CM2302

 -­‐  Communica/on  Networks  and  Pervasive  Compu/ng  

Internet of Things

Dr Saad Liaquat Kiani

LiaquatKianiS@cardi".ac.uk / saad.kiani@cern.ch
 Lecture Outline
What is IoT?
Internet History
of Characteristics

Things Why IoT?

Application of IoT
Enabling Technologies
Challenges
Future
2  
Internet of Things

WHAT IS IOT?

3  
 Connected Things
•  There are currently 8 – 10 billion
connected devices
–  Estimates:
•  20 – 25 billion by 2015
•  40 - 50 billion by 2020!
•  Cisco (Internet Business Solutions Group)
–  http://www.cisco.com/web/about/ac79/docs/innov/
IoT_IBSG_0411FINAL.pdf

4  
 Internet of Things
•  De#nitions
–  The Internet of Things, also called The Internet of
Objects, refers to a wireless network between objects,
usually the network will be wireless and self-con#guring,
such as household appliances
•  Wikipedia

–  By embedding short-range mobile transceivers into a

wide array of additional gadgets and everyday items,
enabling new forms of communication between people
and things, and between things themselves
•  World  Summit  on  the  Informa/on  Society  (WSIS 2005)

5  
 Internet of Things
•  … De#nitions
–  The term "Internet of Things" has come to describe a
number of technologies and research disciplines that
enable the Internet to reach out into the real world
of physical objects
•  IoT 2008
–  Things having identities and virtual personalities
operating in smart spaces using intelligent interfaces
to connect and communicate within social,
environmental, and user contexts
•  IoT in 2020

6  
 History
•  1997
I n t e r n a t i o n a l Te l e c o m m u n i c a t i o n U n i o n

–  “The Internet of Things”

•  ITU Internet Report

Y
IT

AR
U
IN

M
•  Originally launched under
TE

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RN

SU
ET
RE
the title “Challenges to the

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PO

IV
RT

UT
S

Network” in 1997

EC
20
05

EX
The Internet of
•  http://www.itu.int/dms_pub/ The Internet of
itu-s/opb/pol/S-POL- Things Things
IR.IT-2005-SUM-PDF-E.pdf
www.itu.int/internetofthings/ www.itu.int/internetofthings/
Printed in Switzerland
Geneva, 2005

7  
 … IoT History
•  1999
–  Auto-ID Center
founded in MIT
•  Auto-ID Labs
•  A network of seven
academic research labs
–  www.autoidlabs.org

8  
 … IoT History
•  2003 –  EPCglobal Network is used to
–  EPC Global founded share product data between
•  http://www.gs1.org/epcglobal
trading partners
•  Information $ow in this network
•  Successor to MIT Auto-ID Center is the EPCs of products stored in
–  Auto-ID manages and funds RFID tags
research in EPC technology
–  EPCglobal manages the EPC –  EPC
network and standards •  A universal identi#er that
–  An organization set up to achieve provides a unique identity for
every physical object anywhere in
worldwide adoption and the world, for all time
standardization of –  EPCglobal Tag Data Standard
Electronic Product Code (EPC) »  http://www.gs1.org/
technology gsmp/kc/epcglobal/tds
–  Main focus is
•  To create a standard for RFID
•  The use of the Internet to share data
via the EPCglobal Network

9  
 … IoT History
•  2005
–  “The Internet of Things” - ITU Internet Report launched
–  Four important technologies of the internet of things proposed
at ITU World Summit on Information Society (WSIS)
•  2008
–  First international conference of internet of things: The IOT
2008 was held at Zurich
•  http://www.iot-conference.org/iot2008/
–  IoT 2010
•  Tokyo, Japan http://www.iot-conference.org/iot2010/
–  IoT 2012
•  Wuxi, China, http://www.iot-conference.org/iot2012/

10  
Figure 1. The Internet of Things Was “Born” Between 2008 and 2009

Source: Cisco IBSG, April 2011

en added to the world of information and communication
rom anytime, any place connectivity for anyone, we will
tivity for
Figure 1 – A new dimension What is IoT?
Any TIME connection
ill multiply
irely new • On the move

• Outdoors and indoors

networks – • Night • On the move
ings. The •Daytime • Outdoors

is neither • Indoors (away from the PC)

• At the PC
ustry hype, Any PLACE connection

technologi- • Between PCs

• Human to Human (H2H), not using a PC
visions of • Human to Thing (H2T), using generic equipment

that are • Thing to Thing (T2T)

d. Any THING connection

Source: ITU adapted from Nomura Research Institute

Anytime, any place connectivity for anyone and anything

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Internet of Things

TECHNOLOGIES FOR IOT

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 Technologies for IoT
•  IoT’s realisation depends on continuous
technical innovation in a number of #elds
–  From wireless sensors to nanotechnology
•  Main technological required in areas of
–  Identi#cation and Addressability
–  Sensing
–  Embedded Intelligence
–  Miniaturisation

14  
 Identi#cation & Addressability
Mechanisms
•  Needed in order to connect everyday
objects and devices
–  To large databases and networks
–  So that data about things can be collected and
processed
•  Radio-frequency identi#cation (RFID) o"ers
ID functionality
–  Also barcodes, 2D/3D codes
•  IPv6 provides su%cient address space
15  
 Sensing
•  To detect changes in the physical status of things
–  Using sensor technologies
•  Sensors play a pivotal role in bridging the gap
between the physical and virtual worlds
–  Enable things to respond to changes in their physical
environment
–  For example, sensors in an electronic jacket
•  Collect information about changes in external temperature
and the parameters of the jacket can be adjusted
accordingly

16  
 Embedded Intelligence
•  Embedded intelligence in the things
themselves
–  To further enhance the power of the network
•  By devolving information processing capabilities
to the edges of the network
•  Empower things and devices at the edges
of the network to take independent
decisions
17  
 Miniaturisation
•  Advances in miniaturization and
nanotechnology
–  Smaller and smaller things will have the
ability to interact and connect

18  
 IoT
•  A combination of all of these
developments will create an Internet of
Things
–  Connecting the world’s objects in both a
sensory and an intelligent manner

19  
Internet of Things

CHARACTERISTICS

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 Characteristics
Event driven architecture

Ambient intelligence

Complex system

Semantic sharing

Size, time and space considerations

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 Event Driven Architecture
•  Likely to be an event-driven architecture
–  Based on the context of processes and operations
•  Event Driven Architecture
–  Based on the production, detection, consumption of,
and reaction to events
•  An event is an action that is usually initiated outside the
scope of a program and that is handled by a piece of code
inside the program
–  Event driven systems are typically used when there is
some asynchronous external activity that needs to
be handled by a program

22  
 Ambient Intelligence
•  Autonomous and intelligent entities
–  Interoperable
–  Able to auto-organise
–  Act independently to pursue their own or shared
objectives
•  Depending on the context, circumstances or environment
•  Autonomous behaviour not part of the original
concept of the IoT
–  Recent shift in research to integrate the concepts of the
Internet of Things and autonomous control
•  Autonomous Control and the Internet of Things : Increasing Robustness, Scalability and Agility
in Logistic Networks

23  
 Complex System
•  IoT will be considered and studied as a
complex system
–  Due to the huge number of di"erent links/
interactions between autonomous actors
•  And its capacity to integrate new actors
•  Complex system
–  A system composed of interconnected parts that
as a whole exhibit one or more properites not
obvious from the properties of the individual
parts
24  
 Complex Systems
•  Characteristics include •  Examples of complex systems
–  Cascading failures whose models have been
–  Di%cult boundary determination developed
–  May have memory (prior states may –  Ant colonies
have in$uence on present states) –  Human economies, social structures
–  May be nested –  Climate
–  Non linear relationships (small –  Nervous systems
change, large e"ect i.e. the –  Cells and living things
butter$y e"ect)
–  Human beings
–  Feedback loops in relationships
•  E"ects of an element’s behaviour are –  Modern energy and
fed back to in such a way that element telecommunication infrastructures
itself is altered

25  
 Semantic Interoperability
•  IoT objects will be able to understand each other through semantic
interoperability
–  Semantic interoperability: di!erent stakeholders can access and
interpret the data unambiguously
•  Required for automated information and communication in IoT
•  Semantic annotation of the data can provide machine-
interpretable descriptions
–  What the data represents
–  Where it originates from
–  How it can be related to its surroundings
–  Who is providing it
–  What are the quality, technical, and non-technical attributes

26  
 Size and Time and Space
Considerations
•  IoT will encode 50 to 100 trillion objects and be able
to follow the movement of those objects
–  Humans in surveyed urban environments are each
surrounded by 1000 to 5000 trackable objects
•  IoT will encompass billions of parallel and
simultaneous events
–  Time will no more be used as a common and linear
dimension
•  But will depend on each entity (object, process, information
system, etc.)
•  Accordingly IoT based on massive parallel IT systems
27  
 Space Considerations
•  The precise geographic location of a thing will be critical
–  The Internet is primarily used to manage information processed by
people
•  Relevance of location information about a thing is decided by a human user
–  GeoWeb and Digital Earth concepts
•  Search for things based on location instead of by keyword only – e.g. “What
is Here?”
•  A virtual representation of the Earth that is georeferenced and connected
to the our digital knowledge archives
•  Possible when things can become organized and connected by location
–  Challenges remain
•  Variable spatial scales
•  Massive amounts of data
•  Indexing for fast search and neighbour operations

28  
Internet of Things

WHY IOT?

29  
 Evolution of the Web Versus the
Internet
•  Di"erences between the Internet and the World
Wide
–  The Internet is the physical layer
•  A network made up of switches, routers, and other
equipment
•  Its primary function is to transport information from one
point to another quickly, reliably, and securely
•  The web is an application layer that operates on
top of the Internet
–  An interface that makes the information $owing
across the Internet usable

30  
 Why IoT
•  Evolution of the Internet
•  Human Progression

31  
 Evolution of the Web Versus the
Internet
•  The web has gone through several
distinct evolutionary stages:
–  Stage 1. The research phase (ARPANET)
•  Primarily used by academia for research purposes
–  Stage 2. “Brochurewar”, Domain name “gold
rush
•  Almost every company wanted to share
information about products and services
32  
… Evolution of the Web Versus the
Internet
–  Stage 3. Web moved from static data to
transactional information
•  Products and services could be bought and sold, and
services could be delivered
•  eBay and Amazon.com came on to the scene
•  “dot-com” boom and bust
–  Stage 4. The “social” or “experience” web
•  Facebook and Twitter
•  Allowing people to communicate, connect, and share
information (text, photos, and video) about
themselves with friends, family, and colleagues

33  
 IoT – Evolution of the Internet
•  Compared to the WWW, the Internet has been on a
steady path of development and improvement
–  Arguably hasn’t changed much
•  It essentially does the same thing that it was
designed to do during the ARPANET era
–  There used to be several communication protocols,
including AppleTalk, Token Ring, and IP
–  Today, the Internet is largely standardized on IP
•  In this context, IoT becomes immensely important
because it is the #rst real evolution of the Internet

34  
 … IoT – Evolution of the Internet
•  The Internet is expanding into places that until
now have been unreachable
–  Patients are ingesting Internet devices into their
own bodies to help doctors diagnose and determine
the causes of certain diseases
•  Ingestible sensors (Proteus Digital Health Feedback System)
http://www.proteusbiomed.com/technology/

35  
hKp://www.proteusbiomed.com/technology/   36  
 … IoT – Evolution of the Internet
•  Extremely small
sensors can be placed
on plants, animals, and
geologic features, and
connected to the
Internet
–  Implantable eye
pressure monitor for
Designed  for  use  in  an  implantable  eye-­‐pressure  monitor,  
glaucoma patients University  of  Michigan  researchers  developed  what  is  
believed  to  be  the  first  complete  millimeter-­‐scale  compu/ng  
system  
37  
 … IoT – Evolution of the Internet
•  At the other end of the spectrum, the Internet is going
into space
–  Through Cisco’s Internet Routing in Space (IRIS) program
•  http://www.cisco.com/web/strategy/government/space-routing.html

Cisco  18400  Space  Router  with  Modem  

Interface  Chassis  

38  
 Human Progression
•  Humans evolve because we communicate
–  Once #re was discovered and shared, for
example, it didn’t need to be rediscovered, only
communicated
–  Discovery of the helix structure of DNA
•  Molecules that carry genetic information from one
generation to another
•  Article published in a scienti#c paper by James
Watson and Francis Crick in 1953
–  Allowed for giant leaps in the disciplines of medicine and
genetics

39  
 include data, information, knowledge, and wisdom. Data is t
into information. Individual data by itself is not very useful, b
and patterns. This and other sources of information come t

… Human Progression simplest sense, knowledge is information of which someon

from knowledge plus experience. While knowledge change
and it all begins with the acquisition of data.

•  Individual data by itself is not very

Figure 3. Humans Turn Data into Wisdom

useful
–  But volumes of it can identify
trends and pattern
•  This and other sources of
information come together to
form knowledge
–  Knowledge is information of which
someone is aware
•  Wisdom is then born from
knowledge plus experience
–  While knowledge changes over
time, wisdom is timeless Source: Cisco IBSG, April 2011
•  It all begins with the acquisition of data
It is also important to note there is a direct correlation
40   betw
(wisdom). The more data that is created, the more knowled
 … Human Progression
•  IoT dramatically increases the amount of data
available for us to process
–  This, coupled with the Internet’s ability to communicate
this data, will enable people to advance even further
•  Combine the ability of the next evolution of the
Internet (IoT) to sense, collect, transmit, analyze, and
distribute data on a massive scale with the way
people process information
–  Allowing humanity to have the knowledge and develop
the wisdom it needs not only to survive, but better utilise
our resources

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Internet of Things

APPLICATION OF IOT

42  
 cows’ health and track their movements, ensuring a
for people to consume. On average, each cow gene

Connected Cows information a year.14

Figure 4. Even Cows Will Have Sensors.

•  In the world of IoT, even cows

will be connected
•  Sensors implanted in the ears

hKp://www.economist.com/node/17388392    
of cattle
•  Allows farmers to monitor
cows’ health and track their
movement
–  Ensuring a healthier, more
plentiful supply of meat for
people to consume
•  On average, each cow
generates about 200
megabytes of information a
year

Source: The Economist, 2010. 43  

 Tweeting Cows

hKp://cri/calmedia.uwaterloo.ca/teaKweet/  
44  
 Smarter Food

hKp://www.ibm.com/smarterplanet/nz/en/food_technology/ideas/  
•  Tracking  produce  and  other  food  items  from  farms  and  factories  through  
supply  chains  and  into  super  markets  
45  
•  Ensuring  ideal  storage  condi/ons  and  traceability  
 Mumbai: A Tale of Two Cities
•  The poorest people of Mumbai pay 37 times more for water
–  Dharavi
•  The poorest neighborhood in Mumbai
•  Municipal-grade water is $1.12 per cubic meter*
–  Warden Road
•  The better side of the city just blocks away
•  $0.03 per cubic meter*
•  Source of the disparity is the higher cost of delivering utility
services to poorer neighborhoods
–  Because of infrastructure ine%ciencies, problems such as
leaks, and theft

*2009  sta/s/cs,  from  The  Fortune  at  the  BoKom  of  the  Pyramid:  
Eradica/ng  Poverty  Through  Profits,  Dr.  C.K.  Prahalad   46  
… Mumbai: A Tale of Two Cities
•  Ubiquitous sensors and connected systems, will
provide authorities with more information and
control
–  Will be able to identify and #x these problems
•  This will allow utilities to operate more pro#tably
–  Giving them extra incentive to improve
infrastructures in poorer neighborhoods
•  More e%ciency will also allow for lower prices
–  Which, in turn, will encourage those taking services
for free to become paying customers

47  
 Better Quality of Life for the Elderly
•  The world’s population is aging
–  Approximately 1 billion people age 65 and older by
the middle of the century
•  IoT can signi#cantly improve quality of life for the
surging number of elderly people
–  For example, imagine a small, wearable device that
can detect a person’s vital signs
•  And send an alert to a healthcare professional when a
certain threshold has been reached
•  Or sense when a person has fallen down and can’t get up

48  
Internet of Things

CHALLENGES

49  
 IPv6 Deployment
•  The world ran out of IPv4 addresses in February 2010
•  No real impact has been seen by the general public
–  This situation has the potential to slow IoT’s progress
–  The potentially billions of new sensors will require unique
IP addresses
•  IPv6 makes the management of networks easier
–  Due to auto con#guration capabilities
•  IPv6 also o"ers improved security features

50  
 Sensor Energy
•  For IoT to reach its full potential, sensors
will need to be self-sustaining
•  Imagine changing batteries in billions of
devices deployed across the planet (and
even in space)
–  Obviously, this isn’t possible
•  Need a way for sensors to generate
electricity from environmental elements
–  Such as vibrations, light, and air$ow
51  
 … Sensor Energy
•  Nanogenerator
–  A $exible chip that uses body movements such as the pinch of a
#nger to generate electricity
•  2011 announcement
•  2013 update

52  
Internet of Things

FUTURE OF IOT

53  
Gartner  Hype  Cycle  

hKp://www.gartner.com/technology/research/methodologies/hype-­‐cycle.jsp    
56  
 Concluding Thoughts
•  IoT is at a stage where disparate networks and a multitude
of sensors must come together and interoperate under a
common set of standards
–  This e"ort will require businesses, governments, standards
organizations, and academia to work together toward a
common goal
•  For IoT to gain acceptance among the general populace,
service providers and others must deliver applications that
bring tangible value to peoples’ lives
–  IoT must not represent the advancement of technology for
technology’s sake; the industry needs to demonstrate value in
human terms

57  
End of lecture

QUESTIONS?

58  
 Reading Suggestions
•  The Internet of Things : How the Next Evolution of the Internet Is
Changing Everything
–  Cisco Internet Business Solutions Group (IBSG)
•  The Internet of Things, ITU Internet Report
–  http://www.itu.int/dms_pub/itu-s/opb/pol/S-POL-IR.IT-2005-SUM-PDF-E.pdf
•  The Internet of Things, McKinsey Quarterly
–  http://www.mckinsey.com/insights/high_tech_telecoms_internet/
the_internet_of_things
•  Understanding the Three Basic Layers of the IoT
–  http://www.fundacionbankinter.org/system/documents/8193/original/
Chapter_3_Understanding_the_three_basic_layers.pdf
•  The Internet of Things
–  http://www.ida.gov.sg/~/media/Files/Infocomm%20Landscape/Technology/
TechnologyRoadmap/InternetOfThings.pdf

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