Question 1

A. Pump power of Gumung Tank and Bukit Kauh Tank.

Let the surface of Gumung Tank be the ① the surface of Bukit Kauh Tank be ②.
Apply mechanical energy balance between the Gumung Tank and Bukit Kauh
Tank.

𝑝" 𝑢"' 𝑝' 𝑢''

+ + 𝑧" + ℎ+ = + + 𝑧' + ℎ-
𝜌𝑔 2𝑔 𝜌𝑔 2𝑔
Assume the surface of tank is large, velocity of water at ① and ② are 0 (i.e. u1=0;
u2=0)
Because both surface are free surface, connecting with the atmosphere,
p1=p2=patm.
Let Gumung Tank be the datum height, so z1=0m; z2=125m.
Hence,
ℎ+ = (𝑧' − 𝑧" ) + ℎ-
Daily volume=1.4L/s (i.e. Q=1.4*10-3 m3/s)
2 2 ".9×";<=
The velocity through the pipe u = = 456
= = 0.71𝑚 𝑠
3 ;.'>×?×;.;>6
7

𝐿 𝑢'
ℎ- = 𝑓
𝐷 2𝑔
In order to obtain hf, we need use moody diagram.
𝐷𝑢𝜌 𝐷𝑢 0.05×0.71
Re = = = = 3.55×109
𝜇 𝜈 1×10MN
Because Re>4000, it is turbulent flow.

𝜀 0.000046
= = 0.00092
𝐷 0.05
From the moody diagram, f=0.0251

T V6 "">X ;.X"6
Hence, ℎ- = 𝑓 = 0.0251× × = 14.94𝑚
U 'W ;.;> '×Y.Z

ℎ+ = 125 + 14.94 = 139.94𝑚

P = ρghQ = 998×9.8×139.94×1.4×10Ma = 1.916𝑘𝑊

B. Pump power of Sukun Spring and Bukit Kauh Tank.

Let the surface of Sukun spring be ③; the surface of Bukit Kauh Tank is the same.
Repeat the calculation above, apply mechanical energy balance between the
Sukun spring and Bukit Kauh Tank.

𝑝a 𝑢a' 𝑝' 𝑢''

+ + 𝑧a + ℎ+ = + + 𝑧' + ℎ-
𝜌𝑔 2𝑔 𝜌𝑔 2𝑔
where, ∆p and ∆u are the same as the value between Gumung Tank and Bukit
Kauh Tank. ∆z = 𝑧' − 𝑧a = 50𝑚. Hence, ℎ+ = ∆𝑧 + ℎ-
Because velocity of water and roughness in the pipe doesn’t change, f is the
same as the value between Gumung Tank and Bukit Kauh Tank.

T V6 a>" ;.X"6
ℎ- = 𝑓 = 0.0251× × = 4.53𝑚
U 'W ;.;> '×Y.Z

ℎ+ = 50 + 4.53 = 54.53𝑚
P = ρghQ = 998×9.8×54.53×1.4×10Ma = 0.747𝑘𝑊

C. Pump power of Batu Asah Spring and Bukit Kauh Tank.

Let the surface of Batu Asah spring be ④; the surface of Bukit Kauh Tank is the
same.Repeat the calculation above, apply mechanical energy balance between
the Batu Asah Spring and Bukit Kauh Tank.

𝑝9 𝑢9' 𝑝' 𝑢''

+ + 𝑧9 + ℎ+ = + + 𝑧' + ℎ-
𝜌𝑔 2𝑔 𝜌𝑔 2𝑔
where, ∆p and ∆u are the same as the value between Gumung Tank and Bukit
Kauh Tank. ∆z = 𝑧' − 𝑧a = 30𝑚. Hence, ℎ+ = ∆𝑧 + ℎ-
Because velocity of water and roughness in the pipe doesn’t change, f is the
same as the value between Gumung Tank and Bukit Kauh Tank.

T V6 N9" ;.X"6
ℎ- = 𝑓 = 0.0251× × = 8.28𝑚
U 'W ;.;> '×Y.Z

ℎ+ = 30 + 8.28 = 38.28𝑚
P = ρghQ = 998×9.8×38.28×1.4×10Ma = 0.524𝑘𝑊
Comparing the pump head of three different tank, Gumung Tank is the highest
one and Batu Asah Spring is the lowest one, hence, Batu Asah Spring will be the
best option.

Question 2

(a) Moving the pump higher will not decrease pump head. Because the height
difference is constant, and the length of pipe is constant, so the friction head
is constant. ℎ+ is mainly influenced by ℎ- and ∆𝑧 (i.e. ℎ+ = ∆𝑧 + ℎ- ).
Hence, the pump head will not decrease.
(b) From question 1, we know that u=0.23m/s, Re=1.15×109 , f=0.0305
To avoid cavitation, the fluid head on the suction side of pump must be
mno
greater than the vapor pressure head (i.e. ℎk > )
pW

𝑝"
ℎk = + 𝑧" − ℎ-k
𝜌𝑔
"'>
If we assume the centerline of the pump is z2=0, then 𝑧" = −𝐿× (where
"">X
L is the length of the pipe). Therefore,
𝑝" 125 𝐿 𝑢' 𝑝q+
− 𝐿× −𝑓 >
𝜌𝑔 1157 𝐷 2𝑔 𝜌𝑔

+r "'> T V6 +no
Maximum L without cavitation occurs when − 𝐿× −𝑓 =
pW "">X U 'W pW

100.2×10a 125 𝐿 0.71' 2.34×10a

− 𝐿× − 0.0251× × =
998×9.8 1157 0.05 2×9.8 998×9.8
 0.12L = 10
L = 83.38m
125
𝐻vwx = 𝐿× = 9𝑚
1157
Hence, the maximum height to which the pump should be moved relative to
Gumung Tank is 9m.

Question 3

We separate the whole pipe into three parts.

The first part is from the pump to the joint with new pipe (without the joint).
The second part is the new pipe (with four elbow 90º joint and two
contraction joint).
The third part is from the joint of new pipe to Bukit Kauh Tank
(without the joint).

We analyze the system in these three parts.

A. Part ①
Apply mechanical energy balance.

𝑝" 𝑢"' 𝑝' 𝑢''

+ + 𝑧" + ℎ+" = + + 𝑧' + ℎT"
𝜌𝑔 2𝑔 𝜌𝑔 2𝑔

where, D=0.05, L=300, velocity through the pipe u=0.71m/s Δp" is constant,
𝑢z{ = 𝑢|V} , hence, Δu" =0, Δz" is constant
𝐿 𝑢' 300 0.71'
ℎT" = 𝑓 = 0.0251× × = 3.87𝑚
𝐷 2𝑔 0.05 2×9.8

∆+r
Hence, ℎ+" = + Δz" + 3.87𝑚
pW
B. Part ②
Apply mechanical energy balance.

𝑝" 𝑢"' 𝑝' 𝑢''

+ + 𝑧" + ℎ+' = + + 𝑧' + ℎT'
𝜌𝑔 2𝑔 𝜌𝑔 2𝑔
where, D= 0.1m, L=101m
2 2 ".9×";<=
The velocity through the pipe u = = 456
= = 0.18𝑚 𝑠
3 ;.'>×?×;."6
7

𝐿 𝑢' 𝑢' 𝑢'

ℎT = 𝑓 + 4×𝐾" + 2×𝐾'
𝐷 2𝑔 2𝑔 2𝑔
' '
Ur6 ;.;>6 U66
where, K1=0.8, K2= 1 − = 1− = 0.5625 , K3= 0.5× 1 − = 0.5×
U66 ;."6 Ur6

;.;>6
1− = 0.375
;."6

In order to obtain hL, we need use moody diagram.

𝐷𝑢𝜌 𝐷𝑢 0.1×0.18
Re = = = = 1.8×109
𝜇 𝜈 1×10MN
Because Re>4000, it is turbulent flow.

𝜀 0.000046
= = 0.00046
𝐷 0.1
From the moody diagram, f=0.0275

T V6 V6 V6 V6 ";"
Hence, ℎT = 𝑓 + 4×𝐾" + 𝐾' + 𝐾a = 0.0275× + 4×
U 'W 'W 'W 'W ;."

;."Z6
0.8 + 0.5625 + 0.375 × = 0.05𝑚
'×Y.Z

𝑢z{ = 𝑢|V} , hence, Δu' =0

∆+6
Hence, ℎ+' = + Δz' + 0.05𝑚
pW

C. Part ③
Apply mechanical energy balance.

𝑝" 𝑢"' 𝑝' 𝑢''

+ + 𝑧" + ℎ+" = + + 𝑧' + ℎT"
𝜌𝑔 2𝑔 𝜌𝑔 2𝑔

where, D=0.05, L=300, velocity through the pipe u=0.71m/s Δp" is constant,
𝑢z{ = 𝑢|V} , hence, Δua = 0, Δz" is constant
𝐿 𝑢' 300 0.71'
ℎT" = 𝑓 = 0.0251× × = 3.87𝑚
𝐷 2𝑔 0.05 2×9.8

∆+=
Hence, ℎ+a = + Δza + 3.87𝑚
pW

Combining parts ①, ② and ③

∆𝑝" + ∆𝑝' + ∆𝑝a = ∆𝑝 = 𝑝•V‚z} ƒwV„ …w{‚ − 𝑝•w}V 3kw„ †+‡z{W = 𝑝w}v − 𝑝w}v = 0
∆𝑧" + ∆𝑧' + ∆𝑧a = Δz = 𝑧•V‚z} ƒwV„ …w{‚ − 𝑧•w}V 3kw„ †+‡z{W = 30𝑚
ℎ+ = ℎ+" + ℎ+' + ℎ+a = 30 + 3.87 + 0.05 + 3.87 = 37.79𝑚
P = ρghQ = 998×9.8×37.79×1.4×10Ma = 0.517𝑘𝑊

Comparing to the pump power in question1, the new pump power is smaller than
the old system. It is mainly because that the diameter of new pipe is larger, as the
flow rate keeps constant, the velocity decreases, which leads to less friction head.
Hence, the pump head decreases and the pump power decreases.