PATRONES

PARA
KEY WORD
TRANSFORMATIONS
 KEY WORD “WISH”
Se puede usar para expresar arrepentimiento o deseo
“WISH” FOR PAST REGRETS (Siempre se usa had)

Estructura: Sujeto+Wish+Sujeto+Had+Participio
Ejemplo: I wish I had bought house

1. I regret not contacting Jon when I was in Rochester.

WISH
I .................................................. when I was in Rochester.
I wish I had contacted Jon when I was in Rochester

2. Mark regretted lying to his teacher

WISHED
Mark .................................................. to his teacher
Mark wished he hadn't lied to his teacher

“WISH” FOR PRESENT REGRETS (Se usa pasado simple)

Estructura: Sujeto+Wish+Sujeto+Pasado Simple

Ejemplo: I wish I was taller

Teoría:
1. I want to go home, but I don’t know the way Expressing
WISH Wish or Regret
I……………………..the way home
I wish I knew the way home

2. They are older than they want to be

WISH
They………………………………younger
They wish they were younger

“WISH” FOR DREAMS AND UNREAL SITUATIONS (Siempre se usa could)

Estructura: Sujeto+Wish+Sujeto+Could+Infinitivo
Ejemplo: I wish I could fly like superman

1. I’d love to go on holiday in March, but that’s my busiest month

WISH
I………………………………………….go on holiday in March, but that’s my busiest month
I wish I could go on holiday in March, but that’s my busiest moth
2. I’m not allowed to play outside
WISH
I……………………………….outside
I wish I could play outside.
 KEY WORD “ACCUSE”
“ACCUSE” (Va siempre seguido de -ING)

Estructura: Accuse Sb of doing Sth (Accuse+of+ING)

Ejemplo: John was accused of breaking Jane's radio
John was accused of having broken Jane's radio

1. You’ve been meeting your boyfriend after school, haven’t you? Said Mum
ACCUSED
Laura’s mother………………………………....her boyfriend after school
Laura’s mother accused her of meeting her boyfriend after school

2. They blamed the theft of the missing computer on Jenkins

ACCUSED
Jenkins…………………………………………the missing computer
Jenkins was accused of stealing the missing computer
Teoría para ambos:
Reported Speech
Reporting verbs

KEY WORD “SUGGEST”

“SUGGEST” (Va siempre seguido de -ING)

Estructura: Suggest+ING
Ejemplo: I suggest leaving soon

1. Why don't you come over for dinner at the weekend?' he asked her
SUGGESTED
He .................................. for dinner at the weekend
He suggested coming over for dinner at the weekend

2. How about going to the cinema tonight?, said Anne

SUGGESTED
Ann………………………………………to the cinema
Ann suggested going to the cinema

*En caso de que la estructura sea al revés, se usa la siguiente estructura: (Suggest+that+clause)
Ejemplo: I suggest that you come as soon as you can
 KEY WORD “BELIEVED”
“BELIEVED” (Se usa para hacer construcciones impersonales acerca de
una persona)
People believe that thousands of birds died
Para reportar la oración usando la palabra “BELIEVED” se pueden usar dos estructuras:

Estructura: Subject + passive of reporting verb + `to ́ infinitive

Ejemplo: Hundreds of thousands of birds are believed to have died

Estructura: It + passive of reporting verb + that + clause

Ejemplo: It is believed that hundreds of thousands of birds died
(Ambas son válidas)

PRESENTE (passive+present infinitive)

People believe that Johnson is in Cardiff
BELIEVED
Johnson…………………………….……………..in Cardiff Teoría:
Johnson is believed to be in Cardiff Passive of
Reporting Verbs

PRESENTE CONTINUO
They believe that the forger is living in Florence
BELIEVED
The forger………………………………………living in Florence
The forger is believed to be living in Florence

PASADO (passive+past infinitive)

People believe that Johnson left Cardiff last month
BELIEVED Si no se usa “have” la
Johnson………………………………left Cardiff last month oración cambia su sentido
Johnson is believed to have left Cardiff last month
Johnson is believed to left Cardiff last month

La misma estructura se usa para los siguientes reporting verbs:

calculate, claim, consider, discover, estimate, expect, feel, hope, know, prove, report,
say, show, think, understand, etc.
 KEY WORD “RATHER”
“RATHER” (Es usado para indicar preferencia por un objeto sobre otro)
Si rather es la palabra que sigue al sujeto va seguido de infinitivo sin to
(siempre es “would rather”-preferiría)

Estructura: Sujeto+would rather+infinitivo sin to+than+infinitivo sin to

Ejemplo: She would rather go out than stay at home

1. I prefer to arrive an hour early

RATHER Teoría:
I…………………………………an hour early Prefer, Would Rather,
I would rather arrive an hour early Would prefer

Si prefer es la palabra que sigue al sujeto va seguido de infinitivo con to

(siempre se usa “rather than”-antes que)

Estructura: Sujeto+prefer+infinitive con to+rather than+infinitive sin to

Ejemplo: She would rather go out than stay at home

1. I’d prefer rather walk than catch a bus

RATHER
I’d prefer……………………………………..a bus
I’d prefer to walk rather than to catch a bus

KEY WORD “DESPITE”

“DESPITE” (Es usado establecer contrastes, a pesar de…)

Estructura: despite+verbo en -ING

Ejemplo: Despite being raining, we went out

1. Although the train was late, we managed to get there on time

Teoría:
DESPITE
Despite, In Spite Of
We managed to get there on time……………………late
We managed to get there on time despite the train being late

*Si bien en la oración de arriba, el objeto directo está después de despite, el verbo en –ING se
sigue respetando (despite the train being late)
*Excepciones: Se puede usar despite también pasa sustantivos (despite the rain, we went out)
*IN SPITE OF: Se usa de la misma manera, solo que “Despite” es equivalente a las tres palabras
juntas “In Spite Of”
 KEY WORD “OUGHT”
“OUGHT” (Significa lo mismo que Should)
Si pueden usar indistintamente con la diferencia que ought hace referencia a una
responsabilidad moral más que un consejo
Responsabilidad: You saw the thief. You ought to call the police
Consejo: You should study harder

Estructura: Ough to+INF

Ejemplo: You ough to help the poor

En el caso de las tranformations, casi siempre se usa ought para referirse al pasado. Para ese
caso la estructura es: ought to+presente perfecto (have+participio)

1. It was careless of him to go without checking the times Teoría:

OUGHT
Modal Verbs
He .................................................... the times before going
He ought to have checked the times before going Semi-Modals Verbs

2. It was very bad of you to use my mobile without asking my permission

OUGHT
You .................................................... before you used my mobile
You ought to have asked before you used my mobile phone

KEY WORD “DENIED”

Estructura: denied+ING
Ejemplo: Everyone denied seeing the accident

It wasn't me who took the book. I didn't touch it!

DENIED
I……………………………………………………the book
I denied having touched the book Teoría:
Reported Speech
'I didn't break the window,' said the boy Reporting Verbs
DENIED
The boy ............................... the window
The boy denied breaking the window
 “PHRASAL VERBS”
Casos donde la “Key Word” se convierte en un Phrasal Verb

Pete Johnson continued to get up at 6:30 even after he retired.

CARRIED
Pete Johnson .................................................... at 6:30 even after he retired
Pete Johnson carried on getting up at 6.30 even after he retired

You must do exactly what he instructs you to do.

CARRY
You must .................................................... exactly
You must carry out his instructions exactly

They discussed the situation but nobody had a solution.

CAME
They discussed the situation but .................................................... a solution
They discussed the situation but nobody came up with a solution

The coach had the respect of the whole team

UP
The whole team .................................................... the coach.
The whole team looked up to the coach

The boss postponed the meeting until the following week

OFF
The meeting .................................................... the boss until the following week
The meeting was put off by the boss until the following week

Ana's mother started the club that Ana now presides.

SET
The club that Ana now presides .................................................... her mother
The club that Ana now presides was set up by her mother

I arrived late because I just missed the train.

TURN
If I had caught the train, I .................................................... time
If I had caught the train, I would have turned up on time

Significado de Phrasal Verbs en transformations

PAY ATTENTION
CARRY ON to continue to take notice of
TO
to do or follow intructions or to postpone or
CARRY OUT PUT OFF
orders delay
COME UP WITH to have an idea SET UP to establish
GET IN TOUCH
to contact TAKE CARE OF to look after
WITH
LOOK UP TO to admire TURN UP to arrive or attend
 “VERB PATTERNS+ING”
Casos donde la “Key Word” es seguida de una preposición y luego –ING
Estructura: Verb+Preposition+ING
Ejemplos:
ACCUSE He accused me OF using his phone.
APOLIGISE I apoligised FOR forgetting her birthday.
FEEL LIKE I didn't feel LIKE watching TV.
INSIST He insisted ON going out in the rain.
PREVENT Her parents prevented her FROM going camping.
SUCCEED She succeeded IN getting her degree.

"Lionel, you've eaten the lamb chops," said his flatmate

ACCUSED
Lionel's flatmate ........................................ the lamb chops
Lionel’s flatmate accused him of eating the lamb chops (ACCUSE OF)

"I'm sorry I behaved so badly," said George

APOLOGISED
George ........................................ so badly
George apologized for behaving so badly (APOLIGIZE FOR)
Teoría:
It was so cold that nobody wanted to go out Verb Patterns
FELT
Nobody ........................................ because it was so cold
Nobody felt like going out because it was so cold(FEEL LIKE)

Dan was determined to play the guitar at the party

INSISTED
Dan ........................................ at the party
Dan insisted on playing the guitar at the party (INSIST ON)

We didn't go out because of the rain

PREVENTED
The rain ........................................ out
The rain prevented us from going out (PREVENT FROM)

I failed to persuade him to come to the party

SUCCEED
I ........................................ him to come to the party
I didn't succeed in persuading him to come to the party (SUCCEED IN)