4/27/2018 Vanadium(V) oxide - Wikipedia

Vanadium(V) oxide
Vanadium (V) oxide (vanadia) is the inorganic compound with
the formula V 2 O5 . Commonly known as v anadium pentoxide, it
Vanadium(V) oxide
is a brown/y ellow solid, although when freshly precipitated from
aqueous solution, its colour is deep orange. Because of its high
oxidation state, it is both an amphoteric oxide and an oxidizing
agent. From the industrial perspectiv e, it is the most important
compound of v anadium, being principal precursor to alloy s of
v anadium and is a widely used industrial cataly st. [6]

The mineral form of this compound, shcherbinaite, is extremely

rare, almost alway s found among fumaroles. A mineral trihy drate,
V 2 O5 ·3H2 O, is also known under the name of nav ajoite.

Contents
Chemical properties
Reduction to lower oxides
Acid-base reactions
Other redox reactions
Preparation Names
Uses IUPAC name
Ferrovanadium production
Divanadium pentaoxide
Sulfuric acid production
Other oxidations Other names
Other applications Vanadium pentoxide
Biological activity
Vanadic anhydride
Divanadium pentoxide
References
Further reading Identifiers

External links CAS Number 1314-62-1 (http://www.c

ommonchemistry.org/C
hemicalDetail.aspx?ref=
Chemical properties 1314-62-1)
3D model Interactive image (http
(JSmol)
Reduction to lower oxides s://chemapps.stolaf.edu/
jmol/jmol.php?model=
Upon heating a mixture of the pentoxide and V 2 O3 ,
O%3D%5BV%5D%28%
comproportionation occurs to giv e v anadium(IV) oxide, as a deep-
3DO%29O%5BV%5D%
blue solid:[7]
28%3DO%29%3DO)
V2O5 + V2O3 → 4 VO2 ChEBI
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanadium(V)_oxide 1/6
4/27/2018 Vanadium(V) oxide - Wikipedia

The reduction can also be effected by oxalic acid, carbon monoxide, CHEBI:30045 (https://w
and sulfur dioxide. Further reduction using hy drogen or excess CO ww.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/sear
can lead to complex mixtures of oxides such as V 4 O7 and V 5 O9 chId.do?chebiId=30045)
before black V 2 O3 is reached.

ChemSpider 14130 (http://www.chem

Acid-base reactions spider.com/Chemical-St
V 2 O5 it is an amphoteric oxide. Unlike most metal oxides, it ructure.14130.html)
dissolv es slightly in water to giv e a pale y ellow, acidic solution. Thus
ECHA 100.013.855 (https://ech
V 2 O5 reacts with strong non-reducing acids to form solutions
InfoCard a.europa.eu/substance-i
containing the pale y ellow salts containing dioxov anadium(V)
nformation/-/substancei
centers:
nfo/100.013.855)
V2O5 + 2 HNO3 → 2 VO2(NO3) + H2O EC Number 215-239-8
KEGG C19308 (http://www.keg
It also reacts with strong alkali to form poly oxov anadates, which
g.jp/entry/C19308)
hav e a complex structure that depends on pH. [8] If excess aqueous
sodium hy droxide is used, the product is a colourless salt, sodium PubChem CID 14814 (https://pubchem.
orthov anadate, Na3 VO4 . If acid is slowly added to a solution of ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compo
Na3 VO4 , the colour gradually deepens through orange to red before und/14814)
brown hy drated V 2 O5 precipitates around pH 2. These solutions
RTECS YW2450000
contain mainly the ions HVO4 2− and V 2 O7 4− between pH 9 and
number
pH 13, but below pH 9 more exotic species such as V 4 O1 2 4− and
HV 1 0 O285− (decav anadate) predominate. UN number 2862
InChI
Upon treatment with thiony l chloride, it conv erts to the v olatile
liquid v anadium oxy chloride, VOCl3 :[9] SMILES
Properties[1]
V2O5 + 3 SOCl2 → 2 VOCl3 + 3 SO2
Chemical V2O5
formula
Other redox reactions Molar mass 181.8800 g/mol
Hy drochloric acid and hy drobromic acid are oxidised to the Appearance Yellow solid
corresponding halogen, e.g., Density 3.357 g/cm 3

V2O5 + 6HCl + 7H2O → 2[VO(H2O)5]2+ + 4Cl− + Cl2 Melting point 690 °C (1,274 °F; 963 K)
Boiling point 1,750 °C (3,180 °F;
Vanadates or v anady l(V) compounds in acid solution are reduced by 2,020 K) (decomposes)
zinc amalgam through the interestingly colourful pathway :
Solubility in 8.0 g/L (20 °C)
water
Magnetic +128.0·10−6 cm 3/mol
susceptibility
(χ)
Structure [2]
Crystal Orthorhombic
structure
Space group Pmmn, No. 59
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanadium(V)_oxide 2/6
4/27/2018 Vanadium(V) oxide - Wikipedia

Lattice a = 1151 pm, b = 355.9

constant pm, c = 437.1 pm
Coordination Distorted trigonal
geometry bipyramidal (V)
Thermochemistry
Std molar 130.54 J/mol·K [3]
entropy
VO2+ → VO2+ → V3+ → V2+
yellow blue green purple (So298)

The ions are all hy drated to v ary ing degrees. Std enthalpy of -155.0590 kJ/mol [3]
formation
(ΔfHo298)
Preparation Gibbs free -141.9435 kJ/mol [3]
Technical grade V 2 O5 is produced as a energy (ΔfG˚)
black powder used for the production of Hazards
v anadium metal and ferrov anadium. [8]
Safety data ICSC 0596 (http://www.i
A v anadium ore or v anadium-rich
sheet nchem.org/documents/i
residue is treated with sodium
csc/icsc/eics0596.htm)
carbonate to produce sodium
The orange, partly GHS
metav anadate, NaVO3 . This material is
hydrated form of V2O5
then acidified to pH 2–3 using H2 SO4 to pictograms
y ield a precipitate of "red cake" (see
GHS signal DANGER
abov e). The red cake is then melted at
word
690 °C to produce the crude V 2 O5 .
GHS hazard H341, H361, H372,
Vanadium(V) oxide is produced when statements H332, H302, H335, H411
v anadium metal is heated with excess
NFPA 704
oxy gen, but this product is 0
contaminated with other, lower oxides. 3 0
A more satisfactory laboratory
preparation inv olv es the decomposition
Flash point Non-flammable
Precipitate of "red of ammonium metav anadate at 500-
cake", which is 550 °C:[10] Lethal dose or concentration (LD, LC):
hydrous V2O5 LD50 10 mg/kg (rat, oral)
2 NH4VO3 → V2O5 + 2 NH3 + (median 23 mg/kg (mouse,
H2O dose)
oral)[5]
LCLo (lowest 500 mg/m 3 (cat, 23 min)
Uses published) 70 mg/m 3 (rat, 2 hr)[5]
US health exposure limits (NIOSH):
Ferrovanadium production PEL C 0.5 mg V2O5/m 3
(Permissible)
In terms of quantity , the dominant use for v anadium(V) oxide is in (resp) (solid)[4]
the production of ferrov anadium (see abov e). The oxide is heated
with scrap iron and ferrosilicon, with lime added to form a calcium
C 0.1 mg V2O5/m3
silicate slag. Aluminium may also be used, producing the iron-
(fume)[4]
v anadium alloy along with alumina as a by -product. [8]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanadium(V)_oxide 3/6
4/27/2018 Vanadium(V) oxide - Wikipedia

Sulfuric acid production Related compounds

Another important use of v anadium(V) oxide is in the manufacture Other anions Vanadium oxytrichloride
of sulfuric acid, an important industrial chemical with an annual Other cations Niobium(V) oxide
worldwide production of 165 million metric tons in 2001, with an Tantalum(V) oxide
approximate v alue of US$8 billion. Vanadium(V) oxide serv es the
Related Vanadium(II) oxide
crucial purpose of cataly sing the mildly exothermic oxidation of vanadium Vanadium(III) oxide
sulfur dioxide to sulfur trioxide by air in the contact process: oxides
Vanadium(IV) oxide
2 SO2 + O2 ⇌ 2 SO3 Except where otherwise noted, data are
given for materials in their standard state
The discov ery of this simple reaction, for which V 2 O5 is the most (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
effectiv e cataly st, allowed sulfuric acid to become the cheap verify (what is ?)
commodity chemical it is today . The reaction is performed between
Infobox references
400 and 620 °C; below 400 °C the V 2 O5 is inactiv e as a cataly st, and
abov e 620 °C it begins to break down. Since it is known that V 2 O5
can be reduced to VO2 by SO2 , one likely cataly tic cy cle is as follows:

SO2 + V2O5 → SO3 + 2VO2

followed by

2VO2 +½O2 → V2O5

It is also used as cataly st in the selectiv e cataly tic reduction (SCR) of NOx emissions in some power plants. Due to its
effectiv eness in conv erting sulfur dioxide into sulfur trioxide, and thereby sulfuric acid, special care must be taken
with the operating temperatures and placement of a power plant's SCR unit when firing sulfur-containing fuels.

Other oxidations
Maleic anhy dride is produced by the V 2 O5 -cataly sed oxidation of butane with air:

C4H10 + 4 O2 → C2H2(CO)2O + 8 H2O

Maleic anhy dride is used for the production of poly ester resins and alky d resins. [11]

Phthalic anhy dride is produced similarly by V 2 O5 -cataly sed oxidation of ortho-xy lene or naphthalene at 350–
400 °C. The equation is for the xy lene oxidation:

C6H4(CH3)2 + 3 O2 → C6H4(CO)2O + 3 H2O

Phthalic anhy dride is a precursor to plasticisers, used for conferring pliability to poly mers.

A v ariety of other industrial compounds are produced similarly , including adipic acid, acry lic acid, oxalic acid, and
anthraquinone. [6]

Other applications

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanadium(V)_oxide 4/6
4/27/2018 Vanadium(V) oxide - Wikipedia

Due to its high coefficient of thermal resistance, v anadium(V) oxide finds use as a detector material in bolometers
and microbolometer array s for thermal imaging. It also finds application as an ethanol sensor in ppm lev els (up to
0.1 ppm).

Vanadium redox batteries are a ty pe of flow battery used for energy storage, including large power facilities such as
wind farms. [12]

Biological activity
Vanadium(V) oxide exhibits v ery modest acute toxicity to humans, with
an LD50 of about 47 0 mg/kg. The greater hazard is with inhalation of the
dust, where the LD50 ranges from 4–11 mg/kg for a 14-day exposure. [6]
3−
Vanadate (VO4 ), formed by hy droly sis of V 2 O5 at high pH, appears to
inhibit enzy mes that process phosphate (PO4 3− ). Howev er the mode of
action remains elusiv e. [8]

References
1. Weast, Robert C., ed. (1981). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics
(62nd ed.). Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. p. B-162. ISBN 0-8493-0462-8..
2. Shklover, V.; Haibach, T.; Ried, F.; Nesper, R.; Novak, P. (1996), "Crystal
structure of the product of Mg2+ insertion into V2O5 single crystals", J.
Solid State Chem., 123 (2): 317–23, doi:10.1006/jssc.1996.0186 (https://do
i.org/10.1006%2Fjssc.1996.0186).
3. R. Robie, B. Hemingway, and J. Fisher, “Thermodynamic Properties of
Minerals and Related Substances at 298.15K and 1bar Pressure and at
Higher Temperatures,” US Geol. Surv., vol. 1452, 1978.
4. "NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards #0653" (https://www.cdc.gov/ni
osh/npg/npgd0653.html). National Institute for Occupational Safety and
Health (NIOSH).
5. "Vanadium dust" (https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/idlh/vandust.html).
Immediately Dangerous to Life and Health Concentrations (IDLH). National
Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH).
6. Günter Bauer, Volker Güther, Hans Hess, Andreas Otto, Oskar Roidl, Heinz
Roller, Siegfried Sattelberger "Vanadium and Vanadium Compounds" in
Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, 2005, Wiley-VCH,
Weinheim. doi:10.1002/14356007.a27_367 (https://doi.org/10.1002%2F143
56007.a27_367)
7. G. Brauer (1963). "Vanadium, Niobium, Tantalum". In G. Brauer. Handbook
of Preparative Inorganic Chemistry, 2nd Ed. NY: Academic Press. p. 1267.
8. Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, Alan (1984). Chemistry of the Elements
(https://books.google.com/books?id=OezvAAAAMAAJ&q=0-08-022057-6&d
q=0-08-022057-6&source=bl&ots=m4tIRxdwSk&sig=XQTTjw5EN9n5z62JB3
d0vaUEn0Y&hl=en&sa=X&ei=UoAWUN7-EM6ziQfyxIDoCQ&ved=0CD8Q6A
EwBA). Oxford: Pergamon Press. pp. 1140, 1144. ISBN 0-08-022057-6..
9. G. Brauer (1963). "Vanadium, Niobium, Tantalum". In G. Brauer. Handbook
of Preparative Inorganic Chemistry, 2nd Ed. NY: Academic Press. p. 1264.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanadium(V)_oxide 5/6
4/27/2018 Vanadium(V) oxide - Wikipedia

10. G. Brauer (1963). "Vanadium, Niobium, Tantalum". In G. Brauer. Handbook

of Preparative Inorganic Chemistry, 2nd Ed. NY: Academic Press. p. 1269.
11. Tedder, J. M.; Nechvatal, A.; Tubb, A. H., eds. (1975), Basic Organic
Chemistry: Part 5, Industrial Products, Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons.
12. REDT Energy Storage. "Using VRFB for Renewable applications" (http://ww
w.redtenergy.com/applications/renewable-energy).

Further reading
"Vanadium Pentoxide", Cobalt in Hard Metals and Cobalt Sulfate, Gallium Arsenide, Indium Phosphide and Vanadium
Pentoxide (http://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Monographs/vol86/mono86-10.pdf) (PDF), IARC Monographs on the
Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans 86, Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2006,
pp. 227–92, ISBN 92-832-1286-X.
Vaidhyanathan, B.; Balaji, K.; Rao, K. J. (1998), "Microwave-Assisted Solid-State Synthesis of Oxide Ion Conducting
Stabilized Bismuth Vanadate Phases", Chem. Mater., 10 (11): 3400–4, doi:10.1021/cm980092f (https://doi.org/10.102
1%2Fcm980092f).

External links
How Vanadium Oxide Is Used In Energy Storage (http://energizerresources.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=
article&id=421&Itemid=206)
International Chemical Safety Card 0596 (http://www.inchem.org/documents/icsc/icsc/eics0596.htm)
"NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards #0653" (https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npg/npgd0653.html). National Institute
for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH).
"NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards #0654" (https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npg/npgd0654.html). National Institute
for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH).
Vanadium Pentoxide and other Inorganic Vanadium Compounds (http://www.inchem.org/documents/cicads/cicads/cicad
29.htm) (Concise International Chemical Assessment Document 29)
IPCS Environmental Health Criteria 81: Vanadium (http://www.inchem.org/documents/ehc/ehc/ehc81.htm)
IPCS Health and Safety Guide 042: Vanadium and some vanadium salts (http://www.inchem.org/documents/hsg/hsg/hs
g042.htm)

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vanadium(V)_oxide&oldid=831537573"

This page was last edited on 21 March 2018, at 02:31.

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site,
you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.,
a non-profit organization.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanadium(V)_oxide 6/6