Digest Author: Alyssa Rodriguez
Salazar v. Achacoso (1990) seizures of whatever nature and for any purpose."
Petitioner: Hortencia Salazar
Respondent: Hon. Tomas Achacoso
Ponencia: Sarmiento, J.
DOCTRINE: The Secretary of Labor, not being a judge, may no longer issue
search or arrest warrants.
FACTS:
1. Rosalie Tesoro charged petitioner Hortencia Salazar for illegal
recruitment before the Philippine Overseas Employment
Administration (POEA).
2. Rosalie claims that upon arriving from Japan, Hortencia took her
PECC Card on the premise that Hortencia would find her another
booking in Japan. 9 months passed and there is still no booking.
Rosalie transferred to another agency but Hortencia would not give
her the PECC Card.
3. The POEA ordered Hortencia to appear before the POEA Anti-Illegal
Recruitment Unit. That same day, public respondent,
Administrator Tomas D. Achacoso issued a CLOSURE AND
SEIZURE ORDER against Hortencia, having ascertained that the
petitioner had no license to operate a recruitment agency.
4. Subsequently, a POEA group, assisted by Mandaluyong policemen
and mediamen, proceeded to the residence of the Hortencia to
implement the Closure and Seizure Order. There it was found that
petitioner was operating Hannalie Dance Studio.
5. Inside the studio, the team chanced upon twelve talent performers —
practicing a dance number and saw about twenty more waiting
outside. The team confiscated assorted costumes which were
duly receipted for by Mrs. Asuncion Maguelan and witnessed by Mrs.
Flora Salazar.
6. Because of this event, Hortencia filed a letter with the POEA
requesting that the personal properties seized at her residence be
immediately returned.
Petitioner’s basis:
 She has not been given any prior notice or hearing, hence the
Closure and Seizure Order violated "due process of law" guaranteed
under Sec. 1, Art. III, of the Philippine Constitution.
 POEA’s actions violate Sec. 2, Art. III of the Philippine Constitution
which guarantees right of the people "to be secure in their persons,
houses, papers, and effects against unreasonable searches and
ISSUES: W/N the Philippine Overseas Employment Administration (or the
Secretary of Labor) may validly issue warrants of search and seizure (or
arrest) under Article 38 of the Labor Code  NO
PROVISION:
Article 38 of the Labor Code. Illegal recruitment.
xxx
The Secretary of Labor and Employment or his duly authorized
representatives shall have the power to cause the arrest and detention of
such non-licensee or non-holder of authority if after investigation it is
determined that his activities constitute a danger to national security and
public order or will lead to further exploitation of job-seekers. The Secretary
shall order the search of the office or premises and seizure of
documents, paraphernalia, properties and other implements used in illegal
recruitment activities and the closure of companies, establishments and
entities found to be engaged in the recruitment of workers for overseas
employment, without having been licensed or authorized to do so.
RULING + RATIO: NO.
 We reiterate that the Secretary of Labor, not being a judge, may no
longer issue search or arrest warrants. Hence, the authorities must
go through the judicial process. To that extent, we declare Article 38,
paragraph (c), of the Labor Code, unconstitutional and of no force
and effect.
 For the guidance of the bench and the bar, we reaffirm the following
principles:
1. Under Article III, Section 2, of the l987 Constitution, it is only
judges, and no other, who may issue warrants of arrest and
search:
2. The exception is in cases of deportation of illegal and
undesirable aliens, whom the President or the Commissioner
of Immigration may order arrested, following a final order of
deportation, for the purpose of deportation.
 The power of the President to order the arrest of aliens for
deportation is, obviously, exceptional. It (the power to order arrests)
can not be made to extend to other cases, like the one at bar. Under
the Constitution, it is the sole domain of the courts.
DISPOSITION: Petition is granted.