Nacpavementsconstructions 150329004821 Conversion Gate01 PDF

PAVEMENT
CONSTRUCTION
- A. Ramesh M.TECH, MITE (Ph.d)

8/2/2011 Construction Project
Sr. Asst. Prof, CED,
Management, NAC, Hyd
VNR VJIET, HYD
OVERVIEW
• Introduction on Pavements
• Construction of WBM
• Construction of WMM
• Construction of Bituminous Roads
• Failures in Aspects
• Closing Remarks

TYPES OF PAVEMENTS
• Un Surfaced
–Earthen roads
–Gravel roads
• Surfaced
–Bituminous Road
–Cement Concrete Road
• Un Conventional
8/2/2011
–Block Pavement
Construction Project
FURTHER CLASSIFICATION
OF PAVEMENTS
• Flexible Pavements
– Earthen Roads
– Gravel Roads
– Bituminous Roads
• Rigid Pavements
– Reinforced Concrete
– Plane Concrete Roads

GRAVEL ROADS

BITUMINOUS PAVEMENT

CROSS SECTION OF FLEXIBLE
PAVEMENT
Wearing course
Surface course
Base course
Sub-base course (GSB)
Drainage Layer
Subgrade

BASES AND SURFACE COURSES
Prime coat over granular base/ Tack coat

Bituminous macadam (BM)
Bituminous penetration macadam
Built-up Spray Grout
Dense Bituminous Macadam (DBM)
Semi-dense Bituminous Concrete (SDBC)
Bituminous Concrete (BC)
Surface Dressing (SD)
Open graded Premix surfacing
Closed Graded Premix Surfacing
Seal Coat
Mastic Asphalt
Seal
Fog Spray Management, NAC, Hyd
Sub-base non-bituminous)
• Granular sub-base (GSB)

• Lime treated soil for improved subbase /subgrade
Base Course ( non-bituminous)

• Cement Treated soil sub-base/base
• Water Bound Macadam (WBM) base
• Crushed cement concrete sub-base/base
• Wet Mix Macadam (WMM) base
• Crusher run macadam base
Base Courses ( bituminous)
• Bituminous macadam (BM)

• Bituminous penetration macadam
• Built-up Spray Grout
• Dense Bituminous Macadam (DBM)
• Semi-dense Bituminous Concrete (SDBC)

Surface Course (bituminous) for high volume
roads
•Bituminous Concrete (BC)
Wearing Course
• Surface Dressing (SD)
• Open graded Premix surfacing
• Closed Graded Premix Surfacing
• Seal Coat
• Mastic Asphalt
• Chip Seal
• Fog Spray
Treatment in between two layers
• Prime coat over granular base

• Tack coat

CONSTRUCTION OF WBM PAVEMENT

Sub-base/ bases
(non-bituminous)
• Water Bound Macadam (WBM): work

shall consists of clean, crushed
aggregates mechanically interlocked by
rolling and bonding together with
screening, binding material where
necessary and laid on a properly
prepared subgrade/sub-base/existing
pavement.

Step:1
• Embankment Construction – if required
• Subgrade Construction
• Subgrade: Top 500 mm compacted
thickness of native/borrow material
prepared as per standard conditions
• Embankment- refers to
a volume of earthen
material that is placed
and compacted for the
purpose of raising the
grade of a roadway (or
railway) above the level
of the existing
surrounding ground
surface.
• A fill refers to a volume

of earthen material that
is placed and compacted
for the purpose of filling
in a hole or depression. embankment
material.
• EMBANKMENT
• Soil survey and identification of borrow areas
– Height of embankment : 0.6m/1m above the
H.F.L. or ground.
– Rolling by 150 to 300 mm compacted thickness
– Materials free of logs, stumps, roots, rubbish
or any other ingredients , LL<70 and PI<45
– Highly expansive clays only at the bottom of
the embankment, no such material placed nor
permitted to remain in the top 500mm
EMBANKMENT CONSTRUCTION
•For identification: Borrow soil sample to be brought

at different depths.
•All clods broken into fine earth(<75 mm size) and

spread confining to crown shape
•Select Moisture content that uses least effort for

compaction and uniform sprinkling
•Commencement of rolling using 8-10 t roller
•Earth work: Loose thickness of soil layer should not

exceed 20cm
Size of coarse material : <75 mm (embankment) and
<50 mm when placed in the subgrade
Density requirements
Type of work Max. lab dry unit

weight
Embankment (upto 3m) >15.2 kN/ cu.m
Embankment >3 m >16.0 kN/cu.m
Subgrade and earthen shoulders > 17.5 kN/cu.m
General Requirements
Type of work Relative compaction of max.lab dry
density
.Subgrade and earthen shoulders Min 97
embankment Min 95
Construction
Setting out- Limits of embankment/ subgrade to be marked- pegs
Dewatering- If water is stagnant and possible to remove, remove
Stripping and Storing topsoil- 150 mm top soil- stripped and stockpiled
Compacting ground supporting embankment/subgrade-Original ground
to be levelled – scarified, mixed with water and compact

To achieve max. dry density: as required
Diff. Between subgrade top and ground level< 500 mm

and ground does not have 97 % relative compaction with
respect to dry density, ground to be loosened upto 500
mm below subgrade and watered and compacted in layers
Spreading materials in layers and bringing to
appropriate moisture content
-to be spread in 200 mm compacted thickness- compacted
and finished with motor grader.
-Moisture content to be checked prior to compaction. If
required to be sprinkled by sprinkler capable of spreading
uniform rate
Rolling
• motor grader for spreading
• Roller of 8-10T capacity vibratory roller
• Rolling begins from edges with the roller running
forward and backward
• Progress gradually from the edges to centre overlapping
uniformly each preceding rear wheel track by one half
width
• Rolling continue until the road metal thoroughly keyed
with no creeping of metal ahead of the roller
• Slight sprinkling of water
•Rolling not done when the subgrade is soft or yielding or
when rolling causes a wave like motion in the subbase
or subgrade
• Checked transversely by template for camber
8/2/2011
• Irregularities corrected
Construction Project
Vibratory roller

Vibratory roller

Sheep foot roller

Compaction requirements for Embankment and Subgrade
Type of work/material Relative compaction as

% max. lab dry density
1. Subgrade & earthen shoulders Not less than 97

2. Embankment Not less than 95
3. Expansive clays
a. Subgrade & 500 mm below subgrade
b. Remaining portion of embankment Not less than 90
Source: Specifications for Roadworks and ridges, MORTH, 2004

Specification for compaction of embankment

Compaction
Process by which soil particles are artificially

rearranged and packed together into closer state of
contact by mechanical means- to decrease
porosity/voids- increase in density
Consolidation- gradual process of volume reduction by

means of sustained loading

Compaction (dry unit weight)- increases the strength
characteristics of soils, thereby increasing the bearing
capacity of “foundations” constructed over them.
Maximum dry density - density at which the volume of
air at a specific energy application is kept to a minimum,
implying that the soil particles are rearranged to give a
minimum volume of air at the compaction energy.
Soil compaction results in
· Higher Strength
· Reduced Settlement
· Reduced Permeability

Factors Affecting Compaction
1. Moisture Content
2. Soil Type
3. Effect of Compaction Effort
3.1 Amount of Effort
3.2 Nature of Effort: Load Duration and Area of
Contact

Moisture Content
As the moisture content increases with the same
compactive effort, the weight of the soil solids in a unit
volume gradually increases.
Beyond a certain moisture content, any increase in the
moisture content tends to reduce the dry unit weight
because water takes up the spaces that would have been
occupied by the solid particles.
Moisture content at which the maximum dry unit weight is
attained - optimum moisture content (OMC), when the
degree of saturation equals 100%.

Soil Type
Grain size, the shape of the soil grains, the
amount and type of clay minerals present and the
specific gravity of soil solids, has a great
influence on the maximum dry unit weight and
optimum moisture content.
Well graded course grain soils attains higher

density and lower OMC compared to fine grain
grained soils.
Effects of Soil Types on Compaction
•The soil type-that is, grain-size distribution, shape of the
soil grains, specific gravity of soil solids, and amount and
type of clay minerals present.

Management, NAC, Hyd Holtz and Kovacs, 1981; Das, 1998
Effect of Compaction Effort: Amount of Compactive
Effort
Compaction energy per unit volume (E) used for the
standard proctor test is described as follows: E = [ (No of
blows/layer) x (No of layers) x (weight of hammer) x (drop
height of hammer) ] / Volume of the mould.
If the compactive effort per unit volume is altered, the
moisture unit weight curve is also altered. As the
compaction effort increases, the maximum dry unit weight
of compaction also increases.
In addition, the increase in compaction effort also causes
the optimum moisture content to decrease to some extent.

Effect of compaction energy on the compaction of a sandy
clay.
Various types of compaction
test
1
2
2: Standard Proctor test 3: Modified Proctor test

Test Equipment
Standard Proctor test equipment

Das, 1998
Variables of Compaction
Proctor established that compaction is a function of four
variables:
(1)Dry density (ρd) or dry unit weight γd.
(2)Water content w
(3)Compactive effort (energy E)
(4)Soil type (gradation, presence of clay minerals, etc.)
Height of Number of
Weight of Number of
For standard × drop of × blows per ×
hammer layers
Proctor test hammer layer
E=
Volume of mold
2.495 kg (9.81m / s 2 )(0.3048 m)(3 layers)(25 blows / layer)

E=
0.944 × 10−3 m3
= 592.7 kJ / m3 (12,375 ft ⋅lb / ft 3 )
Modified Proctor
Modified proctor Standard Proctor
No of Blows 55 55
No of Layers 5 3
Hammer weight 4.536kg 2.495kg
Drop Height 457.2mm 304.8 mm
Volume of mould 2280cm3 2280 cm3

General Compaction Methods
Coarse-grained soils Fine-grained soils
Laboratory
•Vibrating hammer (BS) •Falling weight and

hammers
•Kneading compactors
•Static loading and press
•Hand-operated vibration
plates
•Motorized vibratory rollers •Hand-operated tampers
Field
•Rubber-tired equipment •Sheepsfoot rollers

•Free-falling weight; dynamic •Rubber-tired rollers
compaction (low frequency
vibration, 4~10 Hz)
8/2/2011 Vibration Construction Project Kneading

(Holtz and Kovacs, 1981; Head, 1992)
Subgrade Construction
• Preparation of subgrade- all operations before pavement

structure is laid
• Subgrade- Top 300mm of embankment
• Earth spread to a crown shape in straight reaches
and bank profile in curve reaches
• Compacted to a 100% standard Proctor density
• Capping layer of 100 mm with Soil with CBR: 10 when

clay is used as subgrade material
• Camber checking- camber board

Subgrade with stablized earth
Stabilization with lime and sand

Stabilization with coal ash
Stabilization with cement etc

Sub-base work with Gravel and Sand admixture

Step: 2
Construction of Sub-base/ bases (non-bituminous)
Water Bound Macadam (WBM): This work shall
consists of clean, crushed aggregates mechanically
interlocked by rolling and bonding together with
screening, binding material where necessary and laid on
a properly prepared subgrade/sub-base/existing
pavement.

Compaction equipment
Smooth wheeled, vibratory, pneumatic, sheep foot
rollers
Field Density measurement

Density measurement-
Nuclear density gauge (gamma rays)
sand replacement method

Nuclear density gauge
Gamma rays- in to soil and detector receive the rays back and
density can be calculated.
Neutron radiation- emitted- neutrons lose energy due to
collision with hydrogen atoms in soil, detector measures the
neutrons that pass through soil and thus moisture content
Sand replacement method for field density

WBM- Materials used: Coarse aggregates (CA) :
crushed/broken stone, crushed slag, over burnt brick/
laterite..etc
Specifications of crushed/ broken stone

Test Test Method Requirements
Los Angeles IS:2386(part IV) 40 % (max)
Impact IS: 2386(part IV) 30 % (max)
Combined flakiness+ elongation Index IS:2386(part I) 30 % (max)

Aggregate grading requirements: 3 grades (I, II and III)
WBM Gradation
Grading No Size range IS sieve % weight passing
90 to 45 mm 125 100
90 90-100
1 63 25-60
(100 mm) 45 0-15
22.4 0-5
63 to 45 mm 90 100
63 90-100
2 53 25-75
(75 mm) 45 0-15
22.4 0-5
53 to 22.4 mm 63 100
53 95-100
3 (75 mm) 45 65-90
22.4 0-10
11.2 0-5

Screenings: To fill voids in the CA. Same material as CA/non-
plastic material such as moorum/gravel (passing 75 micron
does not exceed 10%)
GradingNo Sizerange ISsieve %weight passing

13.2mm 13.2 100
11.2 95-100
A 5.6 15-35
180micron 0-10
11.2mm 11.2 100
5.6 90-100
B 180micron 15-35

Binding material: Filler material to prevent raveling.
PI< 6
CONSTRUCTION STEPS
Preparation of Foundation
Existing unsurfaced road
• Surface scarified and reshaped to the required
grade, camber and shape
• Weak places strengthened; corrugations removed
and depressions, pot holes etc. made good with
suitable materials
•Existing black topped surface
• Furrows 50mm x 50mm at 1m intervals 45 0 to the
central line Management, NAC, Hyd
Lateral Confinement of Aggregates
• Construct side shoulders in advance
• Inside edges may be trimmed vertical
• Included area cleaned off all spilled materials
Spreading of Aggregates
• Uniformly and evenly spread
• Twisting motion to avoid segregation
• Proper profile by using templates
• Surface of the aggregate spread trued up and all
high or low spots remedied by removing or adding
aggregate
Rolling
• Immediately after spreading, compacted to the full
width by rolling with either a three wheel power roller
of 8- 10T capacity or an equivalent vibratory
roller
• Rolling begins from edges with the roller running
forward and backward
• Adding screenings simultaneously until edges
compacted
• Progress gradually from the edges to centre
overlapping uniformly each preceding rear wheel
track by one half width
• Rolling continue until the road metal thoroughly
keyed with no creeping of metal ahead of the roller
•8/2/2011
Slight sprinkling ofConstruction
water Project
CONSTRUCTION STEPS- WBM
• Rolling not done when the subgrade is soft or

yielding or when rolling causes a wave like
motion in the subbase or subgrade
• Checked transversely by template for camber
• Irregularities corrected
• In no case use of screenings to make up
depressions permitted

Application of Screenings
• Screenings shall be applied gradually over the

surface to completely fill the interstices
• Screenings shall not be dumped in piles
• Spread uniformly in successive thin layers
• Spreading motion of the hand, shovels or a mechanical
spreader
• Brooming of screening to fill

Sprinkling and Grouting
• Copiously sprinkling with water, swept and rolled
• Sprinkling, sweeping and rolling operation continued

and additional screenings applied
• Till a grout is formed of screenings and water that

will fill all voids and form a wave of grout ahead of
the wheels of the roller

Application of Binding Material
• Suitable binding material applied at a uniform and
slow rate in two or more successive thin layers
• Copiously sprinkled with water and resulting slurry
swept in with hand brooms or mechanical brooms so as to
fill the voids properly
• Surface then rolled by a 8-10 tonne roller
• Spreading of binding material, sprinkling of water,
sweeping with brooms
• Rolling continue until the slurry that is formed
forms a wave ahead of wheels of moving roller

Setting and Drying
• Allowed to dry over night
• Next morning uneven spot filled with screening
or binding material sprinkled with water if
necessary
• Rolled
• No traffic allowed on the road until this has set

WBM- rural road

Wet Mix Macadam (WMM)
WMM- : This work shall consists of laying and compacting
clean, crushed, graded aggregate and granular material,
premixed with water to a dense mass on properly prepared
subgrade/sub-base/existing pavement (75 to 200 mm
thickness).
Materials used: Coarse aggregates (CA) : crushed/broken

stone,
Specifications of crushed/ broken stone

Aggregate grading requirements: I grade
IS sieve % weight passing
53 100
45 95-100
26.5 -
22.4 60-80
11.2 40-60
4.75 25-40
2.36 15-30
600 micron 8-22
75 micron 0-8

Construction steps:
· Preparation of foundation: As per specification with
required camber. Irregular surface to rectify by
profile corrective course
· Preparation of lateral confinement of aggregates:
laying adjoining shoulder material.
· Preparation of mix: Approved mixing plant; OMC as
per IS:2720 (part:8) after replacing the aggregate
fraction retained on 22.4 mm sieve with 22.4-4.75 mm.
No segregation is allowed.
Spreading of mix: uniform spreading- paver finisher
(loading hopper and suitable distribution mechanism,
tamping and vibrating arrangement for initial
compaction) /motor grader( blades have hydraulic
control for adjustments)
• Compaction: uniformly compacted to the full
depth with suitable roller. 100 mm thick- smooth
wheel roller (80-100 kN); 200 mm thick – vibratory
roller (80-100kN-static weight); speed-5kmph.
Edge to centre- uniform rolling. 98% max. dry
density. Irregularies during rolling where 12 mm
depth- surface should be loosed and premixed
material is added and roller again.
Setting and drying: 24 hours and allowed for
traffic

Construction of Bituminous layers

References:
MORTH- Specifications for roads and bridge works, 2004

Construction of Hot Mix Asphalt Pavements, Ms series 22,
Asphalt Institute

Some of the bituminous layers
Bituminous macadam (BM)

Prime coat over granular
base Bituminous penetration
macadam
Tack coat
Built-up Spray Grout
Dense Bituminous Macadam
Open graded Premix surfacing (DBM)
Closed Graded Premix Surfacing Semi-dense Bituminous
Concrete (SDBC)
Bituminous Concrete (BC)
Mastic Asphalt Surface Dressing (SD)
Fog Spray
Seal Coat
· Management, NAC, Hyd
PURPOSE OF PRIMING
To plug the capillary voids

To coat and bond loose materials on the
surface
To harden or toughen the surface
To promote adhesion between granular and
the bituminous layer

Materials
Depends on porosity
Depends on type of bitumen viscosity
MORTH specifies emulsion (IS8887)
Sub zero temperature cutback (IS217)

EQUIPMENT
Self heating arrangement

Suitable pumping
Compressors
Spraying biers with nozzles
Speed of the vechicle
Opening of nozzle

Prime Coat
Application of single coat of low viscosity

bitumen on a porous granular surface

TACK COAT
Purpose of Tack Coat:

To ensure a bond between the new
construction and the old surface
Use of Cutback:
It should be restricted for sites at
subzero temperatures or for emergency
applications

Single coat low viscosity bituminous binder
To provide bond between old & new surface
• Materials
• Emulsions → (IS – 8887: 2004)
• Cutback → (IS – 217)

(in sub-zero temperature)

CONSTRUCTION
Weather & seasonal limitations

bituminous primer should not be applied on
a wet surface or during dust
strom,weather is foggy rainy and windy
when emulsion is used then surface can be
damp but no standing water

PREPARATION OF BASE
Shall be clean and free from dust, dirt
and any extraeous material
Surface shall be swept clean with a
mechanical and
high pressure
air jet

Application of Tack Coat
Typical
Application

Application of Tack Coat
Proper
Coverage

WRONG PRACTICE OF TACK COAT

Bituminous Concrete pavement construction

Bituminous Concrete
• Used for wearing / profile corrective course
• Work may require single or multiple layers
• Thickness of a single layer is

25-100mm

FAILURES IN PAVEMENT
• Major are two in category
– Fatigue
• Fatigue cracking - series of interconnecting cracks on
the pavement surface caused by repeated traffic
loading
• Fatigue occurs at places of bituminous layer
– Rutting
– It is called permanent deformation because it
represents an accumulation of small amounts of
unrecoverable deformations
– under the channelized repeated wheel loads

FATIGUE

Fatigue cracking

RUTTING
Rutting in wheel paths

Reflection cracking at PCC
Joints

FIELD EVALUATION
• Subgrade - Core Cutter Method

or Sand Replacement
Method
• Overlays - Benkelman Beam
Deflection
» In combination with roughness (5th towed
wheel bump Integrator)

SAND REPLACEMENT

BITUMEN EXTRACTION

FIFTH TOWED WHEEL BUMP
INTEGRATOR

Road work is under progress under
PMGSY

Strengthening of rural infrastructure through construction of roads under PMGSY

Connectivity with urban areas through road constructed under PMGSY
CLOSING REMARKS
All roads need maintenance

Several types of maintenance works
Timely maintenance measures avoids severe damage
and saves lot of money
Quality control measures during selection of pavement
materials and construction always lessen the
maintenance

QUESTIONS AND DISCUSSION


Nacpavementsconstructions 150329004821 Conversion Gate01 PDF

Загружено:

Сведения о документе

Оригинальное название

Авторское право

Доступные форматы

Поделиться этим документом

Поделиться или встроить документ

Параметры публикации

Этот документ был вам полезен?

Это неприемлемый материал?

Авторское право:

Доступные форматы

Nacpavementsconstructions 150329004821 Conversion Gate01 PDF

Загружено:

Авторское право:

Доступные форматы

PAVEMENT

- A. Ramesh M.TECH, MITE (Ph.d)

8/2/2011 Construction Project

8/2/2011 Construction Project

8/2/2011 Construction Project

8/2/2011 Construction Project

Sub-base course (GSB)

8/2/2011 Construction Project

Prime coat over granular base/ Tack coat

• Granular sub-base (GSB)

Base Course ( non-bituminous)

• Bituminous macadam (BM)

8/2/2011 Construction Project

• Prime coat over granular base

8/2/2011 Construction Project

8/2/2011 Construction Project

• Water Bound Macadam (WBM): work

8/2/2011 Construction Project

• Embankment Construction – if required

• A fill refers to a volume

•For identification: Borrow soil sample to be brought

•All clods broken into fine earth(<75 mm size) and

•Select Moisture content that uses least effort for

•Commencement of rolling using 8-10 t roller

•Earth work: Loose thickness of soil layer should not

Type of work Max. lab dry unit

.Subgrade and earthen shoulders Min 97

8/2/2011 Construction Project

Diff. Between subgrade top and ground level< 500 mm

8/2/2011 Construction Project

8/2/2011 Construction Project

8/2/2011 Construction Project

Type of work/material Relative compaction as

1. Subgrade & earthen shoulders Not less than 97

Source: Specifications for Roadworks and ridges, MORTH, 2004

8/2/2011 Construction Project

8/2/2011 Construction Project

Process by which soil particles are artificially

Consolidation- gradual process of volume reduction by

8/2/2011 Construction Project

8/2/2011 Construction Project

8/2/2011 Construction Project

8/2/2011 Construction Project

Well graded course grain soils attains higher

8/2/2011 Construction Project

8/2/2011 Construction Project

2: Standard Proctor test 3: Modified Proctor test

8/2/2011 Construction Project

2.495 kg (9.81m / s 2 )(0.3048 m)(3 layers)(25 blows / layer)

8/2/2011 Construction Project

•Vibrating hammer (BS) •Falling weight and

•Rubber-tired equipment •Sheepsfoot rollers

8/2/2011 Vibration Construction Project Kneading

• Preparation of subgrade- all operations before pavement

• Compacted to a 100% standard Proctor density

• Capping layer of 100 mm with Soil with CBR: 10 when

8/2/2011 Construction Project

Stabilization with lime and sand

8/2/2011 Construction Project

8/2/2011 Construction Project

8/2/2011 Construction Project

Field Density measurement

8/2/2011 Construction Project