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Semester - II
1. Students are requested to go through the instructions carefully.
2. The Assignment is a part of the internal assessment.
3. Marks will be awarded for each Assignment, which will be added to the total marks.
Assignments carry equal marks.
4. Assignments should submit in your 'portal' on/before the 'completion date'
mentioned.
5. Case study project is based on the elective subject selected.
Please submit your case study also in the portal on the 'completion date' of
second semester assignments.
The international system has changed dramatically in the years since the end of
the Cold War has become a commonplace. But which changes are most
profound, and what is their significance for international legal order? The last
decade of the twentieth century generated dozens of hooks and articles hailing
a transformed world order and interpreting its political, economic, and social
consequences. We have more distance now. The first years of this century have
underscored the significance of changes in the structure of international affairs
— but they also demonstrate how difficult it is to interpret them with
confidence.
The idea of international law as understood and practiced today owes its origins
and foundational principles to two sets of intertwined transnational movements
that radically reshaped European society during the late medieval period of
European history, between the 15th and 17th centuries.
The first was the overhaul of the place of religion in European political life.
Although varying from one society to another in its speed and particulars, this
movement saw justifications for power transform from appealing to the divine
and sacred to the mundane and secular; that is, from belief in righteously
anointed rulers to leadership based on functional abilities. These
transformations were fostered and facilitated by splits and breaches within the
institutions and power structures of religious institutions including the
emergence of Protestantism and of reform movements within the Roman
Catholic Church. This divorce of the legality of temporal power from religious
sanctification was enshrined in the Treaty of Westphalia in 1648, generally
taken as one of the preeminent constitutive documents of modern international
law.
The second late-medieval movement that gave rise to modern international law
was the fierce competition among European societies for maritime voyages of
discovery and the commerce that accompanied such discoveries.
THE SOURCES OF ORIGIN:
The starting place and linchpin for comprehending international law is the
centrality of the role of the nation state in identifying, making and applying
rules of conduct and behavior in the international system. Indeed, prior to the
19th century, international law was commonly referred to as ‘the laws of
nations”.
Unrealistic Self-assessment
There is another element in strategic planning that can significantly influence
the quality of the strategic choices and the extent to which a strategy can be
implemented successfully. This is the quality of management’s analysis of their
organization’s capabilities to carry out various strategies. Management’s
assessment of the firm’s strengths and weakness in the light of possible courses
of action is an important consideration in the choice of strategic options.
Further, this assessment is an important input to the definition of the work
required to implement the selected options.
The term business communication is used for all messages that we send and
receive for official purpose like running a business, managing an organization,
conduction the formal affair of a voluntary organization and so on. Business
communication is marked by formality as against personal and social
communication.
The Success of any business to a large extend depends on efficient and
effective communication. It take place among business entities, in market and
market places, within organizations and between various group of employees,
owner and employee’s buyer and sellers, service providers and customers, sales
person and prospects and also between people within the organization and the
press person. All such communication impact business. Done with care, such
communication can promote business interests. Otherwise, it will portray the
organization in poor light and may adversely affect the business interest.
Communication is the life blood of any organization and its main purpose is to
effect change to influence action. In any organization the main problem is of
maintaining effective communication process. The management problem
generally results in poor communication. Serious mistakes are made because
order are misunderstood. The basic problem in communication is that the
meaning which is actually understood may not be what the other intended to
send
For Instruction: The instructive function unvarying and importantly deals with
the commanding nature. It is more or less of directive nature. Under this, the
communicator transmits with necessary directives and guidance to the next
level, so as to enable them to accomplish his particular task
For Integration: It is consolidated function under which integration of activities
is endeavored. The integration function of communication mainly involves to
bring about inter-relationship among the various function of the business
organization.
For Information: The Purpose or function of communication is an organization is
to inform the individual or group about the particular task or company policies
and procedures etc.
For evaluation: Examination of activities to form an idea or judgement of the
worth of task is achieved through communication. Communication is a tool to
appraise the individual or team, their contribution to the organization.
For direction: Communication is necessary to issue directions by the top
management or manager to the lower level. Employee can perform better when
he is directed by his senior. Directing others may be communicated either
orally or in writing.
For teaching: The importance of personal safety on the job has been greatly
recognized. A complete communication process is required to teach and
educate workers about personal safety on the jobs.
For influencing: A complete communication process is necessary in influencing
others or being influenced.
For employees’ orientation: When a new employee enter into the organization
at that time he or she will be unknown to the organization programs, policies,
culture etc.
Participants
There are always two parties in a communication situation: the sender and the
receiver. The sender sends the message to the receiver and the receiver
interprets the message and acts accordingly. The communication is a goal-
oriented activity. The sender has some goal or intention towards the receiver:
persuading the receiver, making him to do something or believe something etc.
The receiver must respond to make it clear that he has received the message.
There are different ways of doing this. What the receiver does to indicate that
he has received the message is called ‘feedback’. This feedback may be verbal
or non- verbal. Unless the sender receives the feedback in some form, the
communication process remains incomplete.
Contact
For successful communication contact must be established between the
participants. The sender must make the receiver to give attention to his
message. In order to attract attention he uses short calls (Vocatives etc.) like
‘dear’, ‘hey’, ‘John-, ‘Sir’ etc. The contact is later maintained by physical
testing of the channel. The sender asks the receiver ‘Can you hear me?’ ‘Do you
follow me? - Etc. The sender must also establish rapport with the receiver. The
sender sometimes does it by talking about the weather, health praise,
encouragement etc. These are the small talks, but they matter in
communication
Context
Communication cannot take place in a vacuum. It requires a physical and
temporal setting. In other words, it takes place at a particular place and time.
However, the topic of communication is more important in communication
situation. It is the background knowledge which is shared between the sender
and the receiver. It helps the receiver to interpret the message. It helps the
receiver to predict what the sender is going to say. This prediction is very
important in understanding the message. Besides, it is also important in
planning the message that the sender sends to the receiver. Thus the setting
and the topic form the context of communication.
Common Code
A code is a set of conventions used for communication. Both the sender and the
receiver must be in possession of some common code. The code must be shared
by both the participants. This common code may be linguistic, paralinguistic or
non-verbal.
Form of Message
The message which is transmitted from the sender to the receiver must have
the same form. This form depends upon the situation. If the setting of the
situation is noisy the form is loud. If the setting is short-timed, the form is
brief. The form may also be formal or informal, polite or impolite. The form
depends upon the roles of the participants and the goal of communication.
There are a number of ways to send the same message.
Goal of Communication
Communication is a goal-oriented activity. Communication must have some
goal. In fact the goals are not the same everywhere. The goal changes
according to the focus of communication. It is in fact the function of the
language used in communication. The goal may be speaker-oriented. It is the
personal function of language. Here, the language is used to express the
speaker’s attitudes, personality and emotions. It is used to indicate whether
the speaker is sad, happy, angry, upset, dissatisfied etc. The goal may be
receiver-oriented. It is the directive function of the language. It is aimed at
controlling the behavior of the hearer by influencing, persuading etc.
Commands, requests, warnings and other functions like these are hearer-
oriented. The goal may be contact oriented.
4. Management Information System
An effective MIS helps to supply accurate, relevant and timely information to the
management of the organisation and that of a poor MIS may provide inaccurate,
irrelevant and obsolete information which becomes too expensive or fatal to an
organisation.Explain.
The decision making process can be broken down into three stages as:
Intelligence: In this particular stage decision maker recognizes that there may
be problem or opportunity that compels him to make a decision.
Design: This stage helps to determine alternative action that could resolve the
problem or create advantage of opportunity.
Choice: This phase is concerned with the process by which one of the
alternative created in stage – 2 to be singled out to be perused.
There are many factors influencing successful use of MIS in an Organizations
Involvement of top management in computerization efforts explaining the role
of computer in achieving the goals of the organization. Unless the top
management spends time to involve into the efforts the total functions will be
bifurcated and delivered to various hands and there can be conflict of ideas
which causes the failure of entire system.
Selection of manager who has practical skills in choosing areas of application,
identification of information needs and designing reports. The information
should reach at the right place and at the right time. Unless the practical skills
are utilized at the right time it will be waste of energies and capital.
An acceptable level of spending on hardware and software. Investment on
hardware and software should be in accordance with the equilibrium where
both sides should go together. The excess investment on one side will be loss of
capital, as the expected outcome will not be achieved.
Computer personnel with inter-disciplinary skills in management and operation
research are required to be engaged.