14031202 CIRCUIT THEORY Chapter 2: Circuit Elements

Chapter 2
14031202 Circuit Theory Circuit Elements
Prof. Adnan Gutub Prof. Adnan Gutub

Full Credit of theses slides are given to Dr Imran Tasadduq whom generously shared them for academic benefit Full Credit of theses slides are given to Dr Imran Tasadduq whom generously shared them for academic benefit
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Voltage and Current Sources Current Source

• An ideal voltage source is a circuit element that • An ideal current source is a circuit element
maintains a prescribed voltage across its that maintains a prescribed current through
terminals regardless of the current flowing in its terminals regardless of the voltage across
those terminals those terminals

Ideal Voltage Source Ideal Current Source

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Independent Voltage and Current Sources Dependent Voltage and Current Sources
• An independent source establishes a voltage or current in a circuit • Dependent sources establish a
without relying on voltages and currents elsewhere in the circuit. voltage or current whose value
depends on the value of a voltage or
current elsewhere in the circuit.
• The value of the voltage or current supplied is specified by the value
of the independent source alone.
• You cannot specify the value of a
dependent source unless you know
the value of the voltage or current on
which it depends.

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Instructor: Prof. Adnan Gutub 1

14031202 CIRCUIT THEORY Chapter 2: Circuit Elements

Figure 2.2 The circuit symbols for (a) an ideal dependent voltage-controlled voltage source, (b) an ideal dependent current-controlled voltage source, (c) an ideal dependent
voltage-controlled current source, and (d) an ideal dependent current-controlled current source.

Active Elements and Passive Elements

an ideal dependent voltage-controlled an ideal dependent voltage-controlled
voltage source current source • A device that generates electric energy such as, voltage and current
sources, are called active elements

• Passive elements are those devices that cannot generate electric

an ideal dependent current-controlled an ideal dependent current-controlled energy. Examples are resistors, inductors and capacitors.
voltage source current source

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Series and Parallel Connections Example 2.1 Which is valid ? Why ?

• In a series connection, current remains the same
i i i i
X X X X
v1 v2 v3 v4

• In a parallel connection, voltage remains the same

+ + + + valid valid invalid invalid valid

v i1 v i2 v i3 v i4
- - - -
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Example 2.2 Which is valid ? Why ? Assessment Problem 2.1/page 30

Answers:
a) :
vg = -2 V
ib
b):
P= -16 W (generated)
ib
invalid valid valid invalid 4

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Instructor: Prof. Adnan Gutub 2

14031202 CIRCUIT THEORY
Assessment Problem 2.2/page 30
Answers:
a) :
α = 0.6 A/V
b):
Ps = 375 W (dissipated)
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Resistance
• Resistance is denoted by “R”
• Its unit is “Ohm (Ω)”
Power & Resistance:
Power across resistance should be
• In a circuit, it is shown as: always positive
Resistance must absorb power
Resistance cannot supply power
Resistance is the capacity of materials to obstruct the flow of current
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Sign Convention
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Instructor: Prof. Adnan Gutub
Chapter 2: Circuit Elements
Analogy between Water and Circuits
Water tank
Water level
Water flow
Hole
Wheel
• Voltage :: The height of the water
• Current :: The volume of flow through the hole per second
• Resistance :: The size of the hole
• Power :: Water wheel hit by the flow from the hole
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Ohm’s Law
• In a resistor, voltage is directly proportional to current
v ∝ i => v = iR Ohm’s Law
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Important Facts
• All types of wires have resistance.
• Amount of resistance depends upon the material of wire
• For example, copper and aluminum have small values of resistance.
• That is why almost all wires are made up of either copper or aluminum
• All electrical appliances, components, gadgets, toys have resistance
• For example, a bulb has resistance and it lights when current passes through it
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14031202 CIRCUIT THEORY Chapter 2: Circuit Elements

Answers:
Conductance Example 2.3/page 33 a) :
va = 8 V
• The reciprocal of resistance is conductance ib = 10 A
vc = -20 V
id = -2 A
• The symbol of conductance is “G”
b):
• Unit of conductance is “Siemens (S)” or “mho ( )” Pa = 8 W
Pb = 500 W
Pc = 20 W
• G = 1/R because : v = iR v = i /G
Pd = 100 W

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Answers: Answers:
a) : a) :
vR = vg = 1 kV vg = 10 V
R = 200 kΩ Psource = -5 W
PR = 5 W
b):
b): G = 40 mS
vg= 40 V ig = 0.6 A
R= 533.33 Ω
P= 3 W c):
ig = 40 mA
c): vg = 200 V
ig = 40 mA
vg = 12 V
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Useful Circuit Symbols Flashlight

(a) Short circuit.

(b) Open circuit. +

–
+
(c) Switch.
–
Resistance and current in (a) and (b)?
What would happen if you connect the two holes of an electrical socket
23 with a wire? 24
Why an electrical appliance starts working when plugged into a socket?

Instructor: Prof. Adnan Gutub 4

14031202 CIRCUIT THEORY Chapter 2: Circuit Elements

Circuit Model for a Flashlight Solving Circuits

• A node is a point where two or more circuit elements meet.
• In the following circuit diagram, a, b, c and d are nodes
• A circuit is said to be solved when the voltage across and the current
+ in every element have been determined.

–
+

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Kirchhoff's Current Law (KCL) Example 2.6/page 39

• The algebraic sum of all the currents at any node in a circuit equals
zero
• Currents leaving a node are considered positive while currents
entering a node are considered negative
• In a series connection, current is the same in all elements

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• Write all possible KCL equations for the circuit shown below
Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law (KVL)
• The algebraic sum of all the voltages around any closed path in a
circuit equals zero
• Using the sign convention that a voltage drop is treated as a positive
number and a voltage rise is treated as a negative number, the KVL
equation for the following circuit can be written as:

• Node “a”: io – i2 = 0 vl – vc + v1 – vs = 0
• Node “b”: i1 – io – 6 = 0
• Node “c”: i2 – i1 + 6 = 0
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Instructor: Prof. Adnan Gutub 5

14031202 CIRCUIT THEORY Chapter 2: Circuit Elements

• Write all possible KVL equations for the circuit shown below
Example 2.7
i1
Write KVL equation for all the loops shown in
i2
the figure

• In the left loop: 120 – 200 + i1R = 0 => i1R = 80 (1)

• In the right loop: 8i2 – 120 = 0 => 8i2 = 120 (2)
• Equation (2) shows that voltage across 8 ohm resistor and 24 ohm
resistor is the same.

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Important Example 2.8

• When two or more elements are connected in parallel, the voltage
across these elements is the same.

a) Use Kirchhoff’s laws and Ohm’s law to find io in the circuit shown above
b) Test the solution for io by verifying that the total power generated equals
the total power dissipated.
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Assessment Problem 2.5

+ v2 – +
i5 v5
+ v1 – –

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Instructor: Prof. Adnan Gutub 6

14031202 CIRCUIT THEORY Chapter 2: Circuit Elements

Solution Assessment Problem 2.6

• Using KVL • Use Ohm’s law and Kirchhoff’s laws to find the value of R in the circuit
–24 + v2 +v5 – v1 = 0 (1) shown
• Using Ohm’s Law
v2 = 3i5, v5 = 7i5, v1 = 2(–i5) = –2i5
• Therefore, Equation (1) becomes
3i5 + 7i5 + 2i5 = 24
i5 = 2A
• Power of 24 V source is: p = –vi5 = –24x2 = –48 W
• Hence, the power delivered by the 24 V source is 48 W
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Solution to Assessment Problem 2.6 Problem 2.22/page 52

• Apply KVL:
• – 200 + vR + 120 = 0
• vR = 80 V
• Apply Ohm’s Law:
• i8 = 120/8 = 15 A; i = 120/24 = 5 A
• Apply KCL:
• – iR + i + i8 = 0
• iR = i + i8 = 5 + 15 = 20 A
• Apply Ohm’s law:
• R = vR/iR = 80/20 = 4 Ω

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Analysis of a Circuit Containing Dependent

Solution
a Sources
• Find the voltage vo across the 20 Ω resistor in the following circuit.

b c

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Instructor: Prof. Adnan Gutub 7

14031202 CIRCUIT THEORY Chapter 2: Circuit Elements

• To find vo, we need io so that we could apply Ohm’s law (vo = 20io)
• Using KCL at node b, Example 2.10
– i∆ + io – 5i∆ = 0 or io = 5i∆ + i∆ = 6i∆ (1)
• This equation has two unknowns. Therefore, we need one more equation. a) Use Kirchhoff’s laws and Ohm’s law to find the voltage vo as shown
• Applying KVL in the left loop in the following circuit.
– 500 + 5i∆ + vo= 0, or
– 500 + 5i∆ + 20io= 0
• Put the expression for io
in the above equation
– 500 + 5i∆ + 120i∆ = 0
i∆ = 4 A
• Substitute the value of i∆
in Equation (1), io = 24 A
• Using Ohm’s law, vo = 20io= 480 V 43 44

Solution to Example 2.10(a) Example 2.10

• To find vo, we need io so that we could apply Ohm’s law (vo = 3io) b) Show that the total power developed in the circuit equals the total
• Apply KVL in the right loop power dissipated.
• 2io + 3io – 3is = 0 => io = 3/5is
• Since 10V voltage source and the 6 Ω resistor are in parallel, the
voltage across the 6 Ω resistor is also 10 V.
• Therefore, using Ohm’s law, is = 10/6 = 5/3 A
• io = 3/5is = 3/5 x 5/3 = 1 A
• Using Ohm’s law, vo = 3io= 3 V

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Solution Assessment Problem 2.9

• Power from 10 V independent source = p = v(– is) = (10)(–5/3) • Find:
= –16.7 W a) Current i1 in µA
• Power from the dependent source = p = v(– io) = (3x5/3)(–1) = –5 W b) Voltage v in volts
• Power dissipated in the three resistors: c) Total power generated
• p6 = (is)2(6) = 16.7 W
d) Total power absorbed
• p2 = (io)2(2) = 2 W
• p3 = (io)2(3) = 3 W
• Power delivered = 16.7 + 5 = 21.7 W
• Power dissipated = 16.7 + 2 + 3 = 21.7 W
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Instructor: Prof. Adnan Gutub 8

14031202 CIRCUIT THEORY Chapter 2: Circuit Elements

a) Apply KVL in left loop:

b) KVL in right loop
– 5 + 54,000 i1 – 1 + 6,000 i6k = 0 (1)
– v6k + v + (1.8 * 103)i + 8 = 0
Apply KCL at node a
(6 * 103)i6 + v + (1.8 * 103).(–30 i) + 8 = 0
i1 + 30 i1 = i6k = 31 i1
Equation (1) becomes v = (31 i1).(6 * 103) + (30 i1).(1.8 * 103) – 8 = 0
-5 V + 24,000 i1 – 1 V + 186,000 i1 = 0 v = –2 V
Solving for i1
45,000 i1 + 186,000 i1 = 6 V
So:
240,000 i1 = 6 V
Thus,
i1 = 6/240,000 = 25 * 10-6 A

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• Apply KCL at node a

Assessment Problem 2.10 • – 5 + iφ +2iφ + i10 = 0 a
• i10 = 5 – 6 = –1 A
• iφ = 2 A • Apply KVL in right loop
• Find vs • vs – 30iφ + v10 = 0
• Find power of all elements • vs – 60 + 10(–1) = 0 => vs = 70 V

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Problem 2.27 Recommended Homework

• Find: • Examples: 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.6, 2.7, 2.8, 2.10
• i1, i2, io, v∆ • Assessment Problems: 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, 2.5, 2.6, 2.9, 2.10
• Problems: 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, 2.18, 2.19, 2.20
i1 i2

v∆

io 53 54

Instructor: Prof. Adnan Gutub 9