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Chapter 13 Power Series

Exercise 13A

1 f(x) = ln (1 + x) f(0) = ln 1 = 0
1 1
f 1(x) = f 1(0) = =1
1+ x 1+ 0
−1
f 2(x) = f 2(0) = –1
(1 + x )2
2
f 3(x) = f 3(0) = 2
(1 + x )3
−6
f 4(x) = f 4(0) = –6
(1 + x )4
1 2 1 3 1 4
Expansion f(x) = x − x + x − x + ...
2 3 4
2 f(x) = (4 + x)1/2 f(0) = 2
1 1
f 1(x) = (4 + x)–1/2. f 1(0) =
2 4
1 1
2
f (x) = – (4 + x) –3/2
f (0) = −
2
4 32
3 3 1 3
f 3(x) = (4 + x )−5 / 2 f 3(0) = × =
8 8 32 256
− 5 −5 1 −5
f 4(x) = (4 + x )−7 / 2 f 4(0) = × =
16 16 128 2048
 1  x  1  x  3  x  −5 
2 3 4
Expansion f(x) = 2 + x   + −  +  +   + ...
 4  2!  32  3!  256  4!  2048 
1 1 2 1 3 5
= 2+ x− x + x − x 4 + ...
4 64 512 49152
3 f(x) = e4x f(0) = e0 = 1
f 1(x) = 4e4x f 1(0) = 4
2 4x
f (x) = 16e f 2(0) = 16
3 4x
f (x) = 64e f 3(0) = 64
4 4x
f (x) = 256e f 4(0) = 256
 x2   x3   x4 
f(x) = 1 + 4x + 16   + 64   + 256   + ...
 2  3!   4! 
32 3 32 4
= 1+ 4x +8x 2 + x + x + ...
3 3
4 f(x) = (1 + x)n f(0) = 1
f 1(x) = n(1 + x)n–1 f 1(0) = n
2 n–2
f (x) = n(n – 1) (1 + x) f 2(0) = n(n – 1)
3 n–3
f (x) = n(n – 1) (n – 2) (1 + x) f 3(0) = n(n – 1)(n – 2)
f 4(x) = n(n – 1) (n – 2) (n – 3) (1 + x)n–4 f 4(0) = n(n – 1)(n – 2)(n – 3)
n(n − 1) 2 n(n − 1)(n − 2) 3 n(n − 1)(n − 2)(n − 3) 4
f ( x) =+
1 nx + x + x + x + ...
2! 3! 4!
5 f(x) = tan x
f 1(x) = sec2x
f 2(x) = 2 sec x sec x tan x

Unit 2 Answers: Chapter 13 © Macmillan Publishers Limited 2013

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= 2 sec2x tan x
f (x) = 2 sec4x + 4 sec2x tan2x
3

f 4(x) = 8 sec3x sec x tan x + 4 sec2x (2 tan x sec2x) + 4 tan2x (2 sec2x tan x)
f(0) = tan 0 = 0
f 1(0) = sec2 0 = 1
f 2(0) = 2 sec2 0 tan 0 = 0
f 3(0) = 2
f 4(0) = 0
2
f(x) = x + x 3 + 
3!
1 3
=+ x x +
3
6 f(x) = sin–1(x)
1
f 1(x) = = (1 − x 2 )−1/ 2
1− x 2

f (x) = x(1 – x2)–3/2

2

 3  
f 3(x) = (1 – x2)–3/2 + x  −  ( −2 x )(1 − x 2 )−5 / 2 
  2  
(1 − x 2 )−3 / 2 + 3 x 2 (1 − x 2 )−5 / 2
=
3  5 2 −7/ 2 
f 4(x) = − ( −2 x )(1 − x 2 )−5 / 2 + 6 x (1 − x 2 )−5 / 2 + 3x2
2  − 2 (−2 x) (1 − x ) 
5 7
− −
=9 x(1 − x 2 ) 2
+ 15 x3 (1 − x 2 ) 2

f(0) = 0, f 1(0) = 1, f 2(0) = 0, f 3(0) = 1, f 4(0) = 0

1 3
sin–1(x) = x + x +L
3!
7 f(x) = tan–1 (x)
1
f 1(x) = = (1 + x 2 )−1
1+ x 2

f 2(x) = –2x(1 + x2)–2

f 3(x) = –2(1 + x2)–2 + 4 (x) (2x) (1 + x2)–3
= –2 (1 + x2)–2 + 8x2 (1 + x2)–3
f 4(x) = 4 (1 + x2)–3 (2x) + 16x (1 + x2)–3 – 48x3 (1 + x2)–4
= 24x(1 + x2)–3 – 48x3 (1 + x2)–4
f(0) = 0, f 1(0) = 1, f 2(0) = 0, f 3(0) = –2, f 4(0) = 0
2
tan–1(x) = x – x 3 + 
3!
1 3
=− x x +
3
8 (a) y = ex cos x
dy
= − e x sin x + e x cos x
dx
dy
= y − e x sin x
dx
d 2 y dy
(b) =− e x cos x − e x sin x
dx 2 dx
d 2 y dy dy
2
= −y+ −y
dx dx dx

Unit 2 Answers: Chapter 13 © Macmillan Publishers Limited 2013

 Page 3 of 8

d2 y  dy 
= 2 − y
dx 2
 dx 
d3 y  d 2 y dy 
= 2  dx 2 − dx 
dx 3  
x = 0, y = e0 cos 0 = 1
dy
= 1 − e0 sin 0 = 1
dx
d2 y
= =
2(1 – 1) 0
dx 2
d3 y
= 2(0 − 1) = −2
dx 3
2 x3 1
∴ y =1 + x − =1 + x − x3 + 
3! 3
s 1n x
9 y=e
dy
= cos x esin x
dx
dy
= y cos x
dx
d 2 y dy
= cos x − y sin x
dx 2 d x
d3 y d2 y dy dy
=
3 2
cos x − sin x − y cos x − sin x
dx dx dx dx
d2 y dy
= 2 cos x − 2 sin x − y cos x
dx dx
d 4 y d3 y d2 y d2 y dy dy
4
= 3
cos x − 2
sin x − 2 2
sin x − 2 cos x + y sin x − cos x
dx dx dx dx dx dx
x = 0, y = e0 = 1
dy
= cos = 0 esin 0 1
dx
d2 y
=1
dx 2
d3 y
=1−1= 0
dx 3
d4 y
=− 2 − 1 =−3
dx 4
1 3 4
y =1 + x + x 2 − x + ...
2 24
1 1
=1 + x + x 2 − x 4 + ...
2 8
 π
=
10 y cos  x + 
 2
dy  π  d2 y  π  d3 y  π  d4 y  π
= − sin  x +  , 2 = − cos  x +  , =sin  x + , 4 = cos  x +  ,
 2  dx  2  dx  2  dx  2
3
dx
5
d y  π
= − sin  x + 
 2
5
dx

Unit 2 Answers: Chapter 13 © Macmillan Publishers Limited 2013

 Page 4 of 8

π dy π d2 y π
When x = 0, y = cos = 0, =
− sin = − 1, 2 = − cos =0
2 dx 2 dx 2
d3 y π d4 y π d5 y π
= 3
=
sin 1, = 4
=
cos 0, 5
=
− sin = −1
dx 2 dx 2 dx 2
x3 x5
∴ y =− x + (1) + ( −1)
3! 5!
x3 x5
= − x+ −
3! 5!
11 (a) ln (a + x) = y
dy 1
= = (a + x )−1
dx a + x
d2 y
= − (a + x )−2
dx 2
d3 y
= 2(a + x )−3
dx 3
d4 y
= − 6 (a + x )−4
dx 4
d5 y
= 24(a + x) −5
dx 5
When x = 0, y = ln a
dy 1
=
dx a
d 2 y −1
=
dx 2 a 2
d3 y 2
=
dx 3 a 3
d 4 y −6
=
dx 4 a 4
d 5 y 24
=
dx 5 a 5
1 1 1 1 1
y = ln a + x − 2 x 2 + 3 x 3 − 4 x 4 + 5 x 5
a 2a 3a 4a 5a
1 1 1 1 1
(b) ln(a – x) = ln a – x − 2 x 2 − 3 x 3 − 4 + x 4 − 5 x 5 + ...
a 2a 3a 4a 5a
a + x
ln  = ln (a + x ) − ln (a − x )
 a − x 
(c)

2 2 2
=x + 3 x3 + 5 x 5
a 3a 5a
x x 3
x5 
= 2  + 3 + 5 +L 
 a 3a 5a 
12 f(x) = sin2x f(0) = sin20 = 0
f 1(x) = 2 sin x cos x = sin 2x f 1(0) = 0
f 2(x) = 2 cos 2x f 2(0) = 2
f 3(x) = –4 sin 2x f 3(0) = 0
f 4(x) = –8 cos 2x f 4(0) = –8
f 5(x) = 16 sin 2x f 5(0) = 0

Unit 2 Answers: Chapter 13 © Macmillan Publishers Limited 2013

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f 6(x) = 32 cos 2x f 6(0) = 32

7
f (x) = –64sin2x f 7(0) = 0
8
f (x) = –128cos2x f 8(0) = –128
2 x 2 8 x 4 32 x 6 128 x 8
sin2x = − + −
2! 4! 6! 8!
2 3 4
x x x
13 ex = 1 + x + + +
2! 3! 4!
f(x) = sin–1(x) =
1
f 1(x) = = (1 − x 2 )−1/ 2
1− x 2

f 2(x) = x (1 – x2)–3/2.
f 3(x) = (1 – x2)–3/2 + x  −2 x ( −3 / 2 ) 1 − x 2 ( ) 
−5 / 2

 
= (1 − x 2 )−3 / 2 + 3x 2 (1 − x 2 )−5 / 2 .
−3  5  
f 4 (x) = (−2 x)(1 − x 2 ) −5/ 2 + 6 x(1 − x 2 ) −5/ 2 + 3x 2  −  (−2 x)(1 − x 2 ) −7/ 2 
2  2  
5 7
− −
=9 x(1 − x ) 2 2
+ 15 x (1 − x )
3 2 2

f(0) = 0, f (0) = 1, f 2(0) = 0, f 3(0) = 0, f 4(0) = 0

1

x3
sin–1(x) = x +
6
 1 1 1 4  1 
ex sin–1(x) = 1 + x + x 2 + x3 + x + ...  x + x3 + ... 
 2 6 24  6 
1 1 1 5 1 3 1 4
=+x x 2 + x3 + x 4 + x + x + x + ...
2 6 24 6 6
2 1
=x + x 2 + x 3 + x 4 + ...
3 6
When x is small the terms in x3 and higher can be ignored.
∴ e x sin −1 x ≈ x + x 2
(2 x) 2 (2 x)3 (2 x) 4
14 (a) e 2 x =+
1 2x + + +
2! 3! 4!
4 2
=+ 1 2 x + 2 x 2 + x3 + x 4 + 
3 3
1
(b) = (1 + x) −1 = 1 − x + x 2 − x 3 + 
1+ x
e2 x
= e2 x (1 + x )−1
1+ x
 
= 1 + 2 x + 2 x 2 + x 3 + x 4 + ...  (1 − x + x 2 − x 3 + x 4 + ...)
4 2
 3 3 
4 3 4 4 2 4
=1 − x + x 2 − x 3 + x 4 + 2 x − 2 x 2 + 2 x 3 − 2 x 4 + 2 x 2 − 2 x 3 + 2 x 4 + x − x + x + ...
3 3 3
1 3 1 4
=1 + x + x 2 + x + x + ...
3 3
15 (a) y = (1 + x)1/4 x = 0, y = 1
dy 1 dy 1
= (1 + x )−3 / 4 =
dx 4 dx 4

Unit 2 Answers: Chapter 13 © Macmillan Publishers Limited 2013

 Page 6 of 8

d2 y 3 d 2 y −3
2
=− (1 + x )−7 / 4 =
dx 16 dx 2 16
d 3 y 21 −11/ 4 d 3 y 21
= (1 + x ) =
dx 3 64 dx 3 64
d 4 y −231 d4 y 231
= 4
(1 + x) −15/ 4 4
= −
dx 256 dx 256
1 3 2 7 3 77 4
y= 1+ x − x + x − x + ...
4 32 128 2048
4
1.03= (1.03)1/ = 4
(1 + 0.03)1/ 4
1 3 7
= 1 + (0.03) − (0.03) 2 + (0.03)3 − ...
4 32 128
= 1 + 0.0075 − 0.000084375 + 0.0000014765 − ...
≈ 1.00742 (5 dp)
1 1 1
(b) ln (1 + x) = x − x 2 + x 3 − x 4 + ...
2 3 4
ln (1.02) = ln (1 + 0.02)
1 1 1
= 0.02 − (0.02)2 + (0.02)3 − (0.02)4
2 3 4
= 0.02 − 0.0002 + 0.0000026667 − 0.0000000400
= 0.0198026267
From calculator ln (1.02) = 0.0198026273, so the expansion is correct to 9 dp
16 Taylor’s Expansion about x = a:
( x – a)2 ( x − a )3
f ( x)= f (a) + ( x − a) f ′ (a ) + f ′′ ( x) + f ′′′ (a) + L
2! 3!
f(x) = ln x
1
f ′( x) = 2
x
−1
f ′′( x) = 2
x
2
f ′′′( x) = 3
x
When x = 2, f(2) = ln 2
1
f ′( x) =
2
−1
f ′′( x) =
4
2 1
f ′′′( x=
) = 3
2 4
 1 ( x − 2) 2  1  ( x − 3)3  1 
∴ f(x) = ln 2 + (x – 2)   + −  +   + ...
 2 2!  4  3!  4 
1 1 1
= ln 2 + ( x − 2) − ( x − 2)2 + ( x − 2)3 + 
2 8 24
17 f(x) = cosx
f ′( x) = –sin x
f ′′( x) = –cos x
f ′′′( x) = sin x

Unit 2 Answers: Chapter 13 © Macmillan Publishers Limited 2013

 Page 7 of 8

π π 3
f= =
  cos
6 6 2
π π 1
f ′  =
− sin = −
6 6 2
π π 3
f ′′   =− cos =−
6 6 2
π π 1
f ′′′   =
+ sin =
6 6 2
3  π   1  ( x − π / 6) 2  − 3  ( x − π / 6)3  1 
cos x = +  x −  −  +   +   +K
2  6 2 2!  2  3! 2
π π π
2 3
3 1 3 1 
= − x− − x −  + x −  +K
2 2 6 4  6  12  6
π π
31o = +
180 6
3 1 π  3 π  1  π 
2 3

cos 31o = −  −   +   + ...

2 2  180  4  180  12  180 
≈ 0.857166
= 0.85717 (5 dp)
18 f(x) = ex cos x
f 1(x) = –ex sin x + ex cos x
f 2 ( x) = − e x cos x − e x sin x − e x sin x + e x cos x
= –2ex sin x
f 3(x) = –2ex sin x – 2ex cos x
f 4 ( x) =− 2e x cos x −2e x sin x + 2e x sin x − 2e x cos x
= –4ex cos x
When x = 0, f(0) = e0 cos 0 = 1
f 1(0) = e0 sin 0 + e0 cos 0 = 1
f 2(0) = –2e0 sin 0 = 0
f 3 (0) = –2e0 sin 0 – 2e0 cos 0 = –2
f 4(0) = –4e0 cos 0 = –4
( x − 0) 2 ( x − 0)3 ( x − 0) 4
e x cos x =1 + ( x − 0)(1) + (0) + (−2) + (−4) + ...
2! 3! 4!
1 1 1
=1 + x + x 2 − x 3 − x 4 + ...
2 3 6
π /3 π /3 1 1 1
∫0 ∫
e x cos x dx ≈
0
1 + x + x 2 − x 3 − x 4 dx
2 3 6
π /3
 1 1 1 1 5
= x + x 2 + x 3 − x 4 − x
 2 6 12 30  0
π 1 π 1 π 1 π 1 π
2 3 4 5

= +   +   −   −   = 1.645 (3 dp)
3 2  3  6  3  12  3  30  3 
1
19 f(x) = = x −1/ 2
x
1
When x = 4, f(4) =
2

Unit 2 Answers: Chapter 13 © Macmillan Publishers Limited 2013

 Page 8 of 8

1 −3 / 2 1 1  1
f 1(x) = − x f 1(4) = −  +3/ 2  = −
2 24  16
3 −5 / 2 3 1  3
f 2(x) = x f 2(4) =  5 / 2  =
4 
4 4  128
15 −7/ 2 15  1  15
f 3 (x) = − x f 3(4) = −  7/ 2  = −
8 8 4  1024
Taylor’s expansion about x = 4
( x − 4)2 2 ( x − 4)3 3
f(x) = f(4) + (x – 4) f 1(4) + f (4) + f (4) +…
2! 3!
1 1  1  ( x − 4)2  3  ( x − 4)3  −15 
⇒ = + ( x − 4)  −  +  +   +…
x 2  16  2!  128  3!  1024 
1 1 3 5
= − ( x − 4) + ( x − 4) 2 − ( x − 4)3 + ...
2 16 256 2048
When x = 4.5
1 1 1 3 5
⇒ = − (4.5 − 4) + (4.5 − 4)2 − (4.5 − 4)3 +…
4.5 2 16 256 2048
1 1 3 5
= − × 0.5 + × 0.52 − × 0.53 + ...
2 16 256 2048
=0.5 – 0.03125 + 0.002929688 – 0.000305176
= 0.471374512
=0.4714 (4 dp)

Unit 2 Answers: Chapter 13 © Macmillan Publishers Limited 2013