Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
Smart Buildings
Sarmad Sohaib*, Ismail Sarwar*, Muhammad Haseeb Iftikhar*, and Aneeq Mahmood †
aneeq.mahmood@donau-uni.ac.at
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web server. The users can login to the web page to get the 2.2.1 Shunt Resistor
details of the energy consumption patterns. Here we discuss
It is one of the most inexpensive and simplest of methods to
the primary components used in the developed energy
convert current to voltage and thus used in cheap energy
measuring plug.
meters. Two Manganin shunt resistors, typically in the range
of mΩ to μΩ, are placed in series and the drop across the
resistor measures the current flowing through it.
Although the shunt resistors are small and cheap, they result
in power loss due to the series resistance [2]. The resistance
may also vary significantly with temperature which may also
affect the sensing circuit.
2
The microcontroller ATmega8 has 28 I/O pins which makes it allows users to add/remove a device. Users can also turn the
small in size but still gives enough pins to interface LCD, device ON/OFF remotely.
energy IC, WiFi module and other sensors. This
microcontroller provides a feature of two external interrupts Web application is designed to monitor and control user’s
which are useful for zero-crossing detection and interrupt energy usage. The user adds a device using its MAC address
handling of energy IC. The energy IC provides measurements which is stored in the database against user’s ID and starts to
using SPI communication. The Wi-Fi module on the other communicate with the server automatically.
hand works on UART communication method. The ATmega8
microcontroller can simultaneously get data from the energy
IC, and send it to the Wi-Fi module as it supports both SPI
and UART communication protocols.
2.4 Control
The device control part is also included in the developed
energy meter plug that gives remote access of the load to the
user. This enables user to control the connected device
through website. This is a massive help to the users who have
a habit of leaving the appliance ON while away from the
office. The users can monitor the status of all connected
appliance remotely and take the necessary action.
Fig.3: Data visualization on MySQL.
Two types of relays are generally used for controlling the
devices; mechanical relay, and solid state relay. The
mechanical relay has some serious drawbacks, e.g., it 3 Experimental Results
produces spark for heavy loads, has shorter life span, and
makes noise during changing its state. Moreover, to change The developed prototype is first tested for its accuracy in
the state of mechanical relay, it has to energize its coil which power, voltage and current measurements. DM Metering
needs more current and voltage than the solid state relay. PRO2DM by Inepro Metering is used as reference meter.
Normally solid state relays give a big range of energizing Table 1 shows all measured parameters with the
voltage e.g. 3-32 V to control the load. The solid state relay corresponding references. It can be observed that the
has a very long life span, and also is completely quite during developed system has good average accuracy of 0.66% in
state change. Due to these reasons, a solid state relay is used active power measurements. The average accuracy gets even
in this project. better for resistive load like blub which is found to be 0.14%.
This is much better than the average accuracy of power
2.5 Radio Link measurement of blub using system developed by Suryadevara
et. al. that is 2.48% [12].
For Radio linking we are using ESP8266 Wi-Fi module. This
module is widely used nowadays in Internet of Things (IoT) It can be observed from data in the Table 1 that the power
projects due to its small size and big range with low power measurement of bulb has approximately no error whereas the
consumption. The module supports the 802.11 b/g/n wireless fan shows a great error in power measurements. This is due to
standards with security support of WPA/WPA2. the fact that we are only measuring an active power here and
fan is an inductive load. That is why we are currently working
The module comes interfaced with an 8 KB ROM which can on the measurement of reactive power that can then be used
store the service set identifier (SSID) and password of the Wi- to measure the apparent power consumed by the appliance.
Fi network, thereby letting the device to automatically
connect to the saved networks. The firmware of the module A field trial has been undertaken to understand the energy
also resides in this ROM which can be automatically usage profile over time, person, and load type. We have
upgraded when connected with an internet connection. distributed 20 meters in the Electrical Engineering department
building of the university. Different office appliances are
2.6 Web Server connected to the meter, and the meter itself is plugged into
power mains. Table 2 shows type of appliances that were
The Wamp server is setup on a local PC that operates as a
connected on the plugs at different locations. Any electrical
web server and offers monitoring and control of energy usage
appliance with power consumption less than 1 kW can be
to interested users. It uses a simple PHP development
connected with the developed system.
environment, and SQL as a database. Fig. 3 shows the power
data being stored in the database. A simple HTTP protocol is
The sampling time is set to 9 sec. The voltage, current and
used for communication between server and Wi-Fi module.
power consumption data is streamed regularly to the database
The graphical user interface (GUI) of the web application
on the server for further possessing and analysis. The
collected data is also displayed through the GUI.
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%age %age
Known Load Ref. Voltage Measured Ref. Current Measured Ref. Power Measured %age Power
Appliance Voltage Current
(W) (V) Voltage (V) (A) Current (A) (W) Power (W) Error
Error Error
Filament Bulb 100 235 234 0.43 0.46 0.47 2.17 107 107 0.00
Filament Bulbs 200 232 232 0.00 0.93 0.93 0.00 216 216 0.00
Filament Bulbs 300 230 230 0.00 1.38 1.38 0.00 318 317 0.31
Filament Bulbs 400 230 229 0.43 1.84 1.84 0.00 424 425 0.24
Filament Bulbs 500 229 228 0.44 2.29 2.27 0.87 527 528 0.19
Energy Saver Bulb 24 236 234 0.85 0.18 0.18 0.00 21 21 0.00
Energy Saver
224 234 233 0.43 1.02 1.02 0.00 239 238 0.42
Bulb+Filament Bulbs
Pedestal Fan 150 233 232 0.43 0.77 0.78 1.30 163 168 3.07
Pedestal Fan+
350 229 229 0.00 1.62 1.62 0.00 364 372 2.20
Filament Bulbs
Heater 400 231 230 0.43 1.63 1.62 0.61 379 377 0.53
Heater+Filament
600 229 228 0.44 2.54 2.53 0.39 583 585 0.34
Bulbs
Table 1: Percentage error of measured voltage, current and active power illustrating the high accuracy of developed system.
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4
References
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[1] L. Suganthi and A. A. Samuel, “Energy models fordemand
forecasting—A review”, Renewable and Sustainable
%age reduction in avg. power consumption
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Energy Reviews, vol. 16, pp. 1223-1240, (2012).
This work was supported and funded by Electrical [12] N. K. Suryadevara, S. C. Mukhopadhyay, S. D. T. Kelly,
Engineering Department, University of Engineering and and S. P. S. Gill, “WSN-Based Smart Sensors and Actuator
Technology, Taxila, Pakistan which is gratefully for Power Management in Intelligent Buildings”, in
acknowledged. IEEE/ASME Transactions on Mechatronics, vol. 2, pp.
564-571 (April 2015).