1

VEL TECH HIGH TECH Dr. RANGARAJAN Dr. SAKUNTHALA

ENGINEERING COLLEGE
(Owned by Vel Trust 1997)
Approved by AICTE , New Delhi & Govt. of Tamil Nadu ,accredited by NAAC with ‘A’ grade

& Affiliated to Anna University

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

BE8261- Basic Electrical, Electronics and Instrumentation

Engineering Laboratory
(AS PER ANNA UNIVERSITY REGULATIONS 2017)

LAB MANUAL

YEAR/SEM: I /II

Prepared by Verified by

R SENTHIL KUMAR HOD

 2

ANNA UNIVERSITY, CHENNAI

AFFILIATED INSTITUTIONS
B.E. MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
REGULATIONS – 2017
SYLLABUS

BE8261 Basic Electrical, Electronics and Instrumentation Engineering Laboratory L T P C

0042
OBJECTIVE:
 To train the students in performing various tests on electrical drives, sensors and
circuits.

LIST OF EXPERIMENTS:
1. Load test on separately excited DC generator
2. Load test on Single phase Transformer
3. Load test on Induction motor
4. Verification of Circuit Laws
5. Verification of Circuit Theorems
6. Measurement of three phase power
7. Load test on DC shunt motor.
8. Diode based application circuits
9. Transistor based application circuits
10. Study of CRO and measurement of AC signals
11. Characteristics of LVDT
12. Calibration of Rotometer
13. RTD and Thermistor
Minimum of 10 Experiments to be carried out :- TOTAL: 60 PERIODS

OUTCOMES:

CO1: Determine the load characteristic of DC shunt motor and DC generator.

CO2: Determine the load characteristic of single phase transformer and single phase
induction motor.
Co3: Verify OHM’S law and KIRCHOFF’S laws.
Co4: Verify THEVEVIN’S, NORTON’S, SUPERPOSITION, MAXIMUM POWER TRANSFER and
RECIPROCITY theorem.
Co5: Design simple circuits involving diodes and transistors.
Co6: Determine the characteristic of LVDT,RTD and thermistor.
 3

VISION AND MISSION OF THE COLLEGE

VISION

 Pursuit of excellence in technical education to create civic responsibility with

competency.

MISSION

 To impart the attributes of global engineers to face industrial challenges with social
relevance.
 To indoctrinate as front runners through moral practices.
 To attain the skills through lifelong learning.

DEPARTMENT VISION

 To wind up a focal point of greatness in instructing understudies to end up triumphant

mechanical Engineers

DEPARTMENT MISSION

 To endure the understudies with the essentials of mechanical engineers with an

enthusiasm for long lasting learning of industry practices
 To proliferate deep rooted learning
 To confer the right extent of information, dispositions and morals in understudies to
empower them take up positions of obligation in the general public and make
noteworthy commitments
 4

CONTENT
Exp no Name of experiment Page no remark
1 LOAD TEST ON SEPARATELY EXCITED DC GENERATOR 6
2 LOAD TEST ON A SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMER 11
3 LOAD TEST ON SINGLE PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR 15
4.a VERIFICATION OF OHM’S LAW 21
4.b VERIFICATION OF KIRCHOFF’S LAWS 23
5.a VERIFICATION OF THEVEVIN’S AND NORTON’S 26
THEOREM
5.b VERIFICATION OF SUPERPOSITION THEOREM 31
5.c VERIFICATION OF MAXIMUM POWER TRANSFER 35
THEOREM
5.d VERIFICATION OF RECIPROCITY THEOREM 38
6 MEASUREMENT OF THREE PHASE POWER 41
7 LOAD TEST ON DC SHUNT MOTOR 46
8 DIODE BASED APPLICATION CIRCUIT 50
9.a TRANSISTOR BASED APPLICATION CIRCUIT (AS A 56
SWITCH)
9.b TRANSISTOR BASED APPLICATION CIRCUIT (AS A CE 58
TRANSISTOR AMPLIFIER)
10.a STUDY OF CATHODE RAY OSCILLOSCOPE (CRO) 61
10.b MEASUREMENT OF SINUSOIDAL VOLTAGE, 67
FREQUENCY AND POWER FACTOR USING CRO
11 Characteristics of LVDT 72
12 Calibration of rotometer 74
13.a Study the characteristics of Thermistor 79
13.b Study the characteristics of RTD 82
5
 6

Ex.No.1

LOAD TEST ON SEPARATELY EXCITED DC GENERATOR

AIM:

To obtain load characteristics of separately excited DC generator.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S.No. Apparatus Range Type Quantity

(0-2)A MC 1
1 Ammeter
(0-20)A MC 1

2 Voltmeter (0-300)V MC 1

3 Rheostats 250, 2A Wire Wound 2

4 Tachometer (0-1500)rpm Digital 1

5 Connecting Wires 2.5sq.mm. Copper Few

PRECAUTIONS:

1. The field rheostat of motor should be in minimum resistance position at the time of starting and
stopping the machine.
2. The field rheostat of generator should be in maximum resistance position at the time of starting
and stopping the machine.

PROCEDURE:

1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.

2. After checking minimum position of motor field rheostat, maximum position of generator field
rheostat, DPST switch is closed and starting resistance is gradually removed.
3. By adjusting the field rheostat, the motor is brought to rated speed.
4. By varying the generator field rheostat, voltmeter and ammeter readings are taken.
5. Load is varied gradually and for each load, voltmeter and ammeter readings are noted.
 7

6. Then the generator is unloaded and the field rheostat of DC shunt generator is brought to
maximum position and the field rheostat of DC shunt motor to minimum position, DPST switch is
opened.
PROCEDURE:

TO FIND Ra:

1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.

2. Supply is given by closing the DPST switch.
3. Readings of Ammeter and Voltmeter are noted.
4. Armature resistance in Ohms is calculated as Ra = (V/ I) x1.6
FORMULAE:

Eg = V + Ia Ra (Volts)

Ia = IL + If (Amps)

Eg : Generated emf in Volts

V : Terminal Voltage in Volts

Ia : Armature Current in Amps

IL : Line Current in Amps

If : Field Current in Amps

Ra : Armature Resistance in Ohms

MODEL GRAPH:

OCC TEST: LOAD TEST:

VL, E (Volts)

E Vs IL

(Int Char)
V Vs IL

(Ext Char)

If, IL (Amps)
 8

TABULAR COLUMN:

LOAD TEST:

S.No. Field current Load current Terminal Ia=IL+If amps Eg=V+IaRa

voltage (volts)
If (amps) IL (amps)
(V) volts

CIRCUIT TO FIND ARMATURE RESISTANCE (Ra):

 9

S.No. Voltage Current Armature Resistance

V (Volts) I (Amps) Ra (Ohms)

RESULT:

Thus open circuit characteristics & load characteristics of separately excited DC generator are obtained.
10
 11

EX.NO.2 LOAD TEST ON A SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMER

AIM:

To conduct load test on single phase transformer and find its efficiency and percentage regulation.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S.No. Apparatus Range Type Quantity

(0-10)A MI 1
1 Ammeter
(0-20) A MI 1

(0-150)V MI 1
2 Voltmeter
(0-300) V MI 1

(300V, 10A) UPF 1

3 Wattmeter
(150V, 20A) UPF 1

4 Auto Transformer 1, (0-300)V,10A - 1

5 Resistive Load 3.5KW, 230V - 1

6 Connecting Wires 2.5sq.mm Copper As required

PRECAUTIONS:

1. Auto Transformer should be in minimum position.

2. The AC supply is given and removed from the transformer under no load condition.
PROCEDURE:

1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.

2. After checking the no load condition and, minimum position of auto transformer DPST switch is
closed.
3. Ammeter, Voltmeter and Wattmeter readings on both primary side and secondary side are noted.
 12

4. The load is increased in stages of 25%, 50%, 75%&100% of rated secondary current and for each
load, Voltmeter, Ammeter and Wattmeter readings on both primary and secondary sides are
noted.
5. Again no load condition is obtained and DPST switch is opened.

TABULAR COLUMN:

Primary Secondary Input Efficien Reg

S. Output cy
Power Power %
N Load V1 I1 W1 V2 I2 W2

o. W1 x W2 x MF
(Volts) (Amps) (Watts) (Volts) (Amps) (Watts)
MF %

MODEL GRAPH:


R
Regulation (R) %
Efficiency () %

Output Power (Watts)

 13

FORMULAE:

Output Power = W2 x Multiplication factor

Input Power = W1 x Multiplication factor

Output Power

Efficiency  % = -------------------- x 100%

Input Power

VNL - VFL (Secondary)

Regulation R % = ------------------------------ x 100%

VNL

Inference: The percentage regulation varies linearly with output power. The efficiency increases linearly
with output power to certain extent and remains constant for full load current.

RESULT:

Thus the load test on single phase transformer is conducted. Its efficiency and regulation in
percentage are determined for different loads. The curves for % & % regulation Vs output power were
drawn.
14
 15

EX.NO.3 LOAD TEST ON SINGLE PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

AIM

To conduct a load test on the given single phase induction motor and plot its performance
characteristics as follows:
i. Output power Vs Load current .

ii. Output power Vs Power factor

iii. Output power Vs Efficiency

iv. Output power Vs Torque

APPARATUS REQUIRED

S. No. APPARATUS REQUIRED RANGE TYPE QUANTITY

1 Wattmeter

2 Voltmeter

3 Ammeter

4 Tachometer

FORMULAE

1. Torque = ( S1S2 ) x 9.81 x R Nm

 2NT 
2. Output Power =   watts
 60 
 Pin 
3. Power Factor =  
 L L
V I
 OutputPowe r 
4. Efficiency =   X 100
 InputPower 
Where R – Radius of the Brake drum in meters

Pin – Input power in watts

S1 , S2 – Readings of spring balance in Kg.

16
 17

THEORY

Construction wise, this motor is more or less, similar to poly-phase induction motor, except
that a stator is provided with a single-phase winding and a centrifugal switch is used in some type of
motors in order to cutout a winding, used only for starting purposes. It has distributed stator
winding and a squirrel cage rotor. When fed from a single phase supply, its stator winding
produces a flux (or field) which is only alternating i.e., one which alternates along one space axis
only. It is not a synchronously revolving flux, as in the case of a two or three phase winding fed
from a 2 or 3 stator supply. Now, an alternating or pulsating flux acting on a stationary squirrel
cage rotor cannot produce rotation. That is why a single-phase induction motor is not self-starting.

Each phase produces two rotating mmf waves (in opposite direction at synchronous speed). One
direction adds up while the waves in the other direction cancel each other. Thus producing a single
rotating field. Since a single-phase motor has only one winding it produces two rotating fields in opposite
direction. Therefore, the net torque is zero. However if the motor is started in one particular direction by
some external means then the slip decreases with respect to one rotating field and hence the torque
developed by that of opposite field decreases. Thus it continues to rotate in that direction.

PRECAUTIONS

1. There should be no load while starting the motor.

2. The SPST switch should be at closed position while starting the motor.

PROCEDURE
1. Circuit connections are given as per the circuit diagram.

2. Motor is started by closing the DPST switch after observing the precautions.

3. After starting the machine, when it is running at no load speed, readings from all the
meters are noted including the speed of the machine.

4. Load is increased in steps of 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% of its rated value from no load to full
load and readings from all the meters are noted in each step.

5. After taking all the readings, completely remove the load and then switch off the supply to
the machine.
 18

CALCULATIONS

Reading No : ______

Torque (T) = ( S1S2 ) x 9.81 x R

= _______________________________

= _______________ N-m

where S1S2 = Difference of Spring Balance Reading in Kg ;

R = Radius of the Brake Drum in meters

 2NT 
Output Power =  
 60 

= _________________________

= ______________Watts

Where N = speed in rpm ; T = Torque in N-m

Power Factor(P.F) = Pin / [VL IL]

= __________________________

= ______________

where Pin = I/P Power ; VL = Load Voltage (V) ; IL = Load Current (A)

 OutputPowe r 
Efficiency (η) =   X 100
 InputPower 
= _______________ %
 19

INFERENCE:

When the motor has been loaded, the single phase induction motor reduces its speed.
Efficiency increases its value with respect to output power, after attaining the maximum torque it
starts to decrease. The value of the torque increases linearly with respect to output power.

RESULT

Thus the Load test on single phase induction motor is performed and the performance
characteristics curves are plotted
 20

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

TABULATION

Measured Resistance

Applied Resistance (Measured

S.No Voltage Value)
(Volts) R (Ω) Voltage V Current I
(R= V/I)
(volts) (mA)
 21

EXP No.4.a

VERIFICATION OF OHM’S LAW

A) VERIFICATION OF OHM’S LAW
AIM

To verify the Ohm’s law theoretically and practically for a given network.

APPARATUS REQUIRED

S.NO APPARATUS RANGE TYPE QTY

1. DC Regulated power supply (0-30V),2A - 1

2. Ammeter (0-30mA) MC 1

3. Voltmeter (0-30V) MC 1

4. Resistance 1KΩ ,1/4W - 1

5. Bread board - - 1

As
6. Connecting wires - -
required

STATEMENT
The Ohm’s law states that the voltage (V) across the two terminals of a conductor is directly
proportional to the current (I) flowing through it at constant temperature.
FORMULA

Voltage (V) = Current (I) X Resistance(R)

Where,

R- Proportionality constant

PROCEDURE

1. The connections are made as per the circuit diagram.

2. Switch ON the RPS and increase the applied voltage in steps and note down the current flowing
through the resistor and voltage across the resistor.

3. The same procedure is repeated for different values of applied voltage.

4. The observed readings are tabulated.

 22

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

KIRCHOFF’S CURRENT LAW

TABULATION

Total current Total current

Applied Measured Current in mA I1= I2 + I3 (mA) I1= I2 + I3 (mA)

S.No voltage
(Measured Value) (Theoretical Value)
(Volts)
I1 I2 I3 IT IT

KIRCHHOFF’S VOLTAGE LAW

TABULATION

Total voltage Total voltage

Applied Measured Voltage in VT = V1+ V2 + V3 in VT = V1+ V2 + V3 in

S.No voltage volts volts volts
(V) ( Measured Value) (Theoretical Value

V1 V2 V3 VT VT
 23

EXP No.4.b

VERIFICATION OF KIRCHOFF’S LAWS

AIM

To verify the Kirchoff’s current law and voltage law theoretically and practically for a given
network

APPARATUS REQUIRED

S.NO APPARATUS RANGE Type QNTY

DC Regulated
1. (0-30V),2A 1
power supply

2. Ammeter (0-10mA) MC 1

3. Ammeter (0-25mA) MC 2

4. Voltmeter (0-5V) MC 3

(470Ω,330Ω,220Ω,560Ω,100Ω), Each
5. Resistance -
1/4W one

6. Bread board - - 1

As
7. Connecting wires - -
required

STATEMENT
KIRCHHOFF’S CURRENT LAW: Kirchhoff’s current law (KCL) states that the algebraic sum of
currents entering a node is zero.
KIRCHHOFF’S VOLTAGE LAW: Kirchhoff’s voltage law (KVL) states that the algebraic sum of all
voltages around a closed path (or loop) is zero.
FORMULAE
KIRCHHOFF’S CURRENT LAW:
Algebraic sum of currents in a node (ΣI) = 0.
KIRCHHOFF’S VOLTAGE LAW:
Algebraic sum of voltages in a closed path of a circuit (ΣV) = 0.
 24

Calculation:

PROCEDURE

Current Law:

1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram

2. Apply various voltages by using RPS and note down the currents I 1,I2 and I3 for the
corresponding voltages
3. Find the total current theoretically by using the formula I1= I2 + I3
Voltage Law:

1. Connections are made as per the Circuit Diagram

2. Apply various voltages by using RPS and note down the corresponding voltages V 1, V2 and
V3.

3. Find the total Voltage theoretically by using the formula V= V1+ V2 + V3

RESULT

Thus the Ohm’s law and Kirchoff’s laws are verified theoretically and practically for the
given circuit.
 25

Circuit Diagram:

To find VOC or VTH

To find Rth

To find IL

TABULATION (THEVENIN’S)

Supply MEASURED VALUES THEORITICAL VALUES

S.No voltage
VTH (V) RTH (Ω) IL (mA) VTH (V) RTH (Ω) IL (mA)
(volts)
 26

EXP No.5.a

VERIFICATION OF THEVEVIN’S AND NORTON’S THEOREM

A) THEVEVIN’S THEOREM

AIM

To verify Thevenin’s theorem theoretically and practically for a given circuit

APPARATUS REQUIRED

S.NO APPARATUS RANGE TYPE QTY

1. DC Regulated power supply (0-30)V,2A 1

2. Ammeter (0-50)mA MC 1

3. Voltmeter (0-10)V MC 1

150Ω,390Ω,270Ω,330Ω Each
4. Resistance
1/4W one

5. Bread board - - 1

As
6. Connecting wires
required

STATEMENT
Thevenin’s theorem states that any linear two-terminal circuit can be replaced by an
equivalent circuit consisting of a voltage source VTh in series with a resistor RTh.
PROCEDURE

a) To find IL

1) Connections are given as per the circuit (i).

2) The Load current IL is noted for various values of supply voltage and tabulated.

b) To find Voc

1) Connections are modified as shown in the circuit (ii).

2) The Open circuit voltage (VOC) is noted for various values of the supply voltage and
tabulated.
 27

3) Thevenin’s resistance is practically calculated by using the Open circuit voltage and
short circuit current.
Circuit Diagram:

To find Isc or IN

To find RN

To find IL

TABULATION (NORTON’S)

Supply MEASURED VALUES THEORITICAL VALUES

S.No voltage
ISC (mA) RN (Ω) IL (mA) IN (mA) RN (Ω) IL (mA)
(volts)
 28

B) NORTON’S THEOREM

AIM

To verify the Norton’s theorem theoritically and practically for a given circuit

APPARATUS REQUIRED

S.NO APPARATUS RANGE TYPE QTY

DC Regulated power
1. (0-30)V,2A - 1
supply

2. Ammeter (0-50)mA MC 1

4. Resistance (150Ω,390Ω,270Ω,330Ω), 1/4W Each one

5. Bread board - - 1

6. Connecting wires - - as required

STATEMENT

Norton’s theorem states that any linear two-terminal circuit can be replaced by an
equivalent circuit consisting of a current source IN in parallel with a resistor RN.
PROCEDURE

a) To find IL

1. Connections are given as per the circuit (i)

2. The Load current IL is noted for various values of supply voltage and tabulated.

b) To find Isc

1. Connections are modified as shown in the circuit (iii)

2. The short circuit current (ISC) is noted for various values of the supply voltage and
tabulated.

3) Norton’s resistance is practically calculated by using the Open circuit voltage and short
circuit current.
 29

Equivalent Circuit

Calculation:

RESULT

Thus the Thevenin’s and Norton’s theorem are verified theoretically and practically for the
given circuit.
 30

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

Circuit (i)

Determination of IL when both V1 and V2 are active

Circuit (ii)

Determination of IL’ by removing V2

Circuit (iii)
 31

EXP No. 5.b

VERIFICATION OF SUPERPOSITION THEOREM

AIM

To verify the Superposition theorem theoretically and practically for a given circuit

APPARATUS REQUIRED

S.NO APPARATUS RANGE TYPE QNTY

1. DC Regulated power supply (0-30)V,2A - 2

2. Ammeter (0-10)mA MC 1

3. resistance 1KΩ,2kΩ,3kΩ ¼ W - Each one

4. Bread board - - 1

5. Connecting wires - - -

STATEMENT
The theorem states that the response in any element of a linear bilateral network having
two or more sources is the algebraic sum of the responses obtained by each source acting
individually while all other sources are set equal to zero.
PROCEDURE

A) Determination of IL’ by removing V2

1. Make connections as per the circuit diagram (iii).

2. Remove V2 by short circuiting the terminal.

3. Apply voltage V1 by using RPS and note down the current IL’.

B) Determination of IL’’ by removing V1

1. Make connections as per the circuit diagram (iv).

2. Remove V1 by short circuiting the terminal.

3. Apply voltage V2 by using RPS and note down the current IL’’.

C) Determination of IL when both V1 and V2 are active

1. Make connections as per the circuit diagram (ii).

 32

2. Apply the voltage V1, V2 and note down the current IL

FORMULA USED

IL=IL’+IL’’

IL’- current through Ammeter by removing V 2

IL’’- current through Ammeter by removing V 1

Determination of IL’’ by removing V1

Circuit (iv)

TABULATION

Supply Theoretical
Current (mA)
Voltage
Value
(Measured Value)
(Volts)
S.No IL (mA)

IL’ IL’’ IL = IL’+ IL’’

V1 V2
 33

Calculation:

RESULT

Thus the Super position theorem is verified theoretically and practically for the given circuit.
 34

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

To find voltage and current:

Model graph:

TABULATION

Measured values Theoretical values

Load
resistance Supply
Current Power Maximum
Voltage VTH RTH
(RL) Power
(mA) (watts)
(volts)
 35

EXP No. 5.c

VERIFICATION OF MAXIMUM POWER TRANSFER THEOREM

AIM

To verify the Maximum power transfer theorem theoretically and practically for a given
circuit

APPARATUS REQUIRED

S.NO APPARATUS RANGE TYPE QTY

1. DC Regulated power supply (0-30)V,2A 1

2. Ammeter (0-5mA) MC 1

3. Voltmeter (0-10V) MC 1

4. Decade resistance box - - 1

5. Resistors (10KΩ, 22KΩ ),¼ W - 1Each

6. Bread board - - 1

7. Connecting wires - - As required

STATEMENT
Maximum power is transferred to the load when the load resistance equals the Thevenin’s
resistance as seen from the load (RL = RTh).
PROCEDURE

1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.

2. A fixed supply voltage is applied using RPS.
3. Vary the load resistance (RL) and note down the corresponding voltages and currents.
 36

Calculation:

RESULT

Thus the Maximum Power transfer theorem is verified theoretically and practically for the
given circuit.
 37

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

To Find I

To find I’
 38

EXP No. 5.d

VERIFICATION OF RECIPROCITY THEOREM

AIM:
To verify Reciprocity theorem experimentally.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S.No Name of the Range Type Quantity

Apparatus
1 RPS 0-30V,2A 1
2 Resistor 1K,2.2K,560Ω,330Ω - Each
1/4W one
3 Ammeter (0-10) mA MC 1
4 Bread board - - 1
5 Connecting wires - - few

THEORY:
The reciprocity theorem states that, “In a linear, bilateral, network a voltage
source V volts in a branch gives rise to a current I in another branch, the ratio V/I is
constant when the position of V and I are interchanged with all other sources are
removed”.
According to this theorem if a source voltage and ammeter are interchanged,
the magnitude of the current through the ammeter will be the same. Consider the
given network with two loops A & B. if an ideal voltage source Vs in loop A
produces a current I in loop B, then interchanging positions, if an ideal source in B
produces the same current I in loop A. The network is said to be Reciprocal.

PROCEDURE:

1. For the given circuit, calculate the value of current I for different voltage level
and record them in the observation.
2. Connect the circuit as shown in diagram 1, measure the value of current I for
same voltage level as in step1 and record them in the observation.
3. Change the voltage source position as shown in the circuit diagram(2).
4. Calculate the value of current I’ for various voltage level as in step1 and
record them in the observation.
5. Connect the circuit as shown in diagram(2) measure the values of current I’
for voltage level as in step1 and record them in the observation.
 39

TABULATION:

S.N Voltage Current (I) Voltage Current I’

o (In loop A) (In loop B)
Cal Meas Cal Meas

RESULT:

Since I = I’, therefore, reciprocity theorem is verified.

40
 41

EXP No. 6

Measurement of three phase power

Aim:

To measure the 3-phase active and reactive power by 2–wattmeter method for 3
phase load.

Apparatus Required:

S.NO APPARATUS RANGE TYPE QTY

1. Voltmeter (0-600V) MI 1

2. Ammeter (0-20A) MI 1

3. Wattmeter 600V, 10A, UPF Dynamometer 2

4. Three phase RLC Load 4.5KW 1

5. Connecting wires - - few

THEORY:

Power consumed by a 3-phase balanced or unbalanced load (star connected) can be

measured by using 2-wattmeters properly connected in the circuit.The current coil of the wattmeter
are connected in series with the load in any two line. Where as the pressure coils are connected
between these two lines and the third line. The phasor diagram of this circuit assuming balanced
lagging load has been shown in the figure. Under running conditions the power consumed by the
three phase system is the sum o the two individual wattmeters.

Mathematically, the total power consumed,

Where,
 42

Power consumed by wattmeter1=

Power consumed by wattmeter 2=

When the load power factor is less then 0.5 then wattmeter 2 will show the correct deflection and
first wattmeter will show the reverse deflection. In the first wattmeter the current coil or voltage coil
connection is reversed. Thus the wattmeter pointer direction is corrected. The net power is
obtained by adding the two wattmeter readings.

Phasor diagram:
 43

Power angle is given by

The power factor of the load can be calculated as:

Precautions:

 The TPST switch must be kept open initially.

 Load must not be applied while starting.
Procedure:

1. Give the connections as per the circuit diagram.

2. Give the supply by closing TPST switch.

3. Vary the resistance load and note down the corresponding readings.
 44

TABULATION BASED ON REFERENCE TABLE:

CALCULATION:

Result:
Thus the three phase power was measured by two wattmeter method and the
power factor is determined for a given load.
45
 46

EX.NO.7

LOAD TEST ON DC SHUNT MOTOR

AIM:

To conduct load test on DC shunt motor and ascertain its performance characteristics.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S.No. Apparatus Range/Rating Type Quantity

1 Ammeter (0-20)A MC 1

2 Voltmeter (0-300)V MC 1

3 Rheostat 250, 0.8A Wire Wound 1

4 Tachometer (0-1500) rpm Digital 1

As
5 Connecting Wires 2.5sq.mm. Copper
required

PRECAUTIONS:

1. DC shunt motor should be started and stopped under no load condition.

2. Field rheostat should be kept in the minimum position.
3. Brake drum should be cooled with water when it is under load.
PROCEDURE:

Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.

1. After checking the no load condition, and minimum field rheostat position, DPST switch is closed.
2. The motor is brought to its rated speed by adjusting the field rheostat from minimum to maximum
position.
3. Ammeter, Voltmeter readings, speed and spring balance readings are noted under no load condition.
4. The load is then added to the motor gradually in steps of 25%, 50%, 75%& 100% of rated current and for
each load, voltmeter, ammeter, spring balance readings and speed of the motor are noted.
5. The motor is then brought to no load condition and field rheostat to minimum position, then DPST switch is
opened.
 47

TABULAR COLUMN:

Spring Balance Output Input

Voltage Current Reading (S1 Speed Torque
Power Power Efficiency
S.No. V I S2) N T
Pm Pi %
(Volts) (Amps) S1(Kg) S2(Kg) Kg (rpm) (Nm)
(Watts) (Watts)

Circumference of the Brake drum = cm.

MODEL GRAPH:
%Efficiency ()

Torque T (Nm)

Speed N (rpm)


N
Speed N (rpm)

Output Power (Watts)

Torque-Nm
 48

FORMULAE:

Circumference
Radius of the brake drum R = ------------------- m
100 x2

Torque T = (S1  S2) x R x 9.81 Nm

Input Power Pi = VI Watts

2NT
Output Power Pm = ------------ Watts
60

% = (OUTPUT POWER/INPUT POWER) x 100%

RESULT:

Thus load test on DC shunt motor is conducted and its performance characteristics are plotted.
 49

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

Half wave Rectifier

Full wave Rectifier

 50

Ex No: 8

Diode based application circuit

AIM

To study the characteristics of a half wave and full wave rectifier and to obtain the ripple factor for
the same.

COMPONENTS REQUIRED

S.No. Components Range Quantity

1. Transformer 230 V / 6-0-(-6) 1
2. Diode IN4007 2
3. Resistor 1 kΩ 1
4. CRO 30 MHz 1
5. Bread Board 1

THEORY

Rectifier is an electronic device that converts an alternating current to a direct current by

suppression or inversion of alternate half cycles. Rectifiers are most often made of a combination of
diodes, which allow current to pass in one direction only.

Half wave Rectifier

In half wave rectification, the rectifier conducts current only during the positive half cycle
of input AC supply. The negative half cycles of AC supply are suppressed no voltage appears
across the load. Therefore the current always flows in one direction through the load through every
half cycle.
 51

MODEL GRAPH

Half wave Rectifier

Full wave Rectifier

 52

Full wave Rectifier

A full-wave rectifier converts the whole of the input waveform to one of constant polarity
(positive or negative) at its output by reversing the negative (or positive) portions of the alternating
current waveform. The positive (or negative) portions thus combine with the reversed negative (or
positive) portions to produce an entirely positive (or negative) voltage/current waveform. For single-
phase AC, if the transformer is center-tapped, then two diodes back-to-back (i.e. anodes-to-anode or
cathode-to-cathode) form a full-wave rectifier.
Full-wave rectification converts both polarities of the input waveform to DC (direct current),
and is more efficient. However, in a circuit with a non-center tapped transformer, four diodes are
required instead of the one needed for half-wave rectification. This is due to each output polarity
requiring two rectifiers each, for example, one for when AC terminal 'X' is positive and one for
when AC terminal 'Y' is positive.

Ripple Factor

The output voltage (or load current) of a rectifier consist of two components namely DC
component and AC component. The AC component present in the output is called a ripple. Smaller
the ripple more effective will be the rectified.

Voltage Regulation

Domestic, commercial and industrial loads demand a nearly constant voltage supply. It is
therefore, essential that the output voltage of a transformer stays within narrow limits as load and its
power factor vary. The leaky reactance is the chief cause of voltage drop in a transformer and must
be kept as low as possible by design and manufacturing techniques.
 53

Tabulation

HWR

Vm Vrms Vdc Ripple

(in volts) (in (in factor(γ)

volts) volts)

FWR

Vm Vrms Vdc Ripple

(in volts) (in (in factor(γ)

volts) volts)
 54

PROCEDURE

1. Connections are given as per the circuit diagram (Half Wave Rectifier) .

2. Note the amplitude and time period of rectified output.

3. Measure Vdc and Vrms.

4. Calculate the ripple factor.

5. Draw the graph for voltage versus time.

6. Repeat the same procedure for Full Wave Rectifier.

RESULT

Thus the characteristics of a half wave and full wave rectifier was studied and also the ripple factor was calculated
for the same.

Ripple factor for Half Wave Rectifier =

Ripple factor for Full Wave Rectifier =

 55

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

TABULAR FORM:

Input voltage Mode

VCE (V) VCB (V) VBE (V) Mode of LED
(V) ON/OFF

0V

5V
 56

Ex No: 9.a

Transistor based application circuit (as a switch)

AIM:

1. To observe the action of a Transistor as an electronic switch.

2. To measure the voltage across the transistor when it is ON and when it is OFF.

APPARATUS:

S.No Nam Range / Value Quantity

e
1 Regulated D.C Power 0–30 Volts 1
2 supply Transistor BC – 107 1
3 Resistors 4.7K Ω, 2.2K Ω Each 1
4 LED CQY24 1
5 Bread Board and connecting - 1 Set
wires

PROCEDURE:

1. Construct the circuit as shown in figure.

2. Connect ‘0’ volts to the input terminals.
3. Measure the voltage across collector to emitter(VCE), collector to base(VCB) and base to
emitter(VBE).
4. Connect ‘5’ volts to the input terminals. Measure the voltage across collector to
emitter(VCE), collector to base(VCB) and base to emitter(VBE).
5. Observe that the LED glows when the input terminals are supplied with ‘0’ volts. and
the LED will not glow when the input is ‘5’ volts.

PRECAUTIONS:

1. Check the wires for continuity before use.

2. Keep the power supply at zero volts before staring the experiment.
3. All the connections must be intact.

Result:
Thus the transistor is used to switch ON and OFF a lamp
 57

CIRCUIT DIAGRAMS:

MODEL GRAPH:
 58

Ex No: 9.b

Transistor based application circuit (as a CE transistor amplifier)

AIM:

To Find the frequency response of a Common Emitter Transistor

Amplifier and to find the Bandwidth from the Response, Voltage gain, Input
Resistance, output resistance.

APPARATUS:

S.No Name Range / Value Quantity

1 Regulated D.C Power 0–30 Volts 1
2 supply Transistor BC107 1
3 Resistors 1K 2
4 Resistors 100k,10K, 4.7K. Each 1
5 Capacitors 10f 3
6 Potentio Meter -- 1
7 Signal ( 0 – 1MHz) 1
8 Generator Dual 20MHz 1
9 Trace CRO -- 1 Set
Bread Board and connecting
wires

PROCEDURE:

1. Connect the circuit as per the Fig.1.,Apply Vcc of 12 Volts DC.

2. Apply I/P Voltage of 20mV at 1KHz from the Signal Generator and
observe the O/P on CRO.
3. Vary the frequency from 50 Hz to 1MHz in appropriate steps and note
down the corresponding O/P Voltage Vo in a tabular form .
4. Calculate the Voltage Gain Av = Vo/Vs and note down in the tabular form.
5. Plot the frequency (f) Vs Gain (Av) on a Semi-log Graph sheet
6. Draw a horizontal line at 0.707 times Av and note down the cut off
points and the Bandwidth is given by B.W = f2 – f1.

INPUT RESISTANCE RI:

1. Apply I/P Voltage of 20mV at 1KHz from the Signal Generator and
observe voltage Vi across R2 on CRO.
 59

2. Without Disturbing the setup note Vi.

3. find Ii = (Vs – Vi) / Rs and Ri= Vi / Ii Ohms.

OUTPUT RESISTANCE (RO):

1. Apply I/P Voltage of 50mV at 1KHz from the Signal Generator and
observe the o/p on CRO
2. Connect a Potentio meter across the O/P terminals and without
disturbing Vs adjust the potentiometer such that o/p falls to V0/2
3. The Resistance of the potentiometer is equal to Ro.

TABULAR FORMS:

I/P Voltage, Vs = 20mV

Voltage Gain Av in dB
S.No Frequency (Hz) O/P Voltage, Vo (V)
Av =Vo/Vi = 20 log (Av)

RESULT:

BandWidth B.W = f2 – f1 = Hz
Voltage Gain Av =
Input Resistance Ri = ohms
Output Ro = ohms
Resistance
 60

Front Panel of CRO:

Internal blocks of CRO

Absence of input signal

 61

EXP No. 10.a

STUDY OF CRO FOR FREQUENCY AND PHASE MEASUREMENTS

a) STUDY OF CATHODE RAY OSCILLOSCOPE (CRO)

AIM:

To study the construction and working of CRO.

THEORY:

The CRO is a very useful and versatile laboratory instrument used for display,
measurement and analysis of waveform and other phenomena in an electrical and electronics
circuits. CROs are used in past x-y plotters for displaying an input signal or versus another input
signal or versus time. The ‘styles’ of this plotter is a luminous spot which waves over the display
area in response to an input voltage striking a fluorescent screen. A CRO consists of a Cathode
Ray Tube (CRT) which is the heart of the oscilloscope and an additional circuitry to operate the
CRT.

The main parts of a CRT are:

a. Electron gun assembly

b. Deflection plate assembly
c. Fluorescent screen.
d. Green envelope
e. Base through which connections are made.
Electron gun assembly produces a sharply focused beam of electrons which are accelerated to
high velocity, This focused beam of electrons strikes the fluorescent screen with sufficient
energy to cause a luminous spot on the screen. After leaving the electron gun, the electron
beam passes through two pairs of electron static deflection plates. The working parts of a CRT
are enclosed in all evacuated glass envelope so that the emitted electrons are able to move
above freely from one end to another. Electron gunis the source of focused and accelerated
electron beam. In smaller CRTs connections to various electrodes are brought through pins in
the base of the tubes. Electrons are emitted from the indirectly heated cathode. A layer of
barium and strontium oxide is deposited over the end of cathode which is a cylinder to obtain
high emission of electrons at moderate temperatures. These electrons pass though a small hole
in the control grid. This control grid is usually a Nickel cylinder with a centrally located hole, co-
axial with the CRT axis. The intensity of electron beam depends up on the number of electrons
emitted from the cathode. The grid with its negative bias controls the number of electrons
emitted from the cathode and

hence the intensity of the beam is controlled by the grid. The electrons are emitted
from the cathode and passing through the hole in the control grid are accelerated by the high
 62

positive voltage which is applied to the pre-accelerating and accelerating anodes. The electron
beam is focused by the focusing anodes.

Front Panel of a Generic Dual-Channel CRO with Numbered Controls and Display

Stable wave form

 63

The electron beam after leaving the electron gun passes through two pairs of deflection
plates. One pair of plates is mounted horizontally and produces an electric field in the vertical
plane. This pair produces a vertical deflection and is thus called vertical deflection plates or Y
plates. The other pair is mounted vertically and produces a horizontal deflection and hence is
called horizontal deflection plate or X plates. The plates are flare so as to allow the beam to
pass through them without striking the plates.

The screen material on the inner surface of a CRT is called phosphor. This material
absorbs the kinetic energy of the bombarding electrons and re-emits it in the form of a bright
spot. These bombarding electrons, striking the screen release secondary emission electrons.
These secondary electrons are collected by an aqueous solution of graphite called aquadag
which is connected to the secondary anode.

A is the display. B shows the trace. The screen is overlaid with a grid of horizontal (C)
and vertical (D) lines, called the graticule, which divides the screen into squares, called
major divisions. The central horizontal and vertical lines (E) are usually thicker than
the others and are divided into minor divisions, usually five per major division.

Power, Calibration and Display Controls

1 is the Power On/Off Button. 2 is the Power Indicator which lights when the
oscilloscope is on. 3 is the trace rotation (TR) control. 4 is the intensity of the trace.
(5) Most scopes can focus the beam to form a trace about 1mm wide.6 is the calibration
point. Vertical Axis Controls7 controls the position of the trace.

8 inverts the relevant channel. 9 is the vertical scale control, often called the volts/div.
control. 10 is a variable height control. 11 is the AC/DC toggle.12 is the GND toggle.
13 is the Channel 1 signal input and 14 is the Channel 2 input The way the channels are
combined is set using 15, which is usually a sliding switch. When set to CH. 1, only the
trace from Channel 1 is displayed, and likewise for CH. 2. When DUAL is selected, the
traces are shown side by side. This is when the chop/alt control applies. ADD shows the
sum of the two traces as one trace. By inverting the traces, one can be subtracted from
the other.. This shows a square wave on one channel and a sinusoidal wave on the
other. On the left, the scope is set to "dual", and the two traces are shown side by side.
On the right, the scope is set to "add", and the trace is the sum of the two signals.
 64

Horizontal Axis Controls

When operating in the normal voltage vs. time mode, this axis represents time. The
primary control is the time base selector, 19. The time base is the length of time
displayed per major horizontal division on the screen. This ranges from about 0.1
milliseconds to about 1 second (or more on digital scopes).The position of the trace
from side to side is controlled by 17. This is useful if part of the trace is off the edge of
the screen but you don't want to change the time base.

The ×10 MAG control, 16, is a very useful control if you want to quickly zoom in on a
feature without changing the timebase and losing your settings. 18 toogles the mode
between the usual voltage vs. time format and the XY mode..

20 and 21 act in much the same way as 10 does on the vertical axis. This diagram
shows it to be slighly different from the vertical control.

There is some variation in the arrangement and labeling of the many controls. So,the
following instructions may be adapted for this instrument.

1. Switch on the oscilloscope to warm up (it takes a minute or two).

2. Do not connect the input lead at this stage.

3. Set the AC/GND/DC switch (by the Y INPUT) to DC.

4. Set the SWP/X-Y switch to SWP (sweep).

5. Set Trigger Level to AUTO.

6. Set Trigger Source to INT (internal, the y input).

7. Set the Y AMPLIFIER to 5V/cm (a moderate value).

8. Set the TIMEBASE to 10ms/cm (a moderate speed).

9. Turn the time base VARIABLE control to 1 or CAL.

10. Adjust Y SHIFT (up/down) and X SHIFT (left/right) to give a trace across the middle of the
screen, like the picture.

11. Adjust INTENSITY (brightness) and FOCUS to give a bright, sharp trace.

Obtaining a clear and stable trace:

Once if connect the oscilloscope to the circuit, it is necessary to adjust the controls to obtain
a clear and stable trace on the screen in order to test it.
 65

 The Y AMPLIFIER (VOLTS/CM) control determines the height of the trace.Choose a

setting so the trace occupies at least half the screen height, but does not disappear off
the screen.
 The TIMEBASE (TIME/CM) control determines the rate at which the dot sweeps across
the screen. Choose a setting so the trace shows at least one cycle of the signal across
the screen. Note that a steady DC input signal gives a horizontal line trace for which the
time base setting is not critical.
 The TRIGGER control is usually best left set to AUTO.

RESULT :

Thus the construction and working of CRO are studied.

 66

Peak and Peak to Peak Value:

Lissajous Pattern:

Figure shows typical case of lissajous pattern for particular frequency and phase difference
 67

EXP No. 10.b

MEASUREMENT OF SINUSOIDAL VOLTAGE, FREQUENCY AND POWER FACTOR USING

CRO

AIM:

To measure the sinusoidal voltage, frequency and power factor using CRO.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S,No Name of the Component Specification /Rating Quantity(in number)

1. CRO 30MHz 1

2. CRO probes - 3

FUNDAMENTAL DEFINITIONS:

Time Period: The time taken by an alternating voltage to complete one cycle is called its Time
period, T.

Frequency: The number of cycles completed in one second is called the frequency of the
alternating voltage. Its unit is Hertz. Frequency is given by the reciprocal of Time period T.

Peak and Peak to Peak Value: The maximum value, +ve or –ve of the alternating quantity is
known as its peak value. It is also called maximum value or amplitude of the alternating
quantity.
The total voltage measured from –ve peak to +ve peak is called the Peak to Peak voltage.RMS
Value (Root Mean Square Value).It is given by the steady dc current which when flowing
through a given circuit for a given time produces the same heat as produced by the alternating
current which when flowing through the same circuit for the same time.RMS value of alternating
voltage is related to its peak value by the relation

V peak Vm
Vrms  
2 2

Phase: The phase of an alternating quantity is the fraction of the time period of the
alternating voltage which has elapsed since the voltage last passed through the zero
position of reference.
 68

Phase difference: Consider two alternating quantity of same frequency reaching their
peak/ zero value at different instants of time. φ gives the phase difference between two
waves.
TABULAR COLUMN:
MEASUREMENT OF PHASE ANGLE BETWEEN TWO SIGNALS

Power factor
S.No Y1 Y2 sinФ=(Y1/Y2) Ф=sin-1 (Y1/Y2)
cosФ

MEASUREMENT OF AMPLITUDE AND FREQUENCY OF THE SIGNAL

Peak Amplitude
Vertical Time Count Time
to of the Frequency
S.No. gain base of cm period
peak signal (KHz)
(V/cm) (ms/cm) (cm) (msec)
(cm) (volts)
 69

The phase difference between two sinusoidal signals of same frequency can be
calculated from the amplitudes y1 and y2 of the lissajous pattern. Phase difference α is
given by

y1 x
  sin 1 or sin -1 1
y2 x2

Lissajous Pattern:

A lissajous pattern is produced on the screen when two sine wave voltages are
applied simultaneously to both pairs of deflection plates of a CRO. A known frequency
fH is applied to the horizontal input, and an unknown frequency fV is applied to the
vertical input. Then a lissajous pattern with loops is obtained. The unknown frequency fV
can be measured by the relation;

PROCEDURE:

I. To observe the wave shape of the signal:

1. Connect the AC input signal to be observed on the CRO across the channel-2 (Y or vertical
input).
2. Adjusting the volts/division and time/division knob, the input waveform is fixed on the CRO
screen.
3. Count the number of divisions between the peak of the signal and the reference line, note
the volt/cm of vertical gain knob of the CRO in the tabular column.
4. Count the number of division on the X-axis for one cycle of the wave and note time base
knob setting in the tabular column.
5. The time period of the signal is product of the number of division on the X-axis and the time
base knob setting.
 70

6. The peak voltage of signal is the product of the number of divisions on the vertical or Y-axis
and the volt/div knob setting.
II. To measure the frequency of given signal:

1. Connect the CRO, with the vertical input from the unknown source and the horizontal input
from the standard source.
2. Switch ON the supply.
3. Set the gain controls to spread the pattern over as much of the screen as desired.
4. Set the position controls until the pattern is concentrated on the screen.
5. Adjust the standard frequency signal until lissajous pattern appears.

6. From the lissajous pattern calculate the power factor by tabulating the values for y 1 and y2.

RESULT:

Thus the sinusoidal voltage (amplitude, time period and phase angle), frequency and
power factor using dual beam CRO (Cathode Ray Oscilloscope) are measured and the various
parts of CRO are studied.
71
 72

Ex No:11

Characteristics of LVDT

Aim :

To study the displacement transducer using LVDT and to obtain its characteristic

APPARATUS REQUIRED :

S.No Name of the Trainer Kit/ Copmponents Quantity

1 LVDT trainer kit containing the signal conditioning unit 1

2 LVDT calibration jig 1

3 Multi meter 1

4 Patch cards Few

THEORY:

LVDT is the most commonly and extensively used transducer, for linear displacement measurement. The
LVDT consists of three symmetrical spaced coils wound onto an insulated bobbin.

A magnetic core, which moves through the bobbin without contact, provides a path for the magnetic
flux linkage between the coils. The position of the magnetic core controls the mutual inductance
between the primary coil and with the two outside or secondary coils. When an AC excitation is applied
to the primary coil, the voltage is induced in secondary coils that are wired in a series opposing circuit.
When the core is centred between two secondary coils, the voltage induced in the secondary coils are
equal, but out of phase by 180°. The voltage in the two coils cancels and the output voltage will be zero.

CIRCUIT OPERATION:

The primary is supplied with an alternating voltage of amplitude between 5V to 25V with a frequency of
50 cycles per sec to 20 K cycles per sec. The two secondary coils are identical & for a centrally placed
core the induced voltage in the secondaries Es1&Es2 are equal. The secondaries are connected in phase
opposition. Initially the net o/p is zero. When the displacement is zero the core is centrally located. The
output is linear with displacement over a wide range but undergoes a phase shift of 180°. It occurs when
the core passes through the zero displacement position.

PROCEDURE:

1. Switch on the power supply to the trainer kit.

2. Rotate the screw gauge in clock wise direction till the voltmeter reads zero volts.
 73

3. Rotate the screw gauge in steps of 2mm in clockwise direction and note down the o/p voltage.

4. Repeat the same by rotating the screw gauge in the anticlockwise direction from null position.

5. Plot the graph DC output voltage Vs Displacement

MODEL GRAPH

TABULATION

Sl.No Displacement Output

(mm) voltage(mV)

10

RESULT: Thus the characteristics of LVDT are obtained.

 74

Ex No: 12

Calibration of rotometer

AIM

Apparatus required

Si no name quantity

1 Rotometer setup 1

2 Stop watch 1

3 Collecting jar 1

4 Control valve 1

5 Water circulating system 1

 75

Procedure:
76
 77

Model graph:

Result:

Thus the rotometer is calibrated with theoretical value

 78

SETUP FOR TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT USING THERMISTOR

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

Model graph
 79

Ex No: 13.a

Study the characteristics of Thermistor

AIM

To study the thermistor characteristics using temperature chamber arrangement

Apparatus required

Si no name quantity

1 Temperature chamber and thermometer 1

2 One thermistor (NTC type) 1

3 Thermistor tutor 1

4 multimeter 1

Procedure

1. Switch on the trainer kit

2. The display indicates the room temperature

3. Note down the temperature and voltage at the test point T3 output

4. Dip the thermistor sensor into the water bath

5. Switch on the water bath

6. Dip the thermometer into the water bath

7. Note down the actual temperature in thermometer, display temperature and voltage at T3 for
every 10 degrees

8. Draw graph actual temperature Vs display temperature

9. Also draw actual temperature on Xaxis and bridge output voltage on Y axis
 80

Tabulation:

Si no Actual temperature Display temperature Output voltage at T3

(physical value)

Result:

Thus the thermistor characteristics was studied using temperature chamber arrangement
 81

SETUP FOR TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT USING RTD

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
 82

Ex No: 13.b

Temperature measurement using RTD

AIM

To study the RTD characteristics using temperature chamber arrangement

Apparatus required

Si no name quantity

1 Temperature chamber and thermometer 1

2 One RTD (PT-100 type) 1
3 RTD tutor 1
4 multimeter 1

Procedure:

1. Connect the multimeter to the (o/p of wheatstone bridge)test point T4(+) and T5(-)
2. Switch on the RTD trainer
3. Note down the thermometer reading, the multimeter reading and voltage, display value in
trainer for room temperature
4. Switch on the temperature chamber, now the temperature of chamber will increase.
5. Take the thermometer reading, multimeter reading and display value in trainer for every 10̊ c
increase
6. Tabulate the reading and plot the characteristics of RTD using actual temperature on X-axis
and bridge output voltage on Y-axis
7. Plot one more graph using actual temperature on X-axis and display temperature on Y-axis
8. Tabulation:
Si no Actual temperature Display temperature Output voltage at T3
(physical value)

Result:

Thus the thermistor characteristics was studied using temperature chamber arrangement