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G
GUUÍÍ A
A 33
Objetivos:
Terminación –ing: funciones nominal, adjetiva y verbal
Terminación –ed: función adjetiva
Referencia textual
Conectores que indican causa, consecuencia, aclaración y contraste
Verbos modales
I. Lea el título del texto de esta guía. Teniendo en cuenta sus conocimientos previos sobre el tema,
responda las preguntas a continuación seleccionado las opciones correctas.
a. ¿De cuál de los siguientes capítulos pudo haberse extraído el texto? Tilde la opción correcta.
M AC H I NE D Y NAM I C S
T H E RM OD Y NAM I C S
M AT E RI AL S AND P R OC E S S I NG
S OL I D M E C H ANI C S
Si No
1. Beam bending.
2. Classification of materials.
3. Work and energy.
4. Properties of materials.
5. Thermal expansion.
6. Cycles, power plant and engines.
7. Mass conservation and mass flow continuity.
8. Selection of materials in engineering design.
Inglés Técnico - TME 27
II. Observe el paratexto del siguiente texto (título, subtítulos, palabras destacadas) para activar sus
conocimientos sobre el tema. Luego, lea de manera global la sección introductoria (renglones 1 a
14) para realizar la actividad a continuación.
This section gives a broad introduction to materials and their properties. First, the structure of
different classes of material (metals, ceramics and polymers) is described and this is then related
10 to their characteristic properties. A number of important materials properties are then defined and
their relevance to engineering is placed in context. Methods for measuring these properties are
given, along with the origin of these properties (understanding this can help us to create new and
improved materials). Finally, worked examples for designing with materials and how to select the
best engineering material for a particular application are presented.
Classification of materials
15 Broadly speaking, we can place the thousands of materials available into several categories. These
categories, or classes, contain materials with similar types of bond which hold together the basic
building blocks (atoms or molecules) of the material. Since the nature of the bonding defines the
physical and mechanical properties, materials in the same class share similar properties and are
suitable for similar applications. It should be noted that while some of the characteristic properties
20 of materials in a particular class might be broadly the same (i.e. they might all be brittle or they
might all be good electrical conductors), there can also be a wide variation in other basic
properties (for example, mercury and tungsten are both metals, but have very different melting
points). Materials are commonly classified into the following four groups: (i) metals, (ii) ceramics
and glasses, (iii) polymers and elastomers and (iv) composite materials.
Metals
25 Metals are usually used in the form of an alloy, a mixture of two or more elements in which the
major component is a metal. Most pure metals are either too soft, brittle or chemically reactive to
Inglés Técnico - TME 28
use on their own, and so alloying can be used to increase strength and hardness and improve
corrosion resistance. Examples of common engineering metals are:
Steels: Carbon steels are alloys of iron and carbon. Steels with additions of other elements (for
30 example, chromium, molybdenum and nickel) are called alloy steels and have higher strengths.
Stainless steels contain very high additions of chromium which gives them their excellent
corrosion resistance. Owing to the combination of an impressive set of properties and low cost,
steels are among the most commonly used metals and have a wide variety of applications, such
as in transport and construction. They are available as plate, sheet, tube, bar, wire, castings and
35 forgings.
Aluminium alloys: Aluminium is a light metal (i.e. one with relatively low density) with a high
strength-to-weight ratio and good corrosion resistance. As a result it is often used for containers,
packaging, construction, transportation and sports equipment. Aluminium is available in a wide
variety of cast and wrought (mechanically worked) shapes. There are two main types of alloy:
40 those used for casting (mainly aluminium–silicon alloys) and those suitable for mechanical
working (mainly aluminium–copper and aluminium–magnesium alloys).
Copper alloys: Copper is ductile (it can be deformed to a significant degree before fracture) and
is an excellent conductor of heat and electricity. Therefore, copper is used for electrical and
electronic components and for plumbing. Copper alloys can achieve a wide range of properties by
45 the addition of different alloying elements. Brass is an alloy of copper and zinc and has a much
higher strength than pure copper. Bronze is an alloy of copper and tin and is commonly used for
bearings.
Nickel superalloys: Superalloys are metals with excellent heat resistance and good high
temperature mechanical properties. These alloys were mostly developed for use as turbine blades
50 in jet engines and can operate at over 1000°C under high stresses. Current jet engine superalloys
contain mostly nickel with large additions of chromium and cobalt. They have trade names such
as Inconel™ and Hastelloy™.
From: Michael Clifford, Richard Brooks, Alan Howe, Andrew Kennedy, Stewart McWilliam, Stephen Pickering, Paul
Shayler & Philip Shipway. (2009). An Introduction to Mechanical Engineering, Part I. UK: Hachette Company.
Inglés Técnico - TME 29
a. Ordene las ideas según aparecen en el texto. Indique número de renglones donde las encuentra. HAY
UNA IDEA EXTRA QUE NO APARECE EN EL TEXTO.
# DE
RENGLONES
ORDEN
a. Propiedades del material en relación a su importancia en la ingeniería.
III. Lea la sección restante del texto (renglones 15 a 52) de manera analítica para responder las
preguntas. Indique los renglones de dónde extrae la información.
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2. ¿Cuáles son las formas más usadas en los metales? Renglones: ................................
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4. ¿Cuáles son los dos tipos principales de aleaciones del aluminio? Renglones: ................................
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Inglés Técnico - TME 30
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IV. Lea las siguientes frases sustantivas, recuerde lo estudiado en la Guía 1 y marque el núcleo en
cada frase. Luego, comente con la clase las respuestas a las preguntas.
i. ¿Qué FUNCIÓN GRAMATICAL cumplen las palabras terminadas en –ing en cada caso? Tilde el casillero
correspondiente.
iii. Escriba el equivalente de las frases en español teniendo en cuenta la función de la terminación –ing
como SUSTANTIVO o como ADJETIVO.
SUSTANTIVO ADJETIVO
1. a high melting point (r. 2-3)
Español:
Español:
Español:
Español:
Español:
Español:
Las frases sustantivas que se presentaron anteriormente incluyen la terminación –ing, la cual
puede presentar diferentes funciones. Su ubicación en la frase/oración nos ayudará a determinar
cuál es la función que está desempeñando en cada caso.
Inglés Técnico - TME 31
Como SUSTANTIVO:
Ejemplo:
The lightbulb's invention used electricity to bring indoor lighting to our homes. (p. 13, r. 20-21)
Ejemplo:
Welding is the process of permanently joining two or more metal parts, by melting both materials.
(p. 9, ejercicio XIII)
Ejemplo:
When the demand for electricity is low, a pumped storage facility stores energy
by pumping water from a lower reservoir to an upper reservoir. (p. 25, r. 33-34)
Como ADJETIVO:
a) precediendo a un sustantivo
Ejemplo:
When flowing water is captured and turned into electricity. It is called hydroelectric power
or hydropower. (p. 24, r. 13-14)
Ejemplo:
Hydropower plants range in size from small systems to large projects producing
electricity for utilities. (p. 24, r. 24-25)
Ejemplo:
Hydropower is using water to power machinery or make electricity. (p. 23, r. 7)
V. Lea la siguiente oración prestando atención a la sección resaltada, para, luego elegir el
equivalente en español correcto.
Finally, worked examples for designing with materials and how to select the best engineering
material for a particular application are presented. (r. 13-14)
Finalmente, se presentan ejemplos prácticos para el diseño con materiales y cómo seleccionar el mejor
material de ingeniería para una aplicación determinada.
Finalmente, ejemplos de trabajos diseñados con materiales y cómo seleccionar el mejor material ingenieril
para una aplicación particular son presentados.
Inglés Técnico - TME 32
Ejemplos:
These include the number of components to be fabricated, capital equipment costs, joint
location, structural mass, and the desired performance of the product. (p. 10, r. 11-13)
When the demand for electricity is low, a pumped storage facility stores energy by
pumping water from a lower reservoir to an upper reservoir. (p. 25, r. 33-34)
Methods for measuring these properties are given, along with the origin of these properties
(understanding this can help us to create new and improved materials). (r. 11-13)
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Current jet engine superalloys contain mostly nickel with large additions of chromium and cobalt. They have
trade names such as Inconel™ and Hastelloy™. (p. 28, r. 50-52)
b. ¿Qué palabra usa el autor para reemplazar ese sujeto en la segunda oración? Subráyela en la
oración.
REFERENCIA TEXTUAL
The properties of cast iron, such as low cost, ease of machining, and high compressive strength have
made it an important metal in machine construction.
En este caso, el pronombre personal IT, el cual en muchos casos reemplaza a un objeto o
fenómeno, físico o abstracto, se refiere a cast iron (hierro fundido) mencionado previamente.
The specific choice of an insulation material is usually determined by its application.
Inglés Técnico - TME 33
El adjetivo posesivo ITS indica que el sustantivo al que modifica pertenece o concierne a un objeto
mencionado anteriormente, se refiere en este caso a insulation material ya mencionado en la oración.
a
Current jet engine superalloys contain mostly nickel with large additions of chromium
and cobalt. bThey have trade names such as Inconel™ and Hastelloy™.
VII. Lea los fragmentos tomados del texto y marque con una flecha cuál es el referente de las palabras
destacadas. Luego, escriba el referente en español. El primero está resuelto a modo de ejemplo.
FRAGMENTO 1:
Before we can select a material, or design with it, we need to understand the basic requirements (or
properties it must have) for it to fulfil its function (for example, it might need to have a high melting
point and absorb lots of energy on impact). With this understanding and a knowledge of how these
properties vary for different types (or classes) of material, we can make a broad choice of material that
would be suitable (a metal would be most suitable in this instance). (r. 1-5)
FRAGMENTO 2:
This section gives a broad introduction to materials and their properties. First, the structure of
different classes of material (metals, ceramics and polymers) is described and this is then related to
FRAGMENTO 1:
FRAGMENTO 2:
VIII.Busque en el texto (p. 27-28) las palabras destacadas a continuación para resaltarlas en el mismo.
Luego, para cada palabra resaltada, elija el referente correcto.
OPCIONES
el enlace
a. which hold together (r. 16)
tipos de enlaces
materials
los cuales
b. more elements in which (r. 25)
componente principal
mezcla de 2 o más elementos
aceros
c. which gives them (r. 31) aceros inoxidables
cromo
aceros inoxidables
d. They are available as plate (r. 34) transporte y construcción
aceros
álabes de turbinas
e. They have trade names (r. 51) superaleaciones de níquel
aleaciones con cromo
IX. Lea los siguientes fragmentos para luego realizar las actividades propuestas para cada uno de
ellos.
FRAGMENTO 1:
These categories, or classes, contain materials with similar types of bond which hold together the basic
building blocks (atoms or molecules) of the material. Since the nature of the bonding defines the
physical and mechanical properties, materials in the same class share similar properties and are suitable
for similar applications. (r. 15-19)
a. ¿Qué factor debe tenerse en cuenta para agrupar a los materiales en diferentes categorías?
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b. La palabra SINCE establece una relación entre dos ideas en este fragmento. Lea las opciones y
marque, con una cruz, las opciones correctas.
IDEA 1:
.......... Desde la naturaleza del enlace se definen las propiedades de los materiales
.......... Debido a que la naturaleza del enlace define las propiedades físicas y mecánicas
.......... Dado que la naturaleza del enlace es definida por las propiedades físicas y mecánicas de los
materiales
IDEA 2:
.......... los materiales de la misma clase comparten propiedades similares y son adecuados para
aplicaciones similares.
.......... los materiales que comparten propiedades y aplicaciones.
.......... los materiales de una categoría se usan para aplicaciones similares.
c. ¿Qué tipo de idea presenta entonces la palabra SINCE: consecuencia – causa – adición?
Inglés Técnico - TME 35
Los conectores de causa se usan para introducir la relación de causa entre dos ideas.
Ejemplo:
Hydropower uses a fuel—water—that is not reduced or used up in the process. Because
the water cycle is an endless, constantly recharging system, hydropower is considered a
renewable energy. (p. 24, r. 10-12)
Los conectores de causa son BECAUSE – BECAUSE OF – SINCE – AS – DUE TO – OWING TO.
FRAGMENTO 2:
Stainless steels contain very high additions of chromium which gives them their excellent corrosion
resistance. Owing to the combination of an impressive set of properties and low cost, steels are among
the most commonly used metals and have a wide variety of applications, such as in transport and
construction. (r. 31-34)
CAUSA: ...................................................................................................................................................................
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CONSECUENCIA: .....................................................................................................................................................
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FRAGMENTO 3:
Copper is ductile (it can be deformed to a significant degree before fracture) and is an excellent
conductor of heat and electricity. Therefore, copper is used for electrical and electronic components and
for plumbing. (r. 42-44)
f. ¿Cuál es la palabra que establece una relación entre las ideas del fragmento 3?
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IDEA 1:
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IDEA 2:
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Inglés Técnico - TME 36
Ejemplo:
Most pure metals are either too soft, brittle or chemically reactive to use on their own, and
so alloying can be used to increase strength and hardness and improve corrosion resistance .
(r. 26-28)
FRAGMENTO 4:
Aluminium is a light metal (i.e. one with relatively low density) with a high strength-to-weight ratio and
good corrosion resistance. As a result it is often used for containers, packaging, construction,
transportation and sports equipment. (r. 36-38)
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Ejemplo:
… some of the characteristic properties of materials in a particular class might be broadly the
same (i.e. they might all be brittle or they might all be good electrical conductors) … (r. 19-21)
Los conectores de aclaración son THAT IS (TO SAY) – IN OTHER WORDS – I.E.
Inglés Técnico - TME 37
FRAGMENTO 5:
It should be noted that while some of the characteristic properties of materials in a particular class might be
broadly the same (i.e. they might all be brittle or they might all be good electrical conductors), there can also
be a wide variation in other basic properties (for example, mercury and tungsten are both metals, but have
very different melting points). (r. 19-23)
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IDEA 1:
Los conectores de contraste se usan para establecer una relación de contraste entre dos
ideas.
Ejemplo:
… mercury and tungsten are both metals, but have very different melting points. (p. 27, r. 22-23)
Los conectores de contraste son BUT – HOWEVER – YET – NEVERTHELESS – INSTEAD – IN CONTRAST
– ON THE OTHER HAND – (AL)THOUGH – EVEN THOUGH – WHEREAS – WHILE - IN SPITE OF – DESPITE –
CONVERSELY – ON THE CONTRARY .
X. Lea los fragmentos a continuación para comparar las secciones resaltadas en cada uno. Luego,
realice las actividades propuestas.
1
Before we can select a material, or design with it, we need to understand the basic requirements (or
2 3
properties it must have) for it to fulfil its function (for example, it might need to have a high melting
point and absorb lots of energy on impact). With this understanding and a knowledge of how these properties
4
vary for different types (or classes) of material, we can make a broad choice of material that would be
suitable (a metal would be most suitable in this instance). (r. 1-5)
5
It should be noted that while some of the characteristic properties of materials in a particular class
6 7
might be broadly the same …., there can also be a wide variation in other basic properties (for
example, mercury and tungsten are both metals, but have very different melting points). (r. 19-23)
Inglés Técnico - TME 38
a. ¿Qué nuevos elementos gramaticales advierte en estos fragmentos? ¿Los conocía? ¿Qué valor le
agregan a la palabra que acompañan?
VERBOS MODALES
Los VERBOS MODALES en inglés preceden a un verbo principal al cual le confieren una
determinada ‘modalidad’ o connotación. Pueden cumplir algunas de las siguientes funciones:
El verbo modal CAN nos indica CAPACIDAD del sujeto para realizar la acción o POSIBILIDAD en
tiempo presente. Su forma negativa es cannot o su forma contraída can’t.
El verbo modal MAY nos indica una acción que PUEDE ocurrir en el presente o en el futuro (más
remota que la posibilidad expresada por CAN). Su forma negativa es may not.
Los verbos modales COULD – MIGHT indican una POSIBILIDAD MÁS REMOTA en el presente o en el
futuro. Sus formas negativas son could not – might not.
El verbo modal MUST nos indica obligación o certeza y se lo interpreta como el verbo "deber".
Su forma negativa es must not o mustn't.
El verbo modal SHOULD se usa cuando el autor del texto hace una SUGERENCIA, dando un
CONSEJO o una RECOMENDACIÓN. Su forma negativa es should not.
VERBO MODAL (CAN, MAY, MUST) + BE + PARTICIPIO PASADO DEL VERBO PRINCIPAL
Ejemplo:
alloying can be used to increase strength and hardness and improve corrosion resistance.
(r. 27-28)
b. Teniendo en cuenta la información del cuadro, elija 5 SECCIONES resaltadas y escriba sus
equivalentes en español.
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Lea el texto de esta guía nuevamente para seleccionar palabras o frases relacionadas
con el tema presentado. Luego, escriba el equivalente en español de los términos
seleccionados y compártalos con sus compañeros.
Inglés Técnico - TME 39
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
1 Ceramic materials are held together by ionic or covalent bonds. With these bonding types, the valence
electrons are either shared between neighbouring atoms (covalent) or donated from one atom to its
neighbour (ionic). As such, the electrons are not free to move throughout the structure in the way that they
are for materials with metallic bonding, and this means that ceramics are poor conductors of electricity and
5 heat. The bonds are very strong and stiff, resulting in ceramics that generally exhibit very high stiffness and
very high melting points. The nature of their bonding means that it is very difficult for atoms to slide past
each other in the way that they do in metals under stress. Their inability to do this means that when
ceramics are put under mechanical stress, rather than deforming, they are susceptible to failure in a
catastrophic way (fracture).
10 Engineering ceramics are usually used in compression to avoid problems with fracture in tension. Ceramics
resist oxidation and corrosion and are frequently used for their ability to withstand high temperature and for
their high hardness. They are the least widely used group of engineering materials. Examples of engineering
ceramics are:
ALUMINA : Alumina (aluminium oxide) is hard and brittle with poor electrical and thermal conductivity. It
15 is used for thermal insulation, as an oxidation barrier, in spark plugs, in cutting tools and as an abrasive.
SILICON NITRIDE : Silicon nitride has a high thermal conductivity and toughness (compared to other
ceramics). It is used in cutting tools, grit-blasting nozzles, turbocharger rotors, turbine blades and shroud
rings (for small jet engines).
CARBON FIBRE : Carbon fibre has a high strength-to-weight ratio and a low coefficient of thermal
20 expansion. It is most commonly used to reinforce composite materials and is also used in filters,
electrodes and antistatic devices.
Inglés Técnico - TME 40
Glasses are amorphous materials without a regular crystal structure, usually produced when a viscous
molten material cools very rapidly. Its atoms are arranged in a somewhat random fashion, as they are in a
liquid. Metals can be formed into a glassy state, but when we think of glasses, we are normally referring to
25 inorganic materials. The non-crystalline nature of inorganic glasses along with their low electrical
conductivity, allows light to be transmitted through them. The bonding in glass is covalent, resulting in a
brittle material which is very susceptible to failure in the presence of defects. Glasses contain mainly silicon
dioxide (also called silica), with other oxides added to impart specialist properties, for example to improve
durability, colour or lustre, light absorption or transmission. The main uses for glass are based on its optical
30 transparency and it being nonreactive. It is also used in the form of fibres for optical cables, insulation and
reinforcement for polymers. Examples of common glasses are:
SODA–LIME GLASSES: Sodium oxide (soda) and calcium oxide (lime) are added to silica to produce low-
melting-point glasses that are easily formed and very widely used for windows, bottles and light bulbs.
BOROSILICATE GLASSES : Boron oxide is added to make heat-resistant and low-expansion borosilicate
35 glasses (Pyrex™) used for cookware and laboratory equipment.
E-GLASS: E-glass contains aluminium oxide, calcium oxide and magnesium oxide additions to the
silica base. It has excellent fibre-forming capabilities and is used almost exclusively as the reinforcing
phase in glass-fibre-reinforced polymer composites (fibreglass).
From: Michael Clifford, Richard Brooks, Alan Howe, Andrew Kennedy, Stewart McWilliam, Stephen Pickering, Paul Shayler &
Philip Shipway. (2009). An Introduction to Mechanical Engineering, Part I. UK: Hachette Company.
Elija uno de los dos materiales que ha leído (CERÁMICOS-VIDRIOS) y complete la tabla.
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CARACTERÍSTICAS
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FÍSICAS:
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INGENIERÍA
USOS EN
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TIPOS DE ...........................
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