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A HISTORICAL OVERVIEW
A.G. Phadke
Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
e-mail: aphadke@vt.edu
Substation A
At different locations
Phasors on a
.
Substation B
common reference
477
access to the PMU. Also developed was a data out-of-step relaying is a key example of such an
concentrator, which collected data from many PMUs, application.
collated the data by matching the time stamps, and Some research is also being done in predicting
provided phasor outputs for application software as voltage stability margin with PMU measurements,
needed. A large number of these units have been and of course angular instability prediction has
installed by many utilities around the world. Another already been looked at in the research on out-of-
related development is the IEEE standard 1344 step relaying.
“Synchrophasor” which defines output data format for Another interesting subject of research is in
the PMUs. developing user-friendly displays for system
operators using data provided by PMUs in real
Field Installations of PMUs for Wide Area time. One such display is a three-dimensional
Measurements display of positive sequence voltage angles at
The initial field installations by the Virginia Tech network buses in the z-dimension, while the x and
team were in three utilities in the US: Bonneville y dimensions correspond to the geographical
Power Administration, American Electric Power, and location of the measurement point.
New York Power Authority. All of these installations A hypothetical case of such a display created
were in pursuance of funded research projects. After based upon assumed network conditions in the US
Macrodyne began manufacturing PMUs, the next power grid is shown in Figure 3.
series of field installations were of Macrodyne units,
and over the years the total number of units installed
world-wide is probably in hundreds. Other
manufacturers also have begun to manufacture PMUs.
One of the panel members at this session is going to
give a presentation on PMU development in his
company. It is to be expected that the number of
installations around the world will continue to grow as
new applications for these measurements become
available.
Applications Research
Virginia Tech and Cornel1 University led the
research effort in developing applications for phasor Figure 3: A conceptual display of bus voltage
measurements. Initial applications envisaged are those angIe in real time.
dealing with state estimation. This is one of the most
natural applications for PMUs. With the direct Other displays of voltage magnitudes are also
measurement of synchronized positive sequence possible, and could be used for alarm when
voltages and currents from the network, the emphasis approaching a voltage collapse.
shifts to “state measurement” from “state estimation”. The subject of real-time phasor measurement
Indeed, with the assured simultaneity of the applications is new and exciting. It is to be
measurements and the high data rate possible with expected that in time we will come across many
fiber optic communication links, one can, for the first other innovative applications of this technology.
time consider monitoring the dynamic phenomena on
power systems in real-time. Accurate steady state of For Further Reading
the power system can be determined effortlessly with
this new technology. Indeed, it is possible to use [l] A. G. Phadke, M. Ibrahim, T. Hlibka,
incomplete observability results with partially “Fundamental Basis for Distance Relaying with
implemented PMU measurement systems. Symmetrical Components”, IEEE Trans. on PAS,
Other interesting applications have been in using Vol. PAS-96, No. 2, MarchiApril 1977, pp. 635-
phasors for feed-back in control systems. It is also 646.
possible to devise adaptive relaying systems which use [2] A. G. Phadke, J. S. Thorp, M. G . Adamiak, “A
phasor measurements to great advantage. Adaptive New Measurement technique for tracking voltage
478
phasors, local system frequency, and rate of change of [13] A. G. Phadke, J. S. Thorp, K. Karimi,
frequency" Summer Power Meeting of IEEE, July "Partitioned State Estimation and Bad Data
1982, San Francisco, Transactions of IEEE on PAS, Processing for Static State Estimators with Phasor
May 1983, pp. 1025-1038. Measurements", No. American Power Conference,
[3] J. S. Thorp, A. G. Phadke, K. Karimi, "Real-Time October 1986, Ithaca NY.
Voltage Phasor Measurements for Static State [14] A. G. Phadke, J. S. Thorp, "Measurement
Estimation", Trans. of IEEE on PAS, Vol. PAS-104, Based Control of Power Systems", Proceedings,
No. 11, November 1985, pp. 3098-3106. IFAC Symposium on Automation and
[4] A. G. Phadke, J. S. Thorp, K. Karimi, "State Instrumentation for Power Plants, Bangalore,
Estimation with Phasor Measurements", Trans. of India, December 1986.
IEEE on Power Systems, February 1986, pp. 233-241. [15] N. Rostomkolai, A. G. Phadke, J. S. Thorp,
[5] J. S . Thorp, A. G. Phadke, S.H. Horowitz, M. W. F. Long, "Measurement Based Optimal
M.Begovic, "Some Applications of Phasor Control of High-Voltage ACDC Systems",
Measurements to Adaptive Protection", PICA 87, Proceedings, CIGRE 1987, Boston, MA.
Montreal, Canada. Trans. PWRS, May 1988, pp. 791- [16] M. Begovic, A. G. Phadke, "Power System
795. Emergency Control Near Voltage Instability",
[6] N. Rostomkolai, A. G. Phadke, W. F. Long, J. S. IEEE Conference on Decision and Control,
Thorp, "An Adaptive Optimal Control Strategy for December 1989, Tampa, Florida.
Dynamic Stability Enhancement of ACDC Power [17] E. C. Manansala, A. G. Phadke, "Improved
Systems", Summer Meeting 1987, San Francisco, CA. Power System Control Using Phasor
Trans. PWRS, Aug. 1988, pp. 1139-1145. Measurements", IASTED International
[7] N. Rostomkolai, A. G. Phadke, "A Predictive Conference on High Technology, Tainan, Taiwan,
Control Strategy for Improving HVDC Converter R.O.C., March 1991.
Voltage Profile", Trans. PWRS, Feb. 1989, pp. 37-43. [18] L. Mili, T. Baldwin, A. G. Phadke, "Phasor
[SI M. Begovic, A. G. Phadke, "Voltage Stability Measurements for Voltage and Transient Stability
Assessment Through Measurement of a Reduced State Monitoring and Control", Workshop on
Vector", E E E PES Summer Meeting, July 1989, Long Applications of Advanced Mathematics to Power
Beach, CA. Systems, San Francisco, CA, September 4-6,
[9] A. G. Phadke, "Synchronized Phasor Measurement 1991.
in Power Systems", IEEE Computer Applications in [19] R. 0. Burnett, Jr., M. M. Butts, T. W. Cease,
Power, Vol. 6, No. 2, pp. 10-15, April 1993. V. Centeno, G. Michel, R. J. Murphy, A. G.
[lo] M. A. Smith, A. G. Phadke, "Synchronized Phadke, "Synchronized Phasor Measurement of a
Phasor Measurement Feedback for Control of FACTS System Event", presented to IEEE PES Winter
Devices", accepted for presentation at the TRUC / Power Meeting, 1994. (Paper No. 94 WM 178-4-
Phasor Measurement Conference, Crystal City PWRS)
Marriott, Arlington, VA, 1995. [20] V. Centeno, J. De La Ree, A. G. Phadke, G.
[ I l l J. S. Thorp, C. E. Seyler, A. G. Phadke, Michel, J. Murphy, R. Burnett, "Adaptive Out-of-
"Electromechanical Wave Propagation in Large Step Relaying Using Phasor Measurement
ElectricPower Systems," IEEE Circuits and Systems, Techniques", IEEE Computer Applications in
June 1977. Power, Vol. 6, No. 4, October 1993.
[12] A. G. Phadke, J. S. Thorp, K. J. Karimi, "Power
System Monitoring with State Vector Measurement",
2nd International Conference on Power System
Monitoring, University of Durham, U.K., June 1986.
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