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I N S I G H T
ventilator has been a safe and
effective clinical device. Indeed,
Draeger anesthesia ventilators
based upon the bellows design
continue to be used in all parts of
the world. More recently, Draeger
M E D I C A L
Medical has been producing
anesthesia ventilators using the
piston design. Why would a
company with decades of
investment in bellows ventilation
technology decide to base future
anesthesia ventilator products on a
piston design? The answer lies in
the advantages inherent to the
piston design for producing a
versatile, reliable anesthesia
ventilator now and in the future.
Emergency Care · Perioperative Care · Critical Care · Perinatal Care · Home Care Because you care
The introduction of the Laryngeal
Mask Airway led to a reemergence of
spontaneous ventilation during
anesthesia. Ventilation modes
commonly used in the ICU to
augment or support spontaneous
ventilation include Synchronized
Intermittent Mandatory Ventilation
(SIMV) and Pressure Support
Ventilation (PSV). Implementation of
these modes requires that the
ventilator controller sense either a
pressure or flow change in the
breathing circuit associated with
inspiration to trigger ventilator
Fig. 1: The volume delivered by the piston is determined by the distance the
piston moves. When a volume is set to be delivered (eg. 750 mls), the piston is support. Once inspiration is
moved the distance required to deliver the set volume to the patient. detected, the preset amount of
ventilator support begins. In the
case of SIMV, a volume or pressure
controlled breath is delivered
anesthetic gases, has been the measuring the pressure in the synchronized with the start of
motivation for redesigning the breathing circuit with feedback inspiration. The breath that is
anesthesia ventilator. The clinical control of the ventilator during each delivered is very similar to the
needs for ventilation in the breath. This feedback control breaths given by the ventilator
operating room fall into two broad reduces the inspiratory flow as the during controlled mechanical
categories: controlled mechanical lungs fill resulting in a decelerating ventilation. In the case of PSV, the
ventilation and supported flow pattern. The rigid coupling trigger is used to adjust the constant
spontaneous ventilation. Both between the piston and its drive pressure in the breathing circuit
bellows and piston ventilators have mechanism allows for fine control during inspiration and expiration.
features designed to serve these over the movement of the piston and The volume that is delivered during
needs although the performance of continuous adjustment of PSV will depend upon the magnitude
these ventilators is not identical. inspiratory flow to maintain the of the patient’s effort and the degree
desired inspiratory pressure. of pressure support. When using an
The most common mode of
controlled mechanical ventilation
used in the operating room is
volume controlled ventilation
whereby a preset tidal volume is
delivered by the ventilator to the
patient. For a patient of average size
with healthy lungs, it is not difficult
to deliver the appropriate tidal
volume safely. The challenge is to
deliver tidal volume accurately when
lung compliance is very poor (eg.
patients with ARDS) and/or when
the patient is very small. One of the
major advantages of the piston
ventilator is the ability to deliver
tidal volume accurately to all
patients under a large variety of
clinical conditions.
intensive care modes of ventilation throughout the inspiratory cycle. flow is required to achieve the
in the operating room. The ability of The volume delivered to the patient desired pressure. Piston ventilators
the piston ventilator to deliver will depend upon the lung offer adjustable inspiratory flow
volume accurately enables the compliance. (FIGURE 6) settings. The default or initial flow
clinician to use volume controlled setting is adequate for most patients.
ventilation for all types of patients. Both piston and bellows ventilators For patients with relatively large
From neonates requiring very small can be designed to meet the needs of lung compliance, inspiratory flow
tidal volumes to adults with ARDS PCV. In both cases, the pressure in can be increased to ensure that
where accurate tidal volume is the circuit is measured and used to inspiratory pressure is rapidly
critical to ensuring oxygenation, control the movement of the attained. Limiting the maximum
Draeger piston ventilators are ventilator. As pressure builds in the inspiratory flow is useful to avoid
capable of meeting the clinical breathing circuit, the flow delivered overshooting the target pressure
needs. by the ventilator is progressively especially when lung compliance is
reduced generating the low.
The demand for modes of ventilation characteristic decelerating flow
in the operating room other than waveform. Since the goal of PCV is to SIMV has found application in the
traditional volume controlled develop the desired inspiratory operating room to facilitate
ventilation is also increasing. pressure as rapidly as possible, emergence from anesthesia as the
Pressure controlled ventilation bellows ventilators require a greater patient transitions from controlled
(PCV) has found application in initial flow than a piston design to to spontaneous ventilation. Both
children and adults who require overcome compression of the drive piston and bellows ventilators can
increased pressure to achieve gas. The flow required to achieve offer this mode of ventilation. As the
adequate ventilation during the desired inspiratory pressure in procedure is concluding, SIMV can
anesthesia. PCV requires that the the breathing circuit will vary with be used to ensure a minimal
ventilator deliver sufficient gas to lung compliance. When the lung amount of ventilation until the
achieve the desired pressure compliance is low, relatively little patient begins spontaneous
25.0 25.0
Fig. 6: Plots of pressure, flow
and volume obtained using a
20.0 20.0 Draeger Medical Fabius GS
to ventilate an adult test lung
15.0 15.0 using Pressure mode at
different lung compliance
10.0 10.0
settings. Note constant
pressure and less tidal
5.0 5.0
volume as lung compliance is
reduced. Also note
2.0 2.0
decelerating flow pattern.
0.00 0.00
60.0 60.0
30.0 30.0
15.0 15.0
0.00 0.00
-15.0 -15.0
-30.0 -30.0
-60.0 -60.0
1.250 1.250
0.750 0.750
0.250 0.250
0.00 0.00
2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 6.00 7.00 8.00 8.00 9.00 10.00 11.00 12.00 13.00 14.00
Fresh gas decoupling eliminates any Anesthesia ventilators are different 6. What is the difference in
interaction between fresh gas flow from intensive care unit ventilators compressed gas requirements
and the volume delivered to the in that they must be able to deliver between a piston and bellows
patient. One can adjust fresh gas inhalation anesthesia in addition to ventilator?
flow freely or even press the oxygen provide mechanical ventilation.
flush button during ventilation Whereas intensive care ventilators The piston ventilator does not
without concern for altering the can function in an open circuit require compressed gas as a source
volume delivered to the patient. Fresh configuration, the need to deliver of power whereas the bellows
gas decoupling is accomplished by inhaled anesthetics efficiently ventilator is completely dependent
the breathing circuit design and is requires that anesthesia ventilators upon compressed gas to function.
not a feature of the piston ventilator contain patient gases within the When using a cylinder source of
per se. In the case of the Fabius GS, breathing circuit. The purpose of compressed gas, the duration of
fresh gas decoupling is accomplished the bellows is to separate the gases time the anesthesia machine can be
by placing a decoupling valve driving the ventilator from the gases used will be significantly greater
between the fresh gas inlet and the being delivered to the patient. In a when using a piston ventilator since
breathing circuit. When the circuit similar fashion, the piston chamber the only gas consumption by the
is pressurized during inspiration, of a piston ventilator isolates the piston ventilator is from the fresh
the decoupling valve closes and gases that the patient will receive. gas flow. A full E cylinder contains
fresh gas is directed towards the In both cases, the total volume that 625 liters of gas. If fresh gas flow is
reservoir bag.(Figure 4) can be delivered per breath is set at 1 liter per minute, there will
limited by the maximum volume of be a supply for more than 10 hours.
2. Are all Draeger piston the bellows and piston chambers. The bellows ventilator will typically
ventilators identical? Standard designs offer sufficient not function for more than one hour
volume capability to meet the needs on an E cylinder due primarily to
Although all of the newer Draeger of virtually all patients. the compressed gas used to power
anesthesia workstation designs the ventilator.
utilize piston ventilators, these 5. Why does the exhaled volume
ventilators are not identical. Each measurement differ from the 7. Can I still ventilate the patient
ventilator is fully integrated with a set tidal volume? when using a piston ventilator
specific workstation and designed to if the power fails?
complement the functions available The set tidal volume is the volume
in that workstation. the clinician desires the patient to All Draeger anesthesia workstations
receive. In the case of a piston are equipped with battery supplies
3. How do I know the ventilator is ventilator with compliance to provide at least 30 minutes of
working if I cannot see it? compensation, the volume delivered power in the case of AC power
to the patient’s airway will equal the failure. If a total electrical power
Studies on safety in anesthesia have volume set to be delivered. For a failure occurs, the piston ventilator
documented that human vigilance bellows ventilator with a flow sensor will cease to function but manual or
alone is inadequate to insure patient at the inspiratory valve, the set spontaneous ventilation and delivery
safety and have underscored the volume will equal the volume of anesthetic gases will still be
important of monitoring devices. passing through that sensor. possible. Modern bellows ventilators
These studies have been reinforced Exhaled volume measurement in a are microprocessor driven and also
by standards for equipment design, circle system is typically performed require a source of electrical power
guidelines for patient monitoring at the expiratory limb adjacent to to function.
and reduced malpractice premiums the expiratory valve. This sensor
for the use of capnography and measures exhaled gases plus the gas 8. How can I detect a leak in the
pulse oximetry during anesthesia. that is compressed in the breathing circuit when using a piston
Draeger anesthesia workstations circuit during inspiration. When ventilator?
integrate ventilator technology with inspiratory pressure is high, the
patient monitors and alarms to help difference between measured In the case of a bellows ventilator, a
prevent patient injury in the exhaled volume and actual exhaled leak is recognized when the bellows
unlikely event of a ventilator failure. volume can be significant due to the fail to return to their starting
Furthermore, since the reservoir compliance of the breathing circuit. position and (instead) progressively
bag is part of the circuit during Draeger anesthesia workstations can fall in the bellows compartment.
mechanical ventilation, the visible use the compliance factor of the The leak may be observed but low
movement of the reservoir bag is breathing circuit to subtract the pressure and volume alarms are
confirmation that the ventilator is impact of compliance and obtain a required on all anesthesia machines
functioning. better estimate of volume delivered to eliminate the need for vigilance
Selected References
and the potential for failing to
1. Stayer et. al. Comparison of NAD 6000 and recognize a leak or disconnect. With
Servo 900C Ventilators in an Infant Lung
Model. Anesth Analg 2000;90:315-321. a piston ventilator, similar alarms
alert the user to a potential leak.
In vitro study comparing delivery of small
tidal volumes (30 and 100 mls) to a
Furthermore, the reservoir bag will
pediatric lung model by the NAD 6000 be observed to collapse and cause a
Divan ventilator and the Siemens Servo low fresh gas alarm.
900C ICU ventilator using a variety of
settings for respiratory rate, lung
compliance and PEEP. The NAD 6000 9. Do piston ventilators require
which uses the Draeger Divan piston
ventilator was found to be equivalent to the more maintenance than
Siemens 900C ICU ventilator for delivering bellows ventilators?
small tidal volumes.
delivered by the NAD 6000 and Aestiva for 10 years without maintenance.
ventilators were 5.8 mls and 18.9 mls less Unlike the servo valves in the bellows
than the volume delivered by the 900 C
respectively. The 900 C tended to designs, the piston is not affected by
overshoot the set inspiratory pressure dust or dirt in the compressed gas
during low lung compliance conditions
supplies and is more fault tolerant.
90 49 447 / 08.05-2 / gm-ls-dw / Printed in Germany / Chlorine-free - environmentally compatible / Subject to modifications / © 2005 Dräger Medical AG & Co. KGaA
underscoring the value of an inspiratory flow
setting. The Aestiva did not achieve the set
inspiratory pressure with shorter inspiratory
10. Are all bellows ventilators
M E D I C A L
USA:
www.draegermedical.com