAINING PURPOSES ONLYA FlightSafety n7mA PILOT TRAINING MANUAL, Figure 1-6. Cockpit Layout (Typical) FOR TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY 1-5high-density seating arrangement seats up to 11 people including the crew. The crew seats are adjustable three ways: fore and aft, up and down, and reclinable. The lever nearest the floor controls fore and aft move- ment, the center handle controls up-and-down movement, and the smaller top handle controls angle of recline (Figure 1-8). Safety belts are installed on all seats. Shoulder harnesses with self-adjusting inertia reels are in- stalled on the pilot and copilot seats. The inertia reels allow the shoulder harness to extend or retract during normal body movement; how- ever, the strap locks securely in place’ under sharp forward force. To check the function of the inertia reel, tug sharply on the strap. The reel w/A, PILOT TRAINING MANUAL, FlightSafety should lock under this test and prevent the strap from extending. Figure 1-8. Crew Seat Controls CHEYENNE II jure 1-7. 1-6 FOR TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY CHEYENNE IIIA Cabin Interior (Typical) DECEMBER 1984Immediately forward of the aft pressure bulk- head is the aft baggage compartment. It has a baggage tiedown web. The compartment has a volume up to 31 cubic feet, depending upon seating arrangement and cabinetry options, and will accommodate up to 300 pounds of cargo. A placard attached to the rear of the compartment indicates the maximum loading capacity of the aft compartment. The compartment is accessible from the cabin in flight. Baggage tiedown straps must be used in all baggage areas for safe and secure stowage of baggage. NOTE It is the pilot's responsibility to be sure that the airplane is properly loaded and that the airplane CG falls within the allowable CG range. The cabin is furnished with indirect lighting which extends the length of the cabin. These lights are located above the window trim panels in the Cheyenne III and beneath each passenger seat in the Cheyenne IIIA, allowing more headroom. Additional features for the cockpit area include a pocket for papers and registrations, and a storm window located on the pilot’s side of the cockpit. Utility pockets are attached to the backs of the passenger seats. The cabin is equipped with No Smoking and Fasten Seat Belt lights controllable from the cockpit. Other features are Figure 1-9 DECEMBER 1984 A PILOT TRAINING MANUAL FlightSafety cabin (III only) and cockpit cigar lighters, in- dividual oxygen masks, and coat hanger support bars with hangers in the aft baggage area, Optional equipment includes choice of interior, front and rear cabin dividers, toilet, forward and aft refreshment center, forward storage cabinets, executive folding tables with map, aft vanity unit, and tinted windows. The interior comes in a choice of fabric, vinyls, and leather. Scotchguard- ed fabrics are used throughout the cabin. Optional flight instruments located in the cabin are available. These instruments are a cluster of digital readout displays for the true airspeed, time, outside air temperature, and altitude. ‘A stereo system is available as an optional in- stallation. The system provides individual stereo headphones for passenger listening. Optional folding tables, storage cabinets, and refreshment centers are available. Cabin Door The cabin door is located on the left side of the fuselage, aft of the wing. The door is hinged at the bottom and swings out and down when opened, as seen in Figure 1-9. A pneumatic door extender ensures slow opening of the door. An entrance light switch is located on the inside for- ward edge of the door near the top step. Cabin and Cargo Doors FOR TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY 17NOTE The door should be supported when initially opening to prevent possible damage or injury in case the pneumatic door extender fails. A stairway is built onto the inboard side. The steps fold flat against the door when it is closed. When the door is fully extended, it is supported by two plastic-encased cables which also serve as handrails. The handrails are used when closing the door from the inside. The door is equipped with an in- flatable rubber seal which is activated by a door locking pin when pneumatic pressure is avail- able. The door handles rotate to lock or unlock the door. A knob must be pulled on the inside of the door before the inside handle can be rotated. The door handle operates seven door locking pins, three on each side edge and one on the lower edge. Each pin operates a microswitch. The seven microswitches are wired in series; therefore, all must be contacted by pins to ex- tinguish the CABIN DOOR annunciator light. The bottom pin on the forward edge of the door electrically relieves the door seal pressure when the handle is rotated to the unlocked position. The door is opened from the outside by lifting the flush-mounted handle and rotating it clockwise. The door features a key lock for ground security. Cargo Door (Optional) The optional cargo door for Cheyenne airplanes permits loading of bulky items into the aft bag- gage compartment (see Figure 1-9). The door can be opened only when the main cabin door is open by pushing in on the left side of the door handle and rotating it counterclockwise. The cargo door must be raised manually until it latches. To lower the door, push up on the knurled knob on the door support arm, lower the door, turn the handle clockwise until it latches securely to the fuselage, and push in on the right side of the handle. Emergency Exit The Cheyenne III and IIIA series one right-hand passenger window which serves 1-8 FOR TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY M/A PILOT TRAINING MANUAL FlightSafety as an emergency exit. All models have an in- struction placard on the handle (Figure 1-10). The Cheyenne emergency exit is opened by removing the Plexiglas cover on the handle, pull- ing the handle, and pulling the window into the cabin. There are no handles for opening the emergency exit from outside the airplane. PULL EMERGENCY EXIT a Figure 1-10. Emergency Exit DECEMBER 1984When performing the exterior walkaround, check that the emergency exit is flush with the fuselage skin. Windows The pilot’s and copilot’s windshields are made of laminated glass and vinyl and are equipped with electric heating elements. (See Chapter 10, “Ice and Rain Protection," for more informa- tion.) A storm window is installed in the pilot’s side window (Figure 1-11). Figure 1-11. Pilot's Windshield and Side Window All windows other than the windshields are clear, stretched, acrylic plastic. The windowpanes are sealed into the fuselage window openings and form an integral part of the pressure vessel. Aft Section The aft fuselage section is unpressurized. Access to this area is for maintenance purposes only. WING The wingsare all-metal, full cantilever, semimono- coque structures (Figure 1-12). Each wing carries five fuel tanks: one wet wingtip fuel tank, three bladder fuel cells, and one wet nacelle tank. ‘The main landing gear retract into wheel wells in the bottoms of the wings. Within each wing is an I-beam main spar which extends into the center of the fuselage where the spars are joined with butt fittings, making, in effect, one continuous main spar. Additional wing support is provided by front and rear spars, which attach to each side of the fuselage. Included on the wings are the engine nacelles, flaps, and ailerons. DECEMBER 1984 A PILOT TRAINING MANUAL. Figure 1-12. Wing The engine nacelles are integral parts of the wings. They provide efficient streamlined struc- tures for mounting the engines and for fuel storage. The Cheyenne III and IIIA have bag- gage compartments built into the aft part of the nacelles (Figure 1-13). Figure 1-13. Nacelle Baggage Compartment FOR TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY 1-9Each nacelle compartment has a load capacity of 100 pounds. Access to the compartment is gained through a door atop the nacelle. The interior floors of the compartments are carpeted to pre- vent baggage items from being damaged. To open, unlock and push on the forward end of the handle and raise the aft end of the handle. The door will now open and remain in the up position, held by a gas cylinder. A placard on the underside of each door details the loading capacity and restrictions for the nacelle baggage compartment. The metal flaps are electrically operated; the ailerons are all-metal and are mass balanced. The right aileron has a manually operated trim tab. EMPENNAGE The empennage (Figure 1-14) is a T-tail design consisting of a vertical stabilizer, a rudder, a horizontal stabilizer, and elevators. The rudder and left elevator have trim tabs which are man- ually operated. Electric elevator trim is also pro- vided. The right elevator has an antiservo tab to provide pitch control forces. The empennage group components are metal cantilever struc- tures with removable composite tips. Both the vertical and horizontal stabilizers incorporate two full-span main spars. Figure 1-14. AIRPLANE SYSTEMS The following is a brief introduction to the ma- jor airplane systems on the Cheyenne III and 1-10 FOR TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY A PILOT TRAINING MANUAL FlightSafety IIA airplanes. Detailed descriptions of these systems are contained within the individual chapters of this training manual. ELECTRICAL POWER SYSTEMS The airplane electrical system is a 28-VDC system which receives power from a nicad battery, two DC starter-generators connected in parallel, or through an external power receptacle. Two in- verters supply AC power for various combinations of radio equipment, autopilot/flight director, and radar installations. Electrical switches, a volt- meter, and two ammeters are located overhead in the cockpit. Circuit-breaker panels are located to the left of the pilot, right of the copilot, and on the floor between the crew seats. There is a master cau- tion light, a warning horn, and associated lights for crew advisory and warning. LIGHTING All cockpit, instrument, cabin, and exterior lights are controlled by switches on the pilot’s overhead light control panel. Lighting includes standard navigation lights, two landing lights (one landing light is used as a taxi light) on the nose gear strut housing, strobe lights on both wingtips, a recognition light in the nose cone of the tip tanks, and a 50-watt wing ice inspection light located outboard in the left engine nacelle. Cabin lighting includes two dome ights and eight or ten reading lights. Cockpit lighting consists of various indicator lights, in- strument panel lighting, pedestal lights, and two map lights. The overhead switch panel and circuit-breaker panels are electroluminescent. The courtesy lights are a baggage compartment light in the nose section, an overhead cargo light in the aft baggage compartment, and passenger entrance step lights. MASTER WARNING SYSTEM The flight crew receives automatic indication of system operation through annunciators, a MASTER WARN light reset button, and a warning horn, The annunciators are red, amber, DECEMBER 1984