Noun A noun is a naming word.

It names a person, place,

thing, idea, living creature, quality, or action.
Example: cowboy, theatre, box, thought, tree,
kindness, arrival
Verb A verb is a word which describes an action (doing
something)) or a state (being something)
Example: walk, talk, think, believe, live, like, want
Adjective An adjective is a word that describes a noun. It
tells you something about the noun.
Example: big, yellow, thin, amazing, beautiful,
quick, important
Adverb An adverb is a word which usually describes a
verb. It tells you how something is done. It may
also tell you when or where something happened.
Examples: slowly, intelligently, well, yesterday,
tomorrow, here, everywhere.
Pronoun Pronoun is used instead of a noun to avoid
repeating the noun.
Examples : I, you, they we, he, she, it.
Conjuction A conjunction joins two words, phrases, sentences
together.
Examples: but, so, and, because, or
Preposition A preposition usually comes before a noun,
pronoun or noun phrase. It joins the noun to some
other part of the sentence.
Examples: on, in, by, with, through, at, from, of
Interjection An interjection is an unusual kind of word,
because it often stands alone. Interjections are
words which express emotion 0r surprise, and
they are usually followed by exclamation marks.
Examples : Ouch!, Hello!, Hurray!, Oh no!, Ha?

Characteristics of A Sentence, Clause, and phrase.

Phrase and clause are the building blocks of a sentence.
Characteristics Definition Kinds Examples
Syllables A syllable is a The word
basic unit of hotel has two
written and syllables: ho
spoken and tel. These
language. It is will be marked
a unit here as in
consisting of ho/tel
uninterrupted
sound that can
be used to
make up
words.
Phrase Phrase is a Noun phrase,
group of verb phrase,
words that adjective
does not phrase,
contain a adverb phrase
subject and a
 verb. It brings
a certain
meaning
Clause Clause is a There are two
group of kinds of
words that clauses:
contains at independent
least a subject and
and a verb dependent.
An
independent
clause
contains a
subject and a
verb and
expresses a
complete
thought. It can
stand alone as
a sentence by
itself.
On the other
way around,
the dependent
clause cannot
stand alone. It
begins with a
subordinator
such as when,
 while, if, that,
or, who,
because
Sentenceater. A sentence is a 1. Snare traps
group of are found in
words that carnivorous
contains a fungi
subject and a 2. The fungus
verb and then grows
expresses a into the prey.
complete 3. Trapping
thought mechanisms
often involve
loss of water.
4. They
benefit
primarily from
the mineral.
5. Adhesive
traps involve
sticky surfaces

Noun Book, table, room,

Noun Phrase A book, an interesting story,
Verb Go,
Verb Phrase Will go, is defined,
Adjective Easy
Adjective Very easy
Phrase
Adverb Yesterday,
Adverb In front of the house,
Phrase
Pronoun They, we, I, you, he, she, it, that
Article A, an, the
Preposition In, on, at, of, above, over, into, from
Conjunction And, or, but
Relative That, who, whom,which, whose,
Pronoun
Subordinator Because, as, since, after, before, if

Topic: Parts of Speech

Parts of speech or classes of words is defined as many kinds of
words that have different position they can fill and function in
various structure. These classes of words may function as noun,
verb, adjective, or adverb. Here is an example to illustrate the
four in a relatively simple sentence.
The curious people are watching the street idly.

When we analyze this sentence, people and street belong to

nouns, watching belongs to a verb, curious is an adjective, and
idly serves as an adverb. In this case, we don’t want to discuss
more about the position of the “the” and “are” as a noun
determiner. In this sense that the specifically modifies people in
such a way that “the” can be combined with people. Moreover,
“are” should be combined with watching as a verb phrase.
Task 1
Instruction: Classify the underlined words into their parts of
speech in the following sentences.

1. Studying agriculture is interesting.

2. The victim can be recognized as a part to the criminal process.
3. From her voice, it is easy to detect that Ellen is frightened.
4. Joe wants to go into business for himself and stop being
employee.
5. There is widespread agreement that improved state
compensation and social assistance must be provided for
victims.
6. The police made a complete search of the house after the
crime had been reported.
7. My science teacher praised Sandy for doing a thorough job of
cleaning the lab.
8. If this restaurant doesn’t improve its service, all its customers
will vanish.
9. After a comprehensive exam, my doctor said I was in good
condition.
10. These actions would not endanger the rights of suspects
and offenders.

Task 1
Identify the words in the glossary above on the basis of the
parts of speech.
Task 2
Choose one paragraph from the reading passage above and
identify the four parts of speech in the paragraph.
C. Grammar
Topic: Simple Present Tense
Simple present tense expresses (1) the perceptions, feelings, or
states that occur or exist at the moment of speaking, (2) general
truths, and (3) habitual activities. The patterns in this tense are
shown below.

Affirmative/Positive
Verbal
Subject + Verb 1 + (Object)
Eg.: My mother makes an apple pie.

Nominal
Subject + am/is/are + Complement
Eg: Mary is at home
Negative
Verbal
Subject + do\does + not + Verb Inf. + (object)
Eg: My mother does not make an apple pie.

Nominal
Subject + am/is\are + Complement
Eg: Mary is not at home.

Interrogative\Questions
Verbal
Yes\No Questions
Do/Does + Subject + Verb Inf. + (Object)?
Eg: Does my mother make an apple pie?
Nominal
Am/Is/Are + Subject + Complement?
Eg: Is Mary at home ?

Statement Questions
Verbal
Question word + do/does + Subject + Verb Inf. + Object?
Except who asking about the subject of a sentence.
Eg: Where does my mother make an apple pie?

Nominal
Question word + am/is/are + Subject + Complement?
Eg: Why is Mary at home ?

Note:
- Time signals: every day, every night, every morning etc.
- This tense usually uses adverbs of frequency such as
always, often, seldom, etc. This sort of adverbs precedes the
main verb in the verbal sentence and follows the be
(am/is/are) in the nominal sentence of affirmative form.

Task 1: Looak at the sentence below.

Arabic belongs to the language-family commonly called

Semitic.
The sentence above is classified as the Simple Present Tense in
its affirmative (+) form, which is indicated by the simple verb
belongs + s.

Put the verb in bracket into its correct form!

1. Tom usually ….. (go) to school on foot.
2. My mother ….. (be) a good cook.
3. The sun …. (rise) in the East.
4. They rarely ……… (come) to my house.
5. The Amazon river …… (flow) into the Pacific Ocean.
6. Carpenters ……… (make) things from wood.
7. The stores usually …… (open) at seven in the morning.
8. She …… (be) always sad in weekends.
9. Water ……. (boil) at 100 degrees Celcius.
10. I think they ….. (be) good neighbors.

Task 2: Change each sentence below into negative (-) and

interrogative (?)!
1. Nurses take care of patients in hospitals.
2. The swimming pool usually opens at 09.00 a.m.
3. Tom often plays tennis in this area.
4. She is a good student in my English class.
5. Ann always writes a letter to me every month.

Task 3: Give correct answers to the following questions!

1. How often do you wash your shoes?
2. Does your father speak English?
3. What do you rarely have for breakfast?
4. What time do you watch TV?
5. Does your mother always cook every day?

Speaking
Topic: Expressing daily routines
Instruction: Read the following dialogue. Then, choose the
partner to make the dialogue about your own daily
routines.

Fred : Well, I have a very busy life. I get up at five. I work

from eight in the morning to six in the afternoon.
Miquel : Where do you go after work?
Fred : I go to a health club and exercise. Then I go home and
fix dinner for myself. Then I watch the TV program.
Miquel : What do you do before going to bed?
Fred : I usually read magazines.
Miquel : What time do you usually go to bed?
Fred : I go to bed very early, at nine thirty or ten.

Writing
My Weekend Activity

…….. Saturday morning, I like to ……………. Or …………. . I

don’t like to ………… . And I never ……………. ……….. the
afternoon, I (always/often/sometimes) ……. With my friends.
……. Night I (always/often/sometimes) stay at home. I
………… ………….. Sundays, I often …….., or …….. . I
never ……/. All in all, I love my weekend.
Exercise A Part of Speech
Read this paragraph and then say which part of speech each
underlined word belongs to.
Andrew didn’t go to the café with the other students. Rachel
told him they were going there, but he wanted to finish his
work. Andrew isn’t very sociable. He stays in his room and
concentrates totally on his studies. He’s an excellent student,
but he doesn’t have much fun.
*to : preposition
*café : noun
1. the : …………………. 8. In : …………………
2. the other student : …………… 9. His : ………………..
3. told : ………………….. 10. And : ……………….
4. were going : ……………… 11. Concentrates : ……………
5. he : …………………. 12. Totally : ……………….
6. finish : ………………… 13. An : ……………….
7. sociable : ……………….. 14. Excellent : ……………….

Exercise B – Read each word and determine how many syllables

each has.
No Word …. Syllable/s
1 Computer
2 Lecturer
3 Career
4 Semester
5 Beautiful
6 Area
7 Are
8 Expensive
9 Farmer
10 Crane
11 Preposition
12 Organization
13 College
14 Statement
15

Exercise C – Define these f ollowing statements as phrase,

clause, sentence.
Explain your reason.
1. When they fall into the fluid.
2. Lobster pots also consist of tubular leaves.
3. those of Venus’ flytrap
4. Carnivorous plants are various types offlowering plants and
fungi.
5. Which often contains wetting agents
6. a periodic abundance of water
7. Soil bacteria do the digesting
8. Carnivorous plants are sometimes called insentivorous
plants.
9. Digestive enzyme
10. The tube is often horizontal.

Simple Present Tense

A. Use
We use simple present tense for
Thought and feelings. I think so. I like it
States, things staying the same, facts and things that are true
for a long time:
The sun rises from East
Repeated action: We come here every week
In phrases like ; Ipromise, I agree, etc.
I promise I’ll pay you back.
In a negative question with why to make suggestion: Why
don’t we gout?
We can use simple present for the future meaning as below;
The simple present for a timetable
Mark : What time does your train leave tomorrow?
Linda : Seven twenty three in the morning. It gets into Paris
at eleven twenty.

We can use simple present for the future we are talking about a
timetable, usually a public one such as a train timetable.
The match starts at half past seven.
Next Friday is the thirteenth.
I’ve got the four details here. We spend three days in Rome.
The train leaves at seven twenty three every morning

Positive forms
They, we, I, you get
He, she it gets
In the simple present we use the verb without an ending.
I get the lunch ready at one o’clock, usually. We always do
our shopping at Greenway.
Most children like ice cream. You know the answer.
But in the third person singular( after he, she, it, your friend,
etc), the verb ends in s or es.
It gets busy at weekends. My husband thinks so, too.
Linda catches the early train. She faxes messages all over
the world.
C. Negatives and Questions
They/ we/ I/ you do not get OR don’t get
Do they/we/I/you get?

He/she/it does not get OR doesn’t get

Does he/she/it get ?
We use a form of do in negatives and questions. We use do
and don’t except in the third –person singular, where we use
does and doesn’t.
We don’t live far away. Do you live here? - Yes, I do. No, I
don’t.
He doesn’t want to go shopping.
What does he want? – Money.
We do not add s to the verb in negatives and questions.
NOT He doesn’t get NOT Does he gets?
Electro
CAPACITOR
A capacitor (originally known as a condenser) is a passive
two-terminal electrical component used to store energy
electrostatically in a electric field. The forms of practical
capacitors vary widely, but all contain at least two electrical
conductors (plates) separated by a dielectric (i.e. insulator). The
conductors can be thin films, foils or intered beads of metal or
conductive electrolyte, etc. The nonconducting dielectric acts
to increase the capacitor’s charge capacity. A dielectric can be
glass, ceramic, plastic film, air, vacuum, paper, mica, oxide layer
etc. Capacitors are widely used as parts of electrical circuits in
many common electrical devices. Unlike a resistor, an ideal
capacitor does not dissipate energy. Instead, a capacitor stores
energy in the form of an electrostatic field between its plates.

Mesin
Why lean makes more power but is dangerous
When discussing engine tuning the ‘Air/Fuel Ratio’ (AFR) is
one of the main topics. Proper AFR calibration is critical to
performance and durability of the engine and it’s components.
The AFR defines the ratio of the amount of air consumed by the
engine compared to the amount of fuel.
A ‘Stoichiometric’ AFR has the correct amount of air and
fuel to produce a chemically complete combustion event. For
gasoline engines, the stoichiometric, A/F ratio is 14.7:1, which
means 14.7 parts of air to one part of fuel. The stoichiometric
AFR depends on fuel type – for alcohol it is 6.4:1 and 14.:1 for
diesel.
So what is meant by a rich or lean AFR? A lower AFR
number contains less air than the 14.7:1 stichiometric AFR,
therefore it is a richer mixture. Conversely, a higher AFR
number contains more air and therefore it is a leaner mixture.
For example:
15.0:1 = Lean
14.7:1 = Stoichiometric (ideal)
13.0:1 = Rich
Leaner AFR results in higher temperature as the mixture is
combusted. Generally, normally-aspirated spark-ignition (SI)
gasoline engines produce maximum power just slightly rich of
stoichiometric. However, in practice it is kept between 12:1 and
13:1 in order to keep exhaust gas temperatures in check and to
account for variances in fuel quality. This realistic full-load AFR
on a normally-aspirated engine but can be dangerously lean
with a highly-boosted engine.
Let’s take a closer look. As the air-fuel mixture is ignited by
the spark plug, a flame front propagates from the spark plug.
The now-burning mixture raises the cylinder pressure and
temperature, peaking at some point in the combustion process.
The turbocharger increases the density of the air resulting
in a denser mixture. The denser mixture raises the peak
cylinder pressure, therefore increasing the probability of knock.
As the AFR is leaned out, the temperature of the burning gases
increases, which also increases the probability of knock. This is
why it is imperative to run richer AFR on a boosted engine at
full load. Doing so will reduce the likelihood of knock, and will
also keep temperatures under control.
There are actually three ways to reduce the probability of
knock at full load on a turbocharged engine: reduce boost,
adjust the AFR to richer mixture, and retard ignition timing.
These three parameters need to be optimized together to yield
the highest reliable power.