Chapter 7

The ASCE 7-10 Design Provisions for

Structures with
Passive Energy Dissipating Systems

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 CONTENT
1. Scope
2. Design Philosophy
3. Effective Damping
4. Types of Design Procedures
5. Equivalent Lateral Force (ELF) Procedure
6. Design of Damping System
7. Testing Requirements
8. Design Example
9. References

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 Major References
• ASCE 7-10 Standard
– Chapter 18

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 1. Scope

• Building structures equipped with all types of

damping systems:
– Hysteretic, viscous, visco-elastic dampers.

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 2. Design Philosophy
• Seismic-Force-Resisting System (SFRS) that provides a
complete load path is required.
• Damping of SFRS modified by damping devices.
• Damping reduction applied at effective fundamental period
of SFRS (based on secant stiffness).
• SFRS must be designed for not less than 75% of the base
shear of a conventional structure.
• Damping devices must be designed and tested (prototypes)
for displacements, velocities, and forces corresponding to
maximum considered earthquake (MCE).
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Damping
Devices

Damping SFRS
System

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 3. Effective Damping
• Damping system reduces the response of SFRS
based on effective damping
• Same approach as NEHRP provisions for base
isolation systems
• Effective damping is a combination of 3
components:
– Inherent Damping, βI - SFRS at or just below yield
– Hysteretic damping, βh – hysteretic dampers + SFRS
– Added viscous dampers, βv – viscous dampers
• Hysteretic and added viscous damping is
amplitude dependent
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 ≥
For when the period of the structure is
greater than T0; otherwise, use linear
interpolation between the value given
in this table and value of 1.0 for zero
period.

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 Subscripts:
E: elastic, D: design, 1: first mode

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 4. Types of Design Procedures
• Nonlinear procedures (static + dynamic)
– Permitted for all structures with damping devices.
– Nonlinear dynamic procedure adopted for class retrofit project.
• Response spectrum procedure
– At least 2 dampers in each story.
– Effective damping in fundamental mode less than 35% of
critical.
• Equivalent lateral force procedure
– At least 2 dampers in each story.
– Effective damping in fundamental mode less than 35% of
critical.
– SFRS does not have plan irregularity.
– Rigid floor diaphragms.
– Height of the structure does not exceed 100 ft. (30 m).
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5. Equivalent Lateral Force Procedure (ELF)

• Response is defined by two modes:

– The fundamental mode.
– The residual mode.
• New concept used to approximate the combined effects
of higher modes that may be significant to story
velocity.

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5. Equivalent Lateral Force Procedure (ELF)
• Seismic Base Shear for SFRS

V = V + V ≥ Vmin 1
2
R
2

V1 = Design base shear in fundamental mode

VR = Design base shear in residual mode
Vmin = Minimum design base shear

Vcode
Vmin = ≥ 0.75Vcode Vcode calculated using the
conventional equivalent static
Bv+I approach, V = C W

Bv+I = Effective damping coefficient corresponding to the sum of viscous damping

in fundamental mode + inherent damping in SFRS

Note: if SFRS has less than 2 dampers in any floor level or is irregular, Vmin = Vcode
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5. Equivalent Lateral Force Procedure (ELF)
V = V12 + VR2 ≥ Vmin

• Fundamental Mode Base Shear

V1 = C S 1W1
CS1 = Fundamental mode seismic response coefficient.
W1 = Fundamental modal weight (gravity load + portion of live load).

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5. Equivalent Lateral Force Procedure (ELF)
• Fundamental Mode Seismic Response Coefficient
V1 = C S 1W1
 R  S DS
For T1D < TS , CS 1 =  
 Cd  Ω o B1D
 R  S D1
For T1D ≥ TS , CS 1 =  
 Cd  T1D Ω o B1D

T1D = Effective fundamental period at the design displacement ASCE 7-10 Design Spectrum
R = Response modification coefficient associated with SFRS Tabulated Values
Ωο = Overstrength factor associated with SFRS Tabulated Values
Cd = Deflection amplification factor Tabulated Values
SDS = Short period design spectral acceleration
SD1 = 1-second period design spectral acceleration
B1D = Total effective first mode damping factor at the design displacement
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Conservative since Cd ≤ R
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5. Equivalent Lateral Force Procedure (ELF)
 R  S D1
For T1D < TS , CS 1 =  
• Effective fundamental period  Cd  Ω o B1D
 R  S D1
For T1D ≥ TS , CS 1 =  
Vy Vy  Cd  T1D Ω o B1D
k1 = ; k1D =
Dy D1D
k1 D
= 1D = µ D
k1D Dy
k1D 2
k1  T1D 
= 
k1D  T1 
k1

T1D = T1 µ D

T1D = T1 µ D
T1 = Elastic fundamental period of SFRS.
µD = Effective ductility demand of SFRS under Design Earthquake – DE. Unknown
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 5. Equivalent Lateral Force Procedure (ELF)
• Effective ductility demand at DBE T1D = T1 µ D

D1D
k1D
μD =
k1 DY

D1D = Fundamental mode design roof displacement at roof center of rigidity. Unknown

DY = Yield roof displacement of SFRS. Unknown

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5. Equivalent Lateral Force Procedure (ELF)
D1D
μD =
DY

• Determination of fundamental mode design roof

displacement
 g  S DS T1D  g  S DS T1
2 2
For T1D < TS , D1D =  2  Γ1 ≥  2  Γ1
 4π  B1D  4π  B1E
 g  S T  g  S T
For T1D ≥ TS , D1D =  2  Γ1 D1 1D ≥  2  Γ1 D1 1
 4π  B1D  4π  B1E

Γ1 = Fundamental mode participation factor.

B1E = Elastic first mode effective damping coefficient of SFRS.

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5. Equivalent Lateral Force Procedure (ELF)
D1D
• Determination of yield roof displacement μD =
DY
2
D T 
µD = 1D =  1D 
D y  T1 
D1DT12  g  S T
Dy = ; D1D =  2  Γ1 D1 1D for T1D ≥ Ts
T12D  4π  B1D
k1D  g  S S D1 Ω C 
D y =  2  Γ1T12 D1 ; =  0 d CS 1 for T1D ≥ Ts
k1
 4π  T1D B1D T1D B1D  R 
 g  Ω C 
D y =  2  0 d  Γ1CS 1T1
2

 4π  R 

 g   Ω o Cd 
DY =  2   Γ1Cs1T1
2

 4π   R 

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5. Equivalent Lateral Force Procedure (ELF)
V = V12 + VR2 ≥ Vmin

• Residual Mode Base Shear

VR = CSR WR
CSR = Residual mode seismic response coefficient. Unknown
WR = Residual modal weight. Unknown

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5. Equivalent Lateral Force Procedure (ELF)
VR = CSR WR
• Residual Mode Seismic Response Coefficient
 R  S DS
CSR =  
 Cd  Ω o BR
BR = Total effective residual mode damping factor at period. TR = 0.4T1

• Seismic Weight in Residual Mode:

W R = W −W1
W = Total seismic weight of the structure (dead + live loads).
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5. Equivalent Lateral Force Procedure (ELF)
• Design lateral forces of SFRS
Fi = Fi12 + FiR2
Γ1
Fi1 = wiφi1 V1
W1
ΓR
FiR = wiφiR VR
WR
Fi = Design lateral force at level i.
Fi1 = First Mode Design lateral force at level i.
FiR = Residual Mode Design lateral force at level i.
wi = Seismic weight at level i.
φi1 = Amplitude of fundamental mode shape at level i.
φiR = Amplitude of residual mode shape at level I. Unknown
Γ1 = First mode participation factor.
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22
Passive Energy Dissipating Systems
5. Equivalent Lateral Force Procedure (ELF)
Γ1
Fi1 = wiφi1 V1
• Modal properties W1
ΓR
FiR = wiφiR
1 − Γ1φi1 VR
φiR = WR
1 − Γ1
ΓR = 1 − Γ1
with :
(alternative to the dynamic analysis using the 2
 
elastic structural properties and deformational n
 ∑ wiφi1 
characteristics of the resisting elements)

; W 1 =  i =n1 
hi W1
φi1 = ; Γ1 = n
∑ wiφi1 ∑ wiφi21
hr
i =1 i =1

TR = 0.4T1
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 Design Steps of
Equivalent Lateral Force Procedure

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  Design Steps
1. Calculate minimum base shear:
Vcode
Vmin = ≥ 0.75Vcode
Bv + I
Bv+I = Effective damping coefficient corresponding to the sum of the viscous damping in the
first mode and the inherent damping in the SFRS.

Note: If the SFRS has less than two dampers at any level or is irregular:

Vmin = Vcode

2. Design SFRS for Vmin.

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 Design Steps
3. Determine fundamental and residual modal
properties:
1 − Γ1φi1
φiR =
1 − Γ1
ΓR = 1 − Γ1
with :
2
  n
 ∑ wiφi1 
; W 1 =  i =n1 
hi W1
φi1 = ; Γ1 = n
∑ i i1 ∑ i i1
hr
w φ w φ 2

i =1 i =1

TR = 0.4T1
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 Design Steps
4. Select a supplementary viscous damping in the first
mode (βv1 ) to satisfy the drift limits as if the SFRS
responded elastically. For linear viscous dampers (for
which the damping forces are linearly proportional to
the velocities), βv1 can be written in terms of the
damping constants:
Nd
π ∑ CLiϕi21 cos2 γ i
Evd
βV 1 = = i =1
4π Ees Nf
T1 ∑ kiϕi21
i =1

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  Design Steps
5. Assume a value of µD (between 1.0 and 2.0) and
calculate β1D or T1D.
T1D = T1 µ D β1D = β I + βV 1 µD + β HD

βI = Inherent damping of the SFRS at or just below yield < 5% critical for all modes.
βHD = Damping provided by the hysteretic dampers and/or the SFRS at the design displacement.

 1 
β HD = qH (0.64 − β I )1 − 
 µD 
TS
0.5 < qH = 0.67 ≤ 1
T1
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 Design Steps
6. Calculate B1D, CS1 and V1.
 R  S DS
For T1D < TS , CS 1 =  
 Cd  Ω o B1D
 R  S D1
For T1D ≥ TS , CS 1 =  
 Cd  T1D Ω o B1D

V1 = C S 1W1

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  Design Steps
7. If V1 is approximately equal to Vmin, continue to Step
8, if not revise the value of µD and return to Step 5.
8. Calculate DY, D1D, and µD.
 g  Ω C 
DY =  2   o d Γ1Cs1T1
2

 4π   R 
 g  S DS T1D  g  S D1T1
2 2
For T1D < TS , D1D =  2  Γ1 ≥  2  Γ1 D1D
 4π  B1D  4π  B1E μD =
DY
 g  S D1T1D  g  S D1T1
For T1D ≥ TS , D 1D =  2  Γ1 ≥  2  Γ1
 4π  B1D  4π  B1E
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  Design Steps
9. Calculate BR, CSR and VR.
β R = β I + βVR

where βVR for linear viscous dampers can be obtained by:

Nd
π ∑ CLiϕiR2 cos2 γ i
Evd
βVR = = i =1
4π Ees Nf
TR ∑ kiϕ iR2
i =1

 R  S DS
CSR = 
 Cd

 Ω o BR
VR = CSR WR
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 Design Steps
10. Determine the design base shear V and lateral
design forces at all levels of the SFRS.
Fi = Fi12 + FiR2
Γ1
V = V + V ≥ Vmin
1
2
R
2 Fi1 = wiφi1 V1
W1
ΓR
FiR = wiφiR VR
WR

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 Design Steps
11. Design the elements of the SFRS for the design forces and
displacements.
12. Design the elements of the damping system (except for the
damping devices themselves) for the maximum forces
generated by the damping devices and by the SFRS under the
design earthquake (see next section).
 Three possible conditions to verify:
I. Condition at maximum displacements;
II. Condition at maximum velocities; and
III. Condition at maximum accelerations.
13. Design the damping devices for the forces, inter-story drifts
and inter-story velocities corresponding to the Maximum
Credible Earthquake (MCE).
 Forces at MCE are obtained by the same procedure as above except
that SDS is replaced by SMS and SD1 is replaced by SM1.
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6. Design of Damping System

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  The elements of the damping systems (except for
the damping devices themselves) must be
designed for the maximum forces generated by
the damping devices and by the SFRS under the
design earthquake (Step 12 of ELF procedure ).
 Inter-story drifts caused by the design earthquake:

∆D= ∆ 2
1D +∆ 2
RD

∆1D = Inter-story drifts in the fundamental mode caused by the design earthquake.
∆RD = Inter-story drifts in the residual mode caused by the design earthquake.
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• Inter-story velocities caused by the design earthquake:

v D= v 2
1D +v 2
RD

v1D = Inter-story velocities in the fundamental mode caused by the design earthquake.
v 1R = Inter-story velocities in residual mode caused by the design earthquake.
∆1 D
v1D = 2π
T1D
∆ RD
v RD = 2π
TR
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 Three possible conditions to verify:
 Condition at maximum displacements:

 QE = Total design seismic force for an element of the damping system.

 QmSFRS = Force for an element of the damping system corresponding to
the mode m of the SFRS under the design earthquake.
 QDSD = Force for an element of the damping system corresponding to
the forces caused by the hysteretic dampers at the maximum design
displacements of the structure.
 Ω0 = Overstrength factor of the SFRS per ASCE 7-10.

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 Three possible conditions to verify:
 Condition at maximum velocities:

 QE = Total design seismic force for an element of the

damping system.
 QmDSV = Force for an element of the damping system
corresponding to the forces caused by the viscous dampers
at the maximum design velocities of the structure.

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 Three possible conditions to verify:
 Condition of maximum accelerations:

velocity
exponent

β eff = β1D − β HD

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 7. Testing Requirements
• Prototype testing
– Two full-size dampers of each type.
– Wind tests (if applicable).
– 5 fully reversed sinusoidal cycles at MCE
displacement and at frequency 1/T1M.
– 3 different temperatures (minimum, ambient,
and maximum) if dampers are temperature-
sensitive.
– 15% changes allowed in fore-displacement
properties.
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 7. Testing Requirements

• Production testing
– All dampers to be installed.
– Verify force-velocity-displacement characteristics.
– Protocol to be determined by engineer-in- record.

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 7. Testing Requirements
• Production testing at UC-San Diego of ALGA
viscous dampers for the Rion-Antiron bridge in
Greece.

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8. Design Example according to ASCE 7-10
ELF Procedure for a Two-Story Building
with Viscous Dampers.

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Building Description
• Regular two-story steel building.
– Torsional effects neglected.
– Hospital building .
• Importance factor Ie = 1.5.
• Square plan with 145 ft. (44.23 m) span in
each direction.
• Roof and floors diaphragms (assumed
rigid) and composed of beams and
lightweight concrete slab on a steel decks.
• SFRS composed of special steel moment
frames (per ASCE 7-10) on the perimeter
axes 1, 6, A and G.
– R = 8, Cd = 5.5, Ω0 = 3.
• Linear viscous dampers in the frames of
the SFRS.
– One type of dampers with constant CL.

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Building Description
• Seismic weight at the floor and
roof:
– W1 = 1000 kips (4448 kN)
– W2 = 1200 kips (5338 kN)
• Lateral stiffness of each story
based on a preliminary design:
– k1 = k2 =374 k/in (65.5 kN/mm)
• Inherent damping:
βI = 0.05 (5% of critical)
• Design seismic parameter at the
site (per ASCE 7-10):
– SDS = 0.83 and SD1 = 0.58

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Design Requirements
1. Identify the elements of the SFRS and
the elements of the damping system.
2. Determine the damping contact, CL, of
each damper to obtain a supplemental
viscous damping in the first mode of
vibration, βv= 0.09.
3. Determine the design base shear for
the SFRS.
4. Verify that the Elastic Lateral Force
(ELF) procedure is applicable to this
building. 28.89o

5. Determine the design lateral forces for

the elements of the damping system.

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1. Identification the elements of the SFRS
and the elements of the damping system
Damping
SRFS
System

Certain elements of the SFRS and of the damping system overlap.

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 2. Determine the damping constant, CL, of each damper

ELF Procedure Step 4:

Nd
π ∑ CLiϕi21 cos2 γ i
Evd
βV 1 = = i =1
4π Ees Nf
T1 ∑ kiϕ i21
i =1

with ζ1 = βv= 0.09

 Mass matrix:
k-s2/in

 Stiffness matrix

k/in
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 2. Determine the damping constant, CL, of each damper

 Natural periods:

 Fundamental mode: From Section 6.8:

 Damping constant:
CL =
(0.09 )(0.906 s )2(374 k/in )(0.5)
2

π 4(0.5)2 cos2 28.89o

CL = 6.0 k − s/in (1.05 kN - s/mm)

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 3. Determination of SFRS design base shear
 Seismic weight in fundamental mode:
(8866 kN)

 Modal participation Factor in fundamental mode:

 Effective fundamental period at design

displacement:
 Assume ductility demand of SFRS under design
earthquake, µD = 1.3.
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 3. Determination of SFRS design base shear
 Hysteretic damping from SRFS at design
displacement: T = S = 0.58 = 0.699 s
s
D1
S Ds 0.83
TS 0.699 s
0.5 < qH = 0.67 = 0.67 = 0.517 ≤ 1
T1 0.906 s
 1   1 
β HD = qH (0.64 − β I )1 −  = 0.517(0.64 − 0.05)1 −  = 0.07
 µD   1.3 
 Total effective damping in the fundamental mode at
the design displacement:

B1D = 1.569

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 3. Determination of SFRS design base shear
 Seismic coefficient in fundamental mode:

 Design base shear in fundamental mode:

 Roof design displacement in fundamental mode:

β1E = β I + βV = 0.05 + 0.09 = 0.14 → B1E = 1.32

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 3. Determination of SFRS design base shear
 Roof yield displacement:

(86 mm)

 Effective ductility demand:

 Less than 5% difference with the assumed value of 1.3.

 No iteration necessary.

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 3. Determination of SFRS design base shear
 Modal properties in residual mode:

 Inter-story drifts in residual mode:

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 3. Determination of SFRS design base shear
 Equivalent viscous damping in residual mode:

βVR = (Section 6.8)

βVR =
[
π (6 k − s/in )2 cos2 28.89o (− 2.4 )2 + (3.4 )2 ] = 0.255
(0.362 s)(374 k/in )[(− 2.4 )2 + (3.4 )2 ]

BR = 1.815

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 3. Determination of SFRS design base shear
 Design roof displacement in residual mode:

(2.54 mm)

 Seismic response coefficient and design base shear

in residual mode:

(204 kN)

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 3. Determination of SFRS design base shear
 Design base shear:
(1556 kN)

 Verification of minimum design base shear:

Vcode = V =
S DS
W=
0.83
(1000 + 1200) = 343.2 k (1527 kN)
(R I e ) (8 1.5)
(1556 kN)

BV + I = 1.32

(1556 kN)

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 SFRS

(1556 kN)

Γ1
V1 = (1000 k )(0.5)
1.1724
F11 = w1φ11 346.8 k = 102.0 k (454 kN)
Fi = Fi12 + FiR2 W1
Γ1
1993.1 k

V1 = (1200 k )(1.0)
1.1724
F21 = w2φ21 346.8 k = 244.8 k (1090 kN)
Γ1 W1 1993.1 k

Fi1 = wiφi1 V1 F1R = w1φ1R

ΓR
WR
VR = (1000 k )(− 2.4 )
(− 0.1724) 45.9 k = 91.8 k (408 kN)
206.9 k
W1 ΓR (− 0.1724 ) 45.9 k = −45.9 k (-204 kN)
F2 R = w2φ 2 VR = (1200 k )(1.0)
ΓR WR 206.9 k
FiR = wiφiR VR F1 = (102 )2 + (91.8)2 = 137.2 k (609 kN)
WR F2 = (244.8)2 + (− 45.9 )2 = 249.1 k (1107 kN)

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4. Verification of applicability of ELF Procedure

 ELF procedure applicable if:

 At least two dampers at each level.

28.89o

Four dampers at each level in each

principal direction.

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4. Verification of applicability of ELF Procedure

 ELF procedure applicable if :

 Effective damping in fundamental mode is less
than 35% of critical.

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4. Verification of applicability of ELF Procedure

 ELF procedure applicable if:

 SFRS does not have plan irregularities.

28.89o

Completely symmetric building in

plan.

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4. Verification of applicability of ELF Procedure

 ELF procedure applicable if:

 Rigid roof and floor diaphragms.
 Assumed rigid.
 Total height of the building does not exceed 30 m.
32 ft = 9.8 m < 30 m
28.89o

 Design 1-sec spectral acceleration less than 0.6 g.

S D1 = 0.58 g < 0.60 g
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Passive Energy Dissipating Systems
 5. Design lateral forces for the
elements of the damping system
 Inter-story drifts from design earthquake:

(58 mm)

(59 mm)

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 5. Design lateral forces for the
elements of the damping system
 Inter-story velocities from design earthquake :

(427 mm/s)`

(383 mm/s)
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 5. Design lateral forces for the
elements of the damping system
 Condition at maximum displacements:
(4668 kN)
(3324 kN)

 Condition at maximum velocities:

(593 kN)

(617 kN)

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 5. Design lateral forces for the
elements of the damping system
 Condition of maximum accelerations:
 Fundamental mode
β eff = β1D − β HD = 0.223 − 0.07 = 0.153

C1FD = 1.0 C1FV = 0.29

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 5. Design lateral forces for the
elements of the damping system
 Condition of maximum accelerations:
 Residual mode

CRFD = 1.0 CRFV = 0.52

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 5. Design lateral forces for the
elements of the damping system
 Condition of maximum accelerations :

(4844 kN)

(3510 kN)

Condition of maximum accelerations control.

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 5. Design lateral forces for the
elements of the damping system

Damping
System
3510/2 kN 3510/2 kN

4844/2 kN 4844/2 kN

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 9. References

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Questions/Discussions

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