Lab 4 Report Template Autosaved

Using a pH Titration to Determine the Acid Content of Soft
Drinks
By: Courtney Molvig
Lab Partner: Sara
October 17, 2017
Courtney Molvig
Chem 254 - 01
Lab #4
Introduction:
In this lab, we are looking at the acid content in soft drinks. Knowing the acidity of items
you consume is important for many different reasons. Consuming too much acid can cause you
to feel tired, have tooth erosion, reflux, muscle pain, and many more. This does not mean you
should quit consuming acidic products, because your body needs a balance. According to my
high school anatomy and physiology teacher, a good rule of thumb is to consume 80% alkaline
foods and 20% acidic foods.
In this experiment, we first standardized our sodium hydroxide solution. Once we found
the concentration of the solution, we got a cola drink and uncola drink and did an acid-base
titration on the two drinks. For these acid-base titrations, we used a pH electrode and a Vernier
LabQuest to get the pH values of our solutions. We recorded the volume of sodium hydroxide
(NaOH) used to get the pH up to a pH of 10. We could then plot the pH against the volume of
NaOH to find is the buffer regions, the region where pH = pKa, are the end points, and the
region where OH- is in excess. We can also plot the first derivative to see the indicator error, the
average end point, the uncertainty for the solutions, and the moles of H3PO4 and H2PO4- present
in the different soft drinks.
I expect the cola to titrate slower than the uncola. The reason I expect this is because as
a child I was always told that I should not drink soda that was dark, because the acid would rot
my teeth out. Also, knowing the two endpoints blend together in the uncola, I think this means
that there is more acid in the cola. If there is more acid in the cola, than more sodium hydroxide
would be need to standardize the solution and get it to a pH of 10.
Methods:
For this experiment, I used the sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solution I created in
experiment three. To begin this experiment, we standardized the NaOH solution, by doing an
acid-base titration. I first have to weigh out three samples of KHP by using the weighing by
difference method. I put the KHP into three Erlenmeyer flask and then dissolved the KHP in
approximately thirty milliliters of pre-boiled DI water, which was originally boiled for experiment
three. Once the KHP was dissolved, I added the indicator to it, a stir bar, and then placed it on
the magnetic stir plate. I then placed the analytical buret over the Erlenmeyer flask to begin
titration. I recorded the initial and final amount of NaOH in the buret to find the amount that was
added. I made sure to titrate drop by drop when it came near the endpoint and I stopped the
titration when it was at a slight pink. I also titrated a blank in a similar way, but it only had the
boiled DI water and the indicator in it. I then converted the mass of KHP added to moles and
divided it by the number of liters added to the Erlenmeyer flask to get the molar concentration of
the solution. This is possible because KHP and NaOH have a one to one ratio.
When doing the acid-base titration using the KHP, I also used the pH electrode. When
using the pH electrode, you first have to calibrate the probe. To calibrate the probe, you plug it
into the Vernier LabQuest, wash the electrode with DI water, wick away the excess liquid, place
the electrode in pH 7 buffer solution and swirl the solution around until the readings calibrate.
Once you have calibrated the pH 7 buffer solution, you can do the same with the pH 4 buffer
solution. You then use the probe until the titration reaches a pH of 7. You then recalibrate again
using the pH 7 buffer solution and then then pH 10 buffer solution. You can then titrate the
solution until it reaches a pH of 10. It is important to wash the electrode with DI water every time
you are placing it into a new solution.
Once you have standardized the sodium hydroxide solution, you can then titrate the
phosphoric acid and citric acid in soft drinks. To do this, you first need to boil the soda so that
you can get the carbon dioxide out of it. Once the soda has cooled down, we placed 100-mL of
soda into a 250-mL beaker, calibrated our probe from pH 7 to pH 4, titrated the solution until it
hit a pH of 7, recalibrated the probe from pH 7 to pH 10, and continued titrating the solution until
it hit a pH of approximately 10.5. We did three trials for each Soda. One lab partner did uncola
and the other lab partner did cola. When doing the titration, we used a drop counter, which
measured approximately how much volume was added into the beaker per drop.
Results:
Table 1: Standardization of NaOH shows the amount of KHP that I dissolved in boiled water
and the amount of NaOH added until the endpoint was reached. The values were from the lab
experiment, and the concentration, standard deviation, and %RSD were calculated with the
values found in lab.
Table 1.
Standardization of NaOH
Trials KHP (g) Amount of Concentration Standard % RSD
NaOH added (M) Deviation
(mL)
1 0.5248 25.54 0.1006
2 0.6932 33.84 0.1003
3 0.6718 32.76 0.1004
Average 0.1004 ± 0.0002 0.16%
Figure 1:
Standardization Titration Curve from pH 4 to 7
8
7
6
5
pH
4
3
2
1
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
volume of NaOH (mL)
Figure 1: KHP Titration Curve. This graph was created by plotting the pH of the solution against
the volume of NaOH. This graph goes from a pH of 4 to a pH of 7.
Figure 2:
Cola Titration Curve Trial 1
12
3
10
8 2
D
pH
4 A C
2 B
0 1
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Volume of NaOH (mL)
Figure 2: Cola Titration Curve Trial 1. This plot is the pH of the cola solution against the volume
of NaOH, in milliliters. The values of the pH were given by the pH electrode and Vernier
LabQuest. We used the count dropper, which counted the number of drops added. Once we
exported the data, we used our recorded number of volume of NaOH added and divided it by
the number of drops that were counted to get an approximate volume per drop. This data is not
completely accurate due to the fact that the drop counter did not count every drop. Some of the
drops at the beginning did not go through the drop counter and sometimes there was a stream
of NaOH, instead of drops. For this particular graph, the break at the 7.5 pH level could be from
not waiting long enough before stopping the data to recalibrate it. So the pH level still may have
been stabilizing. Listed above, a) is the buffer region, b) is the region where pH = pKa) c) are
the end points, and d) is the region where OH- is in excess. The major species present in this
graph are:
𝐻3 𝑃𝑂4 + 𝑂𝐻 − ⇔ 𝐻2 𝑃𝑂4− + 𝐻2 𝑂 1
𝐻2 𝑃𝑂4− + 𝑂𝐻 − ⇔ 𝐻𝑃𝑂42− + 𝐻2 𝑂 2
𝐻𝑃𝑂42− + 𝑂𝐻 − ⇔ 𝑃𝑂43− + 𝐻2 𝑂 3
These are listed on the graph as 1, 2, and 3, which the numbers correspond to which species is
present in each region. All these points apply to the other trials, so they will only be mentioned
in trial 1.
Figure 3:
12
10
8
pH
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Volume of NaOH (mL)
of NaOH, instead of drops.
Figure 4:
12
10
8
pH
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Volume of NaOH (mL)
Figure 5:
Uncola Titration Curve Trial 1
12
10
8 3
2
pH
6 D
4 1
A B C
2
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
volume of NaOH (mL)
Figure 5: Uncola Titration Curve Trial 1. This plot is the pH of the cola solution against the
volume of NaOH, in milliliters. The values of the pH were given by the pH electrode and Vernier
of NaOH, instead of drops. Listed above, a) is the buffer region(s), b) is the region where pH =
pKa, c) are the end points, and d) is the region where OH- is in excess. Listed above, a) is the
buffer region, b) is the region where pH = pKa) c) are the end points, and d) is the region where
OH- is in excess. The major species present in this graph are:
𝐻3 𝑃𝑂4 + 𝑂𝐻 − ⇔ 𝐻2 𝑃𝑂4− + 𝐻2 𝑂 1
𝐻2 𝑃𝑂4− + 𝑂𝐻 − ⇔ 𝐻𝑃𝑂42− + 𝐻2 𝑂 2
𝐻𝑃𝑂42− + 𝑂𝐻 − ⇔ 𝑃𝑂43− + 𝐻2 𝑂 3
These are listed on the graph as 1, 2, and 3, which the numbers correspond to which species is
present in each region. All these points apply to the other trials, so they will only be mentioned
in trial 1.
Figure 6:
12
10
8
pH
6
4
2
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
volume of NaOH (mL)
Figure 7:
12
10
8
pH
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
volume of NaOH (mL)
First Derivative of KHP Standardization

5
4
3
(pH2-pH1)/(V2-V1)
2
1
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
-1
-2
-3
(V1-V2)/2
Figure 8: First derivative plot of KHP. This graph is (pH2 – pH1)/(V2 – V1) against (V1 + V2)/2.
This graph does not really have a trend. The reason this plot is so scattered is due to human
error and issues with the probe. Due to the poor quality of this graph, you cannot really tell what
the indicator error is. In this case, the indicator would be the best bet on getting results. There
are pros and cons with using the indicator and with using the pH electrode. The pH electrode is
able to give an actual number, while using the indicator you can only observe the color. The red
circles indicate the endpoints.
Figure 9:
First Derivative Plot for Cola, Trial 1
10
8
(pH2-pH1)/(V2-V1)
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
-2
(V1+V2)/2
Figure 9: First derivative plot of Cola titration, trial 1. This graph is (pH2 – pH1)/(V2 – V1)
against (V1 + V2)/2. The peaks on this graph indicate the endpoints. The red circles indicate the
endpoints.
Figure 10:
4
3
(pH2-pH1)/(V2-V1)
2
1
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
-1
-2
-3
(V1+V2)/2
endpoints.
Figure 11:
5
4
(pH2-pH1)/(V2-V1)
3
2
1
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
-1
-2
(V1+V2)/2
endpoints.
Figure 12:
First Derivative Plot for Uncola, Trial 1
3.5
3
(pH2-pH1)/(V2-V1)
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
(V1+V2)/2
Figure 12: First derivative plot of uncola titration, trial 1. This graph is (pH2 – pH1)/(V2 – V1)
against (V1 + V2)/2. The peak on this graph indicate the endpoints. The red circle indicates the
endpoint.
Figure 13:
2.5
(pH2-pH1)/(V2-V1)
1.5
0.5
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
(V1+V2)/2
against (V1 + V2)/2. The peak on this graph indicate the endpoints. The red circle indicates the
endpoint.
Figure 13:
2.5
(pH2-pH1)/(V2-V1)
1.5
0.5
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
(V1+V2)/2
against (V1 + V2)/2. The peaks on this graph indicate the endpoints. The red circle indicates the
endpoint.
Figure 15
Unkown C Titration Curve Trial 1
12
10
8
pH
6
4
2
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Volume of NaOH (mL)
Figure 15: Unknown C Titration Curve Trial 1. This plot is the pH of the unkown solution against
the volume of NaOH, in milliliters. The values of the pH were given by the pH electrode and
Vernier LabQuest. We used the count dropper, which counted the number of drops added.
Once we exported the data, we used our recorded number of volume of NaOH added and
divided it by the number of drops that were counted to get an approximate volume per drop.
This data is not completely accurate due to the fact that the drop counter did not count every
drop. Some of the drops at the beginning did not go through the drop counter and sometimes
there was a stream of NaOH, instead of drops.
Figure 16
First Derivative Plot of Unknown Titration, Trial 1
18
16
14
(pH2-pH1)/(V2-V1)
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
-2 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
(V1+V2)/2
Figure 16: First derivative plot of unknown titration, trial 1. This graph is (pH2 – pH1)/(V2 – V1)
endpoint.
Figure 18
Unknown C Titration Curve Trial 2
12
10
8
pH
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
volume of NaOH (mL)
Figure 17: Unknown Titration Curve Trial 2. This plot is the pH of the unknown solution against
the volume of NaOH, in milliliters. The values of the pH were given by the pH electrode and
Vernier LabQuest. We used the count dropper, which counted the number of drops added.
Figure 18
First Derivative Plot of Unknown Titration, Trial
2
20
(pH2-pH1)/(V2-V1)
15
10
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
-5
(V1+V2)/2
endpoint.
Figure 19
Unknown C Titration Curve Trial 3
12
10
8
pH
6
4
2
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Volume of NaOH (mL)
Figure 19: Unknown C Titration Curve Trial 3. This plot is the pH of the unknown solution
against the volume of NaOH, in milliliters. The values of the pH were given by the pH electrode
and Vernier LabQuest. We used the count dropper, which counted the number of drops added.
Figure 20
First Derivative Plot of Unknown Titration, Trial
3
35
30
(pH2-pH1)/(V2-V1)
25
20
15
10
5
0
-5 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
(V1+V2)/2
against (V1 + V2)/2. The peaks on this graph indicate the endpoints.
Table 2 shows important values that were calculated from the experimental results. In the graph
you can see the average end point, standard deviation, %RSD, uncertainty, moles of H3PO4
present, moles of H2PO4-, and the concentration of citric acid in uncola.
Table 2:
Calculated values from experimental results
Average Standard %RSD Moles / Concentration of Moles/ Concentration of
end point Deviation H3PO4 Present H2PO4-
(mL)
Cola 1 – 7.05 1 – 0.4 6% 0.0007 moles 0.0001 moles
2 – 15.77 2 – 0.8 5% 0.007 M 0.001 M
Uncola (7- 22.5 0.2 0.9% 0.002 moles -
up) 0.02 M
Unknown 1 – 2.38 0.5 21% 0.0002 moles -
C 0.002 M
Discussion:
When doing acid-base titrations, you can use either an indicator or a derivative plot to
indicate the end point of a titration. Both methods have their pros and cons. In order to get the
derivative plot, you need to use a pH electrode. The pros of using the pH electrode include: the
probe is easy to use, you are able to get more definite results, you are able to calibrate the
devise, and the devise is portable. Also, when using the pH electrode and the Vernier
LabQuest, you are able to see a graph as you are titrating your solution and save all of the data
from that titration by saving it on the LabQuest or to a flash drive. Some disadvantages of this
method include: the pH electrode is extremely sensitive due to their glass tip, the numbers may
not stabilize when calibrating, and when running the experiment the pH value is being recorded
every step, so if the mixture is not getting mixed quick enough, there may be a peak in the pH
value and then it may go back down.
The other method mentioned above is using the indicator when doing titrations. One
major con with this method is that you tell when the endpoint has been reached by a color
change. Everyone perceives color differently, so everyone will have different results. Another
con with this method is that you cannot see the pH values, so you cannot be certain on how
close to the endpoint you are (whether you went over or are still below). Even though not being
able to know the pH value can be considered a con, it is also a pro. Since you are strictly basing
it off of a color change, you don’t have to worry about the random peaks and dips of the pH
value.
Another graphical method that can be used to determine the end point is by graphing
potentiometric titration curves. For this method you move two glass rods that scan the entire
rod. When the difference of the two refracted lines is at a maximum is considered the end point.
A benefit for using this method is that you are able to get a more definite result for end points
that are not well defined.
It is important to note that the results given above are the corrected values. A correction
factor determine in experiment one was incorporated in the results and a blank was used to
correct the volume of NaOH delivered. With the values corrected, we can get a more accurate
result for the end point, volume delivered to the solution, and the amount of solution created.
One of the first equations looked at in this experiment was the potential difference, Eglass.
The equation used is:
Eglass (mV) = – 59.16 β pH + k,
Where k and β are constants.
When calibrating the pH electrode, you are waiting for the potential to stabilize. The pH
electrode creates a linear line between the two buffers and the two pH values. The slope for this
line is: 𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 = 𝐸𝐵2 − 𝐸𝐵1 /𝑝𝐻2 − 𝑝𝐻1. You can then use the following equation to find the pH of
an unknown: 𝐸𝑢𝑛𝑘 − 𝐸𝐵1 /𝑝𝐻𝑢𝑛𝑘 − 𝑝𝐻1 = 𝐸𝐵2 − 𝐸𝐵1 /𝑝𝐻2 − 𝑝𝐻1.
It is important to understand these equations, but we did not have to use them since we used
the pH electrode and LabQuest, which recorded our results.
We did calculate the standard deviation and %RSD for the experimental values.
The equation for standard deviation is:
∑(𝑥 − 𝑥̅ )2
𝑠=√
𝑛−1
To find the %RSD value, we use the following equation:
𝑠
%𝑅𝑆𝐷 = ∗ 100
𝑥̅
Conclusion:
Even though our results are not that accurate, you can still see the general trend line of
the data. One main thing about this experiment is that cola has two noticeable endpoints, while
uncola only has one. According to our data, we found the average end point of cola to be
around 7.05 mL and 15.77 mL, the average end point of uncola is 22.5 mL and the average end
point of Unknown C is about 2.38 mL. For cola, we got a %RSD of 6% for the first end point and
5% for the second end point. 0.9% was the %RSD value for uncola and 21% was the %RSD for
unknown c.
For future work, I would like to repeat the whole experiment, but this time using different
acid-base titration techniques. I would also like to spend more time familiarizing myself with the
pH electrode doing sample test with shown expected results to ensure that it is getting used
correctly. I would like to not only use the drop counter, but also manually write down the values.
We were able to do this in lab, but do to time and my lab partner being done with her lab, I used
the drop counter the whole time so that I could finish the experiment.

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Using a pH Titration to Determine the Acid Content of Soft

First Derivative of KHP Standardization

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