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Contents
Design forces and critical sections
Design of stem
Design horizontal reinforcement for shrinkage and expansion
Design of heel
Design of toe
Example R.1 RC design of retaining wall for example S.1
Example R.2 RC design of retaining wall for example S.2
Example R.3 RC design of retaining wall for example S.3
Design of stem
Design thickness of stem
Where 0.75 is strength reduction factor, fc’ is compressive strength of concrete, b is one foot width of
wall, d is effective depth of stem and is equal to thickness of stem minus 2” cover and half bar size.
3. Compare shear force with shear strength, design shear reinforcement when necessary.
If Vc Vu no shear reinforcement is required
If Vc< Vu increase thickness of stem or design shear reinforcement
[6.4]
Where
R=Mu/(0.9bd2), m =Fy/(0.85fc’), Fy is yield strength of steel.
The required reinforcement, As = bd should be within maximum reinforcement.
The required minimum reinforcement is the smaller of
The minimum total horizontal reinforcement ratio for wall (both faces) is
0.002 for deformed bars #5 or smaller or 0.0025 for others.
2. Determine minimum width of expansion joints.
In some case, when temperature change is large and the retaining wall has to be water tied, expansion
joist are used. The width of expansion joint depends on temperature change and the length between
joints. Without consider the contribution of horizontal reinforcement, the width of expansion joints
can be calculated as
D=1.5*(0.0000055*T*L) [6.6]
Design of heel
Forces that apply to the heel are weight of soil, footing, surcharge, and footing bearing
pressure. Weight of soil, footing, and surcharge are downward forces. Footing bearing pressure is
upward forces. Sometime, footing bearing pressure are neglected to be conservative. Otherwise,
factored footing pressures are calculated as follows:
Xu = (1.2*MR-1.6Mo)/(1.2W) [6.7]
Where W is total weight of retaining wall including stem, footing, earth and surcharge.
2. The eccentricity, eu = B/2-Xu
3. If eu B/6, the maximum and minimum footing pressure is calculated as
Qmax = 1.2 (W/B)[1+6 eu /B] [6.8]
Qmax = 1.2 (W/B)[1-6 eu /B] [6.9]
Where, Qmax, Qmin are maximum and minimum factored footing pressure, B is the width of footing.
The factored footing pressure at any point in the footing is calculated as
Q = Qmin + (Qmax-Qmin)*(B-L)/B
Where B is the width of footing, L is the distance from toe
Q = Qmax*(Lb-L)/Lb [6.11]
Where 1.2 is load factor, We is weight of earth, Whl is weight of heel, Wq is weight of surcharge, and
R is resultant of factored bearing pressure.
2. Calculated shear strength of stem.
Vc=0.75*(2fc’) b d [6.13]
Where 0.75 is strength reduction factor, fc’ is compressive strength of concrete, b is one foot width of
wall, d is effective depth of stem and is equal to thickness of stem minus 2” cover and half bar size.
3. Compare shear force with shear strength, if Vc< Vu, increase thickness of stem.
The critical section of moment is at the face of stem. The heel reinforcement is calculated as follows:
1. Calculate factored moment at face of toe
Mu=1.2*(We+Whl+Wq)*C/2-R*Xr [6.14]
Where C is the length of heel, Xr is the distance from R to face of stem.
Where
R=Mu/(0.9bd2), m =Fy/(0.85fc’), Fy is yield strength of steel.
The required reinforcement, As = bd should be within maximum reinforcement.
The required minimum reinforcement is the smaller of
Reinforcement ratio: 0.002 for grade 40, 50 deformed bars, 0.0018 for grade 60 deformed bars.
Design of toe
The forces that apply to the bottom of toe is footing bearing pressure. In a normal situation, the length
of toe is shorter than that of heel. The maximum shear force is less than of heel. The depth of footing
for heel is usually enough for toe. It is also a normal practice to bend the dowel bars at the bottom of
stem for toe reinforcement. It is normally sufficient for toe reinforcement. In some situation, when
toe is extra long, then, it will be necessary to check shear strength and design reinforcement for toe.
If eu > B/6, the factored footing pressure at one-effective depth from face of stem is
Q = Qmax*(Lb-Lc)/Lb [6.16]
Where Lc is the distance from edge of toe to one effective depth from front face of stem.
The factored shear force at the critical section is
Vu = (Q + Qmax)*Lc/2-Wc [6.17]
Vc=0.75*(2fc’) b d
If eu B/6, the factored footing pressure at one-effective depth from face of stem is
Q = Qmin + (Qmax-Qmin)*(B-Ld)/B
If eu > B/6, the factored footing pressure at one-effective depth from face of stem is
Q = Qmax*(Lb-Ld)/Lb
Mu=R*Xr-Wt*Ld/2 [6.18]
Where Xr is the distance from the resultant force to the front face of stem, Wt is weight of concrete
and soil above toe.