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Extremely
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EDITORIAL
5 A new record
IN BRIEF
6 ERC grant awarded
6 P&G sign collaboration agreement
6 Giant LEAPS for integration
6 Market call for detector tech
7 Tattoos affect lymph nodes
Tattoo nanoparticles reach lymph nodes, p7.
7 Earth’s inner carbon cycle probed
7 2018 User Meeting
7 SESAME staff exchanges begin
ESRF–EBS NEWS
8 Mock cell built
8 Girder assembly begins
9 Insight: the HMBA lattice
10 USER CORNER
FEATURES
12 The green way to turn fat to fuel
13 Cryo-EM platform launched
Cryo-electron microscopy comes to the ESRF, p13.
FOCUS ON: EXTREMELY BRILLIANT SOURCE
15 Extremely brilliant progress
BM23
ID24 16 ESRF–EBS layout unveiled
19 EBSL1: the ideal match
ID23 2 21 EBSL2: tilting the scales
EBSL3 (BM18) ID22 23
23 EBSL3: bigger and better
25 EBSL8: the serial approach
ID19 22
PORTRAIT
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Editorial
A new record
Editor In September, a paper was published in the journal Science reporting a potentially
Jon Cartwright
Tel +44 (0)117 2303080 groundbreaking step towards sustainable sources of hydrocarbon fuels. Using ESRF data, the
E-mail jon.a.cartwright@icloud.com authors managed to uncover how a recently discovered enzyme has the seemingly unique
Editorial committee ability to convert fats into hydrocarbons, in the presence of sunlight. The results suggest that
Gary Admans the enzymes could be exploited to generate diesel, petrol or even jet fuel (p12).
Nick Brookes
Delphine Chenevier
Andy Fitch This Science paper was special in another way: it was one of those that inched the ESRF
Axel Kaprolat
past a milestone of 30,000 publications since our facility first opened its doors in 1994.
Michael Krisch
Gordon Leonard Among those publications are many that have since become regarded as breakthroughs
Joanne McCarthy – the discovery of the structure of the ribosome, for instance, won its authors Ada
Edward Mitchell
Pantaleo Raimondi Yonath and Venkatraman Ramakrishnan, both long-term ESRF users, a share of the 2009
Harald Reichert Nobel Prize in Chemistry. The publications reflect the diversity and vibrancy of the ESRF
Francesco Sette
Jean Susini
user community, too. Researchers from over the world, from all cultures and disciplines,
come to the ESRF to push back the frontiers of science, to unlock the secrets of materials
Subscription
Chantal Argoud
and to better understand living organisms. For over two decades this research has
For subscriptions to the digital version of enriched scientific culture, as well as furthering society by boosting the economies and
ESRFnews (print subscriptions are no competitiveness of ESRF member states and beyond.
longer possible), visit http://www.esrf.eu/
UsersAndScience/Publications/Newsletter
Such progress has been possible through a continuous
ESRFnews is produced for the ESRF by
IOP Publishing and dynamic research and development programme, “Many publications
Temple Circus which focuses on constantly improving the
Temple Way
Bristol BS1 6HG, UK
instrumentation and technology of the X-ray source have become
Tel +44 (0)117 929 7481
www.iop.org
and beamlines. Together with the constant support of regarded as
its international partners, the ESRF has become one of
Managing editor the leaders in the field of synchrotron and accelerator breakthroughs”
Susan Curtis physics and technology.
Art director
Andrew Giaquinto
Production One aspect of the ESRF R&D programme is the new cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM)
Alison Gardiner
Technical illustrator
platform, inaugurated in November this year. A collaborative initiative among the ESRF
Alison Tovey and its partners on the EPN science campus – the European Molecular Biology Laboratory,
Display-advertisement manager
Edward Jost
the Institut de Biologie Structurale and the Institut Laue-Langevin – this new state-of-the-
Advertisement production art cryo-EM facility will provide opportunities to the international community of structural
Mark Trimnell biologists. It will complement the ESRF macromolecular-crystallography beamlines and the
Marketing and circulation
Angela Gage other EPN campus structural biology facilities, and help us piece together the atomic details
of the molecular machines of life (p13).
ISSN 1011-9310
©2017 ESRF More broadly, the experimental programme of the ESRF’s Extremely Brilliant Source (EBS)
upgrade is entering a new operational phase, with the launching of the construction of four
new flagship EBSL beamlines (pp19–25) – identified by the ESRF Science Advisory Committee
and validated by the ESRF Council last June – complemented by important progress in the
detector-development and data-infrastructure programmes. The four new EBSL beamlines,
combined with a programme of refurbishment (pp16–17), will underpin research addressing
the major challenges facing our society today, including defining the next generation of
sustainable materials, developing new drugs, unravelling the complex mechanisms of living
organisms, unlocking the secrets of our planet and environment, and reconstructing historical
artefacts and fossils in 3D.
While all this is going on, the ESRF maintains its close involvement in European activities. It
plays an important role in the ATTRACT programme for shared progress in detectors and
imaging, in the SESAME programme for the Middle East’s light source, through collaboration
with Russia on the development of its fourth-generation synchrotron source, and with the new
LEAPS (League of Electron Accelerator-based Photon Sources) initiative aiming to strengthen
European leadership in X-ray science at synchrotron and XFEL facilities (pp6–7). The history
of the ESRF has shown that international scientific collaboration can create tremendous
breakthroughs and build bridges between nations: thanks to the constant support of our
community, we are looking forward to setting new records.
MOLYNEUX
for the development of next-
generation light sources and
instrumentation, and tackling Kvashnina installs crystal analysers on ID26.
big data. Serving a combined
24,000-strong user community,
the initiative also aims to maximise
the strengths of individual
Kvashnina bags ERC grant
facilities through coordinated Kristina Kvashnina – a long- training, Kvashnina defended a prepared samples of lanthanide
specialisation, and to expand time ESRF user, a former ESRF PhD on soft X-ray spectroscopy and actinide nanomaterials for
industry services. Meanwhile, it will staff member and current of lanthanide and actinide Kvashnina’s research.
capture and map socioeconomic collaborating research group systems at Uppsala University in To study the samples,
impact, and improve training and beamline scientist – has Sweden, based on data taken Kvashnina has needed the
outreach programmes. “LEAPS received a prestigious starting at the Advanced Light Source ROBL beamline’s rare ability
will use the power of its combined grant from the European at Lawrence Berkeley National to safely handle radioactive
voice to ensure that member light- Research Council (ERC) to Laboratory in California, US. materials, its X-ray emission
source facilities continue to be pursue her work on actinide Afterwards, she moved to the spectrometer, and its
world-leading, to act as a powerful and lanthanide nanomaterials. ESRF, where she has studied the functioning with low-energy
tool for the development and The grant of €1.5 million is the same systems using the hard X-rays in the region of 3–7 keV,
integration of skills with a view maximum that can be awarded, X-rays at beamlines such as to reach the appropriate
to address 21st-century global and is designed to help early- BM20, the German Rossendorf actinide and lanthanide
challenges, and to consolidate career researchers in any (ROBL) beamline. Helmholtz- absorption edges.
Europe’s leadership in the field,” scientific field who show the Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf “The ESRF is the only place in
reads the initiative’s mission potential for “excellence”. are the backers of the ROBL the world where we can carry
statement. A theoretical physicist by beamline, and have also out this research,” she says.
C ARGOUD
User Meeting: 5–7 February.
Success for
mock-up cell
Engineers at the ESRF have and all the vacuum chambers
successfully built an entire were connected together and
EBS cell, consisting of girders, inserted in the magnets, and
magnets, vacuum chambers and pumped. “No major issues were
other components. The mock-up discovered,” says Eybert.
went entirely to plan, and paves
the way for the assembly of the
EBS proper (see story, right).
The EBS storage ring will consist
of thousands of components, all
“Many
of which have been designed in components have
three dimensions with computer
software. Experience from less than half
previous projects, however, has
demonstrated a possibility of a millimetre of
conflicts between components
during assembly due to design or
room for error.”
machining faults, especially when
space constraints are very high.
In the EBS, many components The mock-up was the first
have been designed with less time that engineers from the
than half a millimetre of room different groups and divisions –
for error. The Machine Advisory alignment and geodesy, technical
Committee recommended the infrastructure, vacuum, insertion
building of a mock-up cell at devices, power and so on – have
a meeting last year, and work worked together in the same place
began in February this year for the new EBS machine. “We’ve
in the ESRF’s Chartreuse Hall. had many meetings, but never
“The mock-up is the best tool to before have we all been working
anticipate and to tackle technical together, to do the assembly,”
issues before the busy assembly says Eybert. In fact, adds Eybert,
phase,” says Laurent Eybert, one working together allowed the
of the managers of the mock-up. team to get to know one another,
“It is also a demonstrator and a and to know precisely who was
useful training tool for all people responsible for what.
involved in the project.” The engineers baked the
The mock-up space was vacuum chambers at temperatures
divided into two zones: one of up to 150 °C for 48 hours to
for the assembly of vacuum achieve a level of vacuum better
vessels on dedicated tables, than 1 × 10 –10 mbar, and checked
and the other for four girders, that the main components still
anchored to the concrete remained within the alignment
floor in the alignment they will tolerances. In the next step, input
ultimately have in the tunnel. facilities such as piping and cabling
The engineers prepared a will be installed to fully validate
detailed procedure for assembly, their design, before issuing calls
outlining the necessary control for tender.
points, timescales, labour, tools
and layout configuration. By Right: ESRF engineers and
12 September, all the magnets technicians make adjustments to
were installed and aligned, the mock-up cell.
One cell of the EBS’s HMBA lattice, supported on its four girders. There are four dipoles (blue) and three
dipole-quadrupoles (pink), making seven bending magnets in total. Also shown are quadrupoles (red) and
sextupoles (green).
What is the lattice? closely packed, and the resulting Will all this actually fit in
The hybrid multi-bend achromat synchrotron X-rays are brighter and the current ESRF tunnel?
(HMBA) lattice is the composition more coherent – in other words, Remarkably, yes. With roughly
of magnets that will guide and they approach the properties of a twice as many magnets in the
focus the EBS’s electron beam. laser beam. The HMBA will boost same space, each has had to be
Currently, the ESRF has a “double coherence by some two orders engineered to be more
bend achromat lattice”, so called of magnitude. Such properties compact and generate magnetic
because it relies on two bending are the driving force of the EBS fields up to three times stronger
magnets (dipoles) per cell, and upgrade, opening up new fields than existing models. The
because electrons of different of investigation in fundamental vacuum chambers have had to
energies are bent and focused in research, and allowing far better be redesigned for limited space
the same way – “achromatically” industry diagnostics to promote in and around the magnets, too,
– resulting in very collimated innovation. while the mechanical tolerances
and stable beams. There are also of some components have shrunk
achromat lattices based on three How will the HMBA make to just 100th of a millimetre. It
or four bending magnets: the these gains? is a complex and revolutionary
HMBA will have seven. Pioneered Having seven bending magnets design that has inspired the
by the ESRF, the HMBA will be key per cell gives far more control composition of other big light
to the EBS’s status as a “fourth- over the electron beam, but that sources around the world,
generation” synchrotron source, is just the start. Many magnets and won the ESRF’s Pantaleo
reducing horizontal emittance by are innovative: some dipoles are Raimondi the prestigious Gersch
a factor of 30 compared with the made of permanent magnets Budker Prize from the European
existing machine. (see ESRFnews July 2017, p9), for Physical Society Accelerator
example, while some magnets Group earlier this year. It “shows
Why is that so important? simultaneously bend and focus Raimondi’s ability to foster new
Emittance describes how tightly the beam. Compared with the ideas, his deep understanding
the electrons are confined in current lattice, there will also be of accelerator physics and [his]
the beam. If the emittance is 25 further magnets per cell to mastering of technological
smaller, the electrons are more enact subtle corrections. aspects,” the jury said.
Cryo-EM launched
technology in the microscopes themselves
ESRF facility delivers high- (electron delivery, for example) and in
cryo-EM sample preparation.
resolution structures As a European leader in large-scale
without crystals. structural-biology infrastructure, the ESRF has
embraced this cutting-edge technique and
invested in a cryo-EM facility, CM01, that will
For 10 years, you have been investigating the be operated in a similar fashion to its regular
structure of a biological complex comprising X-ray beamlines. A collaboration with the
dozens of proteins and nucleic acids. Classical European Molecular Biology Laboratory, the
macromolecular crystallography has given Institut de Biologie Structurale and the Institut
you high-resolution structures for some of the Laue-Langevin, CM01 was inaugurated last
components, but only a three-dimensional month, and will remain operational during the
structure of the entire complex at close to long ESRF shutdown for the Extremely Brilliant
atomic resolution will reveal its detailed Source upgrade in 2019/2020. CM01 is a state-
function and interactions. Unfortunately, of-the-art Titan Krios G3 cryo-EM for the 3D
although you have a pure sample of the characterisation of single particles of biological
complex, it refuses to be crystallised. macromolecules. In addition to a GATAN K2
If this situation is anything like your own, direct detection detector, this most powerful
the ESRF’s new cryo-electron microscopy and flexible high-resolution microscope is also
(cryo-EM) facility could help. equipped with a Volta Phase Plate, delivering
In a cryo-EM experiment, a solution high-resolution imaging of macromolecules of
containing the biomolecule or complex less than 150 kDa in mass, and a GIF quantum
of interest is applied to a sample holder, LS energy filter to enhance the quality of the
or “grid”, as a thin layer. The grid is flash- images by producing less background noise
frozen in liquid ethane to vitrify the sample, and better contrast. The high frame-rate K2
which is then imaged by the cryo-EM with detector can record many images in a “movie
Chlorella variabilis lives in a freshwater environment. low doses of electrons to minimise radiation mode”, thereby correcting for electron beam-
damage. Because particles are imaged induced sample drifts and enhancing both low-
diffracting volume. The data revealed directly, there is no need for crystallisation and high-resolution frequencies.
the fatty acid wrapped around part of – although, if available, any high-resolution As with any ESRF “beamline”, CM01 was
the photoenzyme that leads to where crystal structures of the complex’s individual extensively characterised and tested prior to
a common biochemical, flavin adenine components can be used to guide the its inauguration. The first large biomolecule
dinucleotide (FAD), can be held. Beisson and interpretation of the cryo-EM image. studied with the microscope – the tobacco
colleagues believe that, under blue light, the In October this year, the Noble in Chemistry mosaic virus, which infects tobacco and other
photoenzyme helps FAD to steal an electron was awarded to three scientists, Jacques plants – produced an excellent description
from the fatty acid, which responds by Dubochet, Joachim Frank and Richard of its three-dimensional structure at a
detaching its carboxylic head to make a pure Henderson, for pioneering developments resolution better than 4 Å. The result augurs
hydrocarbon (Science 357 903). “If seeing is using cryo-EM. Over the last decade or so, the extremely well for the new facility and its aim
believing, then the structure of the complex average resolution that can be obtained using of producing structural information of high
was indeed important,” says BIAM’s Pascal this technique has dramatically improved scientific impact on the form and function of
Arnoux, who worked closely with the ESRF from 15–20 Å to around 8 Å, with many of large macromolecular complexes.
beamline operation manager Didier Nurizzo. the most recent depositions in the Protein OProposals for experiments on CM01 can
In nature, explains Beisson, C. variabilis Data Bank exhibiting atomic resolution of be submitted via a Rolling Access application
probably converts some of its fatty acids to 3–4 Å. This leap has been made possible by pathway. See tinyurl.com/ESRFcryoEM.
hydrocarbons for use as a hydrophobic barrier, an enormous progress in direct-detection Christoph Mueller-Dieckmann and Eaazhisai
or for signalling purposes. By engineering a technology for cryo-EM cameras, the Kandiah, ESRF O
photosynthetic microorganism to produce
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This year has been an important one for the spectroscopy monochromators in order to
ESRF’s upgrade programme, the Extremely enable a maximum number of beamlines to
Brilliant Source (EBS). On 27 June the ESRF
Council, representing the 22 partner nations
take full advantage of the EBS source.
Meanwhile, there is a significant
“Scientists
of the synchrotron, gave the green light
for the construction and commissioning
investment in the third pillar of the ESRF-
EBS programme: experiment control, data
will carry out
of new beamlines, which together with
the new source and enabling technology
management and the development of
advanced data-analysis tools for our users.
experiments that
make up the ESRF–EBS programme’s three
pillars. Four new beamlines will be designed
At the heart of this initiative is the new
data policy endorsed by the ESRF Council are currently
for the full exploitation of the enhanced in November 2015, which guarantees
performance of the first fourth-generation data archival for 10 years (and metadata impossible.”
high-energy synchrotron. They will address indefinitely) as well as open access to data
major challenges facing our society, including after an embargo period of three years, enable scientists to carry out experiments
the development of the next generation of which can be extended upon request. The that are currently impossible. We will
drugs, biomaterials and sustainable materials, implementation of the new beamline control ensure that the ESRF beamlines and their
and provide deep insights into the complex system, BLISS, will take place throughout the performance continue to evolve after the
mechanisms governing living organisms. duration of the ESRF–EBS programme. EBS project, to capture all opportunities to
They will elucidate our recent and ancient After a 20-month shutdown, starting at optimise the science that can be developed
past, as manifested in historical artefacts the end of 2018, the ESRF will come back with the new source.
and fossils. What’s more, they will provide with an extremely brilliant source that will Harald Reichert and Jean Susini, ESRF O
unique opportunities for applied and
innovation-driven research.
The choice of the four EBS beamlines
(which are described in detail on pp19–
25 of this issue) was the result of an
l
extensive selection process. The entire
c tiona Scie
un
ESRF user community put forward 48
expressions of interest, and the ESRF f nce
/ extr
Science Advisory Committee then
ranked the final eight proposals for new
ral y and em at
log atter
tu
con
beamlines. The construction of the new
diti e
uc
bio
ESRF–EBS: the
The makeup of the Extremely Brilliant Source (EBS) has become cle
of the upgrade, including new beaml
EBS flagship beamlines
Four entirely new beamlines will be
built between 2018 and 2022:
HPLF BM25 ID26 BM
A+
EBSL1 Coherence applications (see p19) A+B
EBSL2 Hard X-ray diffraction microscopy (see p21)
EBSL3 Phase-contrast tomography (see p23)
EBSL8 Serial synchrotron crystallography (see p25) BM23
ID24
25
ID23 24
EBS refurbishment beamlines EBSL3 (BM18) ID22 23
Also over the 2018–2022 period, a refurbishment
programme will be carried out in parallel to the regular ID19 22
refurbishment, to exploit the high performance of the new
EBS storage ring for other beamlines (see details opposite): ID21
21
ID10 Surface science
ID24 High brilliance X-ray absorption spectroscopy BM20
ID27 Nano X-ray diffraction in extreme conditions
ID20
20
New platforms
ID17 19
Finally, as part of ongoing efforts to provide improved
services to users, the ESRF is strengthening its expertise
with two cutting-edge platforms:
18
ID28 BM28 EBSL8 (ID29) and surface dynamics. Such dynamics data will now shrink
to the millisecond range, which will allow catalytic ignition
and electrochemical dissolution processes to be studied at
ID30 unprecedented time resolution, and which will open up new
26 BM29 fronts on the dynamics of nanoparticles at fluid interfaces and
27 A+B
macromolecules in model cell membranes. A new large-area
28 pixel detector means that determining surface and interface
BM30 A+B structures will get roughly 100 times faster. Meanwhile,
improved optics will open up new possibilities for in situ and
operando studies and sub-micron objects, as well as dynamic
BM31 ID31
1
BM02 Cryo-EM an engineering point of view, the new EXAFS branch will
provide a variable spot size of 1 mm to 1 μm, a variable flux
ID02 of up to 4 × 1013 photons per second and a time resolution
down to a second. Today, in situ XAS applications in the
5
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Focus on: Extremely Brilliant Source
10–17
match 101
10–15
XPCS (present)
For XPCS, a technique 10–1
10–13
reliant on coherent X-rays,
energy (eV)
the EBSL1 beamline is a 10–3
10–11
dream come true.
10–5
10–9
XPCS at EBS
Ceramics
Polymers
Composites
Compounds
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Focus on: Extremely Brilliant Source
Most hard materials – from rocks to metals, diffracted X-rays, we created a magnified,
to semiconductors and even bone – have full-field image of the individual dislocations
complex internal structures, often comprising
several layers of substructures interwoven
“We will capture within the crystal – a technique known
as dark field microscopy. Coordinated
across multiple length scales. What’s more,
these hierarchical structures define many of
real-time movies movements of the sample and optics then
enabled us to quantitatively map the local
the properties of the material. Bone is a classic
example: its unexpectedly high toughness
of structural crystal strain and symmetry with a resolution
of 100 nm. These maps showed how
stems from the way “hydroxyapatite”
nanoparticles self-assemble into highly dynamics.” dislocations and stacking faults self-organise
inside the material to create buried networks
oriented fibres up to the macroscopic characterised by long-range strain fields and
scale. Understanding the material means lattice distortions (see figure).
understanding the dynamics of how the jointly between the Technical University Now, however, this result is set to be just
individual sub-structures interact – but this of Denmark (DTU) and the ESRF as part the tip of the iceberg. One of the ESRF–EBS
requires direct access to every length scale, of an Advanced Grant from the European upgrade beamlines, EBSL2, located on the
within the same sample and at the same time. Research Council. Six years on, at the end ID03 port, will improve spatial resolution
This is the idea behind the hard X-ray of 2016, this collaboration resulted in a 10-fold, while making experiments hundreds
microscope: a single instrument offering prototype instrument at ID06. First results or even thousand of times faster. This
comprehensive full-field and time-resolved have provided new insights into some means we are no longer limited to seeing
imaging in two, three and four dimensions of longstanding and fundamental problems in static structures, but can capture real-
the phases, grains, domains, stress fields and metallurgy, energy and biological materials. time movies of structural dynamics as they
defects spanning length scales from 1 mm In one case, we visualised the multi- happen across multiple length scales. In the
to 10 nm. scale structure of dislocation networks in context of diamond, it could mean tracking
What makes hard X-ray microscopy unique diamond, an important industrial material the 3D motions of dislocations as they form
is the broad range of problems it can tackle. and, more recently, an ideal sandbox networks under stress. More broadly, it
Using high energy X-rays we can probe sub- for quantum-information technologies. allows us to pursue much more aggressive
structures within large samples or even Crucially, its photonic properties are dynamics problems, such as nucleation and
full devices. By combining complementary largely at the mercy of these defects – their material failure.
imaging techniques with the versatility intermingling networks, and the long-range The ability to extend 3D imaging into
of X-ray optics, we can seamlessly switch strains they create. the temporal regime is a game-changer
between fast overviews of microscopic At the coarse scale, we used diffraction for materials science, providing the
features and detailed images of individual X-ray topography to map the location of opportunity to truly guide and validate
defects. In this sense, the hard X-ray every dislocation in the crystal. This allowed multi-scale materials models. Such models
microscope is analogous to a transmission us to find a specific set of dislocation lines are essential to emerging approaches to the
electron microscope, albeit one that leverages of interest, in this case a group of three computational design of materials.
the penetrating power of X-rays to see orders containing kinks, including one with a clear Henning Friis Poulsen and Hugh Simons,
of magnitude further into the samples. stacking fault. Next, simply by inserting an Technical University of Denmark, and
Hard X-ray microscopy was developed X-ray objective lens into the beam of Bragg- Carsten Detlefs, ESRF O
DTU
200 μm 30 μm 4 μm
A multi-scale analysis of an artificial diamond shows the dislocation network, individual dislocation lines, and a single stacking
fault embedded deep within the crystal. After the EBS upgrade, with the EBSL2 beamline, it may be possible to track the
3D motions of these features with sub-second resolution as the material is stressed.
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Focus on: Extermely Brilliant Source
FRAUNHOFER
tenth of a second, even in complex
in situ or in operando environments.
Indeed, versatility has been key to the
success of the microtomography at
the ESRF, and explains the breadth
of applications covering material
science, cultural heritage, biology,
biomedical research, geology,
and notably industry.
Despite this success, however,
synchrotron microtomography
is reaching its limit. Industrial and
academic scientists want to scan even bigger
samples, at higher resolution and with better
phase-contrast capabilities at high energy; The application-oriented research organisation
they want to scan large series of samples, Fraunhofer, based in Germany, is able to detect
sometimes with multiple resolutions and with sub-millimetre defects in this aluminium
high throughput. experimental hutch will allow propagation engine cast using high-energy conventional
An entirely new beamline, EBSL3 – distances up to 35 metres, in order to X-ray tomography. With the EBS’s EBSL3
together with a refurbishment of the ESRF’s obtain high levels of phase contrast even beamline, it would be able to detect defects in
present iconic microtomography beamline, at maximum energy and low resolution. All the 20-micrometre range, and then examine
ID19 – will eclipse these limits. Making the this will be possible for samples 100 times them on a microscopic scale.
very best of the ESRF’s Extremely Brilliant bigger than today (up to 2.5 metres vertically
Source (EBS) upgrade, EBSL3 will be a 220 by 1.5 metres horizontally), for weights up samples, such as defects in aluminium engine
metre-long beamline that will perform to 300 kg. The whole beamline is designed casts (see figure), or the microscopic structure
hierarchical imaging (a voxel size of 100 μm to be rapid, versatile, easy to use, largely of large composite devices, with world-
down to 1 μm) of medium to large objects, automatic, and robust, to ensure high level of leading sensitivity and resolution.
using propagation phase contrast with reliability and high throughput. Academic fields, from cultural heritage to
high levels of automation. Thanks to the biomedical applications, will greatly benefit
EBS’s exceptional coherence, high-quality Parallel upgrade too. Today we can scan a Tyrannosaurus rex
propagation phase contrast of up to 350 While EBSL3 is being built, the upgrade of arm, a cat mummy, or a small human organ;
keV will be possible. A 40 metre-long the upgrade of ID19 will lead to it becoming tomorrow we will be able to scan a complete
an undulator-based beamline that reaches T. rex skull, a complete human mummy in its
higher resolutions with higher throughput, wooden sarcophagus, or even a complete
as well as at high energies in the sub-micron human body. Inside any of these we will see
“These range. X-ray imaging is one of the ESRF’s best
industrial tools, and so EBSL3 and ID19 have
things no one has ever seen before without
destroying the specimen, down to the
synchrotron been designed together with industrial needs
in mind. High throughput will allow rapid
micrometre scale.
This large-scale project will continue
microtomography surveys of, for example, pills and small metallic
devices on ID19, or batteries, mechanical
to make the ESRF’s synchrotron
microtomography capabilities truly unique,
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Industry
JEFF WADE
microstructures can only be Yildirim’s model samples
studied in two dimensions in are used to design the
the finished product. “When methodology, and especially
I heard that we could follow the heat-treatment cycle
metallurgical reactions live management in alloys. In
and in 3D, I was immediately conventional steel processing,
convinced that this was the way nitrogen alloying is challenging
to go,” says Roger Hubert, the due to the element’s limited
chief scientific officer at OCAS, solubility during casting and
a metallurgical research centre solidification. Alternatively,
in Belgium. nitriding as thermochemical
Meanwhile, OCAS has funded treatment on the final material
a postdoctoral researcher, Can (also called case hardening) can
Yildirim, to investigate the be used to significantly improve
effects of nitrogen alloying in surface and bulk properties.
steel at the ESRF. Nitrogen can Thanks to dark-field X-ray
boost various steel properties microscopy, Yildirim and others
such as strength and hardness, can look inside the material,
but this strongly depends on whether it is inside a furnace
controlled nucleation and or other sample environment,
growth of nitride phases. Upon Yildirim at work on ID06. and see how the microstructure
cooling down, the solubility of evolves during processing. That is
nitrogen decreases and excess microscopy. Unlike bright-field crystalline materials from what makes it ideal for industrial
nitrogen precipitates as iron microscopy, where a sample is 100 nm to 1 mm, even at high clients such as OCAS.
nitrides. These precipitates are seen on a bright background temperatures. “We’re basically In July, Yildirim and his
desirable, so long as their phase, thanks to direct illumination, able to see the internal structure colleagues also conducted a
morphology and size can be dark-field microscopy detects of steel alloys and follow which first experiment on non-grain-
controlled. only light that is scattered from processes occur on a sub-micron oriented electrical steel samples,
To explore these iron-nitride Bragg diffraction. The result is scale in operando conditions,” and were moving on to a second
precipitates, Yildirim turned to a non-destructive technique says Yildirim. The technique will experiment at ID06 as this issue
ESRF beamline ID06, where he that allows 3D mapping of become even more powerful went to press.
could perform dark-field X-ray orientations and stresses within with the Extremely Brilliant Jon Cartwright O
In the corridors
China launches X-rays help restore
X-ray telescope wind instruments
China’s most recent foray Scientists at the Paul Scherrer
into space-based science is Institut (PSI) in Switzerland
an X-ray satellite, the Hard have used X-ray and neutron
X-ray Modulation Telescope tomography to guide the
First users at XFEL (HXMT), which launched in restoration of more than a
First experiments began at the June. Designed to study some dozen 16th-century Italian wind
European X-ray free-electron of the universe’s most energetic instruments. The resultant three-
laser (XFEL) in Hamburg, phenomena, such as gamma-ray Briefest X-ray flash dimensional images revealed
Germany, on 20 September, bursts, neutron stars and black the internal structure of the
nearly three weeks after the holes, HXMT actually carries A group led by Zenghu Chang at components made of wood,
facility was inaugurated. three X-ray telescopes operating the University of Central Florida metal and leather, in particular
Highlighting the range of at different energies, from 20 to in Orlando, US, has smashed its the shape of the finger holes
methods available at the XFEL, 200 keV. It is the latest of a series own record for the fastest X-ray and the borehole, and their
the experiments include the of instruments launched as part pulse. Lasting just 53 attoseconds deterioration over hundreds of
use of different spectroscopy of China’s highly active space (10 –18 seconds), the pulse was years. “Using this data, we can
methods to track ultrafast programme, including probes 14 attoseconds shorter than the now reconstruct for the first time
reactions and electron movement of dark matter, microgravity group’s previous record set in what they would have sounded
in model molecules, the probing and long-range quantum 2012, and is equivalent to the like when first played,” said
of organic light-emitting diodes, entanglement. time it takes light to travel one- Giulia Festa at the University of
and the investigation of nitrogen thousandth the diameter of a Rome Tor Vergata.
and oxygen recombination human hair. It was generated by
in the muscle tissue protein interacting an intense infrared
myoglobin. “This is a very laser with a noble gas, and is
important event, and we are thought to be important because
very happy that the first users it reaches the “water window”,
have now arrived,” said Robert where carbon atoms absorb
Feidenhans’l, the European XFEL’s strongly but water does not (Nat.
managing director. Comm. 8 186).
Soft X-Ray
Visible
NOTE: Princeton Instruments x-ray cameras are compatible with EPICS software.
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