HK01- CIVIL ENGINEERING PROGRAMME

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING

UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA SABAH

COURSE: KA42102 TRAFFIC ENGINEERING

TITLE

INTELLIGENT TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM

DATE OF SUBMISSION

1 DECEMBER 2016

PREPARED FOR

DR AZIZUL BIN LADIN

PREPARED BY:

LUI MING CHENG BK13110195

TAN MIN YAO BK13110417

TABLE OF CONTENT

No. Titles Page

1.0 Introduction to Intelligent Transportation 1

System
2.0 Advanced Traffic Management System 2

3.0 Advanced Traveler Information System 3

4.0 Commercial Vehicle Operations 4

5.0 Advanced Public Transportation System 5

6.0 Advanced Vehicle Control System 6

7.0 Conclusion 7

8.0 References 8
1.0 Introduction to Intelligent Transportation System

As nations develop, the general population travels all around from rural areas to urban
areas. This causes a necessity for means of transportation. For the more fortunate
ones who can afford their own modes of commuting, usage of their own private
vehicles is preferred because it allows them to manage their own time and provide
them heaps of conveniences. However, this will result in traffic congestion, increased
risks of accidents, transportation delays and a larger scale of vehicle pollution emission
(Figueiredo et al, 2006). Although loads of life saving inventions related to
transportation have been innovated, such as the air bags, safety belts, helmets and
such, they serve no purpose in combatting the issue of transportation congestion.
Some of the conventional method proposed to reduce congestion includes widening
roads or providing alternative path, however these are only short term solution which
are not sustainable because providing new roads will only attracts more users as the
population of the area increases. This is where intelligent transportation system steps
in, in hopes of reducing all kind of detrimental traffic related crisis.

Intelligent Transportation System is a multidisciplinary approach from the

combined effort of researchers in various field such as communication, networking,
electronic engineering and such to properly address any traffic related issues and
combat them with appropriate actions. This field of study is important to all walks of
life, may it be road users, traffic engineers, or policy makers alike globally. ITS have
been around for more than 30 years (Dimitrakoupulos & Demestichas, 2010), and is
ever expanding. Its aim is to formulate traffic system that is smart, self-sustainable
and capable of vastly reducing traffic related issues. Examples of ITS will be discussed
in details in pursuing segments.

1
2.0 Advanced Traffic Management Systems (ATMS)

Traffic Management System (TMS) comprises all functions necessary for enabling
transportation to run safely and efficiently on the existed infrastructure. With the
growing demand for transportation, more traffic is expected to be on the road. It is a
challenge for traffic control to increase roadway capacity and improve service quality
at the same time. A more functional TMS is required to reduce the impact of traffic
conflicts by applying different real-time automatic solutions (Rao et al., 2016).

Traffic management influences the supply of traffic and transport systems as

well as the demand for travel and transport through a combination of measures with
the aim to optimize the positive and negative impacts of traffic and transport. In daily
operation, traffic management should control the demand with specific aims. It should
try to influence the departure time to avoid overloads in peak hours. With the
utilization of surveillance camera at critical junctions, it will allow the traffic control to
divert the traffic by providing signage and news report to road users to reroute their
journey using a less congested way during peak hour.

Another way in traffic management is by using mobility pricing instruments.

Pricing regulation on vehicle and fuel taxes, city tolls, parking fees, public transport
tariffs, public transport commuter pass for students and employees, and so on will
obviously control demand as it has so many negative impacts on our life and
environment. In order to promote the use public transportation, pricing for parking
area around public transport system and pricing for the ticket are of lower rate will
encourage the public in taking mass transit to prevent further congestion at the
roadway (Boltze and Tuan, 2016).

2
3.0 Advanced Traveler Information Systems (ATIS)

Advanced traveller information systems (ATIS) are considered a powerful tool to

enhance the travellers’ experience and avoid wasting travel time. This system is
especially useful for road user new to the location such as tourist in minimizing
confusing during the transportation in between places (Bifulco et al., 2016).

With the inclusion of factors such as mode of transport, route choice, traffic
and weather condition into a system accessible by road users, effective travel time can
be estimated. For example, bad weather and traffic incidents lead to road capacity
variability and thus cause typical non-recurrent congestion allow the driver to estimate
time required to reach a destination in time.

Advanced traveler information system (ATIS) is another important factor

affecting travel choice behavior. ATIS is generally believed to be efficient in eliminating
further traffic congestion and enhancing the performance of road networks, which can
improve travellers’ route choice decisions by providing them with the road network
situation and navigational assistance (Sun et al., 2014).

The integration of real-time traffic information into applications such as Waze

and Google Maps, travellers were provided with a user friendly and simple way of
preventing moving into route with congestion. It will thus reducing drivers’ travel time
uncertainty through traffic information provided by advanced traveler information
systems.

3
4.0 Commercial Vehicle Operations (CVO)

Commercial Vehicle Operations (CVO) applies the features of traffic and travel
management systems in the commercial vehicle sector. Automatic localization,
classification, weight-in vehicles and emission of vehicle are monitored, all of which
can be carried out on the road. New technologies can be equipped on-board of the
commercial vehicle such as navigation system, accident notification system, electronic
payment system and sensors embedded on the road to provide a real-time information
update to the drivers and also allow effective monitoring of commercial vehicles
present at the road (Surugui and Stancel, 2016).

Vehicle-to-vehicle communication system will allow the vehicle to operate in

the form of train where the leading commercial vehicle will act as the lead overlooking
the traffic condition ahead and communicate with vehicle behind through build in
sensors in each vehicle. This system will allow the leading vehicle to inform in real-
time and command the movement of following vehicles. This system is designed to
improve the use of road infrastructure, reducing traffic congestion and could provide
faster and safer routes for vehicle of larger size such as truck for logistic.

Besides that, vehicle-to-infrastructure communication system is also an aspect

of commercial vehicle operation. A central control system allows the commercial
vehicle to leave the terminal together at permitted time where similar routing activities
can be paired at the terminal. The commercial vehicle may dispatched from different
locations where they will meet up at the highway using the build in coordination system
such as GPS. The linkage between two commercial vehicles will initiate the warning
system on both vehicle and manual coordinate of drivers will allow the vehicle to link
together, where the leading vehicle may slow down or the vehicle following may speed
up to an allowable limit.

4
5.0 Advance Public Transportation System (APTS)

Advance public transportation system (APTS) involves seeking for means to improve
the overall system of public transportation such as increasing reliability of public
transportation, increase efficiency of traffic, enhance operation of public transportation,
and improve safety of passengers, operators and road user sharing the same facilities
with public transportation.

There are different kind of advance public transportation system that can be
implemented. For instance, there is the “signal priority system” where an emitter can
be installed in compartments of public transport such as at the top of a bus. When the
bus approaches a traffic light, the emitter will send a signal to a feeder installed in
traffic light via wavelengths. This will enable the traffic light to know which direction
the bus is intended to head to and hence manipulating the traffic flow and giving the
bus priority to move. Another kind of ABTS is the “automated vehicle location”. This
system will allow passenger who intends to board on a public transport to accurately
track down the location of the public transport, hence providing them with information
that is to their own convenient. The system can also be used to monitor, control and
communicate with the operator of the public transport. Other forms of APTS includes
real time passenger information, efficient fare collecting system, safety and security
system, voice and data communication system, automated scheduling system and
much more.

The implementation of advance public transportation system will affect all

members of the society. Its application will benefit parties such as the police who can
use it to monitor crime related incident, shipping industry to track down the location
of their goods, the general public who depends on public transport as their mean of
commuting, and even bankers or policy makers who determine if development of a
certain district is profitable and feasible. Adeleke et al, (2012) cites the benefits of
implementing APTS as reducing commuting time wasted waiting at terminals, allow
accurate tracking of the public transport via automated vehicle location equipment,
and facilitate a sustainable development of the nation for policy makers. The condition
of the public transport such as the temperature, occurrence of leakage and such can
also be actively monitored.

5
6.0 Advanced Vehicle Control System (AVCS)

Shladover (1995) defines advanced vehicle control system (AVCS) as a system not
only being capable of executing to a certain degree of self-control such as the auto-
navigation system, but also a system that is able to provide warnings of hazardous
conditions to drivers, or enhance the ability of drivers to perceive hazard themselves.

Likewise the other intelligent transportation system, advanced vehicle control

system is a dynamic and ever expanding system thanks to the advance of technology.
This is all thanks to the fact that with development of technology, microprocessors
and sensors are now technically and economically feasible to be installed in vehicles.

Perhaps the most well-known advanced vehicle control system is the auto
cruise control which is capable of monitoring, limiting or maintaining the cruising speed
of a moving vehicle. This is achieved by controlling the throttle in the vehicle to a
speed that is pre-determined by the driver. The advantage of auto cruise control is it
takes some load off the driver who is commuting on a long drive. By setting the speed
of the vehicle to a safe level, the driver will also not violate any traffic rules and
regulation by subconsciously speeding. The only problem with that is the risk of losing
traction when the vehicle is travelling on a rainy days, hence drivers should also be
alert on all time when they are on the road.

Other forms of AVCS includes the “Bus Frontal Collision System”. This system
utilizes advance sensor, camera and computer technologies to seek out for potential
hazard and notify the bus driver in ahead of time. This will allow bus drivers to perceive
the hazard and take appropriate measures to safety maneuver over it. By
implementing this system, the risk of passengers hurting themselves when the bus
takes an emergency break can be reduced. Other than that, the “Vehicle Self-parking
system”, and “Steering Guidance System” are also popular forms of advanced vehicle
control system. The former is capable of assist drivers to park in parking slots
automatically using camera and motion sensors, whereas the latter will play a vital
role in keeping the driver and vehicle safe in case the driver accidentally doze off and
steer the steering in a dangerous fashion.

6
7.0 Conclusion

As a conclusion, the implementation of intelligent transportation system is crucial to a

safe and sustainable development for the nation. Its application transcends over road
users but also affects people from all walks of the society. Hence, more resources and
experts should be diverted into the development of intelligent transport system in
order to mitigate detrimental traffic issue as well as innovate reliable and accessible
transportation system.

7
 8.0 References

Adeleke, O.O., Jimoh, Y.A., and Akinpeli, M.A., 2013. Development of an Advance
Public Transportation System in Negeria. Alexandria Engineering Journal,
pp.447-454.
Bifulco, G.N., Cantarella, G.E., Simonelli, F. and Velonà, P., 2016. Advanced traveller
information systems under recurrent traffic conditions: Network equilibrium
and stability. Transportation Research Part B: Methodological.

Boltze, M. and Tuan, V.A., 2016. Approaches to Achieve Sustainability in Traffic

Management. Procedia Engineering, 142, pp.204-211.

Dimitrakopoulos, G and Demestichas, P., 2010. Intelligent Transportation System.

IEEE Vehicular Technology Magazine, pp.77.

Figueiredo, L., Jesus, I., Machado, J.A., Ferreira, J.R., and Carvalho, J.L., 2006.
Towards the Development of Intelligent Transport System.

Rao, X., Montigel, M. and Weidmann, U., 2016. A new rail optimisation model by
integration of traffic management and train automation. Transportation
Research Part C: Emerging Technologies, 71, pp.382-405.

Shladover, E.S., 1995. Review of the Development of Advanced Vehicle Control System.
Vehicle System Dynamics, pp. 551-595.

Sun, H., Wu, J., Wang, W. and Gao, Z., 2014. Reliability-based traffic network design
with advanced traveler information systems. Information Sciences, 287,
pp.121-130.

Surugiu, M.C. and Stancel, I.N., 2016. Fleet Management Cooperative Systems for
Commercial Vehicles. Procedia Technology, 22, pp.984-990.