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LA DIVERSIDAD CULTURAL
The Commonwealth is a free association of sovereign states comprising Great Britain and a
number of its former dependencies. They have chosen to maintain ties of friendship and practical
cooperation and acknowledge the British monarch as a symbolic head of their association.
The Commonwealth was born on the basis of the development of a national consciousness
on the Dominions; the participation in the First World War led Canada, Australia, New Zealand
and South Africa to be considered independent states. These former dominions were granted the
same rights as England. By 1931 they were recognized as having special status within the
Empire by the Statute of Westminster, which referred specifically to a “British Commonwealth
of Nations”.
The Commonwealth does not have a Constitution, but it pursues a common policy based on
sentimental, political and economical ties. The seven sovereign states which formed this “first”
Commonwealth were Great Britain, South-Africa, free-State of Ireland, Canada, Terranova,
Australia and New Zealand. The rapid growth of nationalism in the other parts of empire from
the 1920s on, produced a long series of grants of independence, beginning with that of India in
1947, and thus they required a redefinition of the Commonwealth. The adjective “British” was
dropped from official use in 1946. In 1948 India, Pakistan and Ceylon became members of the
Commonwealth. Further broadening of the meaning of Commonwealth recognized the
possibility of resignations from the association, as was done by the Irish Republic (1948), South-
Africa (1961) and Pakistan (1972). Most colonies were granted their independence: Cyprus
(1959), Kenya (1963), Zimbabwe (1980), Brunei (1984), etc.
The ties that bound the Commonwealth were highly diverse. Sentiment was one,
particularly in the old dominions; trade, investment and current agreement were another;
population migrations, common educational, professional and judicial heritages, and sports
(Commonwealth Games) were still others.
2. Linguistic varieties
In the various parts of the former British Empire, the English language has developed
differences which distinguish it from the language of England. In some countries the most
striking changes are the result of imperfect learning and systematic adaptations by speakers of
other countries. Differences of nature and material civilization, and general contact with some
other tongues, are clearly reflected in the vocabulary.
2.1. Australia
Well over ninety per cent of the population of Australia is of British origin. Australian
English uses many old words which have acquired new meanings by being applied to new
concepts. The only foreign languages which have exerted much influence on the distinctively
Australian vocabulary are those of the aborigines and of Maori in New Zealand. Words such as
“boomerang”, “kangaroo”, “koala” or “billabong” are borrowed from these languages.
In view of the differences in natural features and flora and fauna between Australia and
Great Britain, there was scope for much more borrowing than actually took place. However, the
English settlers preferred, when possible, to adapt English words to make them meet the new
demands made on them. The new adaptation of English words affected both form and meaning.
New compounds were formed such as “the outback” to describe the country remote from towns.
Some of these compounds describe aspects of the relations between the settlers and the
aborigines; an example is “blacktracker”, a native used by the police to track down criminals and
people lost in the bush.
One source of the Australian vocabulary has been the local dialects of British English.
Some of the most familiar Australian words may have this origin, and there are many words of
uncertain etymology which resemble British dialect words. Some of these words have been
introduced into British English from Australian and their ultimate dialectal origin has been
forgotten. Some possible examples are:
to barrack (to jeer, N.Irish); cobber (Suffolk, to cob), dinkum (honest, Lincs).
Sometimes the difference between British and Australian English is one of idiom.
Corresponding to British You’ll be all right, Australian English has You’ll be right/ She’ll be
right. Corresponding to You’ll be in trouble, it has You’ll be in strife.
When English describe Australian pronunciation the most frequent summing up is to say that it is
like Cockney. Though Australian usually resent this description, there are some points of
resemblance and many points of difference between the two dialects. The point of resemblance
most often quoted is the development of the diphthong ei in words like day towards ai. In the
development of vowels in Australian English, some general tendencies are for vowels to become
more front and more closed and for them to be diphthongized. In this respect, Australian English
is simply carrying further the tendencies that have affected British English vowels since the
Middle English period.
Within Australia there are different patterns of General Australian, the dialect of the great
majority, Cultivated Australian, a minority accent that approaches the received standards of
England and Broad Australian at the uncultivated extreme of the scale.
The English of Australia offers an interesting example of the changes that take place in a
language transplanted to a remote and totally different environment.
2.2. Canada
Canada is officially a bilingual country; about one third of its population is French-
speaking. The English spoken in Quebec includes many French loan words.
The great majority of Canadians live within a hundred miles of the border with the United States,
and by far the most important influence on Canadian speech is the English spoken in the United
States. This influence is encouraged by constant travel across the border between the two
countries, by radio and cinema, and by newspapers and commercial links. At the same time,
there are packets of resistance where British English is still influential, like fashionable private
schools. In course of time, Canada will no doubt evolve into its own variety of English, but it
seems likely that this will closely resemble the English of the United States.
As we have already pointed out, Canadian English has much in common with that of the
United States while retaining some features of British English. Where alternative forms exist, the
likelihood for a particular choice to be British or American varies with region, education and age.
British items such as chips, serviette tend to occur more frequently in the west, while the more
common American choices French fries and napkin tend to occur in the east.
South African literature in English is particularly strong in the field of realistic fiction,
usually with political implications as in novels written during the nineteen-fifties and sixties by
Jack Cope, Nadine Gordimer and others. No easy walk to Freedom was the sad but truthful
title Ruth First gave to her collection of articles and speeches by the imprisoned Nelson Mandela.
His belief in “a democratic and free society in which all persons live together in harmony and
with equal opportunities” is the voice of one powerful tradition in South African life and
literature.
6. N. Gordimer (1923)
Novelist and short-story writer, Gordimer was born in Springs, near Johannesburg, South
Africa. She has chosen to live and work in South Africa, despite her hatred of apartheid. Her
fiction has chronicled, very substantially, the damaging effects of oppressive racial laws upon the
human potential of white South-Africans. It also makes very clear the brutal burdens that black
people bear.
Her first volume of short stories Face to Face (1949) appeared the year after the Afrikaner
Nationalist government assumed power, and each succeeding book has reflected the hardening
grip of racist legislation upon every aspect of South African life.
A Guest of Honour (1971), the only novel she has not set in South Africa, is the fulcrum of
her writing career. The events take place in a newly independent black African State, and
concerns and Englishman’s breaking out of his lifelong liberalism and learning how to know
reality and himself afresh.
While her novels and many of her short-stories report sensitively and with chilling accuracy
upon South African economic, social and political divisions and tensions, they are seldom overtly
political. She has said that her interest in politics has arisen from her concern for individual and
for personal relationships. Some instances are Friday’s footprint (1960) or The Lying Days.
In The Conservationist and Burger’s Daughter there is a breaking away from traditional
novelistic procedure. We appreciate the abrupt shifts in time sequence, the sudden changes from
first-person monologue to third person narration and back and the modulations from realism to a
tentative, suggestive symbolism. These devices came into play to set up and intricate structure of
meaning which becomes a devastating analysis and commentary upon white South-Africa.
However, Gordimer does not abandon the accustomed use of detailed observation to give
actuality.
It is Nadine Gordimer´s aseptic understanding of the corrosive effects of a system which
cripples humanity that gives her writing its strength and originality. Moreover, she knows herself
to be, though protesting, a part of that system. Each of her novels have been also an attempt to
record its blight upon herself. Warmth and feeling are very deliberately controlled, but the
impact of her writing s would be impossible without them.
Gordimer has been awarded, among others, the W.H. Smith Award in 1961, the Booker
Prize in 1975 and the Nobel Prize of Literature in 1991.