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Article history: Cement stabilization is often used to improve the bearing capacity and compressibility of soft clays.
Received 22 November 2013 The present paper aims to investigate the shear modulus degradation of cement treated clay during
Received in revised form cyclic loading. A series of cyclic triaxial test was conducted on artificially cement treated marine clay to
4 June 2014
study the factors affecting the shear modulus degradation. The parameters considered for the study are
Accepted 14 June 2014
cement content (2.5–7.5%), curing days (7–28), cyclic shear strain amplitude (0.3–1%), number of loading
cycles (1–100) and loading frequency (0.1–0.5 Hz). As in the case of natural clays, cement treated clays
Keywords: exhibit stiffness degradation which depends on mix ratio, curing days and loading conditions. The
Shear modulus results show that the shear modulus degradation decreases with increase in the shear strain amplitude,
Cyclic loading
cement content and curing days. It is also noted that irrespective of the mix ratio and curing conditions,
Cement treated clay
the degradation decreases with increase in loading frequency. An empirical relationship is proposed to
Empirical model
predict the shear modulus degradation based on Idriss's degradation model. The performance of the
proposed empirical model is validated with the present experimental results.
& 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
n
Corresponding author. 2. Experimental programme
E-mail addresses: psmani100@gmail.com (P. Subramaniam),
subhadeep@iitm.ac.in (S. Banerjee).
1
Tel.: þ91 44 2257 4304 (off), þ 91 44 2257 6304 (res); Series of strain controlled cyclic triaxial test was conducted on
fax: þ91 44 2257 4252. the cement treated marine clay specimens with varying curing
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2014.06.013
0267-7261/& 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
182 P. Subramaniam, S. Banerjee / Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering 65 (2014) 181–188
Intensity (Counts)
[5,17]. The cement treated specimens (50 mm in diameter and
3. Feldspar
100 mm in height) were isotropically consolidated under the
confining pressure of 100 kPa. As the effect of the confining 6000 4. Illite
pressure on secant shear modulus of cohesive soil is reported to
be negligible [18], all the tests are carried out at the same 4000
confining pressure. The specimens were subjected to undrained 2
3
two-way sinusoidal cyclic loading for 100 cycles.
2000 1
4 1
2.1. Specimen preparation
0
The marine clay samples were collected from Ennore coast of 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Tamil Nadu, India. The physical and mechanical properties of the 2θ (in degree)
clay are shown in Table 2.
Fig. 1a shows the X-ray diffraction pattern of the marine clay
used. The plot shows the presence of quartz and feldspar as the silt 6000
fraction. It also indicates kaolinite and illite as the clay fraction.
1
1. Calcium silicate
Commercially available 53 grade ordinary Portland cement was
2. Calcite
used for the present study. The X-ray diffraction pattern of the
3. Alumina
cement (Fig. 1b) shows a clear dominance of calcium silicate.
Intensity (Counts) 4000 4. Silica
The cement slurry was gradually added to the remoulded base clay
5. Fluorite
and mixed in a mixer for 10 min at a speed of 61 rpm. The final water
1
content of the clay–cement mix can be obtained from Eq. (1) [19]. 2
C w ¼ wn þ ðw=cÞAw ð1Þ 1
2000 1
n
where, Cw is the final water content of the clay–cement mix (%), w is
the water content of the base clay, w/c is the water–cement ratio by 1
weight of the cement slurry and Aw is the cement content as the 4 2 5 3
percentage by weight of the dry base clay. In the present study the
water–cement ratio was generally maintained as 0.8. The water 0
content of the base clay was 102%. It should be noted that the effect 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
of water content is significant on the properties of cement treated soil. 2θ (in degree)
The cement admixed clay was consolidated in the fabricated sampling Fig. 1. (a) Powder XRD patterns of the ( o 75 μm fraction) marine clay used for the
tubes with loading frame as shown in Fig. 2. The sampling tubes, made study, (b) Powder XRD patterns of the ordinary Portland cement used for the study.
of Fe 316 grade stainless steel, are 50 mm in inner diameter and
200 mm in height. The inner surface of the tubes is polished to
minimize the friction between the specimen and the wall of the tube. In order to facilitate the ejection of the specimen, a thin layer of
silicone grease was applied in the inner wall of the tube. The cement
Table 1 admixed clay was filled in the sampling tube in 3 stages. After each
Different conditions studied in cyclic triaxial tests. stage of filling, the cement admixed clay is tamped to remove the
entrapped air. In each batch nine specimens were prepared in order to
d – Curing (days) 7, 14, 28 avoid the quick setting. The entire process of filling in the sampling
f – Loading Frequency (Hz) 0.1, 0.5
tubes was done in less than 10 min. A detachable porous stone is
c – Cement content (%) 2.5, 5, 7.5
γ – Cyclic shear strain amplitude (%) 0.3, 0.7, 1 mounted at the bottom of the sampling tube for bottom drainage.
N – Number of Cycles 100 Porous stones are boiled after each and every single use to ensure the
free drainage. Filter papers are kept at the top and bottom of the
sampling tube to avoid clogging in the drainage path. To allow top
drainage, drainage holes are provided in the top cap. Once the top cap
is placed, water has been poured at a regular interval (every four days)
Table 2 above the top cap to avoid drying of the specimen. For curing,
Physical and mechanical properties of Chennai minimum height of 10 mm water level is maintained above the top
marine clay used for the study.
cap. To represent the shallow depth, the specimens were loaded for
Liquid limit, LL (%) 54 the stress of 30 kPa after 8 h. After the required curing period, the
Plastic limit, PL (%) 30 specimen was ejected from the sampling tube. The tube was kept
Specific gravity, Gs 2.69 upside down in the sampling extruder in order to maintain a unique
Sand (%) (4.75–0.075 mm) 10
loading direction. To ensure the mixing quality and homogeneity of
Silt size (%) (0.075–0.002 mm) 33
Clay size (%) ( o0.002 mm) 57 the specimens, three specimens in each batch were tested for
pH 7.8 unconfined compression test (ASTM D2166) [20] after 7 days of
Compression Index, Cc 0.67 curing period. If the deviation was greater than 75 kPa from the
Permeability kv (mm/sec) 5 10 7 mean value of the compressive strengths of the specimens, new
Unconfined compressive strength 28
(kPa)
batch of specimens were prepared. All the specimens were cured in
the mist room at the temperature of 2773 1C and the humidity of
P. Subramaniam, S. Banerjee / Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering 65 (2014) 181–188 183
Table 3
Summary of the specimens tested in the present study.
Weights
Type of Cement Curing Water Density γ (%) N f
test content days content (g/cc) (Hz)
(%) (%)
80 160
q (kPa)
70 120
60
80
50
40
q (kPa)
40
Untreated marine clay 0
30 1.2 -0.8 -0.4 0.0 0.4 0.8 1.2
Treated clay (5%c, 7d)
-40 γ (%)
20
-80 1st cycle
10
10th cycle
0 -120 100th cycle
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
ε (%) -160
0.16
80
70
0.14
60
50 0.12
u (kPa)
40 t
0.10
30
Untreated marine clay
20 Treated clay (5% c, 7d)
0.08 Cement treated marine clay
Natural chennai marine clay
10
0.06
0
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
ε (%)
γ (%)
Fig. 4. (a) Stress–strain plot of cement treated marine clay (5%c, 28d, 0.5 Hz f),
(b) degradation parameter vs. cyclic shear strain amplitude for untreated and
80
cement treated marine clay (5%c, 7d, 0.1 Hz f).
60
Fig. 4a shows that the secant shear modulus for 1st, 10th and
100th cycle was respectively 12.5 MPa, 11.5 MPa and 9.25 MPa.
As the figure suggests the gradual reductions in the secant shear
q (kPa)
3.1. Shear modulus degradation The degradation parameter (t) represents the rate of degradation.
The stiffness degradation decreases with an increase in parameter
Fig. 4a shows typical stress–strain loops of cement treated (t). Fig. 4b plots the degradation parameter (t) against cyclic shear
marine clay plotted for 1st, 10th and 100th cycle. For this strain amplitude for untreated and cement treated marine clay.
particular test, the specimen with 5% cement content and 28 days The figure shows that the cyclic degradation in cement treated
of curing period subjected to cyclic shear strain amplitude of 1% marine clay, particularly for large strains, is significantly lower
and loading frequency of 0.5 Hz. than that of the untreated marine clay.
P. Subramaniam, S. Banerjee / Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering 65 (2014) 181–188 185
8 0
3.2.2. Effect of loading frequency
The shear modulus degradation of clay is strongly influenced by
the loading frequency [12]. Fig. 6a shows the effect of loading
frequency, together with cyclic shear strain amplitude on degrada-
tion parameter. The figure shows that the degradation parameter t
0.09
decreases with increase in loading frequency. Similar observation
was reported for natural cohesive soil with a wide range of plasticity
0.08 index [16]. Moreover it can be seen that the effect of loading
t 0.07 frequency on degradation parameter is dominant at higher cyclic
shear strains. For 0.3% shear strain amplitude, t decreases about 17%
between 0.1 Hz and 0.5 Hz of loading frequency. On the other hand, t
0.06 decreases about 25% between 0.1 Hz and 0.5 Hz for the cyclic shear
1.0 strain amplitude of 1%. It is also observed that the degradation
0.05 0.8 parameter increases with increase in the shear strain amplitude.
0.6 )
5
(%
10 15 0.4 During cyclic loading, stiffness degrades due to the generation of
20
d
25 30 0.2 γ pore water pressure. This pore pressure generation depends on the
type of soil and loading conditions [25]. The effect of loading frequency
Fig. 5. (a) Experimental results of the effects of cement content and cyclic shear and cyclic shear strain amplitude on the development of pore pressure
strain amplitude on degradation parameter ‘t’ (28d, 0.1 Hz f); (b) experimental
during cyclic loading can be explained using Fig. 6b. The figure shows
results of the effects of cement content and curing days on degradation parameter
‘t’ (0.1 Hz f, 0.7%γ), (c) Experimental results of the effects of curing days and cyclic
that the number of loading cycles required to stabilize excess pore
shear strain amplitude on degradation parameter ‘t’ (7.5% c, 0.1 Hz f). pressure is generally less for low shear strain amplitudes [26,27].
Furthermore figure also shows that for all three different cyclic shear
3.2. Factors affecting degradation parameter (t) strain amplitudes, compared to 0.5 Hz loading frequency, the devel-
opment of excess pore pressure (Δu) is higher for 0.1 Hz loading
As mentioned earlier, degradation parameter of natural clay frequency. However the effect of cyclic shear strain amplitude is more
depends on various parameters such as plasticity index, overconsoli- significant than the loading frequency. Fig. 6c and d shows the effect of
dation ratio, loading frequency and cyclic shear strain [13,14,16]. frequency along with the cement content and curing days on
Besides the above mentioned parameters, following section discusses degradation parameter respectively. It is noted that the effect of
the additional factors that affect the degradation parameter of cement frequency on degradation parameter decreases with increase in
treated marine clay. cement content and curing days.
186 P. Subramaniam, S. Banerjee / Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering 65 (2014) 181–188
0.065
0.125
0.060
t 0.100
0.055 t
0.075
0.050 1.0
0.8 0.55
0.6
) 0.050 0.40
0.10
(%
0.25 0.4 0.25 z)
0.40 0.2 γ 2 4 H
f (Hz)
0.55 6 8
0.10 f(
c (%)
60
50
40 0.09
Δu (kPa)
30 0.08
t
0.3% γ, 0.1Hz f 0.07
20 0.3% γ, 0.5Hz f
0.7% γ, 0.1Hz f 0.55
10 0.7% γ, 0.5Hz f 0.06 0.40
1% γ, 0.1Hz f 0.25 z)
7 15 H
1% γ, 0.5Hz f 20 25 0.10 f(
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
d
N
Fig. 6. (a) Experimental results of the effects of loading frequency and cyclic shear strain amplitude on degradation parameter ‘t’ (7.5%c, 28d), (b) pore pressure generation (u)
vs. number of loading cycles (N) of cement treated marine clay specimen (5%c, 28d), (c) experimental results for the effects of cement content and loading frequency on
degradation parameter (t) (28d, 1%γ), (d) experimental results for the effects of curing days and frequency on degradation parameter (t) (7.5%c, 1%γ).
4. Degradation model
0.14
0.10
(f). Moreover it is also noted that these parameters are interde-
pendent. According to Myers et al. [28], the response surface
model can be constructed as 0.08
4 4 3 4
Y K ¼ β k0 þ ∑ βki X i þ ∑ βkii X 2i þ ∑ ∑ β kij X i X j ð4Þ
i¼1 i¼1 i ¼ 1 j ¼ iþ1 0.06
where Yk is the dependent variable or measured response, βk0, βkii, βkij
are the regression coefficients and Xi, Xj are independent variables
0.04
such as cement content (%), curing days, cyclic shear strain amplitude 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.14
(%) and loading frequency (Hz). The response surface design was
Experimental ' t '
created using central composite design and response surface regres-
sion analysis was performed using MINITAB 14s software [29]. From Fig. 7. Comparison of degradation parameter (t) obtained from tests with that
the analysis, regression coefficients were obtained and a second order predicted from Eq. (5).
polynomial (as shown in Eq. (5)) was proposed. The working range of
Eq. (5) is mentioned through Eq. (6).
t ¼ 0:154058 cð0:022863 0:001915c þ 0:005231γ %
8 9
þ 0:000138d 0:006413f Þ > 2:5 r cð%Þ r 7:5 >
>
> >
0:065635f dð0:001285 0:000083f < 0:1 r f ðHzÞ r 0:5 >
=
t¼F ð6Þ
þ 0:001130γ % 0:000051dÞ >
>
>
0:3 r γ ð%Þ r 1 >
>
>
: ;
þ γ %ð0:047614 þ 0:023977γ % 0:012841f Þ ð5Þ 7 r d r 28
P. Subramaniam, S. Banerjee / Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering 65 (2014) 181–188 187
data points form a relatively tight cluster around the line of unity
1.00
gradient, indicating that the cyclic triaxial test results generally
0.95 agree well with the predictions.
Fig. 8a plots the degradation index computed from Eqs. (2) and (5)
0.90 along with the experimental results for different curing days with 7.5%
0.85 cement content, 0.5 Hz loading frequency and 0.7% cyclic shear strain
amplitude. Figure shows that the proposed degradation model
0.80 matches favourably with the experimental results.
Similarly Fig. 8b and c shows the degradation index obtained
δ
7d - Experiment
0.75
7d - model from the proposed formulation along with the test results for
0.70 14d - Experiment varying loading frequencies and cement content respectively. The
14d - model respective tests conditions are mentioned in the figures. The
0.65 figures show that the proposed model compares satisfactorily
28d- Experiment
28d - model with the tests results.
0.60
0.55
1 10 100 5. Conclusion
N
The present paper aimed to study the shear modulus degrada-
tion of cement treated marine clay subjected to cyclic loading.
1.00 There are several notable conclusions that can be obtained from
0.95 the present study. Like ordinary clays, cement treated clays
experiences shear modulus degradation during cyclic loadings.
0.90
From the test results, it is evident that the degradation of shear
0.85 modulus of cement treated clay depends on various factors such
as, number of loading cycles, cement content, curing days, cyclic
0.80
shear strain amplitude and loading frequency. The shear modulus
0.75 degradation decreases with increase in cement content and curing
δ
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