GSM CONTROLLED

CAR
 Objective
The main objective of this project to build a unique kind of robotic algorithm to achieve a
new kind of approachability in the field of robotics. The GSM controlled car is one of those
types of different view for automation in machines. These car are designed to go at different
places without man.
A robot is a virtual or mechanical artificial agent. In practice, it is usually an electro-
mechanical machine which is guided by computer or electronic programming, and is thus
able to do tasks on its own. Another common characteristic is that by its appearance or
movements, a robot often conveys a sense that it has intent or agency of its own.
The basic purpose of this robot is to provide automation for the utility machines that are
operated in manual mode for removing different obstructions form fixed terrain in a remote
location.
INTRODUCTION
Conventionally, Wireless-controlled robots use rf circuits, which have the drawbacks of
limited working range, limited frequency range and the limited control. Use of a mobile
phone for robotic control can overcome these limitations. It provides the advantage of
robust control, working range as large as the coverage area of the service provider, no
interference with other controllers and up to twelve controls.
Although the appearance and the capabilities of robots vary vastly, all robots share the
feature of a mechanical, movable structure under some form of control. The Control of
robot involves three distinct phases: perception, processing and action. Generally, the
preceptors are sensors mounted on the robot , processing is done by the on-board
microcontroller or processor, and the task is perfomed using motors or with some other
actuators.
In this project the robot, is controlled by a mobile phone that makes call to the mobile
phone attached to the robot in the course of the call, if any button is pressed control
corresponding to the button pressed is heard at the other end of the call. This tone is
called dual tone multi frequency tome (DTMF) robot receives this DTMF tone with the
help of phone stacked in the robot The received tone is processed by the atmega16
microcontroller with the help of DTMF decoder MT8870 the decoder decodes the DTMF
tone in to its equivalent binary digit and this binary number is send to the microcontroller,
the microcontroller is preprogrammed to take a decision for any give input and outputs its
decision to motor drivers in order to drive the motors for forward or backward motion or
turn.
The mobile that makes a call to the mobile phone stacked in the robot acts as a remote. So
this simple robotic project does not require the construction of receiver and transmitter
units.
DTMF signaling is used for telephone signaling over the line in the voice frequency band
to the call switching center. The version of DTMF used for telephone dialing is known as
touch tone.
DTMF assigns a specific frequency (consisting of two separate tones) to each key s that it
can easily be identified by the electronic circuit. The signal generated by the DTMF
encoder is the direct al-gebric submission, in real time of the amplitudes of two
sine(cosine) waves of different frequencies, i.e. ,pressing 5 will send a tone made by
adding 1336hz and 770hz to the other end of the mobile.
 In order to control the robot, you have to make a call to the cellphone attached to the
robot from any phone.
now the phone is picked by the phone on the robot through autoanswer mode(which is in
the phn, just enable it).
now when you press 1 the robot will move forward
when you press 3 the robot will move left
when you press 2 the robot will move backwards
when you press 4 the robot will move right
when you press 5 the robot will stop.

To connect the hands free with the circuit

there are always two connections which come out of the phone,
these connections are
1. Tip
2. Ring
i'll prefer to use handsfree which have a straight jack (similar to the ones which we use in our
ipods, but a thinner one)

the tip of that jack is called the "tip"

and the rest part behind the tip after a black strip is the ring So connect these two connections
with the circuit and you will be done

What is GSM ?
Global System for Mobile (GSM) is a second generation cellular standard developed to cater
voice services and data delivery using digital modulation
GSM System Architecture
GSM System Architecture Consist
 Mobile Station (MS)
Mobile Equipment (ME)
Subscriber Identity Module (SIM)
 Base Station Subsystem (BSS)
Base Transceiver Station (BTS)
Base Station Controller (BSC)
 Network Switching Subsystem(NSS)
Mobile Switching Center (MSC)
Home Location Register (HLR)
Visitor Location Register (VLR)
Authentication Center (AUC)
Equipment Identity Register (EIR)
Block diagram: Robot side

Motor 2

H-Bridge


C
Motor 1 O
N
T
GSM R
receiver O
L
L
E Power
Data R Supply
decoder
Circuit Diagram
 Circuit Diagram
Power Section
GSM interface Circuit
Microcontroller unit
H- BRIDGE Circuit
Component details
AUTO PARKING
MICROCONTROLLER
PCB 1
12-0-12, 750mA 1
POWER LEAD 1
IN 4007 4
1000uf,25V 1
10uf, 25V 3
LM 7805 1
330 ohM 1
LED 8
40 PIN IC BASE 1
AT89S52 1
33 pf 2
CRYSTAL 12MHZ 1
BERG STRIP 2
MICROSWITCH 1
10 K 5
IR SENSOR 4
380 ohm 10
220 ohm 5
1K 6
MOTOR 2
BC 557 4
BC 547 5
6 PIN BASE 4
4.7 K 4
LCD 1
POT 5 K 1
56 ohm 1
18 PIN IC BASE 1
IC 9170 1
100 K 2
330 K 1
3.57 MHZ 1
104 2
22K 2
STEREO JACK 1
FEMALE BERG 1
P817 4
 POWER SUPPLY

Summary of circuit features

 Brief description of operation: Gives out well regulated +5V output, output current
capability of 100 mA
 Circuit protection: Built-in overheating protection shuts down output when regulator
IC gets too hot
 Circuit complexity: Very simple and easy to build
 Circuit performance: Very stable +5V output voltage, reliable operation
  Availability of components: Easy to get, uses only very common basic components
 Design testing: Based on datasheet example circuit, I have used this circuit
succesfully as part of many electronics projects
 Applications: Part of electronics devices, small laboratory power supply
 Power supply voltage: Unreglated DC 8-18V power supply
 Power supply current: Needed output current + 5 mA
 Component costs: Few dollars for the electronics components + the input transformer
cost

Introduction

The +5 volt supply is useful for both analog and digital circuits. DTL, TTL, and CMOS ICs
will all operate nicely from a +5 volt supply. In addition, the +5 volt supply is useful for
circuits that use both analog and digital signals in various ways.
More importantly for our purposes, the +5 volt supply will be used as the primary reference
for regulating all of the other power supplies the we will build. We can do this very easily if
we use operational amplifiers as the controlling elements in the power supply circuits. We'll
see how this works after completing the basic +5 volt supply.

Schematic Diagram
The +5 volt power supply is based on the commercial 7805 voltage regulator IC. This IC
contains all the circuitry needed to accept any input voltage from 8 to 18 volts and produce a
steady +5 volt output, accurate to within 5% (0.25 volt). It also contains current-limiting
circuitry and thermal overload protection, so that the IC won't be damaged in case of
excessive load current; it will reduce its output voltage instead.

The 1000µf capacitor serves as a "reservoir" which maintains a reasonable input voltage to
the 7805 throughout the entire cycle of the ac line voltage. The two rectifier diodes keep
recharging the reservoir capacitor on alternate half-cycles of the line voltage, and the
capacitor is quite capable of sustaining any reasonable load in between charging pulses.

The 10µf and .01µf capacitors serve to help keep the power supply output voltage constant
when load conditions change. The electrolytic capacitor smooths out any long-term or low
frequency variations. However, at high frequencies this capacitor is not very efficient.
Therefore, the .01µf is included to bypass high-frequency changes, such as digital IC
switching effects, to ground.

The LED and its series resistor serve as a pilot light to indicate when the power supply is on.
I like to use a miniature LED here, so it will serve that function without being obtrusive or
distracting while I'm performing an experiment. I also use this LED to tell me when the
reservoir capacitor is completely discharged after power is turned off. Then I know it's safe to
remove or install components for the next experiment.

REGULATOR 7805
Features
• Output Current up to 1A
• Output Voltages of 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 12, 15, 18, 24V
• Thermal Overload Protection
• Short Circuit Protection
• Output Transistor Safe Operating Area Protection

Component list

7805 regulator IC
4 Diodes(1N4007)
1000 uF electrolytic capacitor, at least 25V voltage rating
10 uF electrolytic capacitor, at least 6V voltage rating
100 nF ceramic or polyester capacitor

Discussion
The +5 volt power supply is based on the commercial 7805 voltage regulator IC. This
simplifies the design and layout of the circuit considerably, because all of the regulating
circuitry as well as current limiters and overload protection are built into the IC. As a result,
little is needed in the way of support circuitry.

We do still need the external capacitors. One thing that is very difficult to achieve in ICs is a
capacitor of high capacitance value. Therefore, the electrolytic capacitors must be provided to
work with the IC. The disc ceramic capacitor must also be of a higher value than is readily
obtainable within an IC, so it, too, must be provided externally.

The resistor and the LED pilot light are not necessary for the correct operation of the power
supply. However, they do serve to indicate when power is on, and also help to discharge the
1000µf reservoir capacitor when power is turned off.

The 7805 voltage regulator IC is capable of handling load currents up to an ampere or so.
However, the IC will dissipate a fair amount of heat when the load current gets this high.
Without a heat sink, the IC will get hot and shut itself down at load currents above about 150
mA. If you add a heat sink for a TO-220 case (available at Radio Shack), this power supply
can easily deliver an ampere or more to its load. The placement of the components was
carefully selected to allow room for such a heat sink to be installed. You may have to bend
the IC over a bit to allow the heat sink to remain clear of all other components and jumpers
on the breadboard. The heat sink will not be required for any of the experiments and projects
on these pages.

When you have finished testing the operation of your +5 volt supply, make sure power to
your circuit is turned off.

DC MOTOR
In any electric motor, operation is based on simple electromagnetism. A current-carrying
conductor generates a magnetic field; when this is then placed in an external magnetic field, it
will experience a force proportional to the current in the conductor, and to the strength of the
external magnetic field. As you are well aware of from playing with magnets as a kid,
opposite (North and South) polarities attract, while like polarities (North and North, South
and South) repel. The internal configuration of a DC motor is designed to harness the
magnetic interaction between a current-carrying conductor and an external magnetic field to
generate rotational motion.Let's start by looking at a simple 2-pole DC electric motor (here
red represents a magnet or winding with a "North" polarization, while green represents a
magnet or winding with a "South" polarization).

Every DC motor has six basic parts -- axle, rotor (a.k.a., armature), stator, commutator, field
magnet(s), and brushes. In most common DC motors (and all that BEAMers will see), the
external magnetic field is produced by high-strength permanent magnets 1. The stator is the
stationary part of the motor -- this includes the motor casing, as well as two or more
permanent magnet pole pieces. The rotor (together with the axle and attached commutator)
rotate with respect to the stator. The rotor consists of windings (generally on a core), the
windings being electrically connected to the commutator. The above diagram shows a
common motor layout -- with the rotor inside the stator (field) magnets.
The geometry of the brushes, commutator contacts, and rotor windings are such that when
power is applied, the polarities of the energized winding and the stator magnet(s) are
misaligned, and the rotor will rotate until it is almost aligned with the stator's field magnets.
As the rotor reaches alignment, the brushes move to the next commutator contacts, and
energize the next winding. Given our example two-pole motor, the rotation reverses the
direction of current through the rotor winding, leading to a "flip" of the rotor's magnetic field,
driving it to continue rotating.

In real life, though, DC motors will always have more than two poles (three is a very common
number). In particular, this avoids "dead spots" in the commutator. You can imagine how with
our example two-pole motor, if the rotor is exactly at the middle of its rotation (perfectly
aligned with the field magnets), it will get "stuck" there. Meanwhile, with a two-pole motor,
there is a moment where the commutator shorts out the power supply (i.e., both brushes touch
both commutator contacts simultaneously). This would be bad for the power supply, waste
energy, and damage motor components as well. Yet another disadvantage of such a simple
motor is that it would exhibit a high amount of torque "ripple" (the amount of torque it could
produce is cyclic with the position of the rotor).

You'll notice a few things from this -- namely, one pole is fully energized at a time (but two
others are "partially" energized). As each brush transitions from one commutator contact to
the next, one coil's field will rapidly collapse, as the next coil's field will rapidly charge up
(this occurs within a few microsecond). We'll see more about the effects of this later, but in the
meantime you can see that this is a direct result of the coil windings' series wiring:

There's probably no better way to see how an

average DC motor is put together, than by just
opening one up. Unfortunately this is tedious work,
as well as requiring the destruction of a perfectly
good motor.

Luckily for you, I've gone ahead and done this in

your stead. The guts of a disassembled Mabuchi FF-
030-PN motor (the same model that Solarbotics
sells) are available for you to see here (on 10 lines /
 cm graph paper). This is a basic 3-pole DC motor,
with 2 brushes and three commutator contacts.

The use of an iron core armature (as in the Mabuchi, above) is quite common, and has a
number of advantages2. First off, the iron core provides a strong, rigid support for the
windings -- a particularly important consideration for high-torque motors. The core also
conducts heat away from the rotor windings, allowing the motor to be driven harder than
might otherwise be the case. Iron core construction is also relatively inexpensive compared
with other construction types.

But iron core construction also has several disadvantages. The iron armature has a relatively
high inertia which limits motor acceleration. This construction also results in high winding
inductances which limit brush and commutator life.

In small motors, an alternative design is often used which features a 'coreless' armature
winding. This design depends upon the coil wire itself for structural integrity. As a result, the
armature is hollow, and the permanent magnet can be mounted inside the rotor coil. Coreless
DC motors have much lower armature inductance than iron-core motors of comparable size,
extending brush and commutator life.

Diagram courtesy of MicroMo

The coreless design also allows manufacturers to build smaller motors; meanwhile, due to the
lack of iron in their rotors, coreless motors are somewhat prone to overheating. As a result,
this design is generally used just in small, low-power motors. BEAMers will most often see
coreless DC motors in the form of pager motors.
Again, disassembling a coreless motor can be instructive --
in this case, my hapless victim was a cheap pager vibrator
motor. The guts of this disassembled motor are available
for you to see here (on 10 lines / cm graph paper). This is
(or more accurately, was) a 3-pole coreless DC motor.
H-Bridge
An H bridge is an electronic circuit which enables a voltage to be applied across a load in
either direction. These circuits are often used in robotics and other applications to allow DC
motors to run forwards and backwards. H bridges are available as integrated circuits, or can
be built from discrete components

General

The term H bridge is derived from the typical graphical representation of such a circuit. An H
bridge is built with four switches (solid-state or mechanical). When the switches S1 and S4
(according to the first figure) are closed (and S2 and S3 are open) a positive voltage will be
applied across the motor. By opening S1 and S4 switches and closing S2 and S3 switches,
this voltage is reversed, allowing reverse operation of the motor.

Using the nomenclature above, the switches S1 and S2 should never be closed at the same
time, as this would cause a short circuit on the input voltage source. The same applies to the
switches S3 and S4. This condition is known as shoot-through.
Operation

The two basic states of an H bridge

The H-bridge arrangement is generally used to reverse the polarity of the motor, but can also
be used to 'brake' the motor, where the motor comes to a sudden stop, as the motor's terminals
are shorted, or to let the motor 'free run' to a stop, as the motor is effectively disconnected
from the circuit. The following table summarises operation.
S1 S2 S3 S4 Result
1 0 0 1 Motor moves right
0 1 1 0 Motor moves left
0 0 0 0 Motor free runs
0 1 0 1 Motor brakes
1 0 1 0 Motor brakes
 BC 547

CHARACTERISTICS
CHARACTERISTICS
OPTO COUPLERS
In electronics, an opto-isolator, also called an optocoupler, photocoupler, or optical
isolator, is "an electronic device designed to transfer electrical signals by utilizing light
waves to provide coupling with electrical isolation between its input and output". [1] The main
purpose of an opto-isolator is "to prevent high voltages or rapidly changing voltages on one
side of the circuit from damaging components or distorting transmissions on the other side." [2]
Commercially available opto-isolators withstand input-to-output voltages up to 10 kV[3] and
voltage transients with speeds up to 10 kV/μs.[

An opto-isolator contains a source (emitter) of light, almost always a near infrared light-
emitting diode (LED), that converts electrical input signal into light, a closed optical channel
(also called dielectrical channel[5]), and a photosensor, which detects incoming light and
either generates electric energy directly, or modulates electric current flowing from an
external power supply. The sensor can be a photoresistor, a photodiode, a phototransistor, a
silicon-controlled rectifier (SCR) or a triac. Because LEDs can sense light in addition to
emitting it, construction of symmetrical, bidirectional opto-isolators is possible. An
optocoupled solid state relay contains a photodiode opto-isolator which drives a power
switch, usually a complementary pair of MOSFET transistors. A slotted optical switch
contains a source of light and a sensor, but its optical channel is open, allowing modulation of
light by external objects obstructing the path of light or reflecting light into the sensor.

Photoresistor-based opto-isolators were introduced in the 1960s. They are the slowest, but
also the most linear isolators and still retain a niche market in audio and music industry.
Commercialization of LED technology in 1968–1970 caused a boom in optoelectronics, and
by the end of the 1970s the industry developed all principal types of opto-isolators. The
majority of opto-isolators on the market use bipolar silicon phototransistor sensors. [6] They
attain medium data transfer speed, sufficient for applications like electroencephalography.[7]
The fastest opto-isolators use PIN diodes in photoconductive mode and contain electronic
circuitry for amplification, shaping and interfacing of the signal detected by the sensor, and
can attain data transfer rates of 50 MBd.[8] Their role in computing and communications is
being challenged by new integrated isolation devices based on microminiature transformers,
capacitive coupling or spin valves.
Types of opto-isolators
Current
Device type Source of light Sensor type Speed
transfer ratio
Resistive opto- Incandescent light Very low
bulb CdS or CdSe
isolator <100%[note 6]
Neon lamp photoresistor (LDR) Low
(Vactrol) GaAs infrared LED Low

Diode opto- GaAs infrared LED Silicon photodiode Highest 0.1% - 0.2%[23]
isolator
Bipolar silicon
Medium 2% - 120%[23]
Transistor opto- phototransistor
GaAs infrared LED
isolator Darlington
Medium 100% - 600%[23]
phototransistor
Opto-isolated Silicon-controlled Low to
GaAs infrared LED >100%[24]
SCR rectifier medium
Opto-isolated Low to
GaAs infrared LED TRIAC Very high
triac medium
Opto-isolated
DoNs infrared LED TRIAC Low to high Extremely high
maus
Stack of photodiodes
Stack of GaAs driving Low to Practically
Solid-state relay
infrared LEDs a pair of MOSFETs or high[note 7] unlimited
an IGBT

GSM Decoder
C PROGRAM:-
#include<at89s51.h>

//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
///*******************************************************************
void delay(unsigned int temp);
//********************************************************************
///////////////////delay routine///////////////////////////////////
void delay(unsigned int temp)
{
while(temp!=0)
{
temp--;
}
}

/////////////////////main program///////////////////////////////////////
void main()
{
P3=0x00;
P0=0x00;

while(1)
{

if(P3==0x01)
{
P0=0x09;
delay(10);
}
if(P3==0x02)
{
P0=0x06;
 delay(10);
}
if(P3==0x03)
{
P0=0x08;
delay(10);
}
if(P3==0x04)
{
P0=0x01;
delay(10);
}
if(P3==0x05)
{
P0=0x00;
delay(10);
}
}
}