Biochemistry

Biochemistry
Subject : Biochemistry
Biochemistry and the Organization of Cells
1. How does biochemistry describe life processes? - Answer (click here)
2. How did living things originate? - Answer (click here)
3. Chemical Foundations of Biochemistry - Answer (click here)
4. How and when did the Earth come to be? - Answer (click here)
5. How were biomolecules likely to have formed on the early Earth? -
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6. Molecules to Cells: Which came first - the catalysts or the hereditary
molecules? - Answer (click here)
7. The Biggest Biological Distinction-Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes - Answer
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8. How is prokaryotic DNA organized without a nucleus? - Answer (click
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9. Eukaryotic Cells - Answer (click here)
10. Five Kingdoms, Three Domains - Answer (click here)
11. Extremophiles: The Toast of the Industry - Answer (click here)
12. Common Ground for All Cells - Answer (click here)
13. Did eukaryotes develop from prokaryotes? - Answer (click here)
14. Did symbiosis play a role in the development of eukaryotes? - Answer
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15. Biochemical Energetics - Answer (click here)
16. Energy and Change: What kinds of energy changes take place in living
cells? - Answer (click here)
17. Spontaneity in Biochemical Reactions - Answer (click here)
18. Life and Thermodynamics - Answer (click here)
19. Predicting Reactions - Answer (click here)
Water The Solvent for Biochemical Reactions

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20. Water and Polarity - Answer (click here)
21. What is polarity? - Answer (click here)
22. Solvent Properties of Water - Answer (click here)
23. Hydrogen Bonds - Answer (click here)
24. Acids, Bases, and pH - Answer (click here)
25. Titration Curves - Answer (click here)
26. Buffers - Answer (click here)
27. How do buffers work? - Answer (click here)
28. How do we choose a buffer? - Answer (click here)
29. How do we make buffers in the laboratory? - Answer (click here)
30. Are naturally occurring pH buffers present in living organisms? - Answer
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Amino Acids and Peptides

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31. Amino Acids Exist in a Three-Dimensional World - Answer (click here)
32. Individual Amino Acids:Their Structures and Properties - Answer (click
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33. Uncommon Amino Acids - Answer (click here)
34. Amino Acids to Calm Down and Pep Up - Answer (click here)
35. Amino Acids Can Act as Both Acids and Bases - Answer (click here)
36. The Peptide Bond - Answer (click here)
37. Small Peptides with Physiological Activity - Answer (click here)
38. Phenylketonuria-Little Molecules Have Big Effects - Answer (click here)
39. Peptide Hormones-More Small Molecules with Big Effects - Answer (click
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40. Amino Acids Go Many Different Places - Answer (click here)
The Three Dimensional Structure of Proteins
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41. Protein Structure and Function - Answer (click here)
42. Primary Structure of Proteins - Answer (click here)
43. Secondary Structure of Proteins - Answer (click here)
44. Complete Proteins and Nutrition - Answer (click here)
45. Periodic Structures in Protein Backbones - Answer (click here)
46. Secondary Structure of Proteins: Irregularities in Regular Structures -
Answer (click here)
47. Supersecondary Structures and Domains of Proteins - Answer (click here)
48. The Collagen Triple Helix - Answer (click here)
49. Two Types of Protein Conformations: Fibrous and Globular - Answer
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50. Tertiary Structure of Proteins - Answer (click here)
51. Forces Involved in Tertiary Structures - Answer (click here)
52. Myoglobin: An Example of Protein Structure - Answer (click here)
53. Denaturation and Refolding - Answer (click here)
54. Quaternary Structure of Proteins - Answer (click here)
55. Protein Folding Dynamics - Answer (click here)
56. Hydrophobic Interactions:A Case Study in Thermodynamics - Answer
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57. Protein Folding Dynamics: The Importance of Correct Folding - Answer
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58. Protein-Folding Chaperones - Answer (click here)
59. Prions and Disease - Answer (click here)
Protein Purification and Characterization Techniques

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60. Extracting Pure Proteins from Cells - Answer (click here)
61. Column Chromatography - Answer (click here)
62. What are the different types of chromatography? - Answer (click here)
63. Electrophoresis - Answer (click here)
64. Determining the Primary Structure of a Protein - Answer (click here)
65. Cleavage of the Protein into Peptides - Answer (click here)
66. Sequencing of Peptides: The Edman Method - Answer (click here)
67. Protein Purification: Pulling It All Together - Answer (click here)
The Behavior of Proteins Enzymes

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68. Enzymes Are Effective Biological Catalysts - Answer (click here)
69. Kinetics versus Thermodynamics - Answer (click here)
70. Enzymes as Markers for Disease - Answer (click here)
71. Enzyme Kinetic Equations - Answer (click here)
72. Enzyme-Substrate Binding - Answer (click here)
73. Examples of Enzyme-Catalyzed Reactions - Answer (click here)
74. The Michaelis–Menten Approachto Enzyme Kinetics - Answer (click here)
75. Enzyme Inhibition - Answer (click here)
76. Practical Information from Kinetic Data - Answer (click here)
77. Enzyme Inhibition in the Treatment of AIDS - Answer (click here)
The Behavior of Proteins Enzymes Mechanisms and Control

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78. The Behavior of Allosteric Enzymes - Answer (click here)
79. The Concerted and Sequential Models for Allosteric Enzymes - Answer
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80. Control of Enzyme Activity by Phosphorylation - Answer (click here)
81. Zymogens - Answer (click here)
82. The Nature of the Active Site - Answer (click here)
83. Chemical Reactions Involved in Enzyme Mechanisms - Answer (click here)
84. The Active Site and Transition States - Answer (click here)
85. Families of Enzymes: Proteases - Answer (click here)
86. Coenzymes - Answer (click here)
87. Catalytic Antibodies against Cocaine - Answer (click here)
88. Catalysts for Green Chemistry - Answer (click here)
Lipids and Proteins Are Associated in Biological Membranes

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89. The Definition of a Lipid - Answer (click here)
90. The Chemical Natures of the Lipid Types - Answer (click here)
91. What are fatty acids? - Answer (click here)
92. What are triacylglycerols? - Answer (click here)
93. What are phosphoacylglycerols? - Answer (click here)
94. What are waxes and sphingolipids? - Answer (click here)
95. What are glycolipids? - Answer (click here)
96. What are steroids? - Answer (click here)
97. Biological Membranes - Answer (click here)
98. What is the structure of lipid bilayers? - Answer (click here)
99. How does the composition of the bilayer affect its properties? - Answer
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100. Butter versus Margarine-Which Is Healthier? - Answer (click here)
101. The Kinds of Membrane Proteins - Answer (click here)
102. The Fluid-Mosaic Model of Membrane Structure - Answer (click here)
103. Membranes in Drug Delivery - Answer (click here)
104. The Functions of Biological Membranes - Answer (click here)
105. Lipid Droplets Are Not Just Great Balls of Fat - Answer (click here)
106. Lipid-Soluble Vitamins and Their Functions - Answer (click here)
107. Vision Has Great Chemistry - Answer (click here)
108. Prostaglandins and Leukotrienes - Answer (click here)
109. Why Should We Eat More Salmon? - Answer (click here)
Nucleic Acids How Structure Conveys Information

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110. Levels of Structure in Nucleic Acids - Answer (click here)
111. The Covalent Structure of Polynucleotides - Answer (click here)
112. The DNA Family Tree - Answer (click here)
113. The Structure of DNA - Answer (click here)
114. What is the nature of the DNA double helix? - Answer (click here)
115. Are there other possible conformations of the double helix? - Answer (click
here)
116. How does prokaryotic DNA supercoil into its tertiary structure? - Answer
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117. How does supercoiling take place in eukaryotic DNA? - Answer (click here)
118. What Makes a Triple Helix Useful in Drug Design? - Answer (click here)
119. Denaturation of DNA - Answer (click here)
120. The Principal Kinds of RNA and Their Structures - Answer (click here)
121. What kinds of RNA play a role in life processes? - Answer (click here)
122. What is the role of transfer RNA in protein synthesis? - Answer (click here)
123. How does ribosomal RNA combine with proteins to form the site of
protein synthesis? - Answer (click here)
124. The Human Genome Project: Treasure or Pandora’s Box? - Answer (click
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125. Why Identical Twins Are Not Identical - Answer (click here)
Biosynthesis of Nucleic Acids Replication

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126. The Flow of Genetic Information in the Cell - Answer (click here)
127. Replication of DNA - Answer (click here)
128. DNA Polymerase - Answer (click here)
129. Semidiscontinuous DNA Replication - Answer (click here)
130. DNA Polymerase from E. coli - Answer (click here)
131. Proteins Required for DNA Replication - Answer (click here)
132. Proofreading and Repair - Answer (click here)
133. Why Does DNA Contain Thymine and Not Uracil? - Answer (click here)
134. Eukaryotic DNA Replication - Answer (click here)
135. The SOS Response in E. coli - Answer (click here)
136. Telomerase and Cancer - Answer (click here)
Transcription of the Genetic Code The Biosynthesis of RNA

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137. Transcription of the Genetic Code - Answer (click here)
138. Transcription in Prokaryotes - Answer (click here)
139. Transcription Regulation in Prokaryotes - Answer (click here)
140. Transcription in Eukaryotes - Answer (click here)
141. Transcription Regulation in Eukaryotes - Answer (click here)
142. Structural Motifs in DNA-Binding Proteins - Answer (click here)
143. Post transcriptional RNA Modification - Answer (click here)
144. Lupus: An Autoimmune Disease Involving RNA Processing - Answer
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145. Ribozymes - Answer (click here)
146. What are the characteristics of a ribozyme? - Answer (click here)
147. Proofreading in Transcription? RNA Fills In Another Missing Piece -
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Protein Synthesis Translation of the Genetic Message

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148. Translating the Genetic Message - Answer (click here)
149. The Genetic Code - Answer (click here)
150. Codon–Anticodon Pairing and Wobble - Answer (click here)
151. Amino Acid Activation - Answer (click here)
152. Prokaryotic Translation - Answer (click here)
153. Eukaryotic Translation - Answer (click here)
154. Posttranslational Modification of Proteins - Answer (click here)
155. Protein Degradation - Answer (click here)
156. Chaperones: Preventing Unsuitable Associations - Answer (click here)
157. Silent Mutations Are Not Always Silent - Answer (click here)
158. How Do We Adapt to High Altitude? - Answer (click here)
Nucleic Acid Biotechnology

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159. Purification and Detection of Nucleic Acids - Answer (click here)
160. Restriction Endonucleases - Answer (click here)
161. Cloning - Answer (click here)
162. What is cloning? - Answer (click here)
163. What are plasmids? - Answer (click here)
164. Genetic Engineering - Answer (click here)
165. Genetic Engineering in Agriculture - Answer (click here)
166. Human Proteins through Genetic Recombination Techniques - Answer
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167. Fusion Proteins and Fast Purifications - Answer (click here)
168. DNA Libraries - Answer (click here)
169. The Polymerase Chain Reaction - Answer (click here)
170. DNA Fingerprinting - Answer (click here)
171. CSI: Biochemistry - Forensic Uses of DNA Testing - Answer (click here)
172. Sequencing DNA - Answer (click here)
173. RNA Interference - The Newest Way to Study Genes - Answer (click here)
174. Genomics and Proteomics - Answer (click here)
Viruses Cancer and Immunology

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175. Viruses - Answer (click here)
176. What is the structure of a virus? - Answer (click here)
177. Families of Viruses - Answer (click here)
178. Virus Life Cycles - Answer (click here)
179. Why are viruses important? - Answer (click here)
180. Retroviruses - Answer (click here)
181. Why are retroviruses important? - Answer (click here)
182. Viruses are Used for Gene Therapy - Answer (click here)
183. The Immune System - Answer (click here)
184. Innate Immunity-The Front Lines of Defense - Answer (click here)
185. Acquired Immunity: Cellular Aspects - Answer (click here)
186. T-Cell Functions - Answer (click here)
187. T-Cell Memory - Answer (click here)
188. The Immune System: Molecular Aspects - Answer (click here)
189. The Immune System: Distinguishing Self from Nonself - Answer (click
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190. Viral RNAs Outwit the Immune System - Answer (click here)
191. Cancer - Answer (click here)
192. Oncogenes - Answer (click here)
193. Tumor Suppressors - Answer (click here)
194. Viruses and Cancer - Answer (click here)
195. Viruses Helping Cure Cancer - Answer (click here)
196. Attacking the Symptoms instead of the Disease? - Answer (click here)
The Importance of Energy Changes and Electron Transfer in

Metabolism
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197. Standard States for Free-Energy Changes - Answer (click here)
198. A Modified Standard State for Biochemical Applications - Answer (click
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199. Living Things Need Energy-How Do They Use It? - Answer (click here)
200. The Nature of Metabolism - Answer (click here)
201. Living Things Are Unique Thermodynamic Systems - Answer (click here)
202. The Role of Oxidation and Reduction in Metabolism - Answer (click here)
203. Coenzymes in Biologically Important Oxidation-Reduction Reactions -
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204. Coupling of Production and Use of Energy - Answer (click here)
205. Coenzyme A in Activation of Metabolic Pathways - Answer (click here)
Carbohydrates
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206. Sugars: Their Structures and Stereochemistry - Answer (click here)
207. What is unique about the structures of sugars? - Answer (click here)
208. What happens if a sugar forms a cyclic molecule? - Answer (click here)
209. Reactions of Monosaccharides - Answer (click here)
210. Vitamin C Is Related to Sugars - Answer (click here)
211. Some Important Oligosaccharides - Answer (click here)
212. Fruits, Flowers, Striking Colors, and Medicinal Uses Too - Answer (click
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213. Lactose Intolerance: Why Do So Many People Not Want to Drink Milk?
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214. Structures and Functions of Polysaccharides - Answer (click here)
215. Why Is Dietary Fiber So Good for You? - Answer (click here)
216. Glycoproteins - Answer (click here)
217. Low-Carbohydrate Diets - Answer (click here)
218. Glycoproteins and Blood Transfusions - Answer (click here)
Glycolysis
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219. The Overall Pathway of Glycolysis - Answer (click here)
220. Biofuels from Fermentation - Answer (click here)
221. Conversion of Six-Carbon Glucose toThree-Carbon Glyceraldehyde-3-
Phosphate - Answer (click here)
222. Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate Is Converted to Pyruvate - Answer (click here)
223. Anaerobic Metabolism of Pyruvate - Answer (click here)
224. What Is the Connection between Anaerobic Metabolism and Dental
Plaque? - Answer (click here)
225. Fetal Alcohol Syndrome - Answer (click here)
226. Energy Production in Glycolysis - Answer (click here)
Storage Mechanisms and Control in Carbohydrate Metabolism

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227. How Glycogen Is Produced and Degraded - Answer (click here)
228. How does the breakdown of glycogen take place? - Answer (click here)
229. How is glycogen formed from glucose? - Answer (click here)
230. How is glycogen metabolism controlled? - Answer (click here)
231. Why Do Athletes Go In for Glycogen Loading? - Answer (click here)
232. Gluconeogenesis Produces Glucose from Pyruvate - Answer (click here)
233. Control of Carbohydrate Metabolism - Answer (click here)
234. Glucose Is Sometimes Diverted throughthe Pentose Phosphate Pathway -
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235. The Pentose Phosphate Pathway and Hemolytic Anemia - Answer (click
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The Citric Acid Cycle

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236. The Central Role of the Citric Acid Cycle in Metabolism - Answer (click
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237. The Overall Pathway of the Citric Acid Cycle - Answer (click here)
238. How Pyruvate Is Converted to Acetyl-CoA - Answer (click here)
239. The Individual Reactions of the Citric Acid Cycle - Answer (click here)
240. Plant Poisons and the Citric Acid Cycle - Answer (click here)
241. Energetics and Control of the Citric Acid Cycle - Answer (click here)
242. The Glyoxylate Cycle: A Related Pathway - Answer (click here)
243. The Citric Acid Cycle in Catabolism - Answer (click here)
244. The Citric Acid Cycle in Anabolism - Answer (click here)
245. Why Can’t Animals Use All the Same Energy Sources as Plants and
Bacteria? - Answer (click here)
246. The Link to Oxygen - Answer (click here)
247. Why Is It So Hard to Lose Weight? - Answer (click here)
Electron Transport and Oxidative Phosphorylation

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248. The Role of Electron Transport in Metabolism - Answer (click here)
249. Reduction Potentials in the Electron Transport Chain - Answer (click here)
250. Organization of Electron Transport Complexes - Answer (click here)
251. The Connection between Electron Transportand Phosphorylation -
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252. The Mechanism of Coupling in Oxidative Phosphorylation - Answer (click
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253. Respiratory Inhibitors Can Be Usedto Study Electron Transport - Answer
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254. Shuttle Mechanisms - Answer (click here)
255. What Does Brown Adipose Tissue Have to Do with Obesity? - Answer
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256. The ATP Yield from Complete Oxidation of Glucose - Answer (click here)
257. Sports and Metabolism - Answer (click here)
258. The Darker Side of Sports - Answer (click here)
Lipid Metabolism
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259. Catabolism of Lipids - Answer (click here)
260. The Energy Yield from the Oxidationof Fatty Acids - Answer (click here)
261. Catabolism of Unsaturated Fatty Acids and Odd-Carbon Fatty Acids -
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262. Ketone Bodies - Answer (click here)
263. Fatty-Acid Biosynthesis - Answer (click here)
264. Ketone Bodies and Effective Weight Loss - Answer (click here)
265. Synthesis of Acylglycerols and Compound Lipids - Answer (click here)
266. A Gene for Obesity - Answer (click here)
267. Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase-A New Target in the Fight against Obesity? -
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268. Cholesterol Biosynthesis - Answer (click here)
269. Atherosclerosis - Answer (click here)
Photosynthesis
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270. Chloroplasts Are the Site of Photosynthesis - Answer (click here)
271. The Relationship between Wavelength and Energy of Light - Answer
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272. Photosystems I and II and the Light Reactions of Photosynthesis - Answer
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273. Cyclic Electron Transport in Photosystem I - Answer (click here)
274. Photosynthesis and ATP Production - Answer (click here)
275. Killing Weeds by Inhibiting Photosynthesis - Answer (click here)
276. Evolutionary Implications of Photosynthesis with and without Oxygen -
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277. Dark Reactions of Photosynthesis Fix CO2 - Answer (click here)
278. Chloroplast Genes - Answer (click here)
279. CO2 Fixation in Tropical Plants - Answer (click here)
The Metabolism of Nitrogen

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280. Nitrogen Metabolism: An Overview - Answer (click here)
281. Nitrogen Fixation - Answer (click here)
282. Why Is the Nitrogen Content of Fertilizers So Important? - Answer (click
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283. Feedback Inhibition in Nitrogen Metabolism - Answer (click here)
284. Amino Acid Biosynthesis - Answer (click here)
285. Essential Amino Acids - Answer (click here)
286. Amino Acid Catabolism - Answer (click here)
287. Water and the Disposal of Nitrogen Wastes - Answer (click here)
288. Chemotherapy and Antibiotics - Taking Advantage of the Need for Folic
Acid - Answer (click here)
289. Purine Biosynthesis - Answer (click here)
290. Purine Catabolism - Answer (click here)
291. Lesch-Nyhan Syndrome - Answer (click here)
292. Pyrimidine Biosynthesis and Catabolism - Answer (click here)
293. Conversion of Ribonucleotides to Deoxyribonucleotides - Answer (click
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294. Conversion of dUTP to dTTP - Answer (click here)
Integration of Metabolism Cellular Signaling

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295. Connections between Metabolic Pathways - Answer (click here)
296. Biochemistry and Nutrition - Answer (click here)
297. What are required nutrients? - Answer (click here)
298. Why do we need vitamins? - Answer (click here)
299. What are minerals? - Answer (click here)
300. The Food Pyramid - Answer (click here)
301. What is obesity? - Answer (click here)
302. Alcohol Consumption and Addiction - Answer (click here)
303. Iron: An Example of a Mineral Requirement - Answer (click here)
304. Hormones and Second Messengers - Answer (click here)
305. What are hormones? - Answer (click here)
306. How do second messengers work? Cyclic AMP and G Proteins - Answer
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307. Calcium Ion as a Second Messenger - Answer (click here)
308. Receptor Tyrosine Kinases - Answer (click here)
309. Hormones and the Control of Metabolism - Answer (click here)
310. Insulin and Its Effects - Answer (click here)
311. Insulin and Low-Carbohydrate Diets - Answer (click here)
312. A Workout a Day Keeps Diabetes Away? - Answer (click here)
313. The Search for Longevity - Answer (click here)
Living Cell
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314. Living Cell - Answer (click here)
315. Types of Living cells - Answer (click here)
316. Sub cellular Organelles - Answer (click here)
317. Cell Membrane and its Functions - Answer (click here)
318. Cell Wall and its Functions - Answer (click here)
319. Nucleus and its Functions - Answer (click here)
320. Mitochondria and its Functions - Answer (click here)
321. Endoplasmic reticulum and its Functions - Answer (click here)
322. Golgi apparatus and its Functions - Answer (click here)
323. Ribosomes and its Functions - Answer (click here)
324. Lysosomes and its Functions - Answer (click here)
325. Peroxisomes and its Functions - Answer (click here)
326. Cytoplasm and its Functions - Answer (click here)
327. Chloroplasts and its Functions - Answer (click here)
328. Cell Vacuoles - Answer (click here)
329. Blood: Composition and Functions - Answer (click here)
330. Formation of blood - Answer (click here)
331. Body Fluids - Answer (click here)
333. Uses of buffer - Answer (click here)
334. Buffers of blood - Answer (click here)
335. Acids and bases - Answer (click here)
Biomolecules
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336. Biomolecule: Carbohydrates - Answer (click here)
337. Classification and Functions of Carbohydrates - Answer (click here)
338. Proteins: Definition, Classification, Functions - Answer (click here)
339. Lipids: Definition, Classification, Functions - Answer (click here)
340. Nucleic acids: Definition, Classification, Functions - Answer (click here)
Enzymes
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341. Enzymes - Answer (click here)
342. Chemical nature of enzymes - Answer (click here)
343. Naming of enzymes - Answer (click here)
344. Classification of enzymes - Answer (click here)
345. Factors influencing enzyme activity - Answer (click here)
346. Types of enzyme inhibition - Answer (click here)
347. Iso enzymes - Answer (click here)
348. Importance of enzymes - Answer (click here)
Carbohydrates
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349. Functions of carbohydrates - Answer (click here)
350. Classification of carbohydrates - Answer (click here)
351. Monosaccharides - Answer (click here)
352. Physical properties of monosaccharides - Answer (click here)
353. Chemical properties of glucose - Answer (click here)
354. Haworth projection formula of glucose and fructose - Answer (click here)
355. Disaccharides - Answer (click here)
356. Poly saccharides - Answer (click here)
Proteins
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357. Proteins and Sources of protein - Answer (click here)
358. Amino acids - Answer (click here)
359. Properties of amino acids - Answer (click here)
360. Classification of amino acids - Answer (click here)
361. Physical and Chemical Properties of proteins - Answer (click here)
362. Protein structure - Answer (click here)
363. Biologically important proteins - Answer (click here)
Lipids
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364. Lipids - Answer (click here)
365. Classification of Fatty acids - Answer (click here)
366. Essential fatty acid (EFA): Structure, Functions - Answer (click here)
367. Structure of triacyl glycerol - Answer (click here)
368. Physical and Chemical Properties of triacyl glycerol - Answer (click here)
369. Phospholipids - Answer (click here)
370. Classification of Phospholipids - Answer (click here)
371. Properties of glycero phospholipids and sphingo phospholipids - Answer
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372. Importance of phospholipids - Answer (click here)
373. Sterols - Answer (click here)
374. Cholesterol: Structure, Properties - Answer (click here)
Nucleic Acids
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375. Structure and Properties of pyrimidine bases - Answer (click here)
376. Purine bases: Structure and Properties - Answer (click here)
377. Nucleic acids - Answer (click here)
378. Nucleic acids: Nucleosides and Nucleotides - Answer (click here)
379. Structure of DNA - Answer (click here)
380. Functions of DNA - Answer (click here)
381. Structure and types of RNA - Answer (click here)
Vitamins
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382. Vitamins - Answer (click here)
383. Fat soluble vitamins - Answer (click here)
384. Water soluble vitamins - Answer (click here)
385. Vitamin - A - Answer (click here)
386. Vitamin D - Answer (click here)
387. Vitamin E - Answer (click here)
388. Vitamin K - Answer (click here)
389. Thiamine (B1) - Answer (click here)
390. Riboflavin (B2) - Answer (click here)
391. Niacin (B3) - Answer (click here)
392. Pyridoxine (B6) - Answer (click here)
393. Folic acid - Answer (click here)
394. Vitamin B12 - Answer (click here)
395. Pantothenic acid (B5) - Answer (click here)
396. Biotin - Answer (click here)
397. Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid) - Answer (click here)
Minerals
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398. Minerals Introduction - Answer (click here)
399. Calcium - Answer (click here)
400. Phosphorus - Answer (click here)
401. Sodium - Answer (click here)
402. Potassium - Answer (click here)
403. Chlorine - Answer (click here)
404. Magnesium - Answer (click here)
405. Sulphur - Answer (click here)
406. Iron - Answer (click here)
407. Copper - Answer (click here)
408. Iodine - Answer (click here)
409. Fluorine - Answer (click here)
410. Zinc - Answer (click here)
411. Cobalt - Answer (click here)
412. Manganese - Answer (click here)
413. Chromium - Answer (click here)
414. Molybdenum - Answer (click here)
415. Selenium - Answer (click here)
Biochemical Techniques
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416. Chromatography - Answer (click here)
417. Types of chromatography - Answer (click here)
418. Column chromatography: Types, Principle - Answer (click here)
419. Thin Layer chromatography - Answer (click here)
420. Paper chromatography - Answer (click here)
421. Applications of chromatography - Answer (click here)
422. Electrophoresis: principle, Types - Answer (click here)
423. Centrifugation techniques: Principle, Types, Uses - Answer (click here)
424. Differential centrifugation technique - Answer (click here)
425. Spectrophotometry - Answer (click here)
426. The photoelectric colorimeter - Answer (click here)
427. Applications of spectrophotometry - Answer (click here)
Cell Membrane
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428. Cell Membrane: Introduction - Answer (click here)
429. Cell Membrane: Chemical Composition - Answer (click here)
430. Models proposed for the plasma membrane - Answer (click here)
431. Membrane Transport - Answer (click here)
432. Cell Membrane: Viscosity - Answer (click here)
433. Surface tension - Answer (click here)
434. Osmosis and Biological Significance - Answer (click here)
Digestion
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436. Biochemistry: Digestion - Answer (click here)
437. Carbohydrates in Digestion - Answer (click here)
438. Digestion of Proteins - Answer (click here)
439. Digestion of Lipids - Answer (click here)
440. Digestion of Nucleic acids - Answer (click here)
Carbohydrate Metabolism
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441. Biochemistry: Carbohydrate Metabolism - Answer (click here)
442. Carbohydrate as a source of energy - Answer (click here)
443. Tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA cycle) - Answer (click here)
444. HMP shunt pathway - Answer (click here)
445. Glycogen - Answer (click here)
446. Glycogen biosynthesis - Answer (click here)
447. Degradation of glycogen (Glycogenolysis) - Answer (click here)
448. Gluconeogenesis - Answer (click here)
449. Diabetes Mellitus - Answer (click here)
Protein Metabolism
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450. Protein Metabolism - Answer (click here)
451. Protein biosynthesis - Answer (click here)
452. Protein Metabolism Translation - Answer (click here)
453. Metabolism of Proteins - Answer (click here)
454. Urea Cycle - Answer (click here)
455. Formation of Niacin - Answer (click here)
456. Formation of Melanin - Answer (click here)
457. Formation of thyroid hormone - Answer (click here)
458. Formation of catecholamines - Answer (click here)
Lipid Metabolism
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459. Lipid Metabolism - Answer (click here)
460. Biological functions of Lipids - Answer (click here)
461. Fatty acids - Answer (click here)
462. Biosynthesis of fatty acids - Answer (click here)
463. Oxidation of Fatty Acids - Answer (click here)
465. Biosynthesis of cholesterol - Answer (click here)
466. Important products derived from cholesterol - Answer (click here)
467. Biosynthesis of phospholipids - Answer (click here)
468. Cephalin - Answer (click here)
Nucleic Acid Metabolism

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470. Nucleic Acid Metabolism - Answer (click here)
471. Biosynthesis of DNA - Answer (click here)
472. Replication and Models of Replication - Answer (click here)
473. Sequential Process of Replication Initiation of DNA replication - Answer
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474. Catabolism of DNA by Deoxyribonucleases - Answer (click here)
475. Biosynthesis of RNA (Transcription) - Answer (click here)
476. Processing of mRNA molecules - Answer (click here)
477. mRNA Processing of tRNA Molecules - Answer (click here)
478. Role of tRNA in protein synthesis - Answer (click here)
Inborn Errors of Metabolism

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479. Inborn Errors of Metabolism - Answer (click here)
480. Galactosemia: Causes, Symptoms - Answer (click here)
481. Von - Gierke’s Disease : Cause, Symptoms - Answer (click here)
482. Hemophilia: Causes, Symptoms - Answer (click here)
483. Albinism - Answer (click here)
484. Alkaptonuria: Causes, Symptoms - Answer (click here)
485. Taysach’s Disease: Causes, Symptoms - Answer (click here)
486. Neoplasm - Answer (click here)
Biological Oxidation
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487. Biological Oxidation - Answer (click here)
488. Redox Couple - Answer (click here)
489. Electron transport chain - Answer (click here)
490. Oxidative phosphorylation - Answer (click here)
491. High energy compounds - Answer (click here)
Enzyme Kinetics
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492. Enzyme Kinetics - Answer (click here)
493. Derivation of M - M Equation - Answer (click here)
494. Enzyme Action - Answer (click here)
495. Enzyme Inhibitor - Concepts - Answer (click here)
Immunology
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496. Immunology - Answer (click here)
497. Infections - Answer (click here)
498. Immunity - Answer (click here)
499. Natural Immunity - Answer (click here)
500. Acquired immunity - Answer (click here)
501. Humoral immunity - Answer (click here)
502. Cell mediated immunity - Answer (click here)
503. Antigens - Answer (click here)
504. Structure and Types of Antigens - Answer (click here)
505. Factors influencing the antigenicity of antigens - Answer (click here)
506. Antibodies - Answer (click here)
507. Antibody Structure - Answer (click here)
508. Immunoglobulin and their functions, Types - Answer (click here)
509. Antigen antibody reactions - Answer (click here)
510. Blood groups - Answer (click here)
Practicals
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496. Immunology - Answer (click here)
497. Infections - Answer (click here)
498. Immunity - Answer (click here)
499. Natural Immunity - Answer (click here)
500. Acquired immunity - Answer (click here)
501. Humoral immunity - Answer (click here)
502. Cell mediated immunity - Answer (click here)
503. Antigens - Answer (click here)
504. Structure and Types of Antigens - Answer (click here)
505. Factors influencing the antigenicity of antigens - Answer (click here)
506. Antibodies - Answer (click here)
507. Antibody Structure - Answer (click here)
508. Immunoglobulin and their functions, Types - Answer (click here)
509. Antigen antibody reactions - Answer (click here)
510. Blood groups - Answer (click here)
511. Collection of Blood - Answer (click here)
512. Preparation of Starch From Potatoes - Answer (click here)
513. Preparation of Casein From Milk - Answer (click here)
514. Estimation of Protein (Biuret Method) - Colorimetric Estimation - Answer
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515. Estimation of Glucose (Orthotoluidine method) - Answer (click here)
516. Estimation of Calcium (Titrimetric Method) - Answer (click here)
517. Determination of Blood Grouping - Answer (click here)

Biochemistry - Lecture Notes, Study Material and Important Questions, Answers

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Biochemistry - Lecture Notes, Study Material and Important Questions, Answers

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Water The Solvent for Biochemical Reactions

Amino Acids and Peptides

Protein Purification and Characterization Techniques

The Behavior of Proteins Enzymes

The Behavior of Proteins Enzymes Mechanisms and Control

Lipids and Proteins Are Associated in Biological Membranes

Nucleic Acids How Structure Conveys Information

Biosynthesis of Nucleic Acids Replication

Transcription of the Genetic Code The Biosynthesis of RNA

Protein Synthesis Translation of the Genetic Message

Nucleic Acid Biotechnology

Viruses Cancer and Immunology

The Importance of Energy Changes and Electron Transfer in

Storage Mechanisms and Control in Carbohydrate Metabolism

The Citric Acid Cycle

Electron Transport and Oxidative Phosphorylation

The Metabolism of Nitrogen

Integration of Metabolism Cellular Signaling

Nucleic Acid Metabolism

Inborn Errors of Metabolism

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