Biology Perfect Score

ANSWER SCHEME
WICKEDBIOLOGY.WORDPRESS.COM 1
(iii) P1: Tisu floem 1 2
P2: Mengangkut hasil 1
CHAPTER 2 fotosintesis/sukrosa
P3: melalui proses translokasi
a)Objective
1. A 2. A 3. A 4. D 5. A
6. B 7. A 8. B 9. B 10. B 3(a) Cell P – Epithelial cell 1 2
11. B 12. B 13. D 14. D 15. B
Tissue Q – Smooth muscle tissue 1
16. D 17. C 18. D 19. D 20. D
(ii) Tissue P 1 2
21. C 22. B 23. D 24. B 25. C
26. C
P1- acts as a gastric glands
P2-to produce gastric juices which 1
contain pepsin and rennin
b) Structure Tissue Q- (Contract and relax) to 1

1 P : Rough endoplasmic reticulum 1 2 allow peristaltic movement along
a)(i) Q: Golgi apparatus 1 the digestive tract
(ii) P1: ribosome at P synthesis protein 1 3 (c) P1- made up (many) tissue P 1 2
P2: protein then being transported by P 1 /epithelial tissues and tissue Q /
to the Q smooth muscle tissues
P3: modified protein into enzyme // Q 1 P2-perform / carry out (specific 1
packaged the enzyme/modified protein function) digestion of food / protein
b)(i)
(d)(i) Digestive system 1 1
1 2 (ii) Digest / breakdown complex food 1
substances into simpler molecules
1 (iii) Mouth/small 2 2
intestine/liver/pancreas
(e) P1-provide acidic medium 1 2
(ii) Cheek cell Epidermis cell P2-for the (optimal) reaction of 1
Do not have cell Have cell wall enzyme pepsin
wall 1 1 P3-to stop the action of salivary 1
Do not have Have vacuole amylase enzyme
vacuole 1
c) P1: cell cannot divide 1 2
/mitosis/differentiate because
4(a)(i) K: Rough endoplasmic reticulum 1 2
P2: do not have gene /DNA (that 1
L :Golgi apparatus 1
control mitosis/differentiation)
(ii) 1 2
d) P1: S is a mitochondria
1
P2: generate energy (by cellular 1 2
respiration)
P3: (Meristematic) cell need a lot of 1
energy
P4: for mitosis / cellular division 1
(iii) Chromosome 1 1
(b) P1: transport protein (synthesised by 1 3
2(a)(i) R: Jasad Golgi 1 1 the ribosome) to Q
(ii) Q: tapak respirasi sel / tapak 1 2 P2: Q modified by the protein 1
penjanaan tenaga P3: into lipase / pancreatic amylase 1
S: mengangkut protein yang 1 /trypsin
disintesis oleh ribosom ke jasal c) P1-alters the nucleotide sequence 1 4
Golgi / R (oleh vesikel rembesan) P2-no specific protein synthesized for
(b)(i) Tisu meristem (pada hujung pucuk 1 1 modification of trypsin 1
dan hujung akar)/ tunas P3-no/less trypsin produced
(ii) P1: berlaku proses respirasi sel 1 3 P4-rate of digestion of polypeptide 1
P2: menghasilkan tenaga/ATP 1 decreases // no/less polypeptide
P3: Untuk pembahagian sel / 1 digested into peptide 1
mitosis
C(i) Aras 2: Tisu 1 2
Aras 3: Organ 1
(ii) Proses pembezaan/proses 1 1
pengkhususan
c) Essays darah meningkat, mekanisma 1
pembetulan akan menurunkan
semula aras glukosa kepada normal
1(a) P1-the process is binary fission 1 4 P3-apabila aras glukosa dalam
P2-when Amoeba sp. has grown to 1 darah menurun, mekanisme 1
certain size pembetulan akan meningkatkan
P3-the nucleus divide by mitosis 1 semula aras glukosa kepada normal
P4-then the cytoplasm divides// 1 (ii) P1-hormon X ialah insulin 1 5
cytokinesis occurs P2-hormon Y ialah glucagon 1
P5- form 2 genetically Identical 1 P3-apabila aras glukosa dalam
amoeba sp. darah meningkat daripada aras 1
(b) P1-the living process is 1 6 normal, (sel beta pada kelompok sel
osmoregulation Langerhans) di pancreas
P2-osmoregulation in Amoeba sp. 1 merembeskan hormon X ke dalam
involved contractile vacuole darah
P3-fresh water is hypotonic to 1 P4-di hati , Hormon X menukarkan 1
Amoeba sp. glukosa berlebihan dalam sel darah
P4: water diffuses into Amoeba sp. 1 kepada glikogen untuk disimpan di
by osmosis sel-sel hati dan sel-sel otot
P5-water fills the contractile 1 P5-aras glukosa dalam darah 1
vacuole to its maximum size menurun daripada aras normal, (sel
P6-contractile vacuole contract 1 alfa pada kelompok sel Langerhans
P7-expel the water out of amoeba 1 di) pancreas merembeskan
sp. hormone Y ke dalam darah
P8-thus amoeba sp. does not burst 1 P6-di hati hormone Y menukarkan 1
c) P1-the organ is skin 1 10 glikogen kepada glukosa
P2-skin consists of epithelial 1 P7-aras glukosa dalam darah
tissues, nerve tissues, muscle meningkat semula dan kembali ke 1
tissues and connective tissues (at aras normal
least two types of tissues)
P3-epithelial tissues specialised to 1
form sweat gland
P4-sweat gland secrete sweat 1
during hot day CHAPTER 3
P5-epithelial tissues specialised to
form hair follicle/produce hair 1
P6-muscle tissues found in skin is 1 a)Objective
erector muscle 1. D 2. A 3. D 4. C 5. D
P7-during hot day erector muscle 1 6. D 7. D 8. B 9. C 10. A
relax, hair lies flat 11. A 12. A 13. C 14. A 15. A
16. C 17. D 18. C
P8-muscle tissues found at wall of 1
arteriole is smooth muscle
P9-smooth muscle relax during hot 1
day b) Structure
P10-connective tissues found in 1 1(a)
the skin is blood tissues
P11-when smooth muscle of 1
arteriole relax, more blood flow to
the skin
P12-more heat is lost 1 (b)(i) Hydrphilic (head) which attract water 1 1
P13-nerve tissues is the receptor 1 (ii) Easier for water molecule movement 1 1
P14-receptor detect the increase 1 /osmosis
of the temperature c)(i) F- mineral ions / ions Ca2+, ion K+/any 1 2
P15-the function of the skin is to 1 examples
lower the body temperature to E-ion Ca2+ in formation of bones// ion
normal K+ in muscle contractions / impulse 1
transmission //any correct functions of
minerals in F
2(a)(i) P1-mekanisma pembetulan untuk 1 3 (ii) F1-mineral ions/any examples is 1 2
mengembalikan keadaasn transported via carrier protein
persekitaran dalam menjadi normal E1-by facilitated diffusion 1
P2-apabila aras glukosa dalam d) P1-poison retard the respiration 1 2
process molecules which molecules which
P2-this is due to no formation of 1 are not soluble are soluble in
energy in lipid (but lipid
P3-active transport does not occur 1 soluble in water)
e) P1-protein molecules embedded / 1 2 Example Example
floating randomly in phospholipid molecules that molecules that 1
bilayer transported transported
P2-protein molecules always moving / 1 such as such as small
dynamic and fluid structure ions/nucleic uncharged polar
acid/amino molecules / such
acid/glucose as oxygen/
2 1 1 carbon dioxide/
a(i) water
molecules//
lipid-soluble
molecules/ such
as fatty acid /
glycerol/ vitamin
ADEK
(ii) F:T is phospholipid bilayer 1 3 (d) F1: plant wilt/die 1 3
P1: allow the molecules that can 1 P1:cyanide inhibit cellular respiration in 1
dissolve in lipid (lipid soluble (the root hair)cell
molecules) / non polar/uncharged P2:no energy /ATP will be generated / 1
molecules/very small molecules produced
P2:such as fatty acid & glycerol / 1 P3: active transport cannot occur to 1
oxygen and carbon dioxide / water transport mineral salt
molecules P4:the root cell become hypotonic than 1
P3:to cross the plasma membrane 1 the soil water
freely P5: no diffusion of water molecules into 1
P4: by osmosis (water)/ simple 1 the root cell by osmosis
diffusion P6:plasmolysis occurs// plant cell 1
(b) F: sodium ion//any suitable example 1 3 flaccid
P1: movement (of sodium ion is) 1 Any 3
against the concentration gradient
P2: it needs energy / ATP molecules
P3: ATP molecules bind to one site of 1 3(a)(i) Osmosis 1 1
carrier protein 1 (ii) P1-sucrose solution is hypertonic 1 2
P4: at another site carrier protein bind P2-water diffuse from distilled 1
with sodium ions//any suitable 1 water into the sucrose solution
example P3-the level of sucrose solution in 1
P5: carrier protein changes its shape (to 1 the capillary tube stop rising at the
carry the sodium ions out of the cell) equilibrium stage/ the amount of
P6: through active transport 1 water diffuse into and out from the
(c) Similarity: 3 visking tube is the same
1.both of Q and R are passive transport 1 (b) F- Sucrose molecule are too large 1 2
2.energy is not required // No 1 E-the visking tubing is semi
ATP/energy used permeable membrane/ which only
3. down the concentration gradient 1 allows certain substances to pass 1
4.occurs until reach dynamic through
equilibrium state 1 (c)(i) Y: crenation 2
Any 1 Z: haemolysis
(ii) P1- solution Z is hypotonic compare 3
Differences: to red blood cell
Any 2 P2-osmosis occur
Q R P3-water leaves / diffuses into the
Facilitated Simple diffusion 1 cell
diffusion P4-red blood cell expand/burst
Need the help of Do not need any (iii) F-no 1 2
pore/carrier protein 1
P1-Plant cell consist of cell wall
protein P2-cell wall is made up of cellulose / 1
Allow the Allow the able to withstand pressure 1
movement of movement of 1
5(a)(i) P : resapan ringkas 1 2
Q: resapan berbantu 1
4(a)(i) Hypertonic solution 1 1 (ii) R : sodium /ion potassium 1 2
(ii) P1: 30% sucrose solution 1 2 Q: Glukosa / asid amino (semua jenis 1
/solution in beaker Q is monosakarida)
hypertonic compare to the cell (iii) Persamaan: 3
sap 1 P1-kedua-dua proses melibatkan 1
P2:water molecules diffuse out struktur protein / protein pembawa
from the vacuole 1
P3:by osmosis Perbezaan:
P4: both vacuole and cytoplasm 1 Q R
shrink // the plasma membrane Any Molekul/bahan Ion/bahan 1
pulls away from the rigid cell wall 2 bergerak bergerak
// the cells become flaccid, mengikut melawan
plasmolysis occurs kecerunan kecerunan
(iii) P1: distilled water /solution in 1 Any kepekatan kepekatan
beaker P is hypotonic compare to 3 Tidak perlu Perlu
the cell sap tenaga tenaga/ATP
P2: water molecules diffuse into 1 Proses akan Proses yang 1
the vacuole/cell sap by osmosis terus berlaku mengakibatkan
P4:vacuole expand and swell up sehingga pengumpulan 1
//plasma membrane pushes 1 keseimbangan atau
against the rigid cell wall dinamik penyngkiran
P5: flaccid cell becomes fully 1 tercapai bahan
turgid again daripada sel
P6:the cells is said to have 1 (b) F1-membran plasma bersifat separa 3
undergone deplasmolysis telap 1
(b) 3 P1-yang membenarkan hanya 1
Red Blood Red Blood molekul tertentu/ kecil sahaja 1
Cell X Cell Y melaluinya
Crenation Haemolysis 1 P2-manakala yang lain tidak
The solution The solution dibenarkan
is hypertonic is hypotonic 1 (c) P1-larutan garam pekat bersifat 1 2
compare to compare to hipertonik terhadap sel ikan
the the P2-air meresap keluar daripada sel 1
cytoplasmic cytoplasmic P3-secara osmosis
of the red of the red P4-mikroorganisma tidak dapat 1
blood cell blood cell membiak 1
Water Water
diffuses out diffuses into 1
from red red blood cell c) Essay
blood cell by by osmosis
osmosis
Red blood The red 1
cells shrivels blood cell 1(a)(i) 1.faccilitated diffusion 1 2
expands and 2. active transport 1
burst (ii) 1.absorption of nutrients into the 1 2
(c) P1: Fruit / mangoes are 1 3 villus
immersed in vinegar which has 2.transport of ions into the plant 1
low pH / acidic root
P2: vinegar diffuses into the 1 (ii) Similarities
tissues of the mangoes/fruit P1-both need carrier protein 1 6
P3:the tissues of mangoes / fruit P2-both occur in living cells 1
become acidic 1
P4: the low ph prevent bacterial Differences
growth in the tissues/ 1 Facilitated Active
mangoes/fruits diffusion transport
P5:this prevents decay of the 1 D1-follow the Oppose the 1
fruits / mangoes Any concentration concentration
3 gradient gradient
D2-molecule Molecule 1
move from move from P5-vacuole/cytoplasm shrink
higher lower P6-plasma membrane pulls away 1
concentration concentration from the cell wall 1
to lower to higher P7-plasmolysed cell lose turgidity 1
concentration concentration 1 and support causing the whole Any
D3-molecule Molecule plant to wilt 5
move from move in one (b) P1-Pickling 1 5
both direction direction only P2-at high concentration of salt
when crossing across the /sugar solution is used 1
plasma plasma P3-concentrated salt/ sugar 1
membrane membrane solution is hypertonic compared to
D4-molecule Molecule 1 the cell sap (of the mango)
can move move through P4-water molecules within the food 1
through transport cells diffuse out by osmosis
protein pore protein only P5-water molecules also diffuses 1
without which have out from the microorganism
bonding the receptor P6-food becomes dehydrated 1
site outside P7-without water, bacteria and 1
the fungus cannot survive Any
membrane 1 5
D5- No ATP is ATP is needed c) P1-plasma membrane is composed 1 6
needed of phospholipid and protein
Any 4 P2-various types of proteins are 1
b) P1-sodium potassium pump has 1 10 dispersed throughout and inserted
active site into the phospholipid bilayer
P2-one molecule ATP bind to the 1 P3-phospholipid bilayer are not 1
active site rigid / static but form a dynamic
P3-sodium approach the pump 1 /flexible structure
P4-bindd to the active site P4-phospholipid molecule has a 1
P5-one of the phosphate bond at 1 polar head (hydrophilic) and non-
ATP molecule is hydrolysed 1 polar tail (hydrophobic)
P6-release energy into the pump P5-contain cholesterol which links 1
P7: the pump change its shape 1 the fatty acids together and
P8-release sodium ion out of the 1 P6-helps to stabilise/strengthen the 1
cell plasma membrane and make it
P9-phosphate group is released 1 more flexible
from the pump P7-has various type of proteins (e.g. 1
P10-potassium ion is release into 1 pore protein and carrier protein)
the cell either partially attached or wholly
embedded in the membrane
P8-the protein molecules float
about in the phospholipid bilayer to 1
2 1 4
form a mosaic protein that is always Any
(a)(i) 1 changing / fluid/ dynamic 6
3(a) Process P 10
1 F1-process P is simple diffusion 1
1 through phospholipid bilayer
P1-examples of substances 1
involved are small uncharged
(ii) P1-excessive fertiliser increases the 1 5 molecules such as oxygen/carbon
solute concentration in soil (around dioxide/water 1
the roots) compared to the cell sap P2-lipid soluble molecules such as
(of the root) glycerol/fatty acids/vitamin ADEK
P2-the cell sap now has a higher
concentration of water/hypotonic 1 Process Q
to the soil water F2-Process Q is facilitated diffusion 1
P3-this results in water molecules through carrier protein
diffusing from the cell sap into the 1 P1-examples of substances are 1
soil by osmosis large water soluble molecules such
P4-plasmolysis occurs 1 as glucose/amino acids
P2-the molecules bind to specific 1 external environment
carrier protein E4-cells produce waste products 1
P3-carrier protein changes it shape 1 which exit through the plasma
and allow the molecules to pass membrane
through it 1 E5-the movement /types/amount 1
P4-process Q does not need of substances in and out of the
energy 1 cells is regulated by plasma
P5-process Q occur follow the membrane 1
concentration gradient E6-the cells need to maintain
suitable pH of the cells for enzyme
Process R 1 activity 1
F3-Process R is active transport E7-so that cells can secretes useful Any
through carrier protein substances/hormones/enzymes 4
P1-examples of substances 1 (ii) Type1 6
involved small water-soluble 1 F1-Faccilitated diffusion 1
molecules or ions such as K+ and E1-diffusion of small molecules
Na+ 1 /ions 1
P2-the molecules or ions bind to E2-move from higher 1
specific carrier proteins Any concentration to the lower of
P3-that use energy from ATP (to 10 solute 1
transport the molecules or ions) E3-through pore protein 1
P4-process Q occurs against the E4-does not need energy Any
concentration gradient 3
(b) In solution A 6 Type 2
P1-Solution A is hypotonic to the F-active transport 1
red blood cell / osmotic 1 E1-the molecules such as sodium 1
concentration of red blood cell ions / potassium ions/
P2-water diffuses into the cell 1 glucose/amino acid
P3-by osmosis E2-move against concentration 1
P4-causing the cell to burst 1 gradient / from lower 1
P5-the cell undergone haemolysis concentration to the higher 1
1 concentration 1
In solution B E3-through carrier protein Any
P6-Solution B is hypertonic to the E4-have active site with bind with 3
red blood cell 1 particular molecule
P7-water diffuses out the cell E5-need energy/ATP
P8-by osmosis 1 (b) Isotonic to the cell sap : 1 10
P9-causing the cells to shrink & 1 0.27moldm-3/0.27.moldm-
crenate 3/0.29moldm-3
P10-the red blood cell undergone 1

crenation Point P 1
c) P1-table salts gives the hypertonic 1 4 F1-The mass of potato increase 1
condition to the surrounding / E1-this occur because the solution
body fluid of leeches concentration is hypotonic to the
P2-water diffuses out of leeches 1 cell sap of the potato 1
P3-by osmosis 1 E2-the water molecule diffuse into
P4-leeches becomes dehydrated 1 from lower concentration/
P5-and make it released from 1 hypotonic region to higher
human skin and eventually die concentration/ hypertonic region 1
E3-by osmosis 1
E4-cell becomes turgid (so the
4(a)(i) F-living organism need nutrients / 1 4 mass increased)
oxygen/ glucose / mineral/ any
suitable example to continue their Point Q 1
F2-The potato does not lose or
life’s processes
E1-ions inside cells must be kept at 1 gain mass 1
E1-this occur because the
different concentration to outside
the cells concentration of the solution is
E2-to maintain a constant internal isotonic to the cell sap 1
environment/ (homeostasis) 1 E2-diffusion of water molecules is
E3-the substances across the at equilibrium / equal rate 1
plasma membrane from the 1 E3-no nett gain or loss of water
molecule (so the mass is (e)(i) P1: Food sample A have reducing 1 2
maintained) sugar while food sample C
not have reducing sugar.
Point R 1 P2: Food sample A contain maltose 1
F3-The mass of potato decease 1 but C contain sucrose
E1-because the solution is P3: Maltose reduce CuSO4 in the 1
hypertonic to the cell sap 1 Benedict solution into Cu2O
E2-the water molecule diffuse out Any 2
from cells / from higher (ii) P1 : (Food sample C) need to boil 1 3
concentration to the lower with dilute HCl / acid
concentration / solution at the 1 P2 : Sucrose then is hydrolysed 1
surrounding 1 P3: into glucose and fructose.
E3-by osmosis 1 Or 1
E4-cell becomes flaccid (so the P1: (Food sample C) added with
mass decreased) sucrase 1
Any 10 P2: sucrose hydrolysed
P3: into glucose and fructose 1
3(a)(i) X: Fatty acids 1 2

CHAPTER 4 Y: water 1
(ii) Condensation 1 1
a)Objective (b)(i) A: saturated fats 1 2
1. B 2. D 3. D 4. A 5. B B: unsaturated fats 1
6. B 7. D 8. B 9. C 10. A (ii) Saturated Fats Unsaturated
11. C 12. B 13. C 14. A 15. A fats 3
16. 17. C 18. A 19. B 20. B No double At least one 1
21. C 22. A 23. B 24. D
bond between double bond
atom carbon between atom
carbon
b) Structure Not able to Able to react 1
1(a) DNA 1 1 react with with additional
(b) Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen 1 1 additional hydrogen
and phosphorus hydrogen atom
atom
(c) -carry genetic information 1 2
Solid at room Liquid at room 1
-direct protein synthesis 1
(d)(i) Nucleotide 1 1 temperature temperature
High Low 1
(ii) X-phosphate group 1 3
Y-pentose sugar 1 cholesterol cholesterol
Z-nitrogenous base 1 (c)(i) E: Provide energy 1 3
(iii) Z 1 1 F: provide energy/insulator 1
G: carry genetic material 1
e) RNA 1 1
(ii) P1: mutation occur 1 1
f) P: Adenine / Q: Thymine or 1 2 P2: protein produced cannot 1
P: Cytosine / Q: Guanine or 1 function properly
P: Thymine / Q: Adenine or 1
P: Guanine / Q: Cytosine 1
4(a) Name of the hypothesis: Lock and key 1 3

hypothesis
2(a) Carbon / C, Hydrogen / H, Oxygen / 1 1
O Explanation:
(b) Glucose 1 1 P1: the process of breaking down 1
(c) P : Starch 2 2 complex molecule
Q : Glycogen P2:removal of (one) water molecule 1
R : Cellulose P3: to produce simple molecule 1
Notes :all correct = 2 marks, Any 2
1&2 correct = 1 mark (b) Hydrolysis 1 1
(d) F : Saliva contain (salivary) amylase. 1 3 (c) P1-process of break down complex 1 2
P1 : Salivary amylase hydrolysed 1 molecule
starch/ P into maltose P2-expel water molecule to produce 1
P2 : By hydrolysis process 1 simple molecule
(d)(i) DNA/ deoxyribonucleic acid 1 1 (ii) 1 1
(ii) 2 2
d) Zymase 1 1
(iii) P1-DNA in the nucleus determine the 1 3 P1-Zymase enzymes found in yeast 1 2
genetic information for the synthesis of P2-it acts on starch and convert it
amino acid into glucose 1
P1-RNA messenger is synthesized by 1 P3-it acts on glucose and convert it
using the genetic information in the into alcohol 1
DNA P4-through fermentation process 1
P3-Genetic information is translated to 1
popypeptide chain to form amino acid
c) Essay
1(a) P1: structure X is tertiary protein 1 4
5(a)(i) X: amino acid 1 2 P2:such as
Y: peptide bond 1 enzyme/hormones/antibodies/plasma 1
(ii) L: secondary structure 1 2 proteins
M: Quaternary structure 1 P3:formed when secondary structure 1
(b)(i) Ribosome 1 1 folded into three dimensional shape
(ii) Hydrolysis 1 1 P4:structure Y is quaternary structure 1
(iii) Enzyme : K 1 2 P5:such as haemoglobin
Haemoglobin : M 1 P6: formed from 2 or more tertiary 1
C) F: Temperature in refrigerator is 1 3 structure that folded into a large and
low complex molecule
P1: enzyme in bacteria is inactive 1 Any 2 points each
P2: food cannot be decomposed 1 b(i) F1-protease / papain 1 6
d) F: 40ºC is optimum temperature 1 2 P1-to tenderize meat 1
P1: enzyme activity is maximum 1
P2: the cleaning is more effective 1 F2-lipase 1
P2-ripening of cheese 1
6(a)(i) X:sucrose 3/ 2 F3-amylase/amyloglucosidase 1

Y:Glucose 2/ 1 P3-convert glucose into sugar in syrup 1
Z:Fructose 2/ 0 making
(ii) 1
F4-zymase 1
P4-convert glucose to ethanol in 1
making alcoholic drinks
F5-trypsin 1
b(i) P1-enzymes reaction is highly 1 2 P5-remove hair in leather products 1
specific 1
P2-enzyme does not change at the 1 F6-cellulose 1
end of reaction P6-extract agar from seaweed 1
P3-reversible in action
C(I) F-increase of enzymes concentration 3
will increase rate of enzymatic 1 2(a)(i) P1-enzymes are proteins which are 1 4
reaction (until it reach a maximum synthesized by living organisms
point) P2-enzymes bind to their 1
P1-due to more active site is 1 substances and convert them to
available to bind with substrates product in the enzymatic reaction
P2-more substrates will bind at the 1 P3-enzymes have specific sites 1
active site of the enzymes to form called active sites to bind to
enzymes-substrate complex 1 specific substrates // enzymes are
P3-to produce more products highly specific in their reaction
P4-enzymes speed up the rates of 1
chemical reactions but remain
unchanged (at the end of reaction) (b) P1- P nucleus, store genetic 1 Max
P5-enzymes are needed in small 1 information / gene (for the 10
quantities because they are not synthesis of enzymes) in
used up (but released at the end of chromosome /DNA/ is carried by
a reaction) DNA
P6-most enzymes-catalysed 1 P2-the messenger RNA/mRNA is
reactions are reversible synthesized according to the 1
P7-the activity of an enzyme can be instruction on the DNA
slowed down or completely 1 P3-Q, mitochondrion, produce 1
stopped by inhibitors energy by cellular respiration (used
(ii) 7 in the production of extracellular
Types of industry Enzymes Uses (U) enzyme)
(T) used (E)
1. Food processing industry P4- the messenger RNA/mRNA 1
a) Dairy Rennin Solidifies 1 then leaves the nucleus and moves
products milk protein
Lipase Ripening of
to the ribosome (which is the site
cheese 1 of protein synthesis) 1
Lactase Hydrolyses
lactose to
P5-the messenger RNA / mRNA
glucose in 1 attaches itself to the ribosome
the making
of ice-cream
P6-protein that are synthesised at
b)bread & Amylase Convert the ribosome are transported 1
other bakery starch flour through the spaces within the
products into sugar in
1
the making rough endoplasmic reticulum
of bread P7-proteins depart from the rough 1
Protease Convert
protein in 1 endoplasmic reticulum wrapped in
the making vesicle that bud off from the sides
of biscuit
c)Alcoholic Amylase Convert of RER
drinks starch in 1 P8-these transport vesicles fuse 1
(beer/wine malt into
making glucose for with the membrane of the R, Golgi
industry) the apparatus and empty their
fermentation
of yeast (in contents into the membranous
wine & beer space 1
production)
Zymase Converts P9-these proteins are modified
sugars into 1 during their transport in the Golgi
ethanol
during apparatus, R 1
fermentation P10-For example, sugar to make
of yeast (in
wine & beer glycoprotein / carbohydrates are
production) added to protein 1
d)fish products Protease Removes the
skin of fish 1 P11-S, secretory vesicles containing
e)meat Protease Tenderise these modified proteins bud off
products meat
f)cereal grain Cellulase Breaks down
1 from the Golgi membrane and
products cellulose & 1 travel to plasma membrane 1
removes
seed coats
P12-these vesicle will then fuse
from cereal with the plasma membrane before
grain
g)seaweed Cellulase Digests cell
1 releasing the proteins outside the
products wall & cell as extracellular enzymes.
extract agar
from
seaweed
h)starch Amylase Change
products starch to 3(a) P1-Enzyme /P represent the lock 1 8
sugar in the 1 P2-substrate / Q represent the 1
making of
syrup ‘key’ 1
Glucose Convert P3-enzyme / P is specific 1
isomerase glucose into 1
fructose // P4- enzyme / P only can combined
Production with substrate / Q 1
of high
fructose P5-Enzyme / P has specific active
syrup site which can fit into specific
2.Leather Trypsin Removal of
products /protease hair from substrate / Q 1
animal hides 1 P6-the substrate /Q binds with the
3.medical/ Pancreatic Treats 1 active site / enzyme to form an
pharmaceutical trypsin inflammation
product Microbial Dissolves enzyme-substrate complex 1
trypsin blood clots 1 P7-enzyme /P convert/ hydrolysed
4.biological Protease Dissolve
washing & amylase protein &
1 / breakdown substrate/ Q into
powder / starch stains
detergent in clothes products/ R 1
P8-The products / R are released b) Structure
from the enzymes 1 1(a)(i) Metaphase 1 1
P9-the enzyme/ P remain (ii) P1: chromosomes move to equator 1 2
unchanged at the end of the plane/metaphase plate
reaction 1 P2: chromosomes line up /arranged 1
P10-enzyme P can be reused 1 at equator plane / metaphase plate
P11- the enzyme/ P is now free to Any P3: chromosome/centromere 1
bind with another molecule of 8 attached/ hold on to the spindle
substrate / Q fibre
b) P1 –molecule X is polysaccharide / 1 4 (b) 2
cellulose which consist of many
monosaccharides /glucose
P2-the monosaccharides / glucose 1
are joined together by
condensation to form long chains
of polymers
P3-molecule Y is a polypeptide
(which consist of many amino 1
acids) 1
P4-molecule Y is broken down by
hydrolysis Notes:
(c) P1- X is pepsin ; Y-salivary amylase; 1 10 Any one daughter cell with the
correct combination of chromosome 1
Z-trypsin
P2-each enzyme functions actively 1 –D1
at its optimum pH Correct drawing number of
chromosome and size (one short & 1
P3-the enzyme salivary amylase 1
functions optimally at ph 7/neutral one long) –D2
P4-the optimum pH for pepsin is 1 c)(i) centriole 1 1
pH2/acidic (ii) P1: spindle fibre are not 1 2
P5-trypsin is pH 8.5/Alkaline 1 formed/cannot contract
P6-the changes in ph will cause 1 P2: Structure M/chromosome 1
changes in the concentration of cannot separate
hydrogen ion H+ and hydroxyl ion P3:During anaphase 1
(OH-) d)(i) Species X Species y 2
P7-The excess hydrogen ion 1 Nucleus of Nucleus of
/hydroxyl ions destabilizes unfertilised egg somatic cell 1
enzymes by changing the charges cell/ovum /liver/example
of the active site Destroyed by Removed or
P8-charges on the substrate 1 ultraviolet rays taken our
(surface area) are also changes //place inside 1
P9-hence the enzyme-substrate 1 the egg cell
complex cannot be formed /ovum
P10-the effects of Ph changes on 1 (ii) Species Y 1 1
enzyme activity are reversible (iii) E1:No variation 1 2
P11-an enzyme which is inactive in 1 E2: Has same resistance to certain 1
high ph medium will become diseases
active again when its optimum ph
2(a) R,Q,S,P 1 1
(b) Fasa Q: 4
CHAPTER 5 -Metafasa
-kromosom tersusun sebaris di
1
1
tengah-tengah sel / pada satah 1
a)Objective khatulistiwa
1. C 2. B 3. C 4. C 5. A
6. C 7. A 8. D 9. D 10. A Fasa S: 1
11. A 12. A 13. C 14. D 15. C -Anafasa
16. A 17. D 18. D 19. D 20. C -Sentromer membahagi kepada dua 1
21. B 22. A dan kromatid kembar berpisah ke
kutub sel bertentangan (ditarik oleh
gentian gelendong)
c) P1: Mitosis menghasilkan sel anak 1 3
yang mengandungi bilangan (b)(i) P1-kromosom homolog tersusun di 1 2
kromosom yang sama dengan 1 satah khatulistiwa
induknya/2n/diploid P2-berlaku pertukaran segmen 1
P2: kandungan genetik sama dengan DNA/ bahan genetik (di titik kiasma)
induknya 1 P3-berlaku pindah silang 1
P3:tidak berlaku pindah silang (antara (ii) P1-memastikan bilangan kromosom 1 1
kromatid bukan beradik) 1 gamet separuh daripada
P4:tiada variasi genetik yang berlaku induk/haploid
(d)(i) P1-pertumbuhan semua anak pokok 1 2 P2-memastikan bilangan kromosom 1
terbantut/terencat/musnah sel anak adalah diploid /sama
P2-kerana mempunyai rintangan /ciri 1 dengan induk
genetik yang sama P3-menghasilkan variasi dalam 1
(ii) P1-tisu pada hujung pucuk mempunyai 1 2 organisma
kromosom diploid c) P1-apabila nukleus sperma(haploid) 1 2
P2-aktif membahagi secara mitosis 1 bercantum dengan nukleus ovum
P3-membentuk kalus/organisma 1 (haploid) 1
lengkap P2-melalui persenyawaan 1
P3-membentuk satu zigot yang
diploid
3(a) 6 chromosomes 1 1 d(i) F : sel A adalah sama dengan sel B 1 2
b) 1.mitosis tetapi berbeza dengan sel C
P: Sel A dan sel B adalah hasil 1
Number of chromosomes are 6 1
Same pattern and same size of 1 2 daripada proses mitosis manakala
sel C adalah hasil daripada proses
chromosome as parent cell
meioisis
2. meiosis (ii) 24 kromosom 1 1
Number of chromosomes are 3 1 (iii) Sindrom Down/ Sindrom Klinefelter 1 1
Pattern and size of chromosomes is 1 2
different compare to parent cell
c) In mitosis c) Essay
-during anaphase 1 1(a)(i) P1-Meiosis produces 2 2
chromosome/sister chromatids 2 gametes/sperms and ovum
separated and move to the P2-contain haploid number of
opposite poles (cause the number chromosomes (23 chromosomes)
of chromosome in daughter cell P3-when fertilisation occur
remain the same) P4-diploid zygote is formed
P5-the offspring has similar number
In meiosis of chromosomes as the parent
-during anaphase I homologous 1
(ii) P1-Both involve nuclear division 1 6
chromosomes separated and move
P2-both involve the formation of
to the opposite poles (cause the
spindle fibres 1
number of chromosome in
P3-the nuclear membrane in both 1
daughter cell become half from the
processes disintegrate during
parent cell)
prophase
d) F1:mitosis produce no variation, 1 2 P4-the nuclear membrane in both 1
while meiosis produce variation processes reform during telophase
P1:caused by crossing over during 1 Any 2
Prophase I in meiosis
e) P1: albino buffaloes caused by gene 1 3 Differences
mutation which control the Meiosis I Meiosis II
production of skin pigmentation 1
(During (During
P2:in autosomes 1
Prophase 1), prophase II),
P3: controlled by recessive alleles
homologous homologous
P4: skin cells unable to synthesize 1
chromosomes chromosomes
(melanin) pigment// no melanin 1
pair DO NOT pair
pigment
up/synapsis up/synapsis
(During (During 1
Prophase 1), Prophase II),
4(a)(i) X: sentromer 1 2 crossing over / crossing over /
Y: kromosom homolog 1 exchange of exchange of
(ii) Metafasa I 1 1 genetic genetic
material material DOES 2(a
occurs NOT occurs ) Stages Mitosis Meiosis
Metaphas Homologous Homologous 1 4
between
e chromosome chromosom
homologous s are e line up
chromosomes arranged in side by side
/ non sister linear at the
sequence / metaphase
chromatids randomly at plate
During During the
Metaphase I, Metaphase II, 1 metaphase
plate 1
homologous Single
Anaphase Separation of Separation
chromosomes chromosomes sister of the
line up at the // sister chromatids homologous
equator chromatids to the chromosom
opposite e to the
line up at the pole // the opposite
equator // centromere pole //
metaphase of each sister
chromosome chromatids
plate
divided into still remain
During During 1 two and attached to
Anaphase I, Anaphase I, allows sister each other
centromeres centromeres chromatid to during
move to movement
do not divide divide opposite to the
At the end of (At the end of 1 pole opposite
Telophase I), Telophase II), pole 1
Any Telophase Two Four
two four daughter daughter
haploid haploid 4 nuclei are nuclei are
daughter cells daughter cells formed formed 1
are formed are formed Diploid(2n) Diploid(2n)
number of number of
b(i) P1- The technique used is tissue 1 6 chromosome chromosom
culture is remained e is reduced
P2- Meristematic tissues/active 1 to haploid 1
(n) An
dividing cell from shoot/root/ small Daughter Daughter
pieces of tissue/explants are taken y 4
cells are are differ
from the parent plant genetically from the
p3- Cultured in sterile medium 1 identical to parent and
each other from each
p4- Containing growth hormone, and to the other //
nutrient and suitable temperature 1 parent cell variation
p5- The explant divides mitotically 1 occurs
among
p6- To produce undifferentiated daughter
cells 1 cells
p7- Callus develops to become 1 (b) P1-the technique used is tissue 1 6
embryo culture technique
p8- Later into plantlets 1 P2-a piece of explant is taken away
(ii) Advantages 4 from the young part of the parent 1
P1: Can be produced in a large 1 plants. E.g. shoot/root and cut it into
number in a short time smaller pieces
P2: Have the desirable P3-the tissues are sterilized (with 1
characteristics 1 dilute sodium hypochlorite solution)
P3: Can be carried out any time to prevent the growth of pathogens
P4: Increase the crop yield and 1 P4- each pieces of sterilised tissue is
quality of the products placed onto a growth medium / gel 1
Any 2 1 containing nutrients (e.g. glucose,
Disadvantages: amino acid, minerals etc.) and
P1: The resistance of the clones hormone/auxin with optimum pH
towards diseases and pests is 1 level
the same 1 P5-the apparatus & culture medium 1
P2: No variation 1 used must be in sterile conditions and
P3: Clones cannot adapt to changes 1 kept under the suitable temperature
in the environment / 30-35ºC
P4: Clones have shorter lifespan P6-The tissues cells then divide 1
Any 2 repeatedly by mitosis to produce a
mass of undifferentiated callus
P7-after several weeks, callus 1
differentiated to produce shoots & (b) P1-tissue culture technique 1 6
roots / organogenesis P2-used to produce (high quality 1
P8-once the roots grow, the plantlets 1 of seedling) oil palm seedlings in
are removed & transferred to the soil vitro/ any suitable example
for growth into the adult plant P3-the leaves/shoot/stem/root 1
P9-all the plantlets produced this way 1 tissues are cut out (explants)
are genetically identical and known as P4-the pieces of meristematic
clones tissues (explants) are cultured in 1
P10-therefore, all adults plant that 1 sterile medium, in suitable pH and
develop from them share the same with addition of plant growth
traits, for example large fruits substances
c) -certain substance/carcinogen such 1 1 P5-the flasks containing the tissue 1
as benzo-A-pyrene etc 0 are stored in an incubator at 37ºC
-can cause the change in DNA 1 for 2/3 weeks
structure (that control the cell cycle) P6-the cells divide by mitosis to 1
-an abnormal cells is formed / cancer produce callus
cell/ mutant cell 1 P7-the callus is then cut into small 1
-this change disrupts the coded DNA pieces
genetic instruction for mitosis control 1 P8-the small pieces of callus 1
-this leads to uncontrolled mitosis tissues are then cultured in sterile
(which is non-stop division of the cell) 1 nutrient medium
producing a mass of new daughter P9-when it has grown to suitable 1
cells called tumour size, the clone is transferred to Any
-tumour cells have no function, but 1 the nursery 6
instead compete with surrounding c) P1-the exposure damage the DNA 1 6
normal cells to obtain nutrients & of the cells
energy for their growth P2-a cell divides through mitosis 1
-some tumours remain inactive and 1 repeatedly
are relatively harmless (not P3-produces cancerous cell 1
cancerous) and called benign tumour P4-due to severe disruption to the 1
-benign tumour cells remain inactive 1 mechanism that controls the cell
and are relatively harmless (not cycle
cancerous) and called benign tumour P5-cancerous cells divide 1
-benign tumour remains at its original 1 freely/uncontrollably heeding the
site and do not spread to other part cell cycle control
of the body. It can be removed by P6-(these cells) compete with 1
surgery surrounding normal cells to
-other tumour, called malignant obtain nutrient/energy (for
tumour are very active (cancerous), 1 growth)
spread locally & some cancer cells P7-invade /destroy neighbouring 1
migrates through bloodstream to cells
invade other organs P8-(they can spread to other 1
-when this happens, secondary 1 organ and) initiate cancers there Any
tumours develop in other body 6
tissue, than lead to the malfunction
of the tissue and ultimately death 1
-an individual with malignant tumour
is said to have cancer
CHAPTER 6
3(a) P1-cloning is an asexual 1 2 a)Objective
reproductive process of producing 1. B 2. C 3. D 4. C 5. A
clones//does not involve gamete 6. B 7. D 8. B 9. C 10. C
P2-a clone is a group of 1 11. D 12. B 13. C 14. A 15. D
cells/organism// a population of 16. D 17. C 18. C 19. C 20. B
organism produced from single 21. B 22. D 23. A 24. 25. B
ancestral cell 1 26. D 27. C 28.
P3-a clone is genetically identical
P4-the technique can be used to
produce high quality of 1
organism/orchids/oil palm/cocoa Any2
plants
b) Structure (d) P1-Protein is digested into amino 1 4
acid
P2-excess protein will produce 1
excess amino acid
1 Villus 1 1 P3-(in the liver) excess amino acid 1
a(i) is broken down
(ii) P1-the epithelial lining is only one 1 2 P4: into urea
cell thick P5: the process is called 1
P2-epithelial cell have a lining of 1 deamination 1
microscopic projection called
microvillus
P3-each villus has a network of 1
blood capillaries 3(a)(i) Diet which contain all the nutrient 1 1
Any 2 in correct proportion to meet the
(b) X:absorb fatty acid and 1 2 daily requirement of the individual
glycerol/vitamin A,D,E,K (ii) Level 2 : Vitamin / mineral salt / 1 2
Y: absorbed glucose/amino 1 fibre
acids/minerals/vitamin B,C
(c) P1: acts as checkpoint 1 2 Level 3 : Protein 1
P2: which control the amount of (iii) Can cause obesity / stroke / 1 1
nutrients released into blood 1 thrombosis / arteriosclerosis / high
circulatory system blood pressure
(d) F-Nutrient P is glucose 1 2 (b) F Very active man need 15100kJ 1 2
P1-which is converted into energy , but moderate active man
glycogen & stored in the liver 1 only need 12600 kJ energy
P2-when there is lack of blood E because very active man need 1
glucose level, stored glycogen is 1 more energy to carry out all the
converted back to glucose 1 heavy / tough activity
P3-glucose are transported to the Any c) Deficieny disease : Ricket 1 2
cells to produce energy 2 Cause : Lack of vitamin D / calcium 1
e) F –lipids are not transported to the 1 3 & phosphorus
liver
P1-fatty acids and glycerol/lipids
are absorbed into lacteal not into 1 4(a)(i) Ruminant 1 1
blood capillaries (ii) A: omasum 2
P2-from lacteal lipids are B:reticulum
transported through lymphatic 1 C: Abomasum
system to blood circulatory system D: Rumen
P3: excess lipid stored in adipose 1 B(i) Cellulase 1 1
tissue Any (ii) To hydrolyse cellulose into 1 1
3 glucose
(iii) P1-when food enter reticulum, 1 2
cellulose is hydrolyse
2 Absorption 1 1 P2-the content of the 1
a(i) reticulum/cud is the
(ii) P1-thin wall 1 2 regurgitated into the mouth to
P2-for rapid absorption of nutrients 1 be thoroughly chewed again 1
P3-having microvilli on the 1 P3-this process help to soften
epithelial lining and break down cellulose,
P4-increase the surface area for 1 making it more accessible to
more absorption to occur further microbial
(b) Vessel P: hepatic portal vein 1 2 action/reaction of enzymes`
Vessel R: lymphatic vessel 1 C) Human Rodent 3
(c) F-The concentration of glucose in 1 2 Small Large 1
vessel P is higher than in vessel Q caecum caecum
P1-Glucose has been used by liver 1 Cannot Can digest 1
cells (to carry out cellular digest cellulose
respiration) cellulose into simple 1
P2-excess glucose has been 1 sugar
converted into glycogen (in the Cellulose Cellulose
liver) producing producing 1
(F + any 1P) bacteria is bacteria is
absent present Max3 temperature).
Food passes Food passes P4-The plants are able to increase 1
through the the yields/ increase the crops
alimentary alimentary production throughout the years.
canal once canal twice
d) P1-in goat cellulose Is 1 Max
hydrolysed in the rumen 2 6(a)(i) water 1 1
whereas in rabbit cellulose is ii) F: photolysis of water 1 3
hydrolysed in the caecum 1 P1: light energy is used to split
P2-therefore rabbit need to the water molecules 1
ingest the faeces pellet to P2: into hydrogen ion (H+) and
recover the nutrients initially 1 hydroxyl ion (OH-) 1
list in their faeces b) Gas Q: dark reaction 1 2
P3-this allow the small intestine Gas T : light reaction 1
to absorb the nutreints c) F : no net gain or loss of the 1 Max
sugar produced 3
P1: at compensation point
5(a) Chloroplast / Organel M contain 1 Max P2: at low light intensity, the rate 1
chlorophyll to trap/ absorb/ 1 2 of carbon dioxide production
capture light energy during respiration is equal to the 1
(b)(i) P1-Photolysis of water / Light 1 Max rate of carbon dioxide
energy is used to split water 3 consumption during
molecule into hydrogen ion and photosynthesis // explanation on
hydroxyl ion. oxygen 1
P2-Hydroxyll ion loses an electron 1 P3: a point is reached whereby
to form hydroxyl all the carbon dioxide is
group. 1 produced
P3-Hydroxyll group combine to during respiration are used in 1
form oxygen and water. photosynthesis
(ii) P1-Hydrogen atom and ATP from 1 2 P4: there is no net gain or loss in
reaction P will be used carbon dioxide by the plant
in the reaction Q. d) P1: remove carbon dioxide from 1 Max
P2-Hydrogen atom fix / reduce 1 the atmosphere 3
carbon dioxide to form P2: provide food for plant and 1
glucose. animals in the form of
c) F1-Dust particle will cover/ 1 Max carbohydrates or sugar or
accumulate on the surface of 3 glucose 1
the leaf, P3: uses oxygen as a waste
e1 -so less light energy will be trap 1 product which is released into
by the chlorophyll. the 1
F2-Dust particle block the 1 atmosphere
stomata, P4: changes the energy from the 1
E2-so, les/ no supply of carbon sun into a usable form for living
dioxide ( to the cell ) 1 organism
E3-: rate of photosynthesis P5: provides the structural
decreases. 1 components in the cell walls of
F1+ E1 + E3 or F2 + E2 + E3 plants which is cellulose
d) F-In winter, temperature is very 1 Max
low// light intensity is low 3
and the rate of photosynthesis is c) Essay
very low
1(a) (i) Teenagers
P2-In the greenhouse, light 1
P1 need food which are rich in 1 Max
intensity/ concentration of carbon
carbohydrate 5
dioxide/ temperature are
P2 to provide energy for active 1
maintained at optimum level (for
lifestyle
photosynthesis) throughout the
P3 need a lot of protein
year.
P4 for rapid growth 1
P3-So the rate of photosynthesis 1
P5 need a lot of calcium 1
is maintained at maximum level
P6 for bones n tissues formation 1
throughout the year (regardless of
P7 need a lot of vitamin D 1
changes in light intensity or
P8 to help in absorption of calcium
and phosphorous 1 liver diseases and cardiovascular
P9 need a lot of vitamin E problems
P10 to prevent damaged of 1 P6 will experience dehydration and
phospholipid in cell membrane can cause irregular periods Max
P11 should consume food rich in 1 P7 early treatment through 5
ferum 1 nutrition and gradual restoration
P12 to synthesis more of body
haemoglobin after 1 mass
menstruation/prevent iron P8 counseling is also needed to
deficiency/anemia help the patient to overcome their
emotional distress
(ii) The Aged 1
P1 need a lot of protein 1 Max
P2 for repairing damage tissue 5
2(a)(i) Mouth /oral cavity 1 3
P3 need a lot of calcium 1 Duodenum 1
P4 to strengthen the
Ileum/small intestine 1
bones/prevent osteoporosis 1
(ii) P1- food P in starch 1 7
P5 need a lot of vitamin D 1
P2- (in oral cavity) saliva contains
P6 to prevent osteomalacia 1
enzyme salivary amylase 1
P7 need a lot of folic acid 1
P3-to hydrolyse starch to maltose 1
P8 helps synthesise red blood cells 1
Starch + water maltose
P9 need a lot of vitamin C 1
P4-duodenum receive pancreatic
P10 to help the strong immune
amylase from pancreas 1
system/collagen synthesis for
P6-pancreatic amylase completes
bones
the digestion of starch to maltose 1
and cartilage
Starch + water  maltose
(b) Diagram 1.1 Max P7-(in ileum) intestinal juice 1
F1 obesity 5
contains maltase (erepsin, sucrase,
P1 condition where a person’s lactase)
body weight exceeds 20% the
P8-maltase hydrolyse maltose to 1
normal glucose
weight
Maltose + water  glucose
P2 excessive consumption of P9-glucose diffuse into the 1
carbohydrate and lipid epithelial cells and absorbed into
P3 excess carbohydrates and lipids the capillaries (villus)
in the diet are converted into P10-capillaries drain glucose into 1
body fat/cholesterol hepatic portal vein, which leads to
P4 causes them to face a higher the liver
risk for cardiovascular
P11-glucose is distributed 1
disease/hypertension/diabetes throughout the body by the
mellitus
circulatory system
P5 can be overcome by practicing a P12-when the glucose molecules
balanced diet reach the cells, glucose are oxidised
P6 eating not more than what is to release energy during cellular
required by the body respiration
b) F-(at the end of digestive process) 1 5
Diagram 1.2
Food F are hydrolysed / digested
F2 Anorexia nervosa
into glucose (at ileum)
P1 condition where a person
P1-excess glucose is converted into 1
experience an intense fear of
glycogen
gaining
P2-stored in the liver 1
weight/recognized as a
P3-when the blood sugar level falls, 1
physiological disorder
the stored glycogen is converted
P2 the weight of individual with
back to glucose
anorexia nervosa is 15% or more
P4-when the glycogen stored in the 1
below the normal body weight
liver is full, excess glucose is
P3 deprive themselves from eating
converted into lipid by liver
which leads them to experience
c) F-due to the stomach becomes to 1 5
severe lost of body weight
small the patient has less appetite
P4 tissue repair cannot take place
P1-reduce food intake 1
due to lack of protein
P2-reducing the absorption of 1
P5 leads to hormone imbalance,
nutrients from digested food
P3-causing the system in the body 1 P2-dalam keadaan teruja electron
takes energy from fat (in the body boleh meninggalkan molekul 1
as substitute food that is often klorofil
taken) 1 P3-tenaga cahaya juga digunakan 1
P4-leading to weight loss untuk memecahkan molekul air
kepada ion hidrogen dan ion
hidroksil melalui proses fotolisis air
3(a) i)Glukosa 10 P4-ion hidrogen bergabung dengan 1
electron yang dibebaskan oleh
Asimilasi dalam hati klorofil untuk membentuk atom
P1-Glukosa yang berlebihan 1 hidrogen
ditukarkan kepada glikogen oleh P5-manakala ion hidroksil 1
hormone insulin dan disimpan kehilangan electron dan
didermakan kepada klorofil untuk
dalam hati
P2-apabila aras gula dalam darah 1 membentuk kumpulan hidroksil
P6-kumpulan hidroksil akan 1
menurun, glikogen ditukarkan
semula kepada glukosa oleh bergabung sesame sendiri untuk
hormone glucagon membentuk air dan gas oksigen
P3-glikogen yang berlebihan akan 1 P7-tindakbalas X dikenali sebagai 1
ditukarkan kepada lipid tindak balas cahaya
Mana-mana 4
Asimilasi dalam sel badan
P8-atom hidrogen (dari tindakbals
P4-glukosa dioksidakan untuk
membebaskan tenaga melalui 1 cahaya) digunakan untuk 1
menurunkan /mengikat karbon
respirasi sel
P5-tenaga diperlukan untuk proses dioksida
kimia dalam sel (untuk pegecutan 1 P9-menyebabkan penurunan 1
otot dan sintesis protein) karbon dioksida kepada glukosa
berlaku
(ii)Asid Amino P10-glukosa yang terhasil kemudian 1
dikondensasikan untuk membentuk
kanji
Asimilasi dalam hati
P6-asid amino disintesis menjadi 1 P11-tindak balas Y dikenali sebagai 1
tindak balas gelap
protein plasma
P7-apabila kekurangan glukosa, hati 1 Mana-mana 2
menukarkan asid amino kepada (c) P1-pencemaran udara daripada 1 4
glukosa kilang
P2-asap/debu/jelaga (yang tebal) 1
Asimilasi dalam sel badan P3-menyebabkan keamatan cahaya 1
P8-asid amino diguna untuk sintesis 1 yang diterima oleh tumbuhan
protoplasma baru/memperbaiki kurang // keamatan cahaya yang
tisu yang rosak diserap oleh klorofil
P9-untuk sintesis enzim dan 1 P4-debu melekat pada permukaan
hormone daun (menyebabkan keamatan 1
P10-asid amino berlebihan 1 cahaya kurng diserap pleh
diuraikan oleh hati dan menghasilka klorofil/tumbuhan)
urea P5-debu juga menutup bukaan liang 1
P11-melalui proses pendeaminaan 1 stoma tumbuhan
P12-urea diangkat dari hati melalui P6-kurang gas karbon dioksida
aliran darah ke ginjal untuk diserap oleh daun 1
dikumuhkan P7-menyebabkan kadar fotosintesis 1
rendah/kurang
(iii)Lipid Mana-mana 4
Asimilasi dalam sel badan

P13-lipid seperti lemak merupakan 1 4(a) Reaction in P 6
sumber utama tenaga F1: Light reaction occur (in P) 1
P14-fosfolipid dan kolesterol 1 E1: P is grana 1
merupakan komponen utama
membrane plasma Reaction in Q
(b) P1-klorofil menyerap tenaga cahaya 1 6 F2: Dark reaction occur (in Q) 1
menyebabkan klorofil teruja E2: Q is stroma 1
5(a) 1-klorofil menyerap tenaga cahaya 1 10
Differences menyebabkan klorofil teruja
Reaction in P Reaction in Q 2- dalam keadaan teruja electron 1
F2: Requires Does not 1 boleh meninggalkan klorofil
light energy require light 3- tenaga cahaya juga digunakan 1
energy untuk memecahkan molekul air
E2: To Need atom H kepada ion hidrogen dan ion
breakdown to reduce hidroksil melalui proses fotolisis air
/photolysis of carbon dioxide 1 4-ion hidrogen bergabung dengan 1
water electron yang dibebaskan oleh
molecules klorofil untuk membentuk atom
E3: To form ion To form hidrogen
H and ion OH glucose 1 5-manakala ion hidroksil kehilangan 1
F3: Form ATP Uses ATP 1 electron dan didermakan kepada
(b) F1: Epidermis is transparent 1 8 klorofil untuk membentuk
E1: to allow sunlight to penetrate 1 kumpulan hidroksil
into the leaf 6-kumpulan hidroksil akan 1
bergabung sesama sendiri untuk
F2: Cuticle layer is waxy(water proof) 1 membentuk air dan gas oksigen
E2: To prevent loss of water and to 1 7-tindak balas X dikenali sebagai 1
protect the leaf tindak balas cahaya
8-tindakbalas Y tidak memerlukan 1
F3:Cell X/palisade cells are closely 1 cahaya
arranged and at right angles to the 9-atom hidrogen daripada tindak
surface of the leaf balas cahaya digunakan untuk 1
E3: They also contain many 1 mengikat karbon dioksida
chloroplasts 10-menyebabkan penurunan 1
E4: received/absorb/trap maximum 1 karbon dioksida kepada glukosa
sunlight berlaku 1
11-glukosa yang terhasil kemudian
F4: Cell Y/spongy mesophyll cells are 1 dikondensasikan untuk membentuk
loosely arranged and has large air kanji serta merta
space 12-tindakbalas Y dikenali sebagai 1
F5: (lower) epidermis layer has 1 tindak balas gelap
stomata (b) 1-dinegara 4 musim, keamatan 1 6
E6: support photosynthesis by cahaya /suhu berubah sepanjang
allowing exchange of gases 1 tahun
2-pada musim sejuk, suhu adalah 1
F6: veins contain xylem and phloem 1 sangat rendah
E7: to transport water and minerals 1 3-pada musim luruh, daun 1
E8: to transport the products of 1 tumbuhan gugur//keamatan
photosynthesis / (dissolves)organic cahaya/suhu adalah rendah
product 4-kadar fotosintesis adalah sangat 1
(c) 6 rendah
P1: at low light intensity, rate of 1 5-pada musim bunga dan musim 1
photosynthesis low panas, keamatan cahaya/kepekatan
P2: increase light intensity will 1 karbon dioksida/suhu kekal pada
increase the rate of photosynthesis tahap optimum untuk fotosintesis
P3: until reach a 6-jadi kadar fotosintesis adalah 1
maximum/saturated point/level 1 maksimum/paling tinggi pada masa
P4: due to concentration of carbon 1 ini
dioxide become limiting factor 7-dalam rumah kaca, keamatan 1
P5: at extreme/very high light 1 cahaya/kepekatan karbon
intensity, rate of photosynthesis dioksida/suhu dikekalkan pada
decrease again tahap optimum sepanjang tahun
P6: because enzyme in chloroplast 1 8-menyebabkan kadar fotosintesis 1
denatured dikekalkan pada tahap maksimum
sepanjang tahun
9-tumbuhan berupaya 1
meningkatkan hasil tanaman /
keluaran sepanjang tahun
c) 1-pencemaran udara daripada 1 4
kilang//atau wastage
kenderaan/pembakaran 3-crops can be planted / poultry 1
membebaskan asap /jerebu tebal can be reared in big scale
2-asap/jerebu yang tebal 1 4-to prevent food shortage 1
menyebabkan keamatan cahaya 5-to increase commercial values /
yang diterima oleh tumbuhan easier to be transported 1
kurang 6-more varieties of food can be
3-pencemaran udara daripada 1 produced 1
aktiviti kuari / pembakaran
membebaskan debu yang banyak Bad effects:
4-debu melekat pada permukaan 1 1-loss of nutrition value (under high 1
daun menyebabkan keamatan temperature during processing)
cahaya kurang diserap oleh 2-contin
klorofil/tumbuhan preservative/colouring/dye which is 1
5-debu juga menutup bukaan liang 1 carcinogenic
stoma tumbuhan 3- leas to mutation/ cancer/health 1
6-menyebabkan kadar fotosintesis 1 problems
rendah/kurang 4-contain excessive salt/sugar 1
5-leads to high blood 1
pressure/obesity
6(a) P1-hydroponic 1 4
P2-grow plants in culture solution
P3-the root of the plants are 1
immersed in solution
P4-which contains all the 1 CHAPTER 7
macronutrients and micronutrient
in correct proportion 1 a)Objective
P5-culture solution is aerated 1 1. 2. B 3. A 4. C 5. C
P6-to provide sufficient oxygen for 1 6. D 7. B 8. A 9. D 10. C
respiration 11. 12. C 13. A 14. B 15. B
(b) Advantages 6 16. A 17. A 18. D 19. B 20. B
P1- used to produce disease 1 21. D 22. D
resistant/pest resistant plants
P2-less pesticides are used 1
P3-less pollution to the 1 b) Structure
environment 1
P4-increases yield of crops / profits 1 P1- the phospholipid molecules can 1 1
P5-help to solve problems of 1 a(i) move, making the plasma membrane
fluid
insufficient food
P6-incrase resistance in plant to 1 P2-the protein do not form a 1
continuous layer but are scattered in
herbicide e.g. soya bean plantation 1
P7-higher vitamin A / beta carotene the plasma membrane giving it a Any
mosaic appearance 1
content in rice/ etc 1
P8- helps to solve problems of (ii) P1-faccilitated diffusion occurred 1 2
malnutrition 1 P2-the glucose molecule binds to the
P9-produce crops with longer shelf 1 specific binding site of a carrier 1
life Any protein
P10-prevent food wastage 4 P3-the carrier protein alters its shape 1
and the glucose molecules is moved
Disadvantages 1 by the carrier protein into the cell
P11-pest resistant genes may be (b)(i) Gills 1 1
transferred to weeds cause difficult 1 (ii) Gill filament 1 1
to control growth of weeds (iii) Adaptation
P12-some genetic modified crops F1-Filament have numerous thin 1 2
may have animals genes 1 walled lamellae // network of blood
P13-genetic modified organisms 1 capillaries
may affect the survival of other Any
organisms in the ecosystem 2 Explanation
P14-cause the imbalance of nature E1-to increase surface area for
c) Good effects: 10 gaseous exchange // to transport 1
1-food can be preserved longer 1 respiratory gases efficiently
2-to prevent food poisoning / 1 (iv) P1-dissolved oxygen in the water 1 2
diffuses into blood capillaries in the mengandungi karbon
gill filaments monoksida
While, E1: karbon monoksida
P2-carbon dioxide diffuses out 1 mempunyai keupayaan 1
through the gill capillaries into the yang tinggi untuk
water bergabung dengan
c(i) 1 1
haemoglobin berbanding
oksigen
E2: oleh itu, kurang oksigen 1
akan bergabung dengan
haemoglobin untuk
penghantaran dalam salur
darah P
d) E1: Kepekatan karbon 1 3
(ii) F1-Fish have closed circulatory 1 2 dioksida yang tinggi
system merendahkan nilai ph darah
Or
E2: pH yang rendah dikesan 1
F2-fish have single circulatory system 1
E1-oxygentaed blood flows from the 1 oleh kemoreseptor
gills to the cells directly pusat/kemoreseptor
peripheral
E3:impuls dihantar ke pusat 1
2.(a)(i) X : oksigen 1 2 respirasi dank e otot
Y: karbon dioksida 1 kardiak/otot
(ii) F1:alveolus mempunyai 1 2 interkosta/diafragma
dinding yang nipis/ setebal E4: meningkatkan kadar 1
satu sel denyutan jantung dan kadar
E1: gas boleh meresap 1 pernafasan
masuk dan keluar melalui E5: untuk menyingkirkan 1
dinding lebih cepat karbon dioksida berlebihan
F2:permukaan (dalaman) 1 (oleh itu, peratusan karbon
alveolus lembap dioksida kemmbali normal)
E2:membenarkan oksigen 1
untuk larut sebelum
meresap keluar 3.(a)(i Lungs 1 1
F3:permukaan luar alveolus 1 )
diliputi oleh jalinan kapilari ii) Gaseous 1 1
darah exchange//respiration
E3:meningkatkan luas 1 b) Diagram 3.1 1 Ma
permukaan untuk F1-oxygen diffuse from x2
penyerapan gas yang lebih alveolus into blood
cepat capillaries 1
b) F1: kepekatan gas X dalam 1 2 E1-Oxygen
salur darah Q adalah concentration/partial
rendah berbanding dengan pressure in alveolus is
gas Y higher than in blood
E1: oksigen telah digunakan 1 capillaries 1
oleh sel badan untuk F2-carbon dioxide diffuses
respirasi sel from blood capillaries to the
E2:respirasi sel alveolus
membebaskan gas Y 1 E2-carbon dioxide 1
C) F1: Asap rokok 1 3 concentration / partial
pressure in blood capillaries atmosphere diffuses (through
is higher than in alveolus stoma)
P3-into air spaces
Diagram 3.2 P4- then into mesophyll cells
F1-oxygen diffuses into P5-follow the concentration
mesophyll cells gradient
E1-oxygen diffuses into the 1
spaces between mesophyll Pore N
cells through stoma P1-Oxygen from the
F2-carbon dioxide diffuses 1 atmosphere diffuses (through
out from the space lenticel)
(between cells/mesophyll P2-into air spaces
cells) in the leaves to the 1 P3-between cork cells which are
atmosphere loosely arranged
E2-carbon dioxide Ma P4-then diffuses into the cells at
concentration/partial x2 the stem and (old) roots
pressure in blood capillaries C(i P1-The roots are sunk in water 2 2
is higher than in alveolus 1 ) P2-The plant carries out
anaerobic respiration
c) Human Plant 2 P3-Glucose is broken down in
Alveolus Leaf 1 the absence of oxygen
Carry out Carry out P4-Less gaseous exchange
respiratio photosynthe 1 (ii) 2
n sis Organ Leaves Roots
1 Produc Energy Energy/ATP,e
Absent of Presence of
ts of (ATP),ca thanol and
chloroph chlorophyll respira rbon carbon
yll tion dioxide dioxide
d) E1-carbon monoxide 1 Any and
E2-bind with haemoglobin 4 water
to form 1 d) To living organisms 1
carboxyhaemoglobin P1-Cannot carry out respiration 1
E3-less oxygen combines 1 P2-No oxygen released by the 1
with haemoglobin plant
E4-tobacco war will be 1
deposited
E5-reduce diffusion of gases c) Essay
1 F1: Spiracles have valves which can open 1 4
E6-heat from smoke 1
and close
E7-dry the surface of alveoli 1 (a) E1: to allow air to go in and out of the 1
E8-oxygen cannot be body
dissolved 1 F2: trachea are lined with ring of chitin 1
E2: chitin is strong to which prevent
them collapse 1
F3: air sac to assist the control of air
4.( Pore M / Liang M : Stoma / 2 2 pressure in the body
a) Stoma E3: speed up movement of gases (to and 1
Pore N / Liang N : Lenticel / from tissues during vigorous body
movement) 1
Lentisel
M
(b) Pore M 2 M ax
P1- (During day time) stoma/M ax 4
(on the epidermis of the leaf) 2 (b) Organism Q/insect: 6
opens P1: each muscle cell in the body of the 1
insect has one tracheole which can
P2-Oxygen from the
channel oxygen directly to the cell structures and intercostal m & the 1
which help muscle muscular
P2:the tracheole has a thin wall which
in external wall of
allows for easy diffusion of respiratory 1 respiration floor
gases buccal
P3: the tracheole consists of a moist cavity
layer so that respiratory gases can 1
dissolve in it
P4: large number of tracheoles also 1 2(a) P1-The frog lower the bottom level 4
provides a large surface area for gaseous of the bucco-pharyngeal
exchange A (mouth) cavity
n P2-Glottis closes
Organism R/Fish y P3-The volume of bucco-pharyngeal
P1:Numerous of filament and lamellae 3 (mouth) cavity increases
which increase the total surface area P4-The pressure of bucco-
(for efficiency of gaseous exchange in pharyngeal (mouth) cavity decreases
fish) 1 P5-Air is drawn into the bucco-
P2: membrane of gills is thin which allow pharyngeal (mouth) cavity
diffusion of respiratory gases (into blood P6-The nostril closes
capillary) P7-Glottis opens
P3: the filament is supplied with 1 P8-The floor of bucco-pharyngeal
(abundant) blood capillaries (for (mouth) cavity is raised
efficiency of gaseous exchange and) to P9-The pressure of bucco-
transport respiratory gases 1 pharyngeal (mouth) cavity increases
P4: the filament is surrounded by water 1 P10-Air is drawn into the lung
which enables the respiratory gases to A (b)(i) F1-Both have thin wall 1 4
dissolve easily n P1-Allow rapid exchange of gases 1
y F2-Both have moist surface 1
3 P2-For oxygen to dissolve 1
(c) Similarities F3-Both are numerous in numbers 1
F1: a large surface area to volume 1 P3-Increase the surface area 1
E1: to maximise respiration gaseous 4 P4-More exchange of gases 1
exchange 1 (F1 + P1 / F2 + P 2 / F3 + P3+ P4)
F2: cells lining the respiratory structure 1 (ii) P1-The abdominal muscles relax 1 6
are thin P2-Spiracles are open 1
E2: to allows gas diffusion to take place 1 P3-Air pressure in the abdominal 1
efficiently cavity decreases
F3:the surface of respiration structures 1 P4-Air / oxygen is drawn into the 1
are moist trachea
E3: to allow the respiration gases to 1 P5-Air/oxygen enters tracheol 1
dissolve in P6-Oxygen dissolve in the fluid(at
the end of the tracheol) 1
[note: F correct and E correct = 2 marks; P7-(dissolved) oxygen diffuse into 1
F correct, E incorrect = 1 mark] the body cells
c) P1-Carbon dioxide diffuses into 1 6
Differences blood plasma
Characteris P/ Q/
tics Human Fish
P2-Carbon dioxide diffuses into red 1
Respiratory Lungs Gills blood cells
organ 1 P3-Carbon dioxide reacts with water 1
Respiratory Alveoli Filament/ 6 (in the red blood cell)to form
structure Lamellae 1 carbonic acid
Respiratory Nostrils Mouth &
openings operculu P4-Carbonic acid dissociates to form 1
m 1 hydrogen ions and
Network of Alveoli are rich with Filament/l bicarbonate ions 1
blood blood capillary amellae 1
capillary are rich
P5-Bicarbonate ions diffuse from the
with blood red blood cells into the
capillary blood plasma 1
Air passage Nostrils>trachea>br Mouth>op 1 P6-(In the lungs), the bicarbonate
onchi>bronchioles> erculum
alveoli cavity>gill ions diffuse into the red blood
s and cells
lamellae> P7-To form carbonic acid 1
operculu
m
P8-Carbonic acid breaks down into
Other Diaphragm, rib cage Operculu carbon dioxide and waterP8-
P9-Carbon dioxide diffuses out from 1 P3-membentuk oksihaemoglobin 1
the red blood cells P4-oksihaemoglobin dibawa ke
sel/tisu badan 1
P5-oksihaemoglobin terurai kepada
haemoglobin dan oksigen 1
3(a) P1-semasa aktiviti cergas kadar 1 6
respirasi / denyutan jantung P6-oksigen meresap ke sel badan 1
(untuk respirasi sel)
meningkat
P2-otot berada dalam keadaan 1 Mana-mana 4
kekurangan oksigen / hutang oksigen
P3-respirasi anaerob berlaku 1 Pengangkutan karbon dioksida
P4-pengoksidaan separa glukosa P1-karbon dioksida diangkut dari sel 1
kepada asid laktik 1 ke peparu /alveolus
P5-tenaga yang dibebaskan P2-dalam bentuk ion hidrogen 1
karbonat dalam plasma
kurang/sedikit/2 ATP/ 150 kJ 1
P6- masih banyak tenaga uang P3-larut dalam plasma darah 1
P4-bergabung dengan haemoglobin
terperangkap diantara molekul asid 1
laktik membentuk karbaminohaemoglobin 1
P5-apabila darah tiba ke peparu,
(b)
karbon dioksida dibebaskan dan 1
Respirasi Respirasi
meresap keluar daripada kapilari
aerob anaerob
darah ke alveolus
Berlaku pada Berlaku pada 4
Mana-mana 3
semua sel sel tumbuhan 1
hidup tertentu, yis,
bakteria, sel
otot 4(a) Individual X 6
Memerlukan Tidak 1 F1-Anaerobic respiration / no oxygen 1
kehadiran memerlukan required
oksigen kehadiran P1-occur in cytoplasm 1
oksigen P2-the glucose is partially oxidised 1
Pengoksidaan Pengoksidaan 1 P3-release less energy / 150kj of 1
glukosa glukosa tidak energy (per mole of glucose)
lengkap lengkap P4- produce lactic acid 1
Menghasilkan Menghasilkan 1
karbon asid laktik dan Individual Y
dioksida, air tenaga (dalam F2-aerobic respiration / requires 1
dan tenaga otot) atau oxygen
etanol, karbon P5-occurs in mitochondria (and 1
dioksida dan cytoplasm)
tenaga (dalam P6-glucose is completely oxidised 1
yis) P7-release higher energy /2898kj of
Lebih banyak Kurang tenaga 1 energy (per mole of glucose) 1
tenaga dibebaskan / P8-produce carbon dioxide and 1
dibebaskan / 2ATP/150Kj water
38ATP/ 2898 kJ (ii) Wears track suit
Berlaku dalam Berlaku dalam 1 F-to prevent loss of heat 1 6
mitokondria sitoplasma P1-heat that traps by the track suit is 1
dan sitoplasma used to maintain the body
temperature
Mana-mana 4 P2-less oxygen is used to produce 1
(c) P1-tekanan separa oksigen di P 1 3 heat and the oxygen can be used to
oxidise lactic acid
rendah
P2-tekanan separa oksigen di Q
Takes a few long deep breaths
tinggi 1
P3-tekanan separa oksigen di R F – obtain more oxygen 1
P3- to pay oxygen debt 1
tinggi 1
P4 – oxygen is used to breakdown 1
(d) Pengangkutan oksigen 7
lactic acid
P1-oksigen diangkut dari peparu 1
/alveolus ke seluruh bahagian badan
Walks freely as a “cooling down” 1
/ sel
activity
P2-oksigen bergabung dengan 1
F-to maintain the blood circulation 1
haemoglobin di eritrosit
rate (to transport the lactic acid to
the liver) kemasukan cahaya
P5-to ensure that oxygen is supplied 1 matahari ke dalam sungai 1
continuously to the muscle cells P2- Menghalang proses fotosintesis
b) P1-the mountain climber is carrying 1 6 P3-Oksigen akan berkurang 1
/wearing the oxygen supply P4-Organisma akan mati 1
equipment / respirator Mana-mana 3
P2-as the altitude increase, the 1
atmospheric pressure decrease
P3-the partial pressure / amount of 1
oxygen decrease as well
P4-low atmospheric pressure cause 1
less air is drawn into the lungs 2(a) 1.Light intensity 1 2
P5-the mountain climber facing lack 1 2.temperature 1
of oxygen (in the body) (b) 2
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑢𝑎𝑙𝑠
P6-oxygen supply equipment / 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑡
respirator supply enough oxygen for 1 Density =
𝑄𝑢𝑎𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑡 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑥 𝑛𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑠
the body
28
P7-(it also) assists in maintaining the 1 =
4𝑥5 1
pressure of the lungs
P8-the mountain climber also 1 =1.4 per meter square
wearing thick clothes 1
P9-as altitude increase, the 1 (c) F: light intensity 1 3
temperature decreases 1 E1:more light energy absorb by 1
P10-thick clothes help the climber to Any chloroplast in Colocasia leaf
maintain the body temperature 6 E2: rate of photosynthesis high 1
E3: cause growth rate high 1
(d) F1: pond water become toxic 1 3
E1: damage the roots of plants in the 1
pond
CHAPTER 8 E2:decrease the growth rate of plant 1
Or
a)Objective F2:insecticide contain carcinogenic
1. D 2. D 3. C 4. A 5. B compound 1
6. C 7. A 8. B 9. C 10. D E1: lead to mutation in plant
11. A 12. C 13. B 14. C 15. C
E2: due to gene alteration / change in 1
16. C 17. C 18. C 19. D 20. B
DNA
21. A 22. A
1
e) F1: Used biological method /prey and 1
predator 2
b) Structure E1: using bird as predator to eat prey / 1
1(a) i. 50kj 1 2 grasshopper
ii. 5kj 1 F2:using lime powder/ calcium 1
(ii) Tenaga hilang kepersekitaran melalui 2 carbonate /dolomite
P1 - proses respirasi E2: neutralise acidic condition in pond 1
P2 - pembuangan bahan kumuh melalui 1
air kencing
P3 – pembuangan bahan kumuh 1 3(a)(i An ecosystem is a community of 1 1
melalui penyahtinjaan ) organisms / biotic components
Mana-mana 2 1 whichinteract with their non-living
B(I) Komponen Biotik :Tumbuhan, ikan, 1 2 environment/abiosis components.
penyu, katak, alga – (ii) Squirrel eat fruits from the tree // big 1 1
bird eat mouse in the garden.
Komponen abiotic :Udara, Air, 1 b(i) 2
cahayamatahari, pH tanah-
(II) 3
c) P1 – Pertumbuhan alga menghalang 1 3
(ii) 2 d) To give sufficient time for the 1 1
random dispersal and mixing among
the rats in the population.
e) Changes in the size of population 2
after three months can be caused
by:
•increase in number of the rats due 1
C(i) C1 : 10% x 1500 kJ 1 2 to increase in birth rate.
C2 : = 150 1 •decrease in number of the rats due 1
to death of old rats, diseases or
(ii) P1 lost to atmosphere as heat energy 1 2
eaten by predators. 1
P2 used to decompose dead matter (by
•migration (immigration or
decomposer) 1
emigration) of the rats.
P3 used to carry out metabolism
reaction in cells 1 f) •The nitrate fertilizer in the river 1 4
P4 respiration water is absorbed by the algal cells.
1 •Eutrophication occur 1
•The algae grow and reproduce
rapidly that they completely cover 1
the water.
4a) L: Sonneratia sp 1 2 •They block out the light for plants 1
M : Rhizophora sp 1 growing beneath them, which causes
Zon K//Zon L 1 1 death.
Zon K : Avicennia sp // Zon L : 1 1 •Decomposing bacteria acting on the 1
Sonneratia sp dead plants and algae compete for
F1 : Spesies perintis memerangkap 1 2 the oxygen in the water.
sampah sarap / lumpur •As a result, fish and other organisms 1
P1 :Kerana mempunyai akar 1 in the river die due to the lack of
pneumatofor / akar jangkang oxygen.
P2 :Tebing menjadi tinggi / keras / 1
padat/ kurang subur
P3 :yang tidak sesuai lagi untuk 1
spesies perintis tetapi sesuai untuk
c) Essays
spesies penyesar
C(i) 1 3 1(a)(i P1: The Quadrat Sampling Technique 1 6
) P2: Percentage coverage is an indication 1
of how much area of the quadrat is
1 occupied by a species.//Percentage
coverage is useful when it is not
1 possible to identify separate individuals.
P3: A clear trunk, without any boughs 1
and has a lot of Pleurococcus sp
(ii) -Apa-apa contoh tumbuhan daratan / 1 3 colonies on the bark is selected.
Hutan hujan tropika P4: The rope is tied around the trunk at 1
-kerana selepas 100 tahun kawasan the level with a lot of colony of
tersebut telah pun mencapai klimaks 1 Pleurococcus sp .
komuniti P5: The distance of the rope from the 1
-di mana spesies penyesar telah 1 ground is measured (x m)
berjaya mendominasi kawasan P6: A translucent Quadrat frame of 10 1
tersebut cm x 10cm in size is used for sampling.
P7: The quadrat is placed on the bark at
different aspects A,B,C,D and E 1
5(a) The capture and recapture 1 1 (to determine the percentage coverage)
technique. P8: Each small quadrat is 1% or 1cm2. 1
B(i) Mark the specimens using a non- 1 1 Only squares that are covered by half or
toxic permanent ink marker. more than half of the
(ii) -The mark must not be lost and must 1 2 species are counted 1
not inhibit normal body activities. P9: The squares that are covered by less
-The mark does not prevent the rat 1 than half are omitted. 1
from randomly mixing with the other P10: Percentage coverage for all
unmarked rats. quadrats is estimated by using : 1
c) Population = (100 x 140) / 40 1 2
= 350 rats 1
(ii) p1: At B population size/percentage 1 6 about
coverage of Pleurococcus sp is high the importance of health / any suitable
//at A and E Percentage coverage of example
Pleurococcus sp is lower. F4: Restrict laws / Laws enforcement
P2: At B Light intensity is optimum for 1 P5: compound / jail / any reasonable
Pleurococcus sp to carry out punishment
photosynthesis at maximum rate.
P3: At B the growth rate of Pleurocccus 1
sp is higher
P4: At A, Light intensity is very high , 2(a)(i) F-komensalisme 4
dehydrate the cells of the 1 P1- orkid ialah komensal / epifit 1
Pleurococcus sp /less moist manakala pokok adalah perumah
P5: At A, not suitable for the growth of P2-komensal /epifit mendapat 1
Pleurococcus sp/the growth rate 1 keuntungan makanala perumah
of Pleurocccus sp is low tidk mendapat keuntungan atau
P6: At E, light intensity is low, the rate kerugian 1
of photosynthesis is low 1 P3-orkid mendapat keuntungan //
P7: At E, the growth rate of Pleurocccus tidak mengancam perumah
sp is low P4-dengan menumpang pokok 1
B(i) P1: Vector that transmit pathogen 1 6 lebih tinggi, orkid mendapat lebih
disease is Aedes (aegypti betina) banyak cahaya untuk fotosintesis
/Aedes sp mosquito [F + mana-mana 3P]
P2: Pathogen that cause dengue fever is 1 (ii) P1-Burung hantu adalah pemangsa 1 6
virus, dan tikus adalah mangsa
P3: Dengue viruses are transmitted to P2-peningkatan mangsa
humans (host) through the bites of the 1 menyebabkan peningkatan 1
(female striped) Aedes (aegypti) pemangsa
mosquito (vector). P3-ada makanan (mangsa)//lebih
P4: These mosquito breeds easily during 1 banyak makanan (mangsa) dalam 1
the rainy seasons / fresh water / any habitat
suitable example / e.g. water that is P4-apabila pemangsa memburu 1
stored in plastic bags / cans / mangsa sebagai makanan, bilangan
flowerpots / old tires. mangsa akan berkurang.
P5: causes / able to state any symptom: 1 P5-apabila populasi mangsa
- High fever (104 F, 40°C) with severe berkurang, populasi pemangsa 1
body pain and rashes over juga akan berkurangan
parts of the body// deep muscle and P6-makanan berkurangan 1
joint pains (during first P7-pengurangan pemangsa 1
hours of illness) and Chills menyebabkan mangsa dapat terus
- Severe headache and vomiting hidup dan membiak.Oleh itu
/nausea populasi mangsa akan meningkat
- Red eyes, pain in the eyes kembali 1
- Enlarged lymph nodes P8-kitaran populasi akan berulang
Loss of appetite dan dikatan sebagai keseimbangan
- Low blood pressure and heartbeat dinamik
rate c) E1-R/Nitrogen fixing 1 10
- Extreme fatigue bacteria/Azotobacteria sp./Nostoc
[ Any 3 symptoms ] sp./Clostridium sp./Rhizobium sp
(ii) F1: keep environment clean 5 E2-convert nitrogen into
P1: by carrying out „gotong-royong‟ (in ammonium compound 1
local community) E3-S/nitrifying 1
P2: bury cans / bottles / old tyres / any bacteria/nitrosomonas sp convert
example in the ground to avoid ammonium compounds into
water retention nitrites 1
F2: control the population of Aedes E4-T/nitrifying bacteria /
mosquitoes larvae nitrobacter sp. convert nitrites into
P3: put medication to kill the larvae / nitrates 1
abate / spray insecticides (reject: E5-(Nitrate) are absorbed by plants
mention the brand / Ridsect) to make protein 1
F3: Awareness campaign E6-when animals eats the plants,
P4: carry out poster / colouring the protein is transferred to the
competition / talks / educate people animals 1
E7-waste materials / faeces/ urea/ terrestrial plants such as Nypa sp/
excretory nitrogenous plants 1 pandanus sp began to replace
E8-when animals/plants die 1 Bruguiera sp. /Zone C
E9-are decomposed by U/ P16: Tropical rain forest develops
decaying bacteria/saprophytic 1 (Any 10)
bacteria/fungi b) P1 : natural biodegradation 10
E10-break them down to 1 process
ammonium compound in the soil P2 : add a chemical/ oil spill
E11-V /denitrifying bacteria dispersants to the oil spill
converts nitrates into nitrogen P3 : increase the surface area of
oil molecule
P4 : stimulate the growth of
3(a) P1 : The mangrove zone become Any bacteria
broader towards the sea from 10 P5 : bacteria digest the oil spill
their original P6 : by using enzyme lipase
position (from 1995 to 2015) P7 : the oil will be broken down
P2 : Colonisation and Succession into small molecule
has occurred P8 : by using natural fibre from
Pioneer species: plant /e.g wild lemon grass
P3 : Avicennia sp /Zone A colonies P9 : as an absorbent
of open area, exposed to the sea P10: absorb and coagulate the oil
waveand wind. P11: the combination of fibre and
P4 : Sonneratia sp/Zone A colonies oil will not harm other organism in
at shady area , not exposed to the mangrove ecosystem.
seawater. P12 : physically removing the oil
P5 : Avicennia sp / Zone Ahas like using scoops
cable root system to withstand in P13 :Law enforcement to the oil
the soft and muddy soil and wave company to fully responsible for
action. the
P6:The roots of the pioneer cleaning of affected mangrove
species trap the mud, causing the swamp.
soil to become more compact / (Any 10)
soil level increases
P7: (as the soil increases)
exposure to the tides and this 4(a)(i) F1: colonization is a process by 1 2
makes the soil unsuitable for the which living organisms conquer or
pioneer species. occupy a new area that has never
been occupied by other organisms
Primary successor F2: succession is the process of 1
P8: Rhizophora sp / Zone B replacing a species by other species
replace Avicennia sp / Zone A gradually and sequentially
P9: Rhizophora sp / Zone B has (ii) P1: the pioneer species in the pond 1 8
prop root is aquatic plants / phytoplankton/
P10: The roots of the primary algae/submerged plants /Hydrilla
successor species trap the mud, sp/, cabomba sp./elodea sp
causing the soil to become more P2: these plants have fibrous roots 1
compact / soil level increases to penetrate deep into the soil to
P11: (as the soil increases) absorb nutrients and bind sand
exposure to the tides and this particles together
makes the soil unsuitable for the P3: when the pioneer species die 1
primary successor species. and decompose, more organic
nutrients/ humus are released into
Secondary successor the pond
P12: Bruguiera sp / Zone C replace P4: the humus / and soil which 1
Rhizophora sp / Zone B erode from the pond apron are
P13 : when the land become deposited at the base of the pond
higher/ firm and this causes the pond to become
P14: Bruguiera sp / Zone C is a shallow
larger species. P5: the condition becomes 1
unfavourable for submerged plants
Climax community: but more suitable for floating plants
P15: (As the time passed), / duckweeds (Lemna sp.)/ water
hyacinths (Eichornia sp.)/ Lotus
plants (Nelumbium sp.)
CHAPTER 9
P6: the floating plants spread to
cover a large area of the water 1 a)Objective
surface and prevent sunlight from 1. D 2. D 3. A 4. C 5. B
reaching the submerged plants 6. D 7. D 8. D 9. B 10. A
P7: as a result, the plants die 1 11. C 12. C 13. A 14. A 15. B
because they cannot 16. B 17. B 18. B 19. A 20. C
21. B 22. A
photosynthesise
P8: the decomposed remains of 1
submerged plants add more organic
matter to the base of the pond b) Structure
P9: as a result, the pond becomes 1(a)(i 15 km 1 1
more and more shallow which 1 )
makes it unsuitable for the floating (ii) P1-Water pollution 1 2
plants
P2-Pesticide/ herbicide / fungicide/ 1
P10: the floating plants are 1 insecticide
subsequently replaced by emergent
plant / sedges/ cattails OR
P11: the emergent plants grow 1
from the edge of the ponds 1 P1-Eutrophication 1
towards the middle of the pond as P2-Faeces / fertilizer’s
the pond becomes more shallow
b) 1 2
P12: the condition of the pond now 1
becomes more favourable for land
plants / small herbaceous weeds
/Ageratum conyzoides, / euphorbia
hirta / oldentandia dichotoma.
P13: as time passes, the land
becomes very much drier 1
P14: land plants such as shrubs,
bushes and woody plants become 1 Oxygen level in the water drops, they 1
more numerous die / their population decrease.
P15: a jungle emerges and c) Agriculture activities releases fertilizer 4
eventually turns into a tropical 1 / nitrates / phosphates
rainforest which also known as o Decomposition of the waste product/ 1
climax community sewage release mineral / ions
(b) P1: excess fertilisers which has very 1 8 o Leaching / Washing down the
high content of nitrates / fertilizers and ions/minerals into 1
phosphates dissolved in rain water / the river, accelerate / promotes alga
flow into the pond and aquatic plant growth/algal
P2: enhances the growth of algae / 1 blooming
causes alga to grow rapidly o Prevent penetration of sunlight into 1
P3: which leads to eutrophication // 1 the river and inhibit
algal bloom photosynthesis process
P4: the alga covers the surface of o Oxygen content decrease, aquatic 1
the pond and blocking sunlight to 1 organisms die.
penetrate into the water d) High agriculture sewage provides food 3
P5:causes aquatic plants rate of / organic substances for
photosynthesis lower 1 microorganisms
P6: less oxygen released o Encourages the population of 1
P7: aquatic organism’s rate of 1 bacterial in the river.
photosynthesis lower 1 o There is increase in oxygen
P8:(aquatic organism competing consumption by the bacteria / High 1
with the algae for oxygen 1 BOD
P9: leads to death of aquatic o Therefore the oxygen content in the 1
organism 1 river decrease
P10: rate of decomposition by
bacteria higher 1
P11:less oxygen dissolved in water 2(a) Greenhouse effect 1 1
P12: BOD of water higher / water 1 (b) P1-deforestation reduces the 1 4
polluted number of trees
P2-less photosynthesis 1 P6: caused extinction of species
P3-less carbon dioxide absorbed by 1 and varieties of plant and animal
trees P7: the removal of the base of
P4-accumulation of carbon dioxide 1 numerous food chain / web / other
in the atmosphere source
P5-trap the heat F3: caused climatic changes
P6-increase the earth temperature P8: disrupts the normal weather
P7-global warming patterns / creating hotter / drier
c) P1-limit deforestation 1 3 weather
P2-limit open burning 1 P9: removal of trees will reduces
P3-replanting 1 transpiration / rain fall / absorption
P4-use alternative source of energy of carbon dioxide
(solar energy)/hybrid car 1 P10: high level of carbon dioxide
P5:car pool 1 lead to greenhouse effect / global
P6:use public transport 1 warming
d(i) Drought 1 1 F4: disrupts the nutrient / carbon /
(ii) F1:crop yields decreases 1 3 nitrogen cycle
P1:water content in the soil 1 P11: atmospheric carbon dioxide
decreases concentration may rise / less
P2:depletion of minerals (in the 1 carbon
soil) dioxide removed for
P3: the soil becomes infertile 1 photosynthesis
(F + Any 2ps) P12: atmospheric oxygen is less
produced by photosynthesis
P13: Reduction in soil fertility
F5: Industries/ factories/ vehicles
c) Essays contribute to air pollution
P14: Industries emit pollutants
1.(a) Good Effect 10 such as sulphur dioxide/ oxides of
G1: Build / Develop residence to nitrogen/ smoke/fine solid
accommodate the increase in particles which can cause
population. respiratory
G2: Industrial / factory to increase problems/asthma/bronchitis
job opportunities / increase the P16: Acid rain makes the soil acidic
income/ economic. / unsuitable for the cultivation of
G3: Develop road system to crops
shorten travelling time / reduce P17: smoke / haze reduce light
traffic jam. intensity cause the rate of
G4: Restructuring of infrastructure photosynthetic decrease.
facilities / upgrade the P18: Which subsequently reduces
Infrastructure / example crop yield
ANY 2 P19: Hot water is discharged into
nearby lakes and river lead thermal
Bad Effect pollution
F1: causes soil erosion / landslides P20: cause instant death of aquatic
/ flash flood species/
P1: forest floor stripped of it Any 8
vegetation / absence of plant root
system 2(a)(i) -Graf menunjukkan hubungan 8
make the soil structure unstable antara kenaikan paras karbon
P2: when it rains heavily, top layer dioksida dan kenaikan suhu global
of the soil removal and thinning / purata dari tahun 1890 hingga
crumble and lead to soil erosion / tahun 2000
landslides -Daripada graf didapati peningkatan
P3: eroided soil then carried and suhu global sejajar dengan
deposited at the bottom of river / peningkatan paras kepekatan
flash flood karbon dioksida
P4: depletion of water catchment -Keadaan ini dikaitkan dengan
areas fenomena kesan rumah hijau
F2: results in loss of biodiversity -Apabila sinaran matahari
P5: the loss of habitats of flora and memancar ke bumi, sebahagian
fauna sinar dipantul balik ke angkasa
-Manakala sebahagian lagi sampai P7 – plant quick growing and deep-
ke bumi dan dipantul balik ke rooted trees to prevent soil
angkasa erosion.
-Kehadiran gas karbon dioksida (ii) P1 – to obtain timber for 6
yang banyak membentuk satu construction
lapisan gas rumah hijau ruang P2 - to obtain wood for producing
angkasa paper and other wood products.
-Menyebabkan sebahagian haba P3 – wood for cooking and heating
yang dipantulkan dari permukaan purposes
bumi diperangkap dan dipantul P4 – to clear land for agricultural,
balik ke permukaan bumi such as planting crops and grazing
-Pemerangkapan haba ini livestock.
menyebabkan peningkatan suhu P5 – for mining of mineral such as
bumi tin and iron.
-Maka apabila kepekatan karbon P6 – for urbanisation // building of
diosida meningkat, suhu bumi juga roads and buildings.
meningkat P7 – to build dam for water
(ii) -Jika kepekatan karbon dioksida 6 reservoir.
terus meningkat, P8 – to build hydroelectric power
kesan rumah hijau terus meningkat. station.
-Ini menyebabkan air batu di kutub P9 – to build recreation park
mencair (b) F1 – CFC Free is used to reduce 10
-Dan paras laut akan meningkat ozone depletion.
-Banjir akan berlaku di sana sini P1 – the destruction of the ozone
-Perubahan arah tiupan angina layer is mainly due to increasing
-Menyebabkan musim akan levels of CFC (
berubah/ kemarau Chlorofluorocarbons) in the
-Keadaan ini menggangu / atmosphere.
merosotkan hasil pertanian P2 – ozone layer absorb ultraviolet
b) -Pembakaran hutan menyebabkan 6 (UV) radiation
Pemusnahan habitat flora dan P4 – and shield organisms from its
fauna liar akan pupus damaging effects // mutation //
-Tiada kawasan tadahan hujan skin
menyebabkan hakisan tanah/ tanah cancer // reduce immune system
runtuh/ banjir kilat of animals and humans.
-tanah kurang subur dan hasil P5 – CFCs are used as coolants in
pertanian merosot air conditioners and refrigerator //
-Menyebabkan kehilangan propellants in aerosol cans //
biodiversiti kerana tumbuhan dan foaming agents in the making of
haiwan pupus Styrofoam packaging.
-Kitar karbon dan kitar oksigen akan P6 – CFCs are currently being
terganggu apabila tiada tumbuh- replaced by HFC.
tumbuhan P7 – HFC do not break down ozone
-Pembakaran menghasilkan debu molecule
yang menyebabkan pencemaran P8 – or replaced by HCFCs which
udara has a low ozone breakdown.
-Menjejaskan proses fotosintesis F2 – hybrid car using both
(debu menutup permukaan daun) conventional petrol engine and
-Manusia terdedah kepada penyakit electric
berkaitan dengan system respirasi generators.
P9 – it reduce emission of
greenhouse gases / CO2.
3.(a)(i) P1 – only mature trees are 4 P10 – example: carbon dioxide
removed. (CO2)// nitrous oxide (N2O).
P11 – an increase of carbon dioxide
P2 – Reforestation // large scale
replanting of trees. concentration in the atmosphere
leads to greenhouse effect.
P3 – establishing forest reserve
P4 – to maintain the equilibrium of P12 – also cause global warming //
the ecosystem the Earth’s average temperature
P5 – law of forest enforcement rises // melting of polar ice caps //
continuously causing sea levels to rise //
P6 – maximise recycle campaign. flooded in low land area // drought
// risk to human health such
as heat related illness.
P13 – use unleaded petrol is to
reduce emission of lead from
motor
vehicles
P14 – lead is an air pollutant which
may leads to brain damage
//kidney and digestive problems.
[ Any 10]
4. P1-the activity cause noise pollution 1 5

P2-if the noise above 80dB can
cause deafness 1
P3-can leads to stress related 1
problems such as high blood
pressure/headaches/ulcers
P4-also stimulate adrenaline 1
secretions
P5-which also cause high blood 1
pressure / increase in heart
rate/respiration rate
P6-also can cause muscle becomes 1
tense
(b) Impact 5
P1-hot water release from the plant 1
cause thermal pollution
P2-increases the temperature of 1
water in the river
P3-can cause instant death to 1
certain aquatic organisms
P4-hot water also cause oxygen 1
becomes less soluble in water
P5-increase growth rate of algae 1
P6-leads to higher BOD
Precautions
P1-Treat/cool the water before 1
released into the river
P2-use cooling towers 1
P3-us alternative energy/renewable 1
energy/solar energy to generate
power
P4-have campaign to educate the
public on effects of pollution

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ANSWER SCHEME

b) Structure Tissue Q- (Contract and relax) to 1

P10-the red blood cell undergone 1

3(a)(i) X: Fatty acids 1 2

4(a) Name of the hypothesis: Lock and key 1 3

6(a)(i) X:sucrose 3/ 2 F3-amylase/amyloglucosidase 1

Asimilasi dalam sel badan

c) P1 – Pertumbuhan alga menghalang 1 3

4. P1-the activity cause noise pollution 1 5

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