Melody Hernandez

Professor McClure

Writing 39C

1 May 2018

Annotated Bibliography

Finsen, Lawrence, and Susan Finsen. ​Animal Rights Movement in America: From Compassion

to Respect​. Twayne, 1994.

The book ​Animal Rights Movement in America: From Compassion to Respect ​was

published in 1994 and written by Lawrence & Susan Finsen. Lawrence Finsen,

Professor of Philosophy at the University of Redlands, specializes in

animal-human ethics. Meanwhile, Susan Finsen Professor of Philosophy at Cal

State University, San Bernardino specializes in applied ethics. In this source,

Lawrence & Susan Finsen explore the social history of the advocacy for animal

welfare. Furthermore, the Finsen’s explore the activism throughout the 1980s, the

rise of organizations geared towards animal rights advocacy, and the influential

scholars of the movement. This source is crucial to the others because it provides a

historical background of the major events that helped pivot the way for our modern

experimental humane techniques.

Kemmerer, Lisa. ​In Search of Consistency: Ethics and Animals​. Brill, 2006.

​In Search of Consistency: Ethics of Animals ​ was published in the Brill Academic

Volume III in 2006 and written by Lisa Kemmerer, Professor of Philosophy and Religion
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at Montana State University Billings. Lisa Kemmerer is an activist working on the behalf

of nonhuman species. In the source, Kemmerer describes imperative ideas in animal ethics

while examining the work of influential scholars such as Tom Regan and Peter Singer.

Furthermore, Kemmerer prompts her audience to question our position and responsibilities

as human beings on the world and how we perceive nonhuman species. Ultimately,

Kemmerer pushes her “Minimize Harm Maxim” throughout the scope of her work. This

source is crucial to the others mentioned because it explores multiple aspects of the animal

rights spectrum while providing a solid historical foundation and its application to modern

issues.

Ibrahim, Darian M. “Reduce, Refine, Replace: The Failure of the Three R's and the Future of

Animal Experimentation.” ​University of Chicago Legal Forum​, 2006,

chicagounbound.uchicago.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1391&context=uclf.

The article ​Reduce, Refine, Replace: The Failure of the Three R’s and the Future

of Animal Experimentation​ was published in the first volume of the 2006 University of

Chicago Legal Forum and focuses on animal experimentation. Darian M. Ibrahim is a

Professor of Law at William & Mary Law School, with a specialization in corporate law,

security law, and venture capital who in the article thoroughly reviews the Three R’s and

addresses the deficits in its approach to humane animal experimentation techniques.

Ibrahim’s review is geared in a way that prompts animal activists to pursue the abolition

of experimental research rather than attempt to regulate these practices. Furthermore,

deficits of these practices include legal issues concerning the loopholes present within
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the Three R’s that allow researchers to exploit and tailor their research loosely to the

guidelines of ethical animal experimentation techniques for funding. Ibrahim takes a

break from establishing the basics of the experimental technique and legal concerns in

order to discuss animal ethics from the two standpoints being animal rights versus animal

welfare which influence the ways in which we approach this issue. This source is crucial

to the others because it utilizes ideas from the Animal Welfare Act, alternative methods

of research, and the history of humane experimental technique in a way that is consistent

with the other resources.