MODULE II

EMULSION

RESERVOIR FLUID EXPERIMENT REPORT

Name : Afdhal Baravanni

Student ID : 12215050

Group : 3 (Shift of Wednesday)

Experiment Date : 16th November 2016

Experiment Due Date : 23rd November 2016

Lecturer : Zuher Syihab, ST, Ph.D.

Module Asisstant : Nikkie Nazneen (12213033)

Hanif Nur Alif (12213095)

LABORATORY OF RESERVOIR FLUID ANALYSIS

MAJOR OF PETROLEUM ENGINEERING

BANDUNG INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

2016

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 CONTENTS

COVER ….....................…………………………………………………………… 1

CONTENTS …..…………………………………………………………………… 2

LIST OF PICTURES ……………………………………………………………… 3

LIST OF TABLES ………………………………………………………………… 4

CHAPTER I PREFACE …….............……………………………………………. 5

1.1 Title of Module .…….........................………………………………......……… 5

1.2 Purpose of Module ....................…………………………………….......……… 5

1.3 Basic Theory .............................…………………………………….......……… 5

CHAPTER II DATA PROCESSING ….…………………..……………………. 6

2.1 Apparatus and Materials .……..............……………………………......……… 6

2.2 Experiment Data .……………………......................………………......……… 6

2.3 Data Calculation .……………………......................………………......……… 7

CHAPTER III ANALYSIS ……….....……….....………………………………... 11

3.1 Assumption .…...............................…………………………………......……… 11

3.2 Analysis .……...................................……………………………….......……… 11

CHAPTER IV CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ……...……… 14

4.1 Conclusions ………...................………………………………………………… 14

4.2 Recomendations ……….…………………………………………………..……. 14

4.3 Impression …….......................………………………………………………….. 14

BIBLIOGRAPHY …….....………………………………………………………… 16

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 LIST OF PICTURES

Figure 2.1 Gravity Settling 200 RPM Agitation : Cumulative Water Volume vs Time ..... 8

Figure 2.2 Gravity Settling 400 RPM Agitation : Cumulative Water Volume vs Time ..... 8

Figure 2.3 Gravity Settling 650 RPM Agitation : Cumulative Water Volume vs Time ..... 9

Figure 2.4 Chemical Substance Addition : Cumulative Water Volume vs Time …......…. 9

Figure 2.5 Heating : Cumulative Water Volume vs Time ……………………...……..…. 10

Figure 2.6 Cumulative Water Volume vs Time …………................…………...……..…. 12

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 LIST OF TABLES

Tabel 2.1 Experiment Data ………………………………………...……….…..…… 7

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 CHAPTER I

PREFACE

1.1 Title of Module

The title of this module is “Emulsion”.

1.2 Purpose of Module

1. To understand how and why emulsion forms.

2. To understand demulsification process.

1.3 Basic Theory

Emulsion is a mixture of two immiscible liquids (in normal condition, the liquid is

unmixable or unblendable). One of those liquids will be dispersed in another liquid. There are

three components of emulsion in this experiment, that is : water, oil, and emulsifying agent or

emulsifier. To form a stable emulsion, we need two immiscible liquids and stirring process.

Stability of emulsion affected by oil viscosity, the power of emulsifier, time, and stirring.

Emulsifier is a substance that hold stability of emulsion. Emulsifier can causes surface tension

decreasement and interfacial film forms between oil or water particles. Besides, the opponent

of emulsifier is demulsifier.

Demulsifier or emulsion breaker, is a class of specialty chemicals used to separate

emulsions. Demulsifier occurs in some stages, that is : flocculation, coalsescence, and solid

wetting. Demulsification method used chemical addition, electrostatic, gravity settling, and

heating.

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 CHAPTER II

DATA PROCESSING

2.1 Apparatus and Materials

1. Apparatus 2. Materials

a. Beaker glass 250 cc and 100 cc a. Crude oil

b. Measuring cylinder 100 ml b. Formation water

c. Heater c. Aquades

d. Mixer d. Demulsifier

e. Stopwatch

f. Dropper pippete

2.2 Experiment Data

We got all of data is zero for all experiment method during the experiment process. This

could happen because of the sample that we used. The sample wasn’t a good sample because

there was so many heavy molecules and it’s pasta-like. Then, assistants gave the reference

data.

Cumulative Water Volume (ml)

Time Gravity Settling Chemical
(minutes) Substance Heating
200 RPM 400 RPM 650 RPM Addition
0.5 15 10
1 39 18
1.5 46 29
2 10 8 15 49 39
2.5 51 43
3 52 47
3.5 53 48

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 4 15 22 23 53 49
4.5 54 49
5 54 49
5.5 55 50
6 21 38 27 55
6.5 56
7 25.5 56
7.5 56
8 33 39.5 30 56
8.5 57
9 36.5 57
9.5 57
10 39 39.5 32 57
11 40
12 40.5 40 33
13 41
14 41.5 40 34
15 42
16 42 40 35
17 42.5
18 42.5 36
19 42.5
20 42.5 37
22 37
24 38
26 38
28 38
30 38
Total
Volume
92 85 87
Emulsion
(ml)
Table 2.1 Experiment Data

2.3 Data Calculation

From Table 2.1, we can plot the data and built a chart for each experiment.

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 Gravity Settling 200 RPM Agitation
45

Cummulative Water Volume (ml)

40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
0 5 10 15 20 25
Time (Minutes)

Figure 2.1 Gravity Settling 200 RPM Agitation : Cumulative Water Volume vs Time

Gravity Settling 400 RPM Agitation

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Cummulative Water Volume (ml)

40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
Time (Minutes)

Figure 2.2 Gravity Settling 400 RPM Agitation : Cumulative Water Volume vs Time

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 Gravity Settling 650 RPM Agitation
40

Cummulative Water Volume (ml)

35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Time (Minutes)

Figure 2.3 Gravity Settling 650 RPM Agitation : Cumulative Water Volume vs Time

Chemical Substance Addition

60
Cummulative Water Volume (ml)

50

40

30

20

10

0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
Time (Minutes)

Figure 2.4 Chemical Substance Addition : Cumulative Water Volume vs Time

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 Heating
60

Cummulative Water Volume (ml)

50

40

30

20

10

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Time (Minutes)

Figure 2.5 Heating : Cumulative Water Volume vs Time

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 CHAPTER III

ANALYSIS

3.1 Assumption

1. There are no impurities substance inside the tools

2. Temperature and pressure is constant

3. Sample that we used is uncontaminated

4. After being mixed, the emulsion is homogeneous

5. Emulsifier is spread evenly on the sample

6. The heat when heating process is spread evenly

7. The water temperature that used for heating process is constant

8. There is no error in time measurement

3.2 Analysis
In this experiment, we have three method to break the emulsion, that is gravity setling,

chemical substance addition and heating. First, we make an emulsion sample by agitation,

mixing sample crude oil and formation water with a specific speed (RPM). There are three

speed of mixer that we used to make an emulsion system, i.e. 200 RPM, 400 RPM and 650

RPM. Based on table 2.1, we can plot the data and make the chart (figure 2.1, figure 2.2 and

figure 2.3); and we can conclude if the speed of agiation is faster, then we get more stable

emulsion. It could happen because the particle of oil and water are smaller if agitatition process

is faster, so that difficult to break the emulsion. Based on theory, the results are relevant, the

650 RPM agitation to make emulsion system is the most stable emulsion and a bit hard to

demulsifying it.

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 Next, we observe demulsification process of emulsion sample after mixing at 650 RPM

with chemical addition (demulsifier addition) and heating method. By comparing the

demulsification process using chemical addition, heating and gravity settling , we can say that

by adding demusifier, the demulsification process will be faster. Then, followed by

demulsification using heating method and the last, demulsification process using gravity

settling method. We can see from the table 2.1, figure 2.3, figure 2.4, figure 2.5, and figure

2.6 below this paragraph, by adding demulsifier, the emulsion will be break easily (the yellow

one). This could happen because demulsifier separate the oil and water particles and causing

flocculation, and coalescence forms. Flocculation is the accumulation of oil or water drops

without mixing this drops, which is an early stage in demulsification process. Then,

coalescence formed. Coalescence is the accumulation of oil or water drops until forming a new

bigger drop which has less total surface area. Finnaly, the oil will separate with water, break

the emulsion into oil and water phases.

Cumulative Water Volume(ml) vs Time (minute)

60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35

Gravity Settling 200 RPM Gravity Settling 400 RPM

Gravity Settling 650 RPM Chemical Substance Addition
Heating

Figure 2.6 Cumulative Water Volume vs Time

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 Besides of that, by heating the emulsion system, the heat will increase kinetic energy of oil

and water particles in sample. Beacause of that, the particles of oil and water will really want

to move and support the flocculation and coalescence process. With waiting for a specific time,

the emulsion will separate by itself. It’s called gravity settling method. The gravity make the

emulsion break, because the density of oil and water is different. Water has higher density than

oil, so the gravitational force make water particles move down and the oil go up. The gravity

settling method need more time to break the emulsion than two both by adding demulsifier and

heating method. The result that we got from reference data that assistance gave are relevant to

the theory.

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 CHAPTER IV

CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

4.1 Conclusions

1. Emulsion could formed because of two immiscible liquids, emulsifying agent and

agitation. Faster stirring and longer time to mixing process, an emulsion will be more stable

so demulsification process would be need more time.

2. The methods to break an emulsion that we practice in this experiment are gravity settling,

chemical substance addition, and heating. By adding demulsifier, demulsification process

happened faster. Then followed by using heating method, and gravity settling

4.2 Recommendations

In order not to have unsatisfying data result again, please check the provided samples in a

good condition or not, so we can observe the experiment easily and get a better result.

4.3 Impression

This 2nd module in Reservoir Fluid Lab Work will I remember in my whole lifetime. The

experiment was very cool, quite relaxed, but still serious. If it is allowed to be honest, this

module is more relaxed (I think) than my first module. In my first module, I am so badly

nervous because the atmosphere is so bad and make my adrenaline like a bomb but still cool.

In this module, the assistants are very kind, cheerful and friendly. On the apparatus test, we

all (group 3) thank God can answer the question in the initial test well, so there is no my friend

is “di-kick” (sorry I don’t know how to explain it in English wkwk). Sadly, module 2 is the

last experiment in reservoir fluid class. 

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 When kak Nikkie gave the TP, I am quite shock because below the TP’s question written

on it, “SELAMAT MENGERJAKAN DGN SEMANGAT YG MEMBARAVANNI”. It’s my

name. So I’m trying to calm down and study hard preparing my self because I know my friend,

Dicky as the head of my group, and kak Nikkie planning something evil to me. But I want to

say congratulation to her because being champion case study in Makassar (Sorry if it is

incorrect). I appreciate Bang Hanif that had made the apparatus test in a low-pressured test 

Honestly, this is the most cool experiment that I have done. Although there are many

experiment reports, tp, but makes my friends and I in order to study harder. Usually we learn

to advance in the CAS building for several hours before the lab begins. Unexpectedly, I was

going to miss the moment.

I want to thank to the assistant who guided us, kak Nikkie and bang Hanif which gave us

additional reference data. Thank you for lead us and sorry if we are so chili and make you

stress. I hope we always have membaravanni’s spirit forever. 

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 BIBLIOGRAPHY

McCain, William D., Jr., 1990. The Properties of Petroleum Fluids, 2nd Edition.
Oklahoma: Pen Well Publishing Co.

Laboratorium Analisa Fluida Reservoir. 2014. Buku Petunjuk Praktikum Fluida

Reservoir. Bandung: TM ITB

Siagian, Ucok. 2002. Diktat Kuliah Fluida Reservoir. Bandung: TM ITB

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