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EVS
EXTENDED ESSAY
Can Personal Carbon trading (PCT) be
an effective solution in Reducing
Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emission in
Mumbai?
Anupriy Kanti
IB Extended essay
ABSTRACT
One of the biggest unsolved crisis today is of the changing climate due to the
continuous (and rising) anthropogenic input of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.
Efforts to mitigate this climate change by various governmental movements and
policies around the world and within a country, state, or city do not seem to be able
to counteract the problem. Mumbai local government up till now has focused on
cleaning of wastes and sewages with few policy enforcements on vehicular air
pollution.
Mechanisms such as Kyoto and the EU ETS though manage Emission Trading
between companies; their focus only is limited to the upstream users leaving a policy
gap on individual emission. The current untried proposal by UK research teams of
Personal Carbon Trading (PCT) of managing one’s carbon footprint is being studied
upon. PCT overcomes the economical drawbacks of adapting to a lower carbon
economy by inducing a behavioural change in energy usage. Thus the question
comes: Can PCT be an effective solution in reducing Greenhouse Gas emission in
Mumbai?
The effectiveness has been assessed by taking in considering the adaptability of PCT
to Mumbai’s economic structure and its acceptability. For research purpose, 5
Income Groups were formed (with Group 5 earning the highest). Survey was then
taken to see CO2e (Carbon Dioxide equivalent) emission of 100 families in Mumbai
from different Income Groups and their response to the scheme.
It was noted that there was a trend in the Income Group and their emission level.
Considering the theoretical literature and discussion of working of PCT in Mumbai, a
conclusion was drawn about the scheme that it will be an effective solution to the
emission problem in Mumbai. This research was evaluated for effectiveness and
hurdles taking in account the unexplored parameters and assumptions.
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PAGE CONTENTS
Table of Contents
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ..................................................................................................................... 4
Introduction..................................................................................................................................... 5
Current Scenario.............................................................................................................................. 6
Carbon Trading: Global Green......................................................................................................... 8
A need for 'new thinking' ‐ Personal Carbon Trading.................................................................... 11
Personal Carbon Trading: Through Economist's eyes ................................................................... 13
Mumbai: Can it work? ................................................................................................................... 15
Working of PCT in Mumbai............................................................................................................ 20
Conclusion ..................................................................................................................................... 24
Evaluation...................................................................................................................................... 26
BIBLIOGRAPHY............................................................................................................................... 27
APPENDIX ...................................................................................................................................... 28
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First and foremost I would sincerely like to thank my Environmental Systems
Supervisor, Mr. Authukurala, who despite his long absence due to a bypass surgery,
was able to guide me through this project. I would also like to mention my gratitude
to Tina Fawcett, Head researcher in UK on Personal Carbon Trading for Data
collection techniques and Colonel Prakash Tewari for helping me get in touch with
the Eminent Environmentalists and Personalities in this field. Special thanks to all
families for the survey and friends who assisted me while collecting data.
Finally, heartfelt thanks to my father, Mr. Anurag Kanti, whose unsatisfying quench
for new knowledge not only got him to help me collect literature on PCT, give
guidance and complete the Essay but further encouraged me to dwell further on this
area for higher studies.
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Candidate Number – 001425‐027
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Introduction
In the daily pollution reports in Mumbai, there is indication of high level of GHG in
the air. While being concerned about the alarming increase in air pollution in
Mumbai, the concept of Personal Carbon Trading came originally in UK where the
government has started considering it very actively. The idea of bringing down
carbon footprint1 through behavioral change at an individual level seemed intriguing
and, at the same time, applicable in a metropolitan like Mumbai, thus resulting in
this research paper investigating the effectiveness of Personal Carbon Trading in
Mumbai.
1
Measure of the impact individual has on environment by his activity in terms of the amount of GHG
produced measured in units of CO2e (Carbon dioxide equivalent)
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Candidate Number – 001425‐027
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Current Scenario
“In my view, climate change is the most severe problem that we are facing today,
more serious even than the threat of terrorism”
- Sir David King, Chief Scientific Adviser, UK, 2004
For the last two decades or so, the growing evidence of the increasing anthropogenic
activities and its co‐relation to the climatic change has bought the future of the
environmental stability to an alarming concern. While some futurologists and
scientists have already predicted a foreseen ‘Armageddon’ to be occurring in matter
of few decades if the ecological health keeps deteriorating at the similar pace, others
envisage it as having a irreversible mutational effect on the environment and
inevitably, us. Both the results strongly support the possibility of environmental
degradation and the need to design a method (framework to prevent) to reduce the
risk of this phenomenon.
The most observable and significant form of this threat is the emission of
Greenhouse Gases (GHG)2 out of which Carbon Dioxide (CO2) emission has been, by
far, the largest in the atmosphere. Recent meteorological researches found the
current global concentration of CO2 to be around 380 ppm (Parts per million) in
contrast to the pre‐industrial levels of 280 ppm3 still increasing at the rate of 1.5
ppm per annum4.
This increasing in the rate of CO2 emission is primarily due to the cancerous growth
of industries that let out this gas as a waste or a by‐product leading to ongoing
numerous environmental disasters like melting glaciers, rising sea levels, change in
2
Carbon Dioxide (CO2) , Methane (CH4) , Nitrous Oxide (N2O) , and other pollutant gases
3
(Intergovernmental Panel of climatic change 2006)
4
(Siveter 2005)
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weather pattern, ecosystem and biodiversity. Furthermore, the global temperature
is on the rise, and by 2100 will rise to a level around 1.4 ºC to 5.8 ºC. The probability
of these anticipated events is becoming higher.
This alarming crisis and its potential effects have further put pressure on
Government to come up with more effective solutions. United Nation Framework
Convention on Climate Change (UNFCC) has stated their main goal is to ‘prevent
dangerous anthropogenic interference with climate system’. The Royal Commission
on Environment Pollution (RCEP) in UK had set a 60% cut target in CO2 by 2050 but it
was based on capping the level at 550 ppm which no longer appears to be a feasible
objective5.
5
(RCEP report 2000)
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Carbon Trading: Global Green
European Union (EU) further in the European Council stated its goal to capping the
global temperature rise at 2 ºC, a cap which they believed to be the upper limit6 (also
called threshold). Internationally the Kyoto Protocol was put into force on 2006 after
being sanctioned by approximately 164 countries and was used as a policy
framework in which the member nations developed ‘green’ and energy efficient
projects in developing nations to offset their own emission by funding them in
exchange of their emission entitlement. This was the first development of Carbon
Trading, a scheme in which the ‘carbon’ entitlements allocated could be traded
between the Annex I countries7.
Though pollution is an international problem, its spatial growing nature makes it
more manageable if dealt nationally (or better yet – locally). India's high
concentration of pollution is not due to the absence of a sound environmental legal
regime, however, but due to a lack of environmental enforcement at the local level.
In 1992, India signed the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
as a non‐Annex I country, meaning it is not obligated to reduce its emissions of
carbon and Greenhouse gases (GHG). India ratified the agreement in 1993. While
India recognizes the importance of reducing these harmful emissions, the Indian
government also places a high priority on economic development. However,
according to report by John Llewellyn Lehman Brothers, global economist, India’s
GDP would dip by 5% for every 2°C temperature rise8. Up until now, India was not a
signatory to the Kyoto Protocol that mandates specific commitments by countries to
reduce their emissions of greenhouse gases by an average of 5.2% below 1990 levels
by the agreed 2008‐2012 time frame. Between 1990 and 2001, India's carbon
6
The limit above which the minor alterations will lead to significant climatic changes. There have been
scientific claims to support this, but the exact value fluctuates in different reports.
7
OECD – mainly EU countries
8
( ‘Global warming may melt Indian economy’ 2007).
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emissions increased by an astonishing 61%, a rate surpassed only by China's 111%
increase during the same time period.
9
Though Natural gas and oil produce CO2 gas, they are more ‘cleaner’ than coal or LPG as in the
process the methane gas is converted to CO2, which is less toxic and harmful to the environment.
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Candidate Number – 001425‐027
IB Extended essay
The problem of pollution does not stop at the national level. Major cities like Delhi,
Chennai, Kolkata, Mumbai etc. are often the culprits of being on the higher end of
the GHG emission spectrum because of the excessive energy dependence and need
for urbanization. Though India may take pride in having a low per capita emission (>
1 CO2 tonne annually), it is amongst the highest emitters in the world.
The rising population is one cause of the rising demand for energy. The largest
growth in global GHG emissions between 1970 and 2004 has come from the energy
supply sector (an increase of 145%). The growth in direct emissions10 in this period
from transport was 120%, industry 65% and land use, land use change, and forestry
40%.
The impact of climate change and urban development in Mumbai is a key factor in
increasing the coastal risk flood and rising sea‐ level11 making Mumbai the second
most vulnerable city by 2070 after Kolkata. In the meanwhile, a survey found that
transportation sector contributes to about 60 % of air emission load in Greater
Mumbai. Vehicular traffic contributes to about 54% of NOx emissions and 24% of
Particulate matter emissions in Greater Mumbai. Also ambient air quality,
particularly in respect to PM10 and NOx exceed the National Ambient Air Quality
Standards (NAAQS) in some areas12.
10
Direct emissions in each sector do not include emissions from the electricity sector for the electricity
consumed in the building, industry and agricultural sectors or of the emissions from refinery operations
supplying fuel to the transport sector
11
Assuming a mean sea-level rise of 1.6 feet by 2070
12
As per the URBAIR' study of 1992 – NOx is a GHG gas with a higher GWP than Carbon.
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Candidate Number – 001425‐027
IB Extended essay
A need for 'new thinking' ‐ Personal Carbon Trading
It was around the beginning of May 2007 when there was scientific report released
that was having a coverage all over the television and newspapers. According to this
report, the league of scientist had claimed the earth has reached its ‘tipping point’
and if no measure taken at this point of time, the change will be out of our hand.
Furthermore, this report was followed by the UK government announcement of it
missing its current target of 20% reduction by 2008.
Unquestionably, the problem is not in the aims and the intention but in the
strategies to achieve the carbon reduction. Efforts to mitigate climate change
through managing carbon emissions are now being prompting. Although the EU ETS
does tackle the indirect emissions of individuals from electricity use (charging power
generators), this still leaves a policy gap around direct and indirect emissions from
individuals13. ‘To tackle climate change requires a major transformation in the way
everyone thinks about energy.’ Behavioural change is needed to the basic level
where one can reduce our dependence on fossil fuels and move towards a ‘low‐
carbon‐economy’ by adopting the use of ‘cleaner’ energy.
Though it is one of the (only?) best solutions presently trying to balance national
economic developments and global environmental protection, the problem with
Carbon Trading is that it differentiates responsibilities by allotting different target
ranges (like 10% in Iceland but 8% reduction in the GHG emission in EU). Accordingly,
a logical basis of deciding emission quotas could be on a per capita basis. There
needs to be a scheme that involves the individuals rather than institutions alone. But
practically speaking no scheme without incentive is going to work. There needs to be
a scheme in parallel to the Carbon Trading System.
13
(Siveter 2005)
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Such a scheme is currently being researched and proposed by various
environmental‐economist teams in UK. The scheme is the mandatory introduction of
Carbon Allowances allocated on per capita basis by the government (or the
authority) of the country (or region) annually. All individuals receive an 'average'
number of Carbon Allowances decided on the basis of nation's emission target of
that year. These Allowance (units) gives an individual right to emit GHG gases to a
certain limit and are to be surrendered along with money while purchasing fuel or
energy. Thus, the emission rights are allocated directly to the end users of energy
rather than the producers. The End‐user who emits more than the quota permits
them to (and will need additional units) can 'buy' them from the end‐users who emit
less than they are allowed to (and have surplus units). This creates a carbon market
where individuals can buy or sell carbon units similar to the trading in foreign
exchange. Hence, this 'Personal Carbon Trading' (PCT) incorporates managing one's
carbon emission, providing market signals and incentive to adapt to low carbon‐
consumption at the same time14.
While PCT may seem as economic trading scheme which has fiscal potential, there is
a deeper issue of really understanding carbon budgets and how to manage them
through the behaviour change ‐ or what is known as 'carbon literacy' and implement
them in daily life. This culture of carbon literacy and awareness will require a shift
people's thinking and encourage them to make appropriate environmental decision
due to the monetary attachment. For instance, one may decide that it is better do
without a car while going to the grocery store as it not only saves money on the fuel
but also gives a way to 'earn money' from the surplus units that that remained from
being surrendered at a fuel station.
14
(Seyfang n.d.)
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Candidate Number – 001425‐027
IB Extended essay
Personal Carbon Trading: Through Economist's eyes
The idea of Carbon Allowances are for intra‐nation usage, along with the
international trading of Carbon Credits to reduce the carbon emissions from the
planet to a point when nation's right to pollute would be in proportional to the size
of its population. As PCT is currently only an untested theoretical scheme, the only
criteria to assess it are against the 3 'E's ‐ Equity, Efficiency and Effectiveness.
Criteria are –
a. Equity
The concept of emission rights on per capita basis seems to have an
increasing political support. This is due to the assumed fiscal progressive
nature PCT bring in theory. ‘The rich’ (who emit more than average)
would need to buy allowances from ‘the poor’ if they wish to sustain their
more carbon‐intensive lifestyles15 thus redistributing the flow of wealth.
b. Efficiency
Economically, there will be no need or concern about manipulation of
carbon prices by a governmental authority – its people’s own scheme.
Thus its efficiency lies in the accurate response to market demand and in
its appeal in setting a system where financial instruments are defined in
terms of energy usage – and not price.
c. Effectiveness
As it is the quantity of energy or emission that is defined and not the
prices, the carbon budget and cap is a guarantee that target for reduced
15
(Thumim n.d.)
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carbon emissions will be met. (More about effectiveness in Mumbai: Can
PCT work?)
The primary purpose PCT is ‐ a means of reducing emissions of all GHGs that are
altering the climate. Thus, there needs to be a measure of Global warming Potential
(GWP) of each gas on basis of a known and a gas with known emission effect ‐ like
CO2 (GWP of which is taken as 1). Thus all the fuels can be depicted in their carbon
rating or Carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2e). For example, the GWP for methane is
21 and for nitrous oxide is 31016
An approximate guideline for some carbon rating of main forms of energy are shown
below
17
Translating Emission into Fuels
1 Kg of CO2 = 1 Carbon Unit
Fuel Carbon Unit
Natural Gas 0.2 per kWh
Petrol 2.3 per kWh
Diesel 2.8 per kWh
Grid Electricity (Thermal) 0.6 per kWh
16
(Fleming n.d.)
17
(Fleming n.d.)The quantities in the table need to be used with caution as the table is modified to suit
Indian forms of fuel consumption.
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Candidate Number – 001425‐027
IB Extended essay
Mumbai: Can it work?
Now one very innovative question comes in the mind. Can PCT work in Mumbai? Can
it bring down the unhampered emission that the local government has failed to
curb? The question may initially seem as a far‐fetched or a new way of trying to look
for a solution.
The collection and transportation of the huge amount of waste is a matter of
concern for Municipal Corporation of Greater Mumbai (MCGM). So far there have
been no other official steps taken except ‘Pollution under Control (PUC) certificates’
given to vehicles annually only after meeting emission standards.
However, taking in account of the rising CO2 concentration levels (approx. 380 ppm
at present); the current measures taken by the Mumbai government has been
inadequate to cap emission
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IB Extended essay
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The result is shown by the graph. Vehicular emission of 85 families (numbered from 1 to 85) was
taken by calculating the average emission of a day and then deducing the annual emission by private
transport. As the survey was based on an interview rather than actual testing, the statistics should be
dealt with caution.
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For research purpose, the families that were surveyed were categorized in 5 Income
Groups as follows:
Income group Income range per annum
Group 1 < Rs 50000
Group 2 Rs 50000 ‐ Rs 250000
Group 3 Rs 250000 ‐ Rs 1000000
Group 4 Rs 1000000 ‐ Rs 2500000
Group 5 > Rs 2500000
Another survey was done to observe the trend in emission by each group:
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Groups, where the emission by using energy is correlated to the income of the
family. However, the problem with this trend is that there is an uneven distribution
when individual emission is taken within each group:
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Considering these pattern, it can be seen how important it is to reduce individual
carbon footprint. The British government has already been 'invoking moral duty and
placing the responsibility for reducing emissions on the purchasing behaviour of
individuals19. But a city like Mumbai, as a financial capital of India, needs to do this
while taking in the economic concerns as moving to a low‐carbon‐economy can be
costly. The moral concern for a beneficial environment has become a hindrance for
modern economic development. ‘People's consumption pattern and the trend is an
integral part of their socio‐economic sphere’20 and this sphere needs to be
fundamentally reconstructed if the consumption patterns have to become more
conducive to the environment ‐ i.e. there needs to be a unique balance between the
two concerns. This is where the concept of PCT can help Mumbai.
19
(ET ‐ Pollu‐shun 2007)
20
(Pollu-shun 2007)
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Working of PCT in Mumbai
While, analogous to its international counterpart, PCT has an advantage of reaching
out to all the income and occupational sectors. The general working of PCT as earlier
discussed can be modified to fit Mumbai's economic structure. Following up on the
UK's and the survey conducted for this research, each individual should be allowed
to emit some amount (that is to say, they have a right to use fuel to a certain
degree). The amount can be decided by the government by having a target GHG
emission annually and dividing it by the number of people in Mumbai.
So to have a general idea,
If the GHG emission level in the Mumbai that should be allowed is kept
approximately 20,000,000 tonnes of CO2e
And the approximate population is 13,300,000
Then emission allowed per capita‐ 20,000,000 / 13,300,000 = 1.5038 tonnes of CO2e
The allocation of these 'Carbon permits' by the local government to the people can
be done on the basis of registrations that can be possible at public places ‐ Post‐
office, nationalized banks, municipal offices etc.
Each individual in Mumbai then has a right to emit up to 1.5 tonnes of CO2e per
annum and is given an equal number of ‘permits’ with each permit allowing certain
amount of GHG (1 Kg of CO2e) to be emitted. The total number of ‘permits’ issued
by the local government would have to be such that it does not allow emission to
exceed a certain limit and thus would cap the emission at that level. Every time one
has to make a carbon related purchase, they have to surrender the required number
depending on the carbon usage (GWP of the good) alongside money. In effect, due
to varying individuals’ need for energy, there will be individuals who would emit
more than allowed (Group 5) and would need to buy permits from those who emit
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less via a Carbon market which will be set up by the concerning government body to
make the transaction.
Figure 5 - Structure of Personal Carbon Trading 21
This Carbon Market is a Market maker (see above chart) which would get units
(permits) initially by bidding on the limited number of units the government auctions
and by buying from below‐limit emitters. The market would buy these units at a low
price and sell it to individuals (and organizations) who need more permits at a higher
price, thus becoming a centre for all the ‘trading’. Being similar to the working of a
bank, this can be done through computers, where one can have a ‘carbon’ account
to electronically make all the transactions. Thus, carbon units can be surrendered in
two ways –
1. Either units can surrendered by the means of a permit ‘card’
2. Or units can be surrendered by direct debit thorough the carbon account.
21
(Tyndall n.d.).
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At the point of purchase, the permits are to be surrendered to the Energy Retailers.
If one does not have sufficient permits, one can pay purely be cash depending on
their market value at that time. Energy Retailer would provide the units need to
cover the purchase and charge the customer for them22.
For accounting purpose, the units would be passed up the supply chain and then
through the Primary Suppliers, be surrendered back to the Government.
To see the actual working, we envisage an example ‐
So if an individual (A) get 50 litres of petrol filled in car at petrol pump, he pays the
regular amount (Rs 51.5/ litre × 50) and 100 permits (1 litre produces approximately
2 Kg of CO2e, thus 2 × 50 = 100). If he does not have permits with him at that
moment, he can electronically pay through the permit card which could be swiped to
deduct from his account. But if he was in shortage of carbon units (perhaps being an
above‐limit emitter) he would have to buy those number of permits from the Carbon
Market, which could have bought those number of permits from another individual
(B) who perhaps recently installed Eco‐friendly CFL bulbs in his residence, thus selling
some of his permits that he saved.
Though this is an oversimplified situation, one must remember that the crucial point
here is that while the whole city has to manage within the limit set by the concerning
government. When A needs extra permits, he buys it from B (via Market) who had
more than need. Thus, the scheme makes the above‐limit emitters pay for the extra
pollution that they cause while rewarding the below‐limit emitters for being helpful
to the environment. This will create an incentive for both – for instance, A may
decide to be more economical in his fuel consumption (or perhaps change his mode
of transport) while B would decide to lower his carbon footprint and switching to a
solar powered water‐heater. By allowing to manage within the carbon allowance,
22
(Tyndall n.d.)
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PCT encourages adaption towards a lower carbon economy and reducing energy
demand through conservation and efficiency measure23.
23
(Seyfang n.d.)
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Conclusion
The main purpose of Personal Carbon Trading is to reduce emission of the
Greenhouse gases that is affecting the climate. To achieve that economical usage of
energy is very important but it cannot be a sustainable way of reducing GHG if
individuals are forced to reduce energy use through sanctions and taxes. It is only
possible on a long term basis by bringing ‘behavioral change’ through incentives for
restructuring their way of living for the better. As seen by the income group survey,
where the average emission per capita of Group 5 was disproportionately higher
than the other Groups, there is an immediate need for a policy like this to be
implemented. The rationale of PCT offers intangible benefits surrounding personal
involvement, responsibility and a shared sense of common purpose24.
Though this may seem far‐fetched due the complexity and sophistication of the
scheme to reach out to remote suburban parts and slums of Mumbai, one must
remember that with right enforcement and technical support, Personal Carbon
Trading can be put in use in the same fashion as credit cards. In a recent article the
demand forecast for credit card in India shows highest geographical distribution at
61.6% from the rural class25. This shows that people even from lower economic and
educational strata are not hesitant to use a modern techno‐financial instrument, if it
is to their economic benefit. PCT, if driven by ‘smart card’, is likely to be as
acceptable as credit card across various income groups if they understand benefits of
lowering carbon footprints and associated economic gains.
24
(Siveter 2005)
25
(Invest India Income and Saving Survey 2007)
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26
The survey was done on basis of interviews. Interview questions have been added in the appendix.
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Evaluation
The hurdle of this research lies in the fact that PCT is yet an untested scheme to
confirm the effectiveness. PCT can be seen a having a tremendous effect in the
emission pattern because theoretically on the long run, it succeeds in changing
individuals’ way of thinking about energy and induces a behavioural change in daily
energy consumption. Though it can assure of definite reduction in emission, due to
current lack of literature and research, it is difficult to estimate about the extent to
which it can be effective as the implementation of it needs to be considered not only
at individual level but also at the political level. Furthermore, there needs to be an
understanding of the aim and working of the scheme for it to work. The awareness
of PCT should reach the grassroots level in order to cap the rising emission in
Mumbai.
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
" ‘Global warming may melt Indian economy’ ." Economic Times, 2007.
Fleming, David. ‘Energy and Common purpose: Descending the Energy Staircase
with Tradable Energy Quotas' . The Lean Economy Connection.
"Invest India Income and Saving Survey 2007." Economic Times, 2007.
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APPENDIX
TABLE TO SHOW THE NUMBER, NAME OF A MEMBER AND THEIR EMISSION
THROUGH TRANSPORTATION AND ELECTRICITY CONSUMPTION
Family Name of a Income Amount Amount Approximate Average Amount of Total
number member from group of Carbon of Carbon electricity electricity Carbon Carbon
the family emitted emitted consumption consumption per emitted in emitted in
in tonnes in tonnes in the current annum tonnes by tonnes per
in a day per month electricity annum
by annum by
transport transport
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TABLE TO SHOW THE NUMBER OF FAMILY, NAME OF A MEMBER, NAME OF THE
CAR MODEL AND THEIR EMISSION BY EACH CAR
Family Name of a member Car Mileage Daily Driven Amount of litre Amount of CO2
no. consummed released (Kg)
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INCOME GROUP DETAILS AND RESULT OF THE SURVEY
Income Income range per annum Total Carbon Average emission by a family Average emission per
group emitted by the in the Group capita in the Group
Group
DETAILS OF THE EMISSION IN EACH GROUP
Group 1 Group 2 Group 3 Group 4 Group 5
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3.55543 5.5399
3.35516 8.60126
3.15469 5.87919
2.625 7.78149
3.24548 6.38036
4.06783 8.72731
4.32608 9.99121
2.84731
2.55212
8.13588
3.2093
2.86195
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Interview questions asked to the families
Q1. Are you familiar with the ideas of Personal Carbon Trading scheme? (If not, then
it was explained briefly to them)
Q2. Do you think this scheme feasible?
Q3. Do you think it will be more beneficial to Mumbai than Carbon Tax?
Q4. According to you, how many citizen/people are going to actively participate in
this?
Q5. What, according to you, are its weakness and its strength?
Q6. Do you think it is a good way to reduce personal emission in the long run?
Q7. Do you think that public/business class will accept it?
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